document #2247: add info about SSH fingerprints on cluster leave

[pve-docs.git] / pvecm.adoc

[[chapter_pvecm]]
ifdef::manvolnum[]
pvecm(1)
========
:pve-toplevel:

NAME
----

pvecm - Proxmox VE Cluster Manager

SYNOPSIS
--------

include::pvecm.1-synopsis.adoc[]

DESCRIPTION
-----------
endif::manvolnum[]

ifndef::manvolnum[]
Cluster Manager
===============
:pve-toplevel:
endif::manvolnum[]

The {PVE} cluster manager `pvecm` is a tool to create a group of
physical servers. Such a group is called a *cluster*. We use the
http://www.corosync.org[Corosync Cluster Engine] for reliable group
communication, and such clusters can consist of up to 32 physical nodes
(probably more, dependent on network latency).

`pvecm` can be used to create a new cluster, join nodes to a cluster,
leave the cluster, get status information and do various other cluster
related tasks. The **P**rox**m**o**x** **C**luster **F**ile **S**ystem (``pmxcfs'')
is used to transparently distribute the cluster configuration to all cluster
nodes.

Grouping nodes into a cluster has the following advantages:

* Centralized, web based management

* Multi-master clusters: each node can do all management task

* `pmxcfs`: database-driven file system for storing configuration files,
 replicated in real-time on all nodes using `corosync`.

* Easy migration of virtual machines and containers between physical
  hosts

* Fast deployment

* Cluster-wide services like firewall and HA


Requirements
------------

* All nodes must be in the same network as `corosync` uses IP Multicast
 to communicate between nodes (also see
 http://www.corosync.org[Corosync Cluster Engine]). Corosync uses UDP
 ports 5404 and 5405 for cluster communication.
+
NOTE: Some switches do not support IP multicast by default and must be
manually enabled first.

* Date and time have to be synchronized.

* SSH tunnel on TCP port 22 between nodes is used. 

* If you are interested in High Availability, you need to have at
  least three nodes for reliable quorum. All nodes should have the
  same version.

* We recommend a dedicated NIC for the cluster traffic, especially if
  you use shared storage.

* Root password of a cluster node is required for adding nodes.

NOTE: It is not possible to mix {pve} 3.x and earlier with {pve} 4.X cluster
nodes.

NOTE: While it's possible for {pve} 4.4 and {pve} 5.0 this is not supported as
production configuration and should only used temporarily during upgrading the
whole cluster from one to another major version.


Preparing Nodes
---------------

First, install {PVE} on all nodes. Make sure that each node is
installed with the final hostname and IP configuration. Changing the
hostname and IP is not possible after cluster creation.

Currently the cluster creation can either be done on the console (login via
`ssh`) or the API, which we have a GUI implementation for (__Datacenter ->
Cluster__).

While it's often common use to reference all other nodenames in `/etc/hosts`
with their IP this is not strictly necessary for a cluster, which normally uses
multicast, to work. It maybe useful as you then can connect from one node to
the other with SSH through the easier to remember node name.

[[pvecm_create_cluster]]
Create the Cluster
------------------

Login via `ssh` to the first {pve} node. Use a unique name for your cluster.
This name cannot be changed later. The cluster name follows the same rules as
node names.

----
 hp1# pvecm create CLUSTERNAME
----

CAUTION: The cluster name is used to compute the default multicast address.
Please use unique cluster names if you run more than one cluster inside your
network. To avoid human confusion, it is also recommended to choose different
names even if clusters do not share the cluster network.

To check the state of your cluster use:

----
 hp1# pvecm status
----

Multiple Clusters In Same Network
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

It is possible to create multiple clusters in the same physical or logical
network. Each cluster must have a unique name, which is used to generate the
cluster's multicast group address. As long as no duplicate cluster names are
configured in one network segment, the different clusters won't interfere with
each other.

If multiple clusters operate in a single network it may be beneficial to setup
an IGMP querier and enable IGMP Snooping in said network. This may reduce the
load of the network significantly because multicast packets are only delivered
to endpoints of the respective member nodes.


[[pvecm_join_node_to_cluster]]
Adding Nodes to the Cluster
---------------------------

Login via `ssh` to the node you want to add.

