[[chapter_pvecm]] ifdef::manvolnum[] pvecm(1) ======== :pve-toplevel: NAME ---- pvecm - Proxmox VE Cluster Manager SYNOPSIS -------- include::pvecm.1-synopsis.adoc[] DESCRIPTION ----------- endif::manvolnum[] ifndef::manvolnum[] Cluster Manager =============== :pve-toplevel: endif::manvolnum[] The {pve} cluster manager `pvecm` is a tool to create a group of physical servers. Such a group is called a *cluster*. We use the http://www.corosync.org[Corosync Cluster Engine] for reliable group communication. There's no explicit limit for the number of nodes in a cluster. In practice, the actual possible node count may be limited by the host and network performance. Currently (2021), there are reports of clusters (using high-end enterprise hardware) with over 50 nodes in production. `pvecm` can be used to create a new cluster, join nodes to a cluster, leave the cluster, get status information, and do various other cluster-related tasks. The **P**rox**m**o**x** **C**luster **F**ile **S**ystem (``pmxcfs'') is used to transparently distribute the cluster configuration to all cluster nodes. Grouping nodes into a cluster has the following advantages: * Centralized, web-based management * Multi-master clusters: each node can do all management tasks * Use of `pmxcfs`, a database-driven file system, for storing configuration files, replicated in real-time on all nodes using `corosync` * Easy migration of virtual machines and containers between physical hosts * Fast deployment * Cluster-wide services like firewall and HA Requirements ------------ * All nodes must be able to connect to each other via UDP ports 5405-5412 for corosync to work. * Date and time must be synchronized. * An SSH tunnel on TCP port 22 between nodes is required. * If you are interested in High Availability, you need to have at least three nodes for reliable quorum. All nodes should have the same version. * We recommend a dedicated NIC for the cluster traffic, especially if you use shared storage. * The root password of a cluster node is required for adding nodes. * Online migration of virtual machines is only supported when nodes have CPUs from the same vendor. It might work otherwise, but this is never guaranteed. NOTE: It is not possible to mix {pve} 3.x and earlier with {pve} 4.X cluster nodes. NOTE: While it's possible to mix {pve} 4.4 and {pve} 5.0 nodes, doing so is not supported as a production configuration and should only be done temporarily, during an upgrade of the whole cluster from one major version to another. NOTE: Running a cluster of {pve} 6.x with earlier versions is not possible. The cluster protocol (corosync) between {pve} 6.x and earlier versions changed fundamentally. The corosync 3 packages for {pve} 5.4 are only intended for the upgrade procedure to {pve} 6.0. Preparing Nodes --------------- First, install {pve} on all nodes. Make sure that each node is installed with the final hostname and IP configuration. Changing the hostname and IP is not possible after cluster creation. While it's common to reference all node names and their IPs in `/etc/hosts` (or make their names resolvable through other means), this is not necessary for a cluster to work. It may be useful however, as you can then connect from one node to another via SSH, using the easier to remember node name (see also xref:pvecm_corosync_addresses[Link Address Types]). Note that we always recommend referencing nodes by their IP addresses in the cluster configuration. [[pvecm_create_cluster]] Create a Cluster ---------------- You can either create a cluster on the console (login via `ssh`), or through the API using the {pve} web interface (__Datacenter -> Cluster__). NOTE: Use a unique name for your cluster. This name cannot be changed later. The cluster name follows the same rules as node names. [[pvecm_cluster_create_via_gui]] Create via Web GUI ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ [thumbnail="screenshot/gui-cluster-create.png"] Under __Datacenter -> Cluster__, click on *Create Cluster*. Enter the cluster name and select a network connection from the drop-down list to serve as the main cluster network (Link 0). It defaults to the IP resolved via the node's hostname. As of {pve} 6.2, up to 8 fallback links can be added to a cluster. To add a redundant link, click the 'Add' button and select a link number and IP address from the respective fields. Prior to {pve} 6.2, to add a second link as fallback, you can select the 'Advanced' checkbox and choose an additional network interface (Link 1, see also xref:pvecm_redundancy[Corosync Redundancy]). NOTE: Ensure that the network selected for cluster communication is not used for any high traffic purposes, like network storage or live-migration. While the cluster network itself produces small amounts of data, it is very sensitive to latency. Check out full xref:pvecm_cluster_network_requirements[cluster network requirements]. [[pvecm_cluster_create_via_cli]] Create via the Command Line ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Login via `ssh` to the first {pve} node and run the following command: ---- hp1# pvecm create CLUSTERNAME ---- To check the state of the new cluster use: ---- hp1# pvecm status ---- Multiple Clusters in the Same Network ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ It is possible to create multiple clusters in the same physical or logical network. In this case, each cluster must have a unique name to avoid possible clashes in the cluster communication stack. Furthermore, this helps avoid human confusion by making clusters clearly distinguishable. While the bandwidth requirement of a corosync cluster is relatively low, the latency of packages and the package per second (PPS) rate is the limiting factor. Different clusters in the same network can compete with each other for these resources, so it