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1 | =========================================================================== |
2 | The UDP-Lite protocol (RFC 3828) | |
3 | =========================================================================== | |
4 | ||
5 | ||
6 | UDP-Lite is a Standards-Track IETF transport protocol whose characteristic | |
7 | is a variable-length checksum. This has advantages for transport of multimedia | |
8 | (video, VoIP) over wireless networks, as partly damaged packets can still be | |
9 | fed into the codec instead of being discarded due to a failed checksum test. | |
10 | ||
11 | This file briefly describes the existing kernel support and the socket API. | |
12 | For in-depth information, you can consult: | |
13 | ||
14 | o The UDP-Lite Homepage: http://www.erg.abdn.ac.uk/users/gerrit/udp-lite/ | |
01dd2fbf | 15 | From here you can also download some example application source code. |
ba4e58ec GR |
16 | |
17 | o The UDP-Lite HOWTO on | |
18 | http://www.erg.abdn.ac.uk/users/gerrit/udp-lite/files/UDP-Lite-HOWTO.txt | |
19 | ||
20 | o The Wireshark UDP-Lite WiKi (with capture files): | |
21 | http://wiki.wireshark.org/Lightweight_User_Datagram_Protocol | |
22 | ||
23 | o The Protocol Spec, RFC 3828, http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc3828.txt | |
24 | ||
25 | ||
26 | I) APPLICATIONS | |
27 | ||
28 | Several applications have been ported successfully to UDP-Lite. Ethereal | |
29 | (now called wireshark) has UDP-Litev4/v6 support by default. The tarball on | |
30 | ||
31 | http://www.erg.abdn.ac.uk/users/gerrit/udp-lite/files/udplite_linux.tar.gz | |
32 | ||
33 | has source code for several v4/v6 client-server and network testing examples. | |
34 | ||
35 | Porting applications to UDP-Lite is straightforward: only socket level and | |
36 | IPPROTO need to be changed; senders additionally set the checksum coverage | |
37 | length (default = header length = 8). Details are in the next section. | |
38 | ||
39 | ||
40 | II) PROGRAMMING API | |
41 | ||
42 | UDP-Lite provides a connectionless, unreliable datagram service and hence | |
43 | uses the same socket type as UDP. In fact, porting from UDP to UDP-Lite is | |
44 | very easy: simply add `IPPROTO_UDPLITE' as the last argument of the socket(2) | |
45 | call so that the statement looks like: | |
46 | ||
47 | s = socket(PF_INET, SOCK_DGRAM, IPPROTO_UDPLITE); | |
48 | ||
49 | or, respectively, | |
50 | ||
51 | s = socket(PF_INET6, SOCK_DGRAM, IPPROTO_UDPLITE); | |
52 | ||
53 | With just the above change you are able to run UDP-Lite services or connect | |
54 | to UDP-Lite servers. The kernel will assume that you are not interested in | |
55 | using partial checksum coverage and so emulate UDP mode (full coverage). | |
56 | ||
57 | To make use of the partial checksum coverage facilities requires setting a | |
58 | single socket option, which takes an integer specifying the coverage length: | |
59 | ||
60 | * Sender checksum coverage: UDPLITE_SEND_CSCOV | |
61 | ||
62 | For example, | |
63 | ||
64 | int val = 20; | |
65 | setsockopt(s, SOL_UDPLITE, UDPLITE_SEND_CSCOV, &val, sizeof(int)); | |
66 | ||
67 | sets the checksum coverage length to 20 bytes (12b data + 8b header). | |
68 | Of each packet only the first 20 bytes (plus the pseudo-header) will be | |
69 | checksummed. This is useful for RTP applications which have a 12-byte | |
70 | base header. | |
71 | ||
72 | ||
73 | * Receiver checksum coverage: UDPLITE_RECV_CSCOV | |
74 | ||
75 | This option is the receiver-side analogue. It is truly optional, i.e. not | |
76 | required to enable traffic with partial checksum coverage. Its function is | |
77 | that of a traffic filter: when enabled, it instructs the kernel to drop | |
78 | all packets which have a coverage _less_ than this value. For example, if | |
79 | RTP and UDP headers are to be protected, a receiver can enforce that only | |
80 | packets with a minimum coverage of 20 are admitted: | |
81 | ||
82 | int min = 20; | |
83 | setsockopt(s, SOL_UDPLITE, UDPLITE_RECV_CSCOV, &min, sizeof(int)); | |
84 | ||
85 | The calls to getsockopt(2) are analogous. Being an extension and not a stand- | |
86 | alone protocol, all socket options known from UDP can be used in exactly the | |
87 | same manner as before, e.g. UDP_CORK or UDP_ENCAP. | |
88 | ||
89 | A detailed discussion of UDP-Lite checksum coverage options is in section IV. | |
90 | ||
91 | ||
92 | III) HEADER FILES | |
93 | ||