----
 hp2# pvecm add IP-ADDRESS-CLUSTER
----

For `IP-ADDRESS-CLUSTER` use the IP or hostname of an existing cluster node.
An IP address is recommended (see <<corosync-addresses,Ring Address Types>>).

CAUTION: A new node cannot hold any VMs, because you would get
conflicts about identical VM IDs. Also, all existing configuration in
`/etc/pve` is overwritten when you join a new node to the cluster. To
workaround, use `vzdump` to backup and restore to a different VMID after
adding the node to the cluster.

To check the state of cluster:

----
 # pvecm status
----

.Cluster status after adding 4 nodes
----
hp2# pvecm status
Quorum information
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Date:             Mon Apr 20 12:30:13 2015
Quorum provider:  corosync_votequorum
Nodes:            4
Node ID:          0x00000001
Ring ID:          1928
Quorate:          Yes

Votequorum information
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Expected votes:   4
Highest expected: 4
Total votes:      4
Quorum:           3
Flags:            Quorate

Membership information
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
    Nodeid      Votes Name
0x00000001          1 192.168.15.91
0x00000002          1 192.168.15.92 (local)
0x00000003          1 192.168.15.93
0x00000004          1 192.168.15.94
----

If you only want the list of all nodes use:

----
 # pvecm nodes
----

.List nodes in a cluster
----
hp2# pvecm nodes

Membership information
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
    Nodeid      Votes Name
         1          1 hp1
         2          1 hp2 (local)
         3          1 hp3
         4          1 hp4
----

[[adding-nodes-with-separated-cluster-network]]
Adding Nodes With Separated Cluster Network
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

When adding a node to a cluster with a separated cluster network you need to
use the 'ringX_addr' parameters to set the nodes address on those networks:

[source,bash]
----
pvecm add IP-ADDRESS-CLUSTER -ring0_addr IP-ADDRESS-RING0
----

If you want to use the Redundant Ring Protocol you will also want to pass the
'ring1_addr' parameter.


Remove a Cluster Node
---------------------

CAUTION: Read carefully the procedure before proceeding, as it could
not be what you want or need.

Move all virtual machines from the node. Make sure you have no local
data or backups you want to keep, or save them accordingly.
In the following example we will remove the node hp4 from the cluster.

Log in to a *different* cluster node (not hp4), and issue a `pvecm nodes`
command to identify the node ID to remove:

----
hp1# pvecm nodes

Membership information
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
    Nodeid      Votes Name
         1          1 hp1 (local)
         2          1 hp2
         3          1 hp3
         4          1 hp4
----


At this point you must power off hp4 and
make sure that it will not power on again (in the network) as it
is.

IMPORTANT: As said above, it is critical to power off the node
*before* removal, and make sure that it will *never* power on again
(in the existing cluster network) as it is.
If you power on the node as it is, your cluster will be screwed up and
it could be difficult to restore a clean cluster state.

After powering off the node hp4, we can safely remove it from the cluster.

----
 hp1# pvecm delnode hp4
----

If the operation succeeds no output is returned, just check the node
list again with `pvecm nodes` or `pvecm status`. You should see
something like:

----
hp1# pvecm status

Quorum information
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Date:             Mon Apr 20 12:44:28 2015
Quorum provider:  corosync_votequorum
Nodes:            3
Node ID:          0x00000001
Ring ID:          1992
Quorate:          Yes

Votequorum information
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Expected votes:   3
Highest expected: 3
Total votes:      3
Quorum:           2
Flags:            Quorate

Membership information
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
    Nodeid      Votes Name
0x00000001          1 192.168.15.90 (local)
0x00000002          1 192.168.15.91
0x00000003          1 192.168.15.92
----

If, for whatever reason, you want that this server joins the same
cluster again, you have to

* reinstall {pve} on it from scratch

* then join it, as explained in the previous section.

NOTE: After removal of the node, its SSH fingerprint will still reside in the
'known_hosts' of the other nodes. If you receive an SSH error after rejoining
a node with the same IP or hostname, run `pvecm updatecerts` once to update
the fingerprint on all nodes.

[[pvecm_separate_node_without_reinstall]]
Separate A Node Without Reinstalling
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

CAUTION: This is *not* the recommended method, proceed with caution. Use the
above mentioned method if you're unsure.