may still make sense to use separate physical network infrastructure for bigger clusters. [[pvecm_join_node_to_cluster]] Adding Nodes to the Cluster --------------------------- CAUTION: All existing configuration in `/etc/pve` is overwritten when joining a cluster. In particular, a joining node cannot hold any guests, since guest IDs could otherwise conflict, and the node will inherit the cluster's storage configuration. To join a node with existing guest, as a workaround, you can create a backup of each guest (using `vzdump`) and restore it under a different ID after joining. If the node's storage layout differs, you will need to re-add the node's storages, and adapt each storage's node restriction to reflect on which nodes the storage is actually available. Join Node to Cluster via GUI ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ [thumbnail="screenshot/gui-cluster-join-information.png"] Log in to the web interface on an existing cluster node. Under __Datacenter -> Cluster__, click the *Join Information* button at the top. Then, click on the button *Copy Information*. Alternatively, copy the string from the 'Information' field manually. [thumbnail="screenshot/gui-cluster-join.png"] Next, log in to the web interface on the node you want to add. Under __Datacenter -> Cluster__, click on *Join Cluster*. Fill in the 'Information' field with the 'Join Information' text you copied earlier. Most settings required for joining the cluster will be filled out automatically. For security reasons, the cluster password has to be entered manually. NOTE: To enter all required data manually, you can disable the 'Assisted Join' checkbox. After clicking the *Join* button, the cluster join process will start immediately. After the node has joined the cluster, its current node certificate will be replaced by one signed from the cluster certificate authority (CA). This means that the current session will stop working after a few seconds. You then might need to force-reload the web interface and log in again with the cluster credentials. Now your node should be visible under __Datacenter -> Cluster__. Join Node to Cluster via Command Line ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Log in to the node you want to join into an existing cluster via `ssh`. ---- # pvecm add IP-ADDRESS-CLUSTER ---- For `IP-ADDRESS-CLUSTER`, use the IP or hostname of an existing cluster node. An IP address is recommended (see xref:pvecm_corosync_addresses[Link Address Types]). To check the state of the cluster use: ---- # pvecm status ---- .Cluster status after adding 4 nodes ---- # pvecm status Cluster information ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Name: prod-central Config Version: 3 Transport: knet Secure auth: on Quorum information ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Date: Tue Sep 14 11:06:47 2021 Quorum provider: corosync_votequorum Nodes: 4 Node ID: 0x00000001 Ring ID: 1.1a8 Quorate: Yes Votequorum information ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Expected votes: 4 Highest expected: 4 Total votes: 4 Quorum: 3 Flags: Quorate Membership information ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Nodeid Votes Name 0x00000001 1 192.168.15.91 0x00000002 1 192.168.15.92 (local) 0x00000003 1 192.168.15.93 0x00000004 1 192.168.15.94 ---- If you only want a list of all nodes, use: ---- # pvecm nodes ---- .List nodes in a cluster ---- # pvecm nodes Membership information ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Nodeid Votes Name 1 1 hp1 2 1 hp2 (local) 3 1 hp3 4 1 hp4 ---- [[pvecm_adding_nodes_with_separated_cluster_network]] Adding Nodes with Separated Cluster Network ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ When adding a node to a cluster with a separated cluster network, you need to use the 'link0' parameter to set the nodes address on that network: [source,bash] ---- # pvecm add IP-ADDRESS-CLUSTER --link0 LOCAL-IP-ADDRESS-LINK0 ---- If you want to use the built-in xref:pvecm_redundancy[redundancy] of the Kronosnet transport layer, also use the 'link1' parameter. Using the GUI, you can select the correct interface from the corresponding 'Link X' fields in the *Cluster Join* dialog. Remove a Cluster Node --------------------- CAUTION: Read the procedure carefully before proceeding, as it may not be what you want or need. Move all virtual machines from the node. Ensure that you have made copies of any local data or backups that you want to keep. In addition, make sure to remove any scheduled replication jobs to the node to be removed. CAUTION: Failure to remove replication jobs to a node before removing said node will result in the replication job becoming irremovable. Especially note that replication automatically switches direction if a replicated VM is migrated, so by migrating a replicated VM from a node to be deleted, replication jobs will be set up to that node automatically. In the following example, we will remove the node hp4 from the cluster. Log in to a *different* cluster node (not hp4), and issue a `pvecm nodes` command to identify the node ID to remove: ---- hp1# pvecm nodes Membership information ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Nodeid Votes Name 1 1 hp1 (local) 2 1 hp2 3 1 hp3 4 1 hp4 ---- At this point, you must power off hp4 and ensure that it will not power on again (in the network) with its current configuration. IMPORTANT: As mentioned above, it is critical to power off the node *before* removal, and make sure that it will *not* power on again (in the existing cluster network) with its current configuration. If you power on the node as it is, the cluster could end up broken, and it could be difficult to restore it to a functioning state. After powering off the node hp4, we can safely remove it from the cluster. ---- hp1# pvecm delnode hp4 Killing