X-Git-Url: https://git.proxmox.com/?a=blobdiff_plain;f=pve-installation.adoc;h=f0b8f2608f0df34af22cc7561fea1d351fb33aa5;hb=256c4c7624b05b83ed3bd3ca2d04586e12ae2e26;hp=56b2b75ffd111609760f7dd0644f958f09ff702c;hpb=5f09af76d7282a043be8fa5439349272f506cf02;p=pve-docs.git diff --git a/pve-installation.adoc b/pve-installation.adoc index 56b2b75..f0b8f26 100644 --- a/pve-installation.adoc +++ b/pve-installation.adoc @@ -1,189 +1,303 @@ -Installing Proxmox VE -===================== -include::attributes.txt[] - -ifdef::wiki[] +[[chapter_installation]] +Installing {pve} +================ +ifndef::manvolnum[] :pve-toplevel: +endif::manvolnum[] +ifdef::wiki[] +:title: Installation endif::wiki[] -{pve} ships as a set of Debian packages, so you can simply install it -on top of a normal Debian installation, or download the installation -CD-ROM and use that to install {pve} on your hardware. +{pve} is based on Debian. This is why the install disk images (ISO files) +provided by Proxmox include a complete Debian system as well as all necessary +{pve} packages. -Installing on top of an existing Debian installation looks easy, but -it presumes that you have correctly installed the base system, and you -know how you want to configure and use the local storage. Network -configuration is also completely up to you. +TIP: See the xref:faq-support-table[support table in the FAQ] for the +relationship between {pve} releases and Debian releases. -In general, this is not trivial, especially when you use LVM or -ZFS. This is why we provide an installation CD-ROM for {pve}. That -installer just ask you a few questions, then partitions the local -disk(s), installs all required packages and configures the system -including a basic network setup. You can get a fully functional system -within a few minutes, including the following: +The installer will guide you through the setup, allowing you to partition the +local disk(s), apply basic system configurations (for example, timezone, +language, network) and install all required packages. This process should not +take more than a few minutes. Installing with the provided ISO is the +recommended method for new and existing users. -* Complete operating system (Debian Linux, 64-bit) -* Partition the hard drive with ext4 (alternative ext3 or xfs) or ZFS -* {pve} Kernel with LXC and KVM support -* Complete toolset -* Web based management interface +Alternatively, {pve} can be installed on top of an existing Debian system. This +option is only recommended for advanced users because detailed knowledge about +{pve} is required. ifndef::wiki[] include::pve-system-requirements.adoc[] +include::pve-installation-media.adoc[] + endif::wiki[] -Using the {pve} Installation CD-ROM ------------------------------------ +[[installation_installer]] +Using the {pve} Installer +------------------------- + +The installer ISO image includes the following: + +* Complete operating system (Debian Linux, 64-bit) + +* The {pve} installer, which partitions the local disk(s) with ext4, XFS, + BTRFS (technology preview), or ZFS and installs the operating system. + +* {pve} Linux kernel with KVM and LXC support + +* Complete toolset for administering virtual machines, containers, the host + system, clusters and all necessary resources + +* Web-based management interface + +NOTE: All existing data on the for installation selected drives will be removed +during the installation process. The installer does not add boot menu entries +for other operating systems. + +Please insert the xref:installation_prepare_media[prepared installation media] +(for example, USB flash drive or CD-ROM) and boot from it. + +TIP: Make sure that booting from the installation medium (for example, USB) is +enabled in your servers firmware settings and secure boot is disabled. + +[thumbnail="screenshot/pve-grub-menu.png"] + +After choosing the correct entry (e.g. Boot from USB) the {pve} menu will be +displayed and one of the following options can be selected: + +Install {pve}:: + +Starts the normal installation. + +TIP: It's possible to use the installation wizard with a keyboard only. Buttons +can be clicked by pressing the `ALT` key combined with the underlined character +from the respective button. For example, `ALT + N` to press a `Next` button. + +Advanced Options: Install {pve} (Debug mode):: + +Starts the installation in debug mode. A console will be opened at several +installation steps. This helps to debug the situation if something goes wrong. +To exit a debug console, press `CTRL-D`. This