You can also separate a node from a cluster without reinstalling it from
scratch.  But after removing the node from the cluster it will still have
access to the shared storages! This must be resolved before you start removing
the node from the cluster. A {pve} cluster cannot share the exact same
storage with another cluster, as storage locking doesn't work over cluster
boundary. Further, it may also lead to VMID conflicts.

Its suggested that you create a new storage where only the node which you want
to separate has access. This can be an new export on your NFS or a new Ceph
pool, to name a few examples. Its just important that the exact same storage
does not gets accessed by multiple clusters. After setting this storage up move
all data from the node and its VMs to it. Then you are ready to separate the
node from the cluster.

WARNING: Ensure all shared resources are cleanly separated! You will run into
conflicts and problems else.

First stop the corosync and the pve-cluster services on the node:
[source,bash]
----
systemctl stop pve-cluster
systemctl stop corosync
----

Start the cluster filesystem again in local mode:
[source,bash]
----
pmxcfs -l
----

Delete the corosync configuration files:
[source,bash]
----
rm /etc/pve/corosync.conf
rm /etc/corosync/*
----

You can now start the filesystem again as normal service:
[source,bash]
----
killall pmxcfs
systemctl start pve-cluster
----

The node is now separated from the cluster. You can deleted it from a remaining
node of the cluster with:
[source,bash]
----
pvecm delnode oldnode
----

If the command failed, because the remaining node in the cluster lost quorum
when the now separate node exited, you may set the expected votes to 1 as a workaround:
[source,bash]
----
pvecm expected 1
----

And then repeat the 'pvecm delnode' command.

Now switch back to the separated node, here delete all remaining files left
from the old cluster. This ensures that the node can be added to another
cluster again without problems.

[source,bash]
----
rm /var/lib/corosync/*
----

As the configuration files from the other nodes are still in the cluster
filesystem you may want to clean those up too.  Remove simply the whole
directory recursive from '/etc/pve/nodes/NODENAME', but check three times that
you used the correct one before deleting it.

CAUTION: The nodes SSH keys are still in the 'authorized_key' file, this means
the nodes can still connect to each other with public key authentication. This
should be fixed by removing the respective keys from the
'/etc/pve/priv/authorized_keys' file.

Quorum
------

{pve} use a quorum-based technique to provide a consistent state among
all cluster nodes.

[quote, from Wikipedia, Quorum (distributed computing)]
____
A quorum is the minimum number of votes that a distributed transaction
has to obtain in order to be allowed to perform an operation in a
distributed system.
____

In case of network partitioning, state changes requires that a
majority of nodes are online. The cluster switches to read-only mode
if it loses quorum.

NOTE: {pve} assigns a single vote to each node by default.

Cluster Network
---------------

The cluster network is the core of a cluster. All messages sent over it have to
be delivered reliable to all nodes in their respective order. In {pve} this
part is done by corosync, an implementation of a high performance low overhead
high availability development toolkit. It serves our decentralized
configuration file system (`pmxcfs`).

[[cluster-network-requirements]]
Network Requirements
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
This needs a reliable network with latencies under 2 milliseconds (LAN
performance) to work properly. While corosync can also use unicast for
communication between nodes its **highly recommended** to have a multicast
capable network. The network should not be used heavily by other members,
ideally corosync runs on its own network.
*never* share it with network where storage communicates too.

Before setting up a cluster it is good practice to check if the network is fit
for that purpose.

* Ensure that all nodes are in the same subnet. This must only be true for the
  network interfaces used for cluster communication (corosync).

* Ensure all nodes can reach each other over those interfaces, using `ping` is
  enough for a basic test.

* Ensure that multicast works in general and a high package rates. This can be
  done with the `omping` tool. The final "%loss" number should be < 1%.
+
[source,bash]
----
omping -c 10000 -i 0.001 -F -q NODE1-IP NODE2-IP ...
----

* Ensure that multicast communication works over an extended period of time.
  This uncovers problems where IGMP snooping is activated on the network but
  no multicast querier is active. This test has a duration of around 10
  minutes.
+
[source,bash]
----
omping -c 600 -i 1 -q NODE1-IP NODE2-IP ...
----

Your network is not ready for clustering if any of these test fails. Recheck
your network configuration. Especially switches are notorious for having
multicast disabled by default or IGMP snooping enabled with no IGMP querier
active.