node 4 ---- NOTE: At this point, it is possible that you will receive an error message stating `Could not kill node (error = CS_ERR_NOT_EXIST)`. This does not signify an actual failure in the deletion of the node, but rather a failure in corosync trying to kill an offline node. Thus, it can be safely ignored. Use `pvecm nodes` or `pvecm status` to check the node list again. It should look something like: ---- hp1# pvecm status ... Votequorum information ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Expected votes: 3 Highest expected: 3 Total votes: 3 Quorum: 2 Flags: Quorate Membership information ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Nodeid Votes Name 0x00000001 1 192.168.15.90 (local) 0x00000002 1 192.168.15.91 0x00000003 1 192.168.15.92 ---- If, for whatever reason, you want this server to join the same cluster again, you have to: * do a fresh install of {pve} on it, * then join it, as explained in the previous section. The configuration files for the removed node will still reside in '/etc/pve/nodes/hp4'. Recover any configuration you still need and remove the directory afterwards. NOTE: After removal of the node, its SSH fingerprint will still reside in the 'known_hosts' of the other nodes. If you receive an SSH error after rejoining a node with the same IP or hostname, run `pvecm updatecerts` once on the re-added node to update its fingerprint cluster wide. [[pvecm_separate_node_without_reinstall]] Separate a Node Without Reinstalling ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ CAUTION: This is *not* the recommended method, proceed with caution. Use the previous method if you're unsure. You can also separate a node from a cluster without reinstalling it from scratch. But after removing the node from the cluster, it will still have access to any shared storage. This must be resolved before you start removing the node from the cluster. A {pve} cluster cannot share the exact same storage with another cluster, as storage locking doesn't work over the cluster boundary. Furthermore, it may also lead to VMID conflicts. It's suggested that you create a new storage, where only the node which you want to separate has access. This can be a new export on your NFS or a new Ceph pool, to name a few examples. It's just important that the exact same storage does not get accessed by multiple clusters. After setting up this storage, move all data and VMs from the node to it. Then you are ready to separate the node from the cluster. WARNING: Ensure that all shared resources are cleanly separated! Otherwise you will run into conflicts and problems. First, stop the corosync and pve-cluster services on the node: [source,bash] ---- systemctl stop pve-cluster systemctl stop corosync ---- Start the cluster file system again in local mode: [source,bash] ---- pmxcfs -l ---- Delete the corosync configuration files: [source,bash] ---- rm /etc/pve/corosync.conf rm -r /etc/corosync/* ---- You can now start the file system again as a normal service: [source,bash] ---- killall pmxcfs systemctl start pve-cluster ---- The node is now separated from the cluster. You can deleted it from any remaining node of the cluster with: [source,bash] ---- pvecm delnode oldnode ---- If the command fails due to a loss of quorum in the remaining node, you can set the expected votes to 1 as a workaround: [source,bash] ---- pvecm expected 1 ---- And then repeat the 'pvecm delnode' command. Now switch back to the separated node and delete all the remaining cluster files on it. This ensures that the node can be added to another cluster again without problems. [source,bash] ---- rm /var/lib/corosync/* ---- As the configuration files from the other nodes are still in the cluster file system, you may want to clean those up too. After making absolutely sure that you have the correct node name, you can simply remove the entire directory recursively from '/etc/pve/nodes/NODENAME'. CAUTION: The node's SSH keys will remain in the 'authorized_key' file. This means that the nodes can still connect to each other with public key authentication. You should fix this by removing the respective keys from the '/etc/pve/priv/authorized_keys' file. Quorum ------ {pve} use a quorum-based technique to provide a consistent state among all cluster nodes. [quote, from Wikipedia, Quorum (distributed computing)] ____ A quorum is the minimum number of votes that a distributed transaction has to obtain in order to be allowed to perform an operation in a distributed system. ____ In case of network partitioning, state changes requires that a majority of nodes are online. The cluster switches to read-only mode if it loses quorum. NOTE: {pve} assigns a single vote to each node by default. Cluster Network --------------- The cluster network is the core of a cluster. All messages sent over it have to be delivered reliably to all nodes in their respective order. In {pve} this part is done by corosync, an implementation of a high performance, low overhead, high availability development toolkit. It serves our decentralized configuration file system (`pmxcfs`). [[pvecm_cluster_network_requirements]] Network Requirements ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ The {pve} cluster stack requires a reliable network with latencies under 5 milliseconds (LAN performance) between all nodes to operate stably. While on setups with a small node count a network with higher latencies _may_ work, this is not guaranteed and gets rather unlikely with more than three nodes and latencies above around 10 ms. The network should not be used heavily by other members, as while corosync does not uses much bandwidth it is sensitive to latency jitters; ideally corosync runs on its own physically separated network. Especially do not use a shared network for corosync and storage (except as a potential