94 | The socket API requires support through header files in /usr/include: | |
95 | ||
96 | * /usr/include/netinet/in.h | |
97 | to define IPPROTO_UDPLITE | |
98 | ||
99 | * /usr/include/netinet/udplite.h | |
100 | for UDP-Lite header fields and protocol constants | |
101 | ||
102 | For testing purposes, the following can serve as a `mini' header file: | |
103 | ||
104 | #define IPPROTO_UDPLITE 136 | |
105 | #define SOL_UDPLITE 136 | |
106 | #define UDPLITE_SEND_CSCOV 10 | |
107 | #define UDPLITE_RECV_CSCOV 11 | |
108 | ||
109 | Ready-made header files for various distros are in the UDP-Lite tarball. | |
110 | ||
111 | ||
112 | IV) KERNEL BEHAVIOUR WITH REGARD TO THE VARIOUS SOCKET OPTIONS | |
113 | ||
114 | To enable debugging messages, the log level need to be set to 8, as most | |
115 | messages use the KERN_DEBUG level (7). | |
116 | ||
117 | 1) Sender Socket Options | |
118 | ||
119 | If the sender specifies a value of 0 as coverage length, the module | |
120 | assumes full coverage, transmits a packet with coverage length of 0 | |
121 | and according checksum. If the sender specifies a coverage < 8 and | |
122 | different from 0, the kernel assumes 8 as default value. Finally, | |
123 | if the specified coverage length exceeds the packet length, the packet | |
124 | length is used instead as coverage length. | |
125 | ||
126 | 2) Receiver Socket Options | |
127 | ||
128 | The receiver specifies the minimum value of the coverage length it | |
129 | is willing to accept. A value of 0 here indicates that the receiver | |
130 | always wants the whole of the packet covered. In this case, all | |
131 | partially covered packets are dropped and an error is logged. | |
132 | ||
133 | It is not possible to specify illegal values (<0 and <8); in these | |
134 | cases the default of 8 is assumed. | |
135 | ||
136 | All packets arriving with a coverage value less than the specified | |
137 | threshold are discarded, these events are also logged. | |
138 | ||
139 | 3) Disabling the Checksum Computation | |
140 | ||
141 | On both sender and receiver, checksumming will always be performed | |
a982ac06 | 142 | and cannot be disabled using SO_NO_CHECK. Thus |
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143 | |
144 | setsockopt(sockfd, SOL_SOCKET, SO_NO_CHECK, ... ); | |
145 | ||
146 | will always will be ignored, while the value of | |
147 | ||
148 | getsockopt(sockfd, SOL_SOCKET, SO_NO_CHECK, &value, ...); | |
149 | ||
150 | is meaningless (as in TCP). Packets with a zero checksum field are | |
151 | illegal (cf. RFC 3828, sec. 3.1) will be silently discarded. | |
152 | ||
153 | 4) Fragmentation | |
154 | ||
155 | The checksum computation respects both buffersize and MTU. The size | |
156 | of UDP-Lite packets is determined by the size of the send buffer. The | |
157 | minimum size of the send buffer is 2048 (defined as SOCK_MIN_SNDBUF | |
158 | in include/net/sock.h), the default value is configurable as | |
159 | net.core.wmem_default or via setting the SO_SNDBUF socket(7) | |
160 | option. The maximum upper bound for the send buffer is determined | |
161 | by net.core.wmem_max. | |
162 | ||
163 | Given a payload size larger than the send buffer size, UDP-Lite will | |
164 | split the payload into several individual packets, filling up the | |
165 | send buffer size in each case. | |
166 | ||
167 | The precise value also depends on the interface MTU. The interface MTU, | |
168 | in turn, may trigger IP fragmentation. In this case, the generated | |
169 | UDP-Lite packet is split into several IP packets, of which only the | |
170 | first one contains the L4 header. | |
171 | ||
172 | The send buffer size has implications on the checksum coverage length. | |
173 | Consider the following example: | |
174 | ||
175 | Payload: 1536 bytes Send Buffer: 1024 bytes | |
176 | MTU: 1500 bytes Coverage Length: 856 bytes | |
177 | ||
178 | UDP-Lite will ship the 1536 bytes in two separate packets: | |
179 | ||
180 | Packet 1: 1024 payload + 8 byte header + 20 byte IP header = 1052 bytes | |
181 | Packet 2: 512 payload + 8 byte header + 20 byte IP header = 540 bytes | |
182 | ||
183 | The coverage packet covers the UDP-Lite header and 848 bytes of the | |
184 | payload in the first packet, the second packet is fully covered. Note | |
185 | that for the second packet, the coverage length exceeds the packet | |
186 | length. The kernel always re-adjusts the coverage length to the packet | |
187 | length in such cases. | |
188 | ||