In smaller cluster its also an option to use unicast if you really cannot get
multicast to work.

Separate Cluster Network
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

When creating a cluster without any parameters the cluster network is generally
shared with the Web UI and the VMs and its traffic. Depending on your setup
even storage traffic may get sent over the same network. Its recommended to
change that, as corosync is a time critical real time application.

Setting Up A New Network
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

First you have to setup a new network interface. It should be on a physical
separate network. Ensure that your network fulfills the
<<cluster-network-requirements,cluster network requirements>>.

Separate On Cluster Creation
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

This is possible through the 'ring0_addr' and 'bindnet0_addr' parameter of
the 'pvecm create' command used for creating a new cluster.

If you have setup an additional NIC with a static address on 10.10.10.1/25
and want to send and receive all cluster communication over this interface
you would execute:

[source,bash]
----
pvecm create test --ring0_addr 10.10.10.1 --bindnet0_addr 10.10.10.0
----

To check if everything is working properly execute:
[source,bash]
----
systemctl status corosync
----

Afterwards, proceed as descripted in the section to
<<adding-nodes-with-separated-cluster-network,add nodes with a separated cluster network>>.

[[separate-cluster-net-after-creation]]
Separate After Cluster Creation
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

You can do this also if you have already created a cluster and want to switch
its communication to another network, without rebuilding the whole cluster.
This change may lead to short durations of quorum loss in the cluster, as nodes
have to restart corosync and come up one after the other on the new network.

Check how to <<edit-corosync-conf,edit the corosync.conf file>> first.
The open it and you should see a file similar to:

----
logging {
  debug: off
  to_syslog: yes
}

nodelist {

  node {
    name: due
    nodeid: 2
    quorum_votes: 1
    ring0_addr: due
  }

  node {
    name: tre
    nodeid: 3
    quorum_votes: 1
    ring0_addr: tre
  }

  node {
    name: uno
    nodeid: 1
    quorum_votes: 1
    ring0_addr: uno
  }

}

quorum {
  provider: corosync_votequorum
}

totem {
  cluster_name: thomas-testcluster
  config_version: 3
  ip_version: ipv4
  secauth: on
  version: 2
  interface {
    bindnetaddr: 192.168.30.50
    ringnumber: 0
  }

}
----

The first you want to do is add the 'name' properties in the node entries if
you do not see them already. Those *must* match the node name.

Then replace the address from the 'ring0_addr' properties with the new
addresses.  You may use plain IP addresses or also hostnames here. If you use
hostnames ensure that they are resolvable from all nodes. (see also
<<corosync-addresses,Ring Address Types>>)

In my example I want to switch my cluster communication to the 10.10.10.1/25
network. So I replace all 'ring0_addr' respectively. I also set the bindnetaddr
in the totem section of the config to an address of the new network. It can be
any address from the subnet configured on the new network interface.

After you increased the 'config_version' property the new configuration file
should look like:

----

logging {
  debug: off
  to_syslog: yes
}

nodelist {

  node {
    name: due
    nodeid: 2
    quorum_votes: 1
    ring0_addr: 10.10.10.2
  }

  node {
    name: tre
    nodeid: 3
    quorum_votes: 1
    ring0_addr: 10.10.10.3
  }

  node {
    name: uno
    nodeid: 1
    quorum_votes: 1
    ring0_addr: 10.10.10.1
  }

}

quorum {
  provider: corosync_votequorum
}

totem {
  cluster_name: thomas-testcluster
  config_version: 4
  ip_version: ipv4
  secauth: on
  version: 2
  interface {
    bindnetaddr: 10.10.10.1
    ringnumber: 0
  }

}
----

Now after a final check whether all changed information is correct we save it
and see again the <<edit-corosync-conf,edit corosync.conf file>> section to
learn how to bring it in effect.

As our change cannot be enforced live from corosync we have to do an restart.