low-priority fallback in a xref:pvecm_redundancy[redundant] configuration). Before setting up a cluster, it is good practice to check if the network is fit for that purpose. To ensure that the nodes can connect to each other on the cluster network, you can test the connectivity between them with the `ping` tool. If the {pve} firewall is enabled, ACCEPT rules for corosync will automatically be generated - no manual action is required. NOTE: Corosync used Multicast before version 3.0 (introduced in {pve} 6.0). Modern versions rely on https://kronosnet.org/[Kronosnet] for cluster communication, which, for now, only supports regular UDP unicast. CAUTION: You can still enable Multicast or legacy unicast by setting your transport to `udp` or `udpu` in your xref:pvecm_edit_corosync_conf[corosync.conf], but keep in mind that this will disable all cryptography and redundancy support. This is therefore not recommended. Separate Cluster Network ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ When creating a cluster without any parameters, the corosync cluster network is generally shared with the web interface and the VMs' network. Depending on your setup, even storage traffic may get sent over the same network. It's recommended to change that, as corosync is a time-critical, real-time application. Setting Up a New Network ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ First, you have to set up a new network interface. It should be on a physically separate network. Ensure that your network fulfills the xref:pvecm_cluster_network_requirements[cluster network requirements]. Separate On Cluster Creation ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ This is possible via the 'linkX' parameters of the 'pvecm create' command, used for creating a new cluster. If you have set up an additional NIC with a static address on 10.10.10.1/25, and want to send and receive all cluster communication over this interface, you would execute: [source,bash] ---- pvecm create test --link0 10.10.10.1 ---- To check if everything is working properly, execute: [source,bash] ---- systemctl status corosync ---- Afterwards, proceed as described above to xref:pvecm_adding_nodes_with_separated_cluster_network[add nodes with a separated cluster network]. [[pvecm_separate_cluster_net_after_creation]] Separate After Cluster Creation ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ You can do this if you have already created a cluster and want to switch its communication to another network, without rebuilding the whole cluster. This change may lead to short periods of quorum loss in the cluster, as nodes have to restart corosync and come up one after the other on the new network. Check how to xref:pvecm_edit_corosync_conf[edit the corosync.conf file] first. Then, open it and you should see a file similar to: ---- logging { debug: off to_syslog: yes } nodelist { node { name: due nodeid: 2 quorum_votes: 1 ring0_addr: due } node { name: tre nodeid: 3 quorum_votes: 1 ring0_addr: tre } node { name: uno nodeid: 1 quorum_votes: 1 ring0_addr: uno } } quorum { provider: corosync_votequorum } totem { cluster_name: testcluster config_version: 3 ip_version: ipv4-6 secauth: on version: 2 interface { linknumber: 0 } } ---- NOTE: `ringX_addr` actually specifies a corosync *link address*. The name "ring" is a remnant of older corosync versions that is kept for backwards compatibility. The first thing you want to do is add the 'name' properties in the node entries, if you do not see them already. Those *must* match the node name. Then replace all addresses from the 'ring0_addr' properties of all nodes with the new addresses. You may use plain IP addresses or hostnames here. If you use hostnames, ensure that they are resolvable from all nodes (see also xref:pvecm_corosync_addresses[Link Address Types]). In this example, we want to switch cluster communication to the 10.10.10.0/25 network, so we change the 'ring0_addr' of each node respectively. NOTE: The exact same procedure can be used to change other 'ringX_addr' values as well. However, we recommend only changing one link address at a time, so that it's easier to recover if something goes wrong. After we increase the 'config_version' property, the new configuration file should look like: ---- logging { debug: off to_syslog: yes } nodelist { node { name: due nodeid: 2 quorum_votes: 1 ring0_addr: 10.10.10.2 } node { name: tre nodeid: 3 quorum_votes: 1 ring0_addr: 10.10.10.3 } node { name: uno nodeid: 1 quorum_votes: 1 ring0_addr: 10.10.10.1 } } quorum { provider: corosync_votequorum } totem { cluster_name: testcluster config_version: 4 ip_version: ipv4-6 secauth: on version: 2 interface { linknumber: 0 } } ---- Then, after a final check to see that all changed information is correct, we save it and once again follow the xref:pvecm_edit_corosync_conf[edit corosync.conf file] section to bring it into effect. The changes will be applied live, so restarting corosync is not strictly necessary. If you changed other settings as well, or notice corosync complaining, you can optionally trigger a restart. On a single node execute: [source,bash] ---- systemctl restart corosync ---- Now check if everything is okay: [source,bash] ---- systemctl status corosync ---- If corosync begins to work again, restart it on all other nodes too. They will then join the cluster membership one by one on the new network. [[pvecm_corosync_addresses]] Corosync Addresses ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ A corosync link address (for backwards compatibility denoted by 'ringX_addr' in `corosync.conf`) can be specified in two ways: * **IPv4/v6 addresses** can be used directly. They are recommended, since they are static and usually not changed carelessly. * **Hostnames** will be resolved using `getaddrinfo`, which means that by default, IPv6 