option can be used to boot a live +system with all basic tools available. You can use it, for example, to +xref:chapter_zfs[repair a degraded ZFS 'rpool'] or fix the +xref:sysboot[bootloader] for an existing {pve} setup. + +Advanced Options: Rescue Boot:: + +With this option you can boot an existing installation. It searches all attached +hard disks. If it finds an existing installation, it boots directly into that +disk using the Linux kernel from the ISO. This can be useful if there are +problems with the boot block (grub) or the BIOS is unable to read the boot block +from the disk. + +Advanced Options: Test Memory:: + +Runs `memtest86+`. This is useful to check if the memory is functional and free +of errors. + +[thumbnail="screenshot/pve-select-target-disk.png"] + +After selecting *Install {pve}* and accepting the EULA, the prompt to select the +target hard disk(s) will appear. The `Options` button opens the dialog to select +the target file system. + +The default file system is `ext4`. The Logical Volume Manager (LVM) is used when +`ext4` or `xfs` is selected. Additional options to restrict LVM space +can also be set (see <>). -This is the preferred and recommended installation method. +{pve} can be installed on ZFS. As ZFS offers several software RAID levels, this +is an option for systems that don't have a hardware RAID controller. The target +disks must be selected in the `Options` dialog. More ZFS specific settings can +be changed under `Advanced Options` (see <>). -NOTE: By default, the complete server is used and all existing data is -removed. +WARNING: ZFS on top of any hardware RAID is not supported and can result in data +loss. -Please insert the installation CD-ROM, then boot from that -drive. Immediately afterwards you can choose the following menu -options: +[thumbnail="screenshot/pve-select-location.png", float="left"] -Install Proxmox VE:: +The next page asks for basic configuration options like the location, the time +zone, and keyboard layout. The location is used to select a download server +close by to speed up updates. The installer usually auto-detects these settings. +They only need to be changed in the rare case that auto detection fails or a +different keyboard layout should be used. -Start normal installation. +[thumbnail="screenshot/pve-set-password.png"] -Install Proxmox VE (Debug mode):: +Next the password of the superuser (root) and an email address needs to be +specified. The password must consist of at least 5 characters. It's highly +recommended to use a stronger password. Some guidelines are: -Start installation in debug mode. It opens a shell console at several -installation steps, so that you can debug things if something goes -wrong. Please press `CTRL-D` to exit those debug consoles and continue -installation. This option is mostly for developers and not meant for -general use. +- Use a minimum password length of 12 to 14 characters. -Rescue Boot:: +- Include lowercase and uppercase alphabetic characters, numbers, and symbols. -This option allows you to boot an existing installation. It searches -all attached hard disks and, if it finds an existing installation, -boots directly into that disk using the existing Linux kernel. This -can be useful if there are problems with the boot block (grub), or the -BIOS is unable to read the boot block from the disk. +- Avoid character repetition, keyboard patterns, common dictionary words, + letter or number sequences, usernames, relative or pet names, romantic links + (current or past), and biographical information (for example ID numbers, + ancestors' names or dates). -Test Memory:: +The email address is used to send notifications to the system administrator. +For example: -Runs `memtest86+`. This is useful to check if your memory is -functional and error free. +- Information about available package updates. -You normally select *Install Proxmox VE* to start the installation. -After that you get prompted to select the target hard disk(s). The -`Options` button lets you select the target file system, which -defaults to `ext4`. The installer uses LVM if you select `ext3`, -`ext4` or `xfs` as file system, and offers additional option to -restrict LVM space (see <>) +- Error messages from periodic CRON jobs. -If you have more than one disk, you can also use ZFS as file system. -ZFS supports several software RAID levels, so this is specially useful -if you do not have a hardware RAID controller. The `Options` button -lets you select the ZFS RAID level, and you can choose disks