On a single node execute:
[source,bash]
----
systemctl restart corosync
----

Now check if everything is fine:

[source,bash]
----
systemctl status corosync
----

If corosync runs again correct restart corosync also on all other nodes.
They will then join the cluster membership one by one on the new network.

[[corosync-addresses]]
Corosync addresses
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

A corosync link or ring address can be specified in two ways:

* **IPv4/v6 addresses** will be used directly. They are recommended, since they
are static and usually not changed carelessly.

* **Hostnames** will be resolved using `getaddrinfo`, which means that per
default, IPv6 addresses will be used first, if available (see also
`man gai.conf`). Keep this in mind, especially when upgrading an existing
cluster to IPv6.

CAUTION: Hostnames should be used with care, since the address they
resolve to can be changed without touching corosync or the node it runs on -
which may lead to a situation where an address is changed without thinking
about implications for corosync.

A seperate, static hostname specifically for corosync is recommended, if
hostnames are preferred. Also, make sure that every node in the cluster can
resolve all hostnames correctly.

Since {pve} 5.1, while supported, hostnames will be resolved at the time of
entry. Only the resolved IP is then saved to the configuration.

Nodes that joined the cluster on earlier versions likely still use their
unresolved hostname in `corosync.conf`. It might be a good idea to replace
them with IPs or a seperate hostname, as mentioned above.

[[pvecm_rrp]]
Redundant Ring Protocol
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
To avoid a single point of failure you should implement counter measurements.
This can be on the hardware and operating system level through network bonding.

Corosync itself offers also a possibility to add redundancy through the so
called 'Redundant Ring Protocol'. This protocol allows running a second totem
ring on another network, this network should be physically separated from the
other rings network to actually increase availability.

RRP On Cluster Creation
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

The 'pvecm create' command provides the additional parameters 'bindnetX_addr',
'ringX_addr' and 'rrp_mode', can be used for RRP configuration.

NOTE: See the <<corosync-conf-glossary,glossary>> if you do not know what each parameter means.

So if you have two networks, one on the 10.10.10.1/24 and the other on the
10.10.20.1/24 subnet you would execute:

[source,bash]
----
pvecm create CLUSTERNAME -bindnet0_addr 10.10.10.1 -ring0_addr 10.10.10.1 \
-bindnet1_addr 10.10.20.1 -ring1_addr 10.10.20.1
----

RRP On Existing Clusters
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

You will take similar steps as described in
<<separate-cluster-net-after-creation,separating the cluster network>> to
enable RRP on an already running cluster. The single difference is, that you
will add `ring1` and use it instead of `ring0`.

First add a new `interface` subsection in the `totem` section, set its
`ringnumber` property to `1`. Set the interfaces `bindnetaddr` property to an
address of the subnet you have configured for your new ring.
Further set the `rrp_mode` to `passive`, this is the only stable mode.

Then add to each node entry in the `nodelist` section its new `ring1_addr`
property with the nodes additional ring address.

So if you have two networks, one on the 10.10.10.1/24 and the other on the
10.10.20.1/24 subnet, the final configuration file should look like:

----
totem {
  cluster_name: tweak
  config_version: 9
  ip_version: ipv4
  rrp_mode: passive
  secauth: on
  version: 2
  interface {
    bindnetaddr: 10.10.10.1
    ringnumber: 0
  }
  interface {
    bindnetaddr: 10.10.20.1
    ringnumber: 1
  }
}

nodelist {
  node {
    name: pvecm1
    nodeid: 1
    quorum_votes: 1
    ring0_addr: 10.10.10.1
    ring1_addr: 10.10.20.1
  }

 node {
    name: pvecm2
    nodeid: 2
    quorum_votes: 1
    ring0_addr: 10.10.10.2
    ring1_addr: 10.10.20.2
  }

  [...] # other cluster nodes here
}

[...] # other remaining config sections here

----

Bring it in effect like described in the
<<edit-corosync-conf,edit the corosync.conf file>> section.

This is a change which cannot take live in effect and needs at least a restart
of corosync. Recommended is a restart of the whole cluster.

If you cannot reboot the whole cluster ensure no High Availability services are
configured and the stop the corosync service on all nodes. After corosync is
stopped on all nodes start it one after the other again.