189 | As an example of what happens when one UDP-Lite packet is split into | |
190 | several tiny fragments, consider the following example. | |
191 | ||
192 | Payload: 1024 bytes Send buffer size: 1024 bytes | |
193 | MTU: 300 bytes Coverage length: 575 bytes | |
194 | ||
195 | +-+-----------+--------------+--------------+--------------+ | |
196 | |8| 272 | 280 | 280 | 280 | | |
197 | +-+-----------+--------------+--------------+--------------+ | |
198 | 280 560 840 1032 | |
199 | ^ | |
200 | *****checksum coverage************* | |
201 | ||
202 | The UDP-Lite module generates one 1032 byte packet (1024 + 8 byte | |
203 | header). According to the interface MTU, these are split into 4 IP | |
204 | packets (280 byte IP payload + 20 byte IP header). The kernel module | |
205 | sums the contents of the entire first two packets, plus 15 bytes of | |
206 | the last packet before releasing the fragments to the IP module. | |
207 | ||
208 | To see the analogous case for IPv6 fragmentation, consider a link | |
209 | MTU of 1280 bytes and a write buffer of 3356 bytes. If the checksum | |
210 | coverage is less than 1232 bytes (MTU minus IPv6/fragment header | |
211 | lengths), only the first fragment needs to be considered. When using | |
212 | larger checksum coverage lengths, each eligible fragment needs to be | |
213 | checksummed. Suppose we have a checksum coverage of 3062. The buffer | |
214 | of 3356 bytes will be split into the following fragments: | |
215 | ||
216 | Fragment 1: 1280 bytes carrying 1232 bytes of UDP-Lite data | |
217 | Fragment 2: 1280 bytes carrying 1232 bytes of UDP-Lite data | |
218 | Fragment 3: 948 bytes carrying 900 bytes of UDP-Lite data | |
219 | ||
220 | The first two fragments have to be checksummed in full, of the last | |
221 | fragment only 598 (= 3062 - 2*1232) bytes are checksummed. | |
222 | ||
223 | While it is important that such cases are dealt with correctly, they | |
224 | are (annoyingly) rare: UDP-Lite is designed for optimising multimedia | |
225 | performance over wireless (or generally noisy) links and thus smaller | |
01dd2fbf | 226 | coverage lengths are likely to be expected. |
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227 | |
228 | ||
229 | V) UDP-LITE RUNTIME STATISTICS AND THEIR MEANING | |
230 | ||
231 | Exceptional and error conditions are logged to syslog at the KERN_DEBUG | |
232 | level. Live statistics about UDP-Lite are available in /proc/net/snmp | |
233 | and can (with newer versions of netstat) be viewed using | |
234 | ||
235 | netstat -svu | |
236 | ||
237 | This displays UDP-Lite statistics variables, whose meaning is as follows. | |
238 | ||
cb75994e | 239 | InDatagrams: The total number of datagrams delivered to users. |
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240 | |
241 | NoPorts: Number of packets received to an unknown port. | |
242 | These cases are counted separately (not as InErrors). | |
243 | ||
244 | InErrors: Number of erroneous UDP-Lite packets. Errors include: | |
245 | * internal socket queue receive errors | |
246 | * packet too short (less than 8 bytes or stated | |
247 | coverage length exceeds received length) | |
248 | * xfrm4_policy_check() returned with error | |
249 | * application has specified larger min. coverage | |
250 | length than that of incoming packet | |
251 | * checksum coverage violated | |
252 | * bad checksum | |
253 | ||
254 | OutDatagrams: Total number of sent datagrams. | |
255 | ||
256 | These statistics derive from the UDP MIB (RFC 2013). | |
257 | ||
258 | ||
259 | VI) IPTABLES | |
260 | ||
261 | There is packet match support for UDP-Lite as well as support for the LOG target. | |
01dd2fbf | 262 | If you copy and paste the following line into /etc/protocols, |
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263 | |
264 | udplite 136 UDP-Lite # UDP-Lite [RFC 3828] | |
265 | ||
266 | then | |
267 | iptables -A INPUT -p udplite -j LOG | |
268 | ||
269 | will produce logging output to syslog. Dropping and rejecting packets also works. | |
270 | ||
271 | ||
272 | VII) MAINTAINER ADDRESS | |
273 | ||
274 | The UDP-Lite patch was developed at | |
275 | University of Aberdeen | |
276 | Electronics Research Group | |
277 | Department of Engineering | |
278 | Fraser Noble Building | |
279 | Aberdeen AB24 3UE; UK | |
280 | The current maintainer is Gerrit Renker, <gerrit@erg.abdn.ac.uk>. Initial | |
281 | code was developed by William Stanislaus, <william@erg.abdn.ac.uk>. |