there. +[thumbnail="screenshot/pve-setup-network.png"] -The next pages just ask for basic configuration options like time -zone and keyboard layout. You also need to specify your email address -and superuser (root) password (must have at least 5 characters). +The last step is the network configuration. Please note that during installation +you can either use an IPv4 or IPv6 address, but not both. To configure a dual +stack node, add additional IP addresses after the installation. -The last step is the network configuration. Please note that you can -use either IPv4 or IPv6 here, but not both. If you want to configure a -dual stack node, you can easily do that after installation. +[thumbnail="screenshot/pve-installation.png", float="left"] -If you press `Next` now, installation starts to format disks, and -copies packages to the target. Please wait until that is finished, -then reboot the server. +The next step shows a summary of the previously selected options. Re-check every +setting and use the `Previous` button if a setting needs to be changed. To +accept, press `Install`. The installation starts to format disks and copies +packages to the target. Please wait until this step has finished; then remove +the installation medium and restart your system. -Further configuration is done via the Proxmox web interface. Just -point your browser to the IP address given during installation -(https://youripaddress:8006). +[thumbnail="screenshot/pve-install-summary.png"] -NOTE: Default login is "root" (realm 'PAM') and the root password is -defined during the installation process. +If the installation failed, check out specific errors on the second TTY +(`CTRL + ALT + F2') and ensure that the systems meets the +xref:install_minimal_requirements[minimum requirements]. If the installation +is still not working, look at the xref:getting_help[how to get help chapter]. +Further configuration is done via the Proxmox web interface. Point your browser +to the IP address given during installation (https://youripaddress:8006). + +NOTE: Default login is "root" (realm 'PAM') and the root password was defined +during the installation process. [[advanced_lvm_options]] Advanced LVM Configuration Options ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ -The installer creates a Volume Group (VG) called `pve`, and additional -Logical Volumes (LVs) called `root`, `data` and `swap`. The size of -those volumes can be controlled with: +The installer creates a Volume Group (VG) called `pve`, and additional Logical +Volumes (LVs) called `root`, `data`, and `swap`. To control the size of these +volumes use: `hdsize`:: -Defines the total HD size to be used. This way you can save free -space on the HD for further partitioning (i.e. for an additional PV -and VG on the same hard disk that can be used for LVM storage). +Defines the total hard disk size to be used. This way you can reserve free space +on the hard disk for further partitioning (for example for an additional PV and +VG on the same hard disk that can be used for LVM storage). `swapsize`:: -To define the size of the `swap` volume. Default is the same size as -installed RAM, with 4GB minimum and `hdsize/8` as maximum. +Defines the size of the `swap` volume. The default is the size of the installed +memory, minimum 4 GB and maximum 8 GB. The resulting value cannot be greater +than `hdsize/8`. ++ +NOTE: If set to `0`, no `swap` volume will be created. `maxroot`:: -The `root` volume size. The `root` volume stores the whole operation -system. +Defines the maximum size of the `root` volume, which stores the operation +system. The maximum limit of the `root` volume size is `hdsize/4`. `maxvz`:: -Define the size of the `data` volume. +Defines the maximum size of the `data` volume. The actual size of the `data` +volume is: ++ +`datasize = hdsize - rootsize - swapsize - minfree` ++ +Where `datasize` cannot be bigger than `maxvz`. ++ +NOTE: In case of LVM thin, the `data` pool will only be created if `datasize` is +bigger than 4GB. ++ +NOTE: If set to `0`, no `data` volume will be created and the storage +configuration will be adapted accordingly. `minfree`:: -To define the amount of free space left in LVM volume group `pve`. -16GB is the default if storage available > 128GB, `hdsize/8` otherwise. +Defines the amount of free space left in the LVM volume group `pve`. With more +than 128GB storage available the default is 16GB, else `hdsize/8` will be used. + -NOTE: LVM requires free space in the VG for snapshot creation (not -required for