Corosync External Vote Support
------------------------------

This section describes a way to deploy an external voter in a {pve} cluster.
When configured, the cluster can sustain more node failures without
violating safety properties of the cluster communication.

For this to work there are two services involved:

* a so called qdevice daemon which runs on each {pve} node

* an external vote daemon which runs on an independent server.

As a result you can achieve higher availability even in smaller setups (for
example 2+1 nodes).

QDevice Technical Overview
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

The Corosync Quroum Device (QDevice) is a daemon which runs on each cluster
node. It provides a configured number of votes to the clusters quorum
subsystem based on an external running third-party arbitrator's decision.
Its primary use is to allow a cluster to sustain more node failures than
standard quorum rules allow. This can be done safely as the external device
can see all nodes and thus choose only one set of nodes to give its vote.
This will only be done if said set of nodes can have quorum (again) when
receiving the third-party vote.

Currently only 'QDevice Net' is supported as a third-party arbitrator. It is
a daemon which provides a vote to a cluster partition if it can reach the
partition members over the network. It will give only votes to one partition
of a cluster at any time.
It's designed to support multiple clusters and is almost configuration and
state free. New clusters are handled dynamically and no configuration file
is needed on the host running a QDevice.

The external host has the only requirement that it needs network access to the
cluster and a corosync-qnetd package available. We provide such a package
for Debian based hosts, other Linux distributions should also have a package
available through their respective package manager.

NOTE: In contrast to corosync itself, a QDevice connects to the cluster over
TCP/IP and thus does not need a multicast capable network between itself and
the cluster. In fact the daemon may run outside of the LAN and can have
longer latencies than 2 ms.


Supported Setups
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

We support QDevices for clusters with an even number of nodes and recommend
it for 2 node clusters, if they should provide higher availability.
For clusters with an odd node count we discourage the use of QDevices
currently. The reason for this, is the difference of the votes the QDevice
provides for each cluster type. Even numbered clusters get single additional
vote, with this we can only increase availability, i.e. if the QDevice
itself fails we are in the same situation as with no QDevice at all.

Now, with an odd numbered cluster size the QDevice provides '(N-1)' votes --
where 'N' corresponds to the cluster node count. This difference makes
sense, if we had only one additional vote the cluster can get into a split
brain situation.
This algorithm would allow that all nodes but one (and naturally the
QDevice itself) could fail.
There are two drawbacks with this:

* If the QNet daemon itself fails, no other node may fail or the cluster
  immediately loses quorum.  For example, in a cluster with 15 nodes 7
  could fail before the cluster becomes inquorate. But, if a QDevice is
  configured here and said QDevice fails itself **no single node** of
  the 15 may fail. The QDevice acts almost as a single point of failure in
  this case.

* The fact that all but one node plus QDevice may fail sound promising at
  first, but this may result in a mass recovery of HA services that would
  overload the single node left. Also ceph server will stop to provide
  services after only '((N-1)/2)' nodes are online.

If you understand the drawbacks and implications you can decide yourself if
you should use this technology in an odd numbered cluster setup.


QDevice-Net Setup
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

We recommend to run any daemon which provides votes to corosync-qdevice as an
unprivileged user. {pve} and Debian provides a package which is already
configured to do so.
The traffic between the daemon and the cluster must be encrypted to ensure a
safe and secure QDevice integration in {pve}.

First install the 'corosync-qnetd' package on your external server and
the 'corosync-qdevice' package on all cluster nodes.

After that, ensure that all your nodes on the cluster are online.

You can now easily set up your QDevice by running the following command on one
of the {pve} nodes:

----
pve# pvecm qdevice setup <QDEVICE-IP>
----

The SSH key from the cluster will be automatically copied to the QDevice. You
might need to enter an SSH password during this step.

After you enter the password and all the steps are successfully completed, you
will see "Done". You can check the status now:

----
pve# pvecm status

...

Votequorum information
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Expected votes:   3
Highest expected: 3
Total votes:      3
Quorum:           2
Flags:            Quorate Qdevice

Membership information
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
    Nodeid      Votes    Qdevice Name
    0x00000001          1    A,V,NMW 192.168.22.180 (local)
    0x00000002          1    A,V,NMW 192.168.22.181
    0x00000000          1            Qdevice

----

which means the QDevice is set up.