addresses will be used first, if available (see also `man gai.conf`). Keep this in mind, especially when upgrading an existing cluster to IPv6. CAUTION: Hostnames should be used with care, since the addresses they resolve to can be changed without touching corosync or the node it runs on - which may lead to a situation where an address is changed without thinking about implications for corosync. A separate, static hostname specifically for corosync is recommended, if hostnames are preferred. Also, make sure that every node in the cluster can resolve all hostnames correctly. Since {pve} 5.1, while supported, hostnames will be resolved at the time of entry. Only the resolved IP is saved to the configuration. Nodes that joined the cluster on earlier versions likely still use their unresolved hostname in `corosync.conf`. It might be a good idea to replace them with IPs or a separate hostname, as mentioned above. [[pvecm_redundancy]] Corosync Redundancy ------------------- Corosync supports redundant networking via its integrated Kronosnet layer by default (it is not supported on the legacy udp/udpu transports). It can be enabled by specifying more than one link address, either via the '--linkX' parameters of `pvecm`, in the GUI as **Link 1** (while creating a cluster or adding a new node) or by specifying more than one 'ringX_addr' in `corosync.conf`. NOTE: To provide useful failover, every link should be on its own physical network connection. Links are used according to a priority setting. You can configure this priority by setting 'knet_link_priority' in the corresponding interface section in `corosync.conf`, or, preferably, using the 'priority' parameter when creating your cluster with `pvecm`: ---- # pvecm create CLUSTERNAME --link0 10.10.10.1,priority=15 --link1 10.20.20.1,priority=20 ---- This would cause 'link1' to be used first, since it has the higher priority. If no priorities are configured manually (or two links have the same priority), links will be used in order of their number, with the lower number having higher priority. Even if all links are working, only the one with the highest priority will see corosync traffic. Link priorities cannot be mixed, meaning that links with different priorities will not be able to communicate with each other. Since lower priority links will not see traffic unless all higher priorities have failed, it becomes a useful strategy to specify networks used for other tasks (VMs, storage, etc.) as low-priority links. If worst comes to worst, a higher latency or more congested connection might be better than no connection at all. Adding Redundant Links To An Existing Cluster ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ To add a new link to a running configuration, first check how to xref:pvecm_edit_corosync_conf[edit the corosync.conf file]. Then, add a new 'ringX_addr' to every node in the `nodelist` section. Make sure that your 'X' is the same for every node you add it to, and that it is unique for each node. Lastly, add a new 'interface', as shown below, to your `totem` section, replacing 'X' with the link number chosen above. Assuming you added a link with number 1, the new configuration file could look like this: ---- logging { debug: off to_syslog: yes } nodelist { node { name: due nodeid: 2 quorum_votes: 1 ring0_addr: 10.10.10.2 ring1_addr: 10.20.20.2 } node { name: tre nodeid: 3 quorum_votes: 1 ring0_addr: 10.10.10.3 ring1_addr: 10.20.20.3 } node { name: uno nodeid: 1 quorum_votes: 1 ring0_addr: 10.10.10.1 ring1_addr: 10.20.20.1 } } quorum { provider: corosync_votequorum } totem { cluster_name: testcluster config_version: 4 ip_version: ipv4-6 secauth: on version: 2 interface { linknumber: 0 } interface { linknumber: 1 } } ---- The new link will be enabled as soon as you follow the last steps to xref:pvecm_edit_corosync_conf[edit the corosync.conf file]. A restart should not be necessary. You can check that corosync loaded the new link using: ---- journalctl -b -u corosync ---- It might be a good idea to test the new link by temporarily disconnecting the old link on one node and making sure that its status remains online while disconnected: ---- pvecm status ---- If you see a healthy cluster state, it means that your new link is being used. Role of SSH in {pve} Clusters ----------------------------- {pve} utilizes SSH tunnels for various features. * Proxying console/shell sessions (node and guests) + When using the shell for node B while being connected to node A, connects to a terminal proxy on node A, which is in turn connected to the login shell on node B via a non-interactive SSH tunnel. * VM and CT memory and local-storage migration in 'secure' mode. + During the migration, one or more SSH tunnel(s) are established between the source and target nodes, in order to exchange migration information and transfer memory and disk contents. * Storage replication SSH setup ~~~~~~~~~ On {pve} systems, the following changes are made to the SSH configuration/setup: * the `root` user's SSH client config gets setup to prefer `AES` over `ChaCha20` * the `root` user's `authorized_keys` file gets linked to `/etc/pve/priv/authorized_keys`, merging all authorized keys within a cluster * `sshd` is configured to allow logging in as root with a password NOTE: Older systems might also have `/etc/ssh/ssh_known_hosts` set up as symlink pointing to `/etc/pve/priv/known_hosts`, containing a merged version of all node host keys. This system was replaced with explicit host key pinning in `pve-cluster <>`, the symlink can be deconfigured if still in place by running `pvecm updatecerts --unmerge-known-hosts`. Pitfalls due to automatic execution of `.bashrc` and siblings ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ In case you have a custom `.bashrc`, or similar files that get executed on login by