lvmthin snapshots). +NOTE: LVM requires free space in the VG for snapshot creation (not required for +lvmthin snapshots). + +[[advanced_zfs_options]] +Advanced ZFS Configuration Options +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ +The installer creates the ZFS pool `rpool`. No swap space is created but you can +reserve some unpartitioned space on the install disks for swap. You can also +create a swap zvol after the installation, although this can lead to problems. +(see <>). +`ashift`:: -ZFS Performance Tips -~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ +Defines the `ashift` value for the created pool. The `ashift` needs to be set at +least to the sector-size of the underlying disks (2 to the power of `ashift` is +the sector-size), or any disk which might be put in the pool (for example the +replacement of a defective disk). -ZFS uses a lot of memory, so it is best to add additional RAM if you -want to use ZFS. A good calculation is 4GB plus 1GB RAM for each TB -RAW disk space. +`compress`:: -ZFS also provides the feature to use a fast SSD drive as write cache. The -write cache is called the ZFS Intent Log (ZIL). You can add that after -installation using the following command: +Defines whether compression is enabled for `rpool`. - zpool add log +`checksum`:: +Defines which checksumming algorithm should be used for `rpool`. -ifdef::wiki[] +`copies`:: -link:/wiki/Install_Proxmox_VE_on_Debian_Jessie[Install Proxmox VE on Debian Jessie] ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ +Defines the `copies` parameter for `rpool`. Check the `zfs(8)` manpage for the +semantics, and why this does not replace redundancy on disk-level. -link:/wiki/Install_from_USB_Stick[Install from USB Stick] ---------------------------------------------------------- +`hdsize`:: -endif::wiki[] +Defines the total hard disk size to be used. This is useful to save free space +on the hard disk(s) for further partitioning (for example to create a +swap-partition). `hdsize` is only honored for bootable disks, that is only the +first disk or mirror for RAID0, RAID1 or RAID10, and all disks in RAID-Z[123]. + + +ZFS Performance Tips +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ + +ZFS works best with a lot of memory. If you intend to use ZFS make sure to have +enough RAM available for it. A good calculation is 4GB plus 1GB RAM for each TB +RAW disk space. + +ZFS can use a dedicated drive as write cache, called the ZFS Intent Log (ZIL). +Use a fast drive (SSD) for it. It can be added after installation with the +following command: + +---- +# zpool add log +---- ifndef::wiki[] Install {pve} on Debian ----------------------- -{pve} ships as a set of Debian packages, so you can simply install it -on top of a normal Debian installation. After configuring the -repositories, you need to run: +{pve} ships as a set of Debian packages and can be installed on top of a standard +Debian installation. +xref:sysadmin_package_repositories[After configuring the repositories] you need +to run the following commands: -[source,bash] ---- -apt-get update -apt-get install proxmox-ve +# apt-get update +# apt-get install proxmox-ve ---- -You can find a detailed step by step howto on the -{webwiki-url}Install_Proxmox_VE_on_Debian_Jessie[wiki]. +Installing on top of an existing Debian installation looks easy, but it presumes +that the base system has been installed correctly and that you know how you want +to configure and use the local storage. You also need to configure the network +manually. + +In general, this is not trivial, especially when LVM or ZFS is used. + +A detailed step by step how-to can be found on the +{webwiki-url}Install_Proxmox_VE_on_Debian_11_Bullseye[wiki]. -include::pve-usbstick.adoc[] endif::wiki[] @@ -193,16 +307,20 @@ Video Tutorials --------------- * List of all official tutorials on our - http://www.youtube.com/proxmoxve[Proxmox VE YouTube Channel] + https://www.youtube.com/proxmoxve[{pve} YouTube Channel] * Tutorials in Spanish language on - http://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLUULBIhA5QDBdNf1pcTZ5UXhek63Fij8z[ITexperts.es + https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLUULBIhA5QDBdNf1pcTZ5UXhek63Fij8z[ITexperts.es YouTube Play List] See Also -------- +* link:/wiki/Prepare_Installation_Media[Prepare Installation Media] + +* link:/wiki/Install_Proxmox_VE_on_Debian_Buster[Install Proxmox VE on Debian Buster] + * link:/wiki/System_Requirements[System Requirements] * link:/wiki/Package_Repositories[Package Repositories]