Frequently Asked Questions
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

Tie Breaking
^^^^^^^^^^^^

In case of a tie, where two same-sized cluster partitions cannot see each other
but the QDevice, the QDevice chooses randomly one of those partitions and
provides a vote to it.

Possible Negative Implications
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

For clusters with an even node count there are no negative implications when
setting up a QDevice. If it fails to work, you are as good as without QDevice at
all.

Adding/Deleting Nodes After QDevice Setup
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

If you want to add a new node or remove an existing one from a cluster with a
QDevice setup, you need to remove the QDevice first. After that, you can add or
remove nodes normally. Once you have a cluster with an even node count again,
you can set up the QDevice again as described above.

Removing the QDevice
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

If you used the official `pvecm` tool to add the QDevice, you can remove it
trivially by running:

----
pve# pvecm qdevice remove
----

//Still TODO
//^^^^^^^^^^
//There ist still stuff to add here


Corosync Configuration
----------------------

The `/etc/pve/corosync.conf` file plays a central role in {pve} cluster. It
controls the cluster member ship and its network.
For reading more about it check the corosync.conf man page:
[source,bash]
----
man corosync.conf
----

For node membership you should always use the `pvecm` tool provided by {pve}.
You may have to edit the configuration file manually for other changes.
Here are a few best practice tips for doing this.

[[edit-corosync-conf]]
Edit corosync.conf
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

Editing the corosync.conf file can be not always straight forward. There are
two on each cluster, one in `/etc/pve/corosync.conf` and the other in
`/etc/corosync/corosync.conf`. Editing the one in our cluster file system will
propagate the changes to the local one, but not vice versa.

The configuration will get updated automatically as soon as the file changes.
This means changes which can be integrated in a running corosync will take
instantly effect. So you should always make a copy and edit that instead, to
avoid triggering some unwanted changes by an in between safe.

[source,bash]
----
cp /etc/pve/corosync.conf /etc/pve/corosync.conf.new
----

Then open the Config file with your favorite editor, `nano` and `vim.tiny` are
preinstalled on {pve} for example.

NOTE: Always increment the 'config_version' number on configuration changes,
omitting this can lead to problems.

After making the necessary changes create another copy of the current working
configuration file. This serves as a backup if the new configuration fails to
apply or makes problems in other ways.

[source,bash]
----
cp /etc/pve/corosync.conf /etc/pve/corosync.conf.bak
----

Then move the new configuration file over the old one:
[source,bash]
----
mv /etc/pve/corosync.conf.new /etc/pve/corosync.conf
----

You may check with the commands
[source,bash]
----
systemctl status corosync
journalctl -b -u corosync
----

If the change could applied automatically. If not you may have to restart the
corosync service via:
[source,bash]
----
systemctl restart corosync
----

On errors check the troubleshooting section below.

Troubleshooting
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

Issue: 'quorum.expected_votes must be configured'
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

When corosync starts to fail and you get the following message in the system log:

----
[...]
corosync[1647]:  [QUORUM] Quorum provider: corosync_votequorum failed to initialize.
corosync[1647]:  [SERV  ] Service engine 'corosync_quorum' failed to load for reason
    'configuration error: nodelist or quorum.expected_votes must be configured!'
[...]
----

It means that the hostname you set for corosync 'ringX_addr' in the
configuration could not be resolved.


Write Configuration When Not Quorate
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

If you need to change '/etc/pve/corosync.conf' on an node with no quorum, and you
know what you do, use:
[source,bash]
----
pvecm expected 1
----

This sets the expected vote count to 1 and makes the cluster quorate. You can
now fix your configuration, or revert it back to the last working backup.

This is not enough if corosync cannot start anymore. Here its best to edit the
local copy of the corosync configuration in '/etc/corosync/corosync.conf' so
that corosync can start again. Ensure that on all nodes this configuration has
the same content to avoid split brains. If you are not sure what went wrong
it's best to ask the Proxmox Community to help you.