the configured shell, `ssh` will automatically run it once the session is established successfully. This can cause some unexpected behavior, as those commands may be executed with root permissions on any of the operations described above. This can cause possible problematic side-effects! In order to avoid such complications, it's recommended to add a check in `/root/.bashrc` to make sure the session is interactive, and only then run `.bashrc` commands. You can add this snippet at the beginning of your `.bashrc` file: ---- # Early exit if not running interactively to avoid side-effects! case $- in *i*) ;; *) return;; esac ---- Corosync External Vote Support ------------------------------ This section describes a way to deploy an external voter in a {pve} cluster. When configured, the cluster can sustain more node failures without violating safety properties of the cluster communication. For this to work, there are two services involved: * A QDevice daemon which runs on each {pve} node * An external vote daemon which runs on an independent server As a result, you can achieve higher availability, even in smaller setups (for example 2+1 nodes). QDevice Technical Overview ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ The Corosync Quorum Device (QDevice) is a daemon which runs on each cluster node. It provides a configured number of votes to the cluster's quorum subsystem, based on an externally running third-party arbitrator's decision. Its primary use is to allow a cluster to sustain more node failures than standard quorum rules allow. This can be done safely as the external device can see all nodes and thus choose only one set of nodes to give its vote. This will only be done if said set of nodes can have quorum (again) after receiving the third-party vote. Currently, only 'QDevice Net' is supported as a third-party arbitrator. This is a daemon which provides a vote to a cluster partition, if it can reach the partition members over the network. It will only give votes to one partition of a cluster at any time. It's designed to support multiple clusters and is almost configuration and state free. New clusters are handled dynamically and no configuration file is needed on the host running a QDevice. The only requirements for the external host are that it needs network access to the cluster and to have a corosync-qnetd package available. We provide a package for Debian based hosts, and other Linux distributions should also have a package available through their respective package manager. NOTE: Unlike corosync itself, a QDevice connects to the cluster over TCP/IP. The daemon can also run outside the LAN of the cluster and isn't limited to the low latencies requirements of corosync. Supported Setups ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ We support QDevices for clusters with an even number of nodes and recommend it for 2 node clusters, if they should provide higher availability. For clusters with an odd node count, we currently discourage the use of QDevices. The reason for this is the difference in the votes which the QDevice provides for each cluster type. Even numbered clusters get a single additional vote, which only increases availability, because if the QDevice itself fails, you are in the same position as with no QDevice at all. On the other hand, with an odd numbered cluster size, the QDevice provides '(N-1)' votes -- where 'N' corresponds to the cluster node count. This alternative behavior makes sense; if it had only one additional vote, the cluster could get into a split-brain situation. This algorithm allows for all nodes but one (and naturally the QDevice itself) to fail. However, there are two drawbacks to this: * If the QNet daemon itself fails, no other node may fail or the cluster immediately loses quorum. For example, in a cluster with 15 nodes, 7 could fail before the cluster becomes inquorate. But, if a QDevice is configured here and it itself fails, **no single node** of the 15 may fail. The QDevice acts almost as a single point of failure in this case. * The fact that all but one node plus QDevice may fail sounds promising at first, but this may result in a mass recovery of HA services, which could overload the single remaining node. Furthermore, a Ceph server will stop providing services if only '((N-1)/2)' nodes or less remain online. If you understand the drawbacks and implications, you can decide yourself if you want to use this technology in an odd numbered cluster setup. QDevice-Net Setup ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ We recommend running any daemon which provides votes to corosync-qdevice as an unprivileged user. {pve} and Debian provide a package which is already configured to do so. The traffic between the daemon and the cluster must be encrypted to ensure a safe and secure integration of the QDevice in {pve}. First, install the 'corosync-qnetd' package on your external server ---- external# apt install corosync-qnetd ---- and the 'corosync-qdevice' package on all cluster nodes ---- pve# apt install corosync-qdevice ---- After doing this, ensure that all the nodes in the cluster are online. You can now set up your QDevice by running the following command on one of the {pve} nodes: ---- pve# pvecm qdevice setup ---- The SSH key from the cluster will be automatically copied to the QDevice. NOTE: Make sure to setup key-based access for the root user on your external server, or temporarily allow root login with password during the setup phase. If you receive an error such as 'Host key verification failed.' at this stage, running `pvecm updatecerts` could fix the issue. After all the steps have successfully completed, you will see "Done". You can verify that the QDevice has been set up with: ---- pve# pvecm status ... Votequorum information ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Expected votes: 3 Highest expected: 3 Total votes: 3 Quorum: 2 Flags: Quorate Qdevice Membership information ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Nodeid Votes Qdevice Name 0x00000001 1 A,V,NMW 192.168.22.180 (local) 0x00000002 1 A,V,NMW 192.168.22.181 0x00000000 1 Qdevice ---- [[pvecm_qdevice_status_flags]] QDevice Status Flags ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ The status output of the QDevice, as seen above, will usually contain three columns: * `A` / `NA`: Alive or Not Alive. Indicates if the communication to the external `corosync-qnetd` daemon works. * `V` / `NV`: If the QDevice will cast a vote for the node. In a split-brain situation, where the corosync connection between the nodes is down, but they both can still communicate with the external `corosync-qnetd` daemon, only one node will get the vote. * `MW` / `NMW`: Master wins (`MV`) or not (`NMW`). Default is `NMW`, see footnote:[`votequorum_qdevice_master_wins` manual page https://manpages.debian.org/bookworm/libvotequorum-dev/votequorum_qdevice_master_wins.3.en.html]. * `NR`: QDevice is not registered. NOTE: If your QDevice is listed as `Not Alive` (`NA` in the output above), ensure that port `5403` (the default port of the qnetd server) of your external server is reachable via TCP/IP! Frequently Asked Questions ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Tie Breaking ^^^^^^^^^^^^ In case of a tie, where two same-sized cluster partitions cannot see each other but can see the QDevice, the QDevice chooses one of those partitions randomly and provides a vote to it. Possible Negative Implications ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ For clusters with an even node count, there are no negative implications when using a QDevice. If it fails to work, it is the same as not having a QDevice at all. Adding/Deleting Nodes After QDevice Setup ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ If you want to add a new node or remove an existing one from a cluster with a QDevice setup, you need to remove the QDevice first. After that, you can add or remove nodes normally. Once you have a cluster with an even node count again, you can set up the QDevice again as described previously. Removing the QDevice ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ If you used the official `pvecm` tool to add the QDevice, you can remove it by running: ---- pve# pvecm qdevice remove ---- //Still TODO //^^^^^^^^^^ //There is still stuff to add here Corosync Configuration ---------------------- The `/etc/pve/corosync.conf` file plays a central role in a {pve} cluster. It controls the cluster membership and its network. For further information about it, check the corosync.conf man page: [source,bash] ---- man corosync.conf ---- For node membership, you should always use the `pvecm` tool provided by {pve}. You may have to edit the configuration file manually for other changes. Here are a few best practice tips for doing this. [[pvecm_edit_corosync_conf]] Edit corosync.conf ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Editing the corosync.conf file is not always very straightforward. There are two on each cluster node, one in `/etc/pve/corosync.conf` and the other in `/etc/corosync/corosync.conf`. Editing the one in our cluster file system will propagate the changes to the local one, but not vice versa. The configuration will get updated automatically, as soon as the file changes. This means that changes which can be integrated in a running corosync will take effect immediately. Thus, you should always make a copy and edit that instead, to avoid triggering unintended changes when saving the file while editing. [source,bash] ---- cp /etc/pve/corosync.conf /etc/pve/corosync.conf.new ---- Then, open the config file with your favorite editor, such as `nano` or `vim.tiny`, which come pre-installed on every {pve} node. NOTE: Always increment the 'config_version' number after configuration changes; omitting this can lead to problems. After making the necessary changes, create another copy of the current working configuration file. This serves as a backup if the new configuration fails to apply or causes other issues. [source,bash] ---- cp /etc/pve/corosync.conf /etc/pve/corosync.conf.bak ---- Then replace the old configuration file with the new one: [source,bash] ---- mv /etc/pve/corosync.conf.new /etc/pve/corosync.conf ---- You can check if the changes could be applied automatically, using the following commands: [source,bash] ---- systemctl status corosync journalctl -b -u corosync ---- If the changes could not be applied automatically, you may have to restart the corosync service via: [source,bash] ---- systemctl restart corosync ---- On errors, check the troubleshooting section below. Troubleshooting ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Issue: 'quorum.expected_votes must be configured' ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ When corosync starts to fail and you get the following message in the system log: ---- [...] corosync[1647]: [QUORUM] Quorum provider: corosync_votequorum failed to initialize. corosync[1647]: [SERV ] Service engine 'corosync_quorum' failed to load for reason 'configuration error: nodelist or quorum.expected_votes must be configured!' [...] ---- It means that the hostname you set for a corosync 'ringX_addr' in the configuration could not be resolved. Write Configuration When Not Quorate ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ If you need to change '/etc/pve/corosync.conf' on a node with no quorum, and you understand what you are doing, use: [source,bash] ---- pvecm expected 1 ---- This sets the expected vote count to 1 and makes the cluster quorate. You can then fix your configuration, or revert it back to the last working backup. This is not enough