[[corosync-conf-glossary]]
Corosync Configuration Glossary
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

ringX_addr::
This names the different ring addresses for the corosync totem rings used for
the cluster communication.

bindnetaddr::
Defines to which interface the ring should bind to. It may be any address of
the subnet configured on the interface we want to use. In general its the
recommended to just use an address a node uses on this interface.

rrp_mode::
Specifies the mode of the redundant ring protocol and may be passive, active or
none. Note that use of active is highly experimental and not official
supported. Passive is the preferred mode, it may double the cluster
communication throughput and increases availability.


Cluster Cold Start
------------------

It is obvious that a cluster is not quorate when all nodes are
offline. This is a common case after a power failure.

NOTE: It is always a good idea to use an uninterruptible power supply
(``UPS'', also called ``battery backup'') to avoid this state, especially if
you want HA.

On node startup, the `pve-guests` service is started and waits for
quorum. Once quorate, it starts all guests which have the `onboot`
flag set.

When you turn on nodes, or when power comes back after power failure,
it is likely that some nodes boots faster than others. Please keep in
mind that guest startup is delayed until you reach quorum.


Guest Migration
---------------

Migrating virtual guests to other nodes is a useful feature in a
cluster. There are settings to control the behavior of such
migrations. This can be done via the configuration file
`datacenter.cfg` or for a specific migration via API or command line
parameters.

It makes a difference if a Guest is online or offline, or if it has
local resources (like a local disk).

For Details about Virtual Machine Migration see the
xref:qm_migration[QEMU/KVM Migration Chapter]

For Details about Container Migration see the
xref:pct_migration[Container Migration Chapter]

Migration Type
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

The migration type defines if the migration data should be sent over an
encrypted (`secure`) channel or an unencrypted (`insecure`) one.
Setting the migration type to insecure means that the RAM content of a
virtual guest gets also transferred unencrypted, which can lead to
information disclosure of critical data from inside the guest (for
example passwords or encryption keys).

Therefore, we strongly recommend using the secure channel if you do
not have full control over the network and can not guarantee that no
one is eavesdropping to it.

NOTE: Storage migration does not follow this setting. Currently, it
always sends the storage content over a secure channel.

Encryption requires a lot of computing power, so this setting is often
changed to "unsafe" to achieve better performance. The impact on
modern systems is lower because they implement AES encryption in
hardware. The performance impact is particularly evident in fast
networks where you can transfer 10 Gbps or more.


Migration Network
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

By default, {pve} uses the network in which cluster communication
takes place to send the migration traffic. This is not optimal because
sensitive cluster traffic can be disrupted and this network may not
have the best bandwidth available on the node.

Setting the migration network parameter allows the use of a dedicated
network for the entire migration traffic. In addition to the memory,
this also affects the storage traffic for offline migrations.

The migration network is set as a network in the CIDR notation. This
has the advantage that you do not have to set individual IP addresses
for each node.  {pve} can determine the real address on the
destination node from the network specified in the CIDR form.  To
enable this, the network must be specified so that each node has one,
but only one IP in the respective network.


Example
^^^^^^^

We assume that we have a three-node setup with three separate
networks. One for public communication with the Internet, one for
cluster communication and a very fast one, which we want to use as a
dedicated network for migration.

A network configuration for such a setup might look as follows:

----
iface eno1 inet manual

# public network
auto vmbr0
iface vmbr0 inet static
    address 192.X.Y.57
    netmask 255.255.250.0
    gateway 192.X.Y.1
    bridge_ports eno1
    bridge_stp off
    bridge_fd 0

# cluster network
auto eno2
iface eno2 inet static
    address  10.1.1.1
    netmask  255.255.255.0

# fast network
auto eno3
iface eno3 inet static
    address  10.1.2.1
    netmask  255.255.255.0
----

Here, we will use the network 10.1.2.0/24 as a migration network. For
a single migration, you can do this using the `migration_network`
parameter of the command line tool:

----
# qm migrate 106 tre --online --migration_network 10.1.2.0/24
----

To configure this as the default network for all migrations in the
cluster, set the `migration` property of the `/etc/pve/datacenter.cfg`
file:

----
# use dedicated migration network
migration: secure,network=10.1.2.0/24
----

NOTE: The migration type must always be set when the migration network
gets set in `/etc/pve/datacenter.cfg`.


ifdef::manvolnum[]
include::pve-copyright.adoc[]
endif::manvolnum[]