if corosync cannot start anymore. In that case, it is best to edit the local copy of the corosync configuration in '/etc/corosync/corosync.conf', so that corosync can start again. Ensure that on all nodes, this configuration has the same content to avoid split-brain situations. [[pvecm_corosync_conf_glossary]] Corosync Configuration Glossary ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ringX_addr:: This names the different link addresses for the Kronosnet connections between nodes. Cluster Cold Start ------------------ It is obvious that a cluster is not quorate when all nodes are offline. This is a common case after a power failure. NOTE: It is always a good idea to use an uninterruptible power supply (``UPS'', also called ``battery backup'') to avoid this state, especially if you want HA. On node startup, the `pve-guests` service is started and waits for quorum. Once quorate, it starts all guests which have the `onboot` flag set. When you turn on nodes, or when power comes back after power failure, it is likely that some nodes will boot faster than others. Please keep in mind that guest startup is delayed until you reach quorum. [[pvecm_next_id_range]] Guest VMID Auto-Selection ------------------------ When creating new guests the web interface will ask the backend for a free VMID automatically. The default range for searching is `100` to `1000000` (lower than the maximal allowed VMID enforced by the schema). Sometimes admins either want to allocate new VMIDs in a separate range, for example to easily separate temporary VMs with ones that choose a VMID manually. Other times its just desired to provided a stable length VMID, for which setting the lower boundary to, for example, `100000` gives much more room for. To accommodate this use case one can set either lower, upper or both boundaries via the `datacenter.cfg` configuration file, which can be edited in the web interface under 'Datacenter' -> 'Options'. NOTE: The range is only used for the next-id API call, so it isn't a hard limit. Guest Migration --------------- Migrating virtual guests to other nodes is a useful feature in a cluster. There are settings to control the behavior of such migrations. This can be done via the configuration file `datacenter.cfg` or for a specific migration via API or command-line parameters. It makes a difference if a guest is online or offline, or if it has local resources (like a local disk). For details about virtual machine migration, see the xref:qm_migration[QEMU/KVM Migration Chapter]. For details about container migration, see the xref:pct_migration[Container Migration Chapter]. Migration Type ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ The migration type defines if the migration data should be sent over an encrypted (`secure`) channel or an unencrypted (`insecure`) one. Setting the migration type to `insecure` means that the RAM content of a virtual guest is also transferred unencrypted, which can lead to information disclosure of critical data from inside the guest (for example, passwords or encryption keys). Therefore, we strongly recommend using the secure channel if you do not have full control over the network and can not guarantee that no one is eavesdropping on it. NOTE: Storage migration does not follow this setting. Currently, it always sends the storage content over a secure channel. Encryption requires a lot of computing power, so this setting is often changed to `insecure` to achieve better performance. The impact on modern systems is lower because they implement AES encryption in hardware. The performance impact is particularly evident in fast networks, where you can transfer 10 Gbps or more. Migration Network ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ By default, {pve} uses the network in which cluster communication takes place to send the migration traffic. This is not optimal both because sensitive cluster traffic can be disrupted and this network may not have the best bandwidth available on the node. Setting the migration network parameter allows the use of a dedicated network for all migration traffic. In addition to the memory, this also affects the storage traffic for offline migrations. The migration network is set as a network using CIDR notation. This has the advantage that you don't have to set individual IP addresses for each node. {pve} can determine the real address on the destination node from the network specified in the CIDR form. To enable this, the network must be specified so that each node has exactly one IP in the respective network. Example ^^^^^^^ We assume that we have a three-node setup, with three separate networks. One for public communication with the Internet, one for cluster communication, and a very fast one, which we want to use as a dedicated network for migration. A network configuration for such a setup might look as follows: ---- iface eno1 inet manual # public network auto vmbr0 iface vmbr0 inet static address 192.X.Y.57/24 gateway 192.X.Y.1 bridge-ports eno1 bridge-stp off bridge-fd 0 # cluster network auto eno2 iface eno2 inet static address 10.1.1.1/24 # fast network auto eno3 iface eno3 inet static address 10.1.2.1/24 ---- Here, we will use the network 10.1.2.0/24 as a migration network. For a single migration, you can do this using the `migration_network` parameter of the command-line tool: ---- # qm migrate 106 tre --online --migration_network 10.1.2.0/24 ---- To configure this as the default network for all migrations in the cluster, set the `migration` property of the `/etc/pve/datacenter.cfg` file: ---- # use dedicated migration network migration: secure,network=10.1.2.0/24 ---- NOTE: The migration type must always be set when the migration network is set in `/etc/pve/datacenter.cfg`. ifdef::manvolnum[] include::pve-copyright.adoc[] endif::manvolnum[]