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1802d0be 1// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-only
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2/*
3 * Generic stack depot for storing stack traces.
4 *
5 * Some debugging tools need to save stack traces of certain events which can
6 * be later presented to the user. For example, KASAN needs to safe alloc and
7 * free stacks for each object, but storing two stack traces per object
8 * requires too much memory (e.g. SLUB_DEBUG needs 256 bytes per object for
9 * that).
10 *
11 * Instead, stack depot maintains a hashtable of unique stacktraces. Since alloc
12 * and free stacks repeat a lot, we save about 100x space.
13 * Stacks are never removed from depot, so we store them contiguously one after
9dbbc3b9 14 * another in a contiguous memory allocation.
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15 *
16 * Author: Alexander Potapenko <glider@google.com>
17 * Copyright (C) 2016 Google, Inc.
18 *
19 * Based on code by Dmitry Chernenkov.
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20 */
21
22#include <linux/gfp.h>
23#include <linux/jhash.h>
24#include <linux/kernel.h>
25#include <linux/mm.h>
26#include <linux/percpu.h>
27#include <linux/printk.h>
28#include <linux/slab.h>
29#include <linux/stacktrace.h>
30#include <linux/stackdepot.h>
31#include <linux/string.h>
32#include <linux/types.h>
e1fdc403 33#include <linux/memblock.h>
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34
35#define DEPOT_STACK_BITS (sizeof(depot_stack_handle_t) * 8)
36
7c31190b 37#define STACK_ALLOC_NULL_PROTECTION_BITS 1
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38#define STACK_ALLOC_ORDER 2 /* 'Slab' size order for stack depot, 4 pages */
39#define STACK_ALLOC_SIZE (1LL << (PAGE_SHIFT + STACK_ALLOC_ORDER))
40#define STACK_ALLOC_ALIGN 4
41#define STACK_ALLOC_OFFSET_BITS (STACK_ALLOC_ORDER + PAGE_SHIFT - \
42 STACK_ALLOC_ALIGN)
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43#define STACK_ALLOC_INDEX_BITS (DEPOT_STACK_BITS - \
44 STACK_ALLOC_NULL_PROTECTION_BITS - STACK_ALLOC_OFFSET_BITS)
02754e0a 45#define STACK_ALLOC_SLABS_CAP 8192
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46#define STACK_ALLOC_MAX_SLABS \
47 (((1LL << (STACK_ALLOC_INDEX_BITS)) < STACK_ALLOC_SLABS_CAP) ? \
48 (1LL << (STACK_ALLOC_INDEX_BITS)) : STACK_ALLOC_SLABS_CAP)
49
50/* The compact structure to store the reference to stacks. */
51union handle_parts {
52 depot_stack_handle_t handle;
53 struct {
54 u32 slabindex : STACK_ALLOC_INDEX_BITS;
55 u32 offset : STACK_ALLOC_OFFSET_BITS;
7c31190b 56 u32 valid : STACK_ALLOC_NULL_PROTECTION_BITS;
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57 };
58};
59
60struct stack_record {
61 struct stack_record *next; /* Link in the hashtable */
62 u32 hash; /* Hash in the hastable */
63 u32 size; /* Number of frames in the stack */
64 union handle_parts handle;
3a2b67e6 65 unsigned long entries[]; /* Variable-sized array of entries. */
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66};
67
68static void *stack_slabs[STACK_ALLOC_MAX_SLABS];
69
70static int depot_index;
71static int next_slab_inited;
72static size_t depot_offset;
78564b94 73static DEFINE_RAW_SPINLOCK(depot_lock);
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74
75static bool init_stack_slab(void **prealloc)
76{
77 if (!*prealloc)
78 return false;
79 /*
80 * This smp_load_acquire() pairs with smp_store_release() to
81 * |next_slab_inited| below and in depot_alloc_stack().
82 */
83 if (smp_load_acquire(&next_slab_inited))
84 return true;
85 if (stack_slabs[depot_index] == NULL) {
86 stack_slabs[depot_index] = *prealloc;
305e519c 87 *prealloc = NULL;
cd11016e 88 } else {
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89 /* If this is the last depot slab, do not touch the next one. */
90 if (depot_index + 1 < STACK_ALLOC_MAX_SLABS) {
91 stack_slabs[depot_index + 1] = *prealloc;
92 *prealloc = NULL;
93 }
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94 /*
95 * This smp_store_release pairs with smp_load_acquire() from
ee050dc8 96 * |next_slab_inited| above and in stack_depot_save().
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97 */
98 smp_store_release(&next_slab_inited, 1);
99 }
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100 return true;
101}
102
103/* Allocation of a new stack in raw storage */
104static struct stack_record *depot_alloc_stack(unsigned long *entries, int size,
105 u32 hash, void **prealloc, gfp_t alloc_flags)
106{
cd11016e 107 struct stack_record *stack;
3a2b67e6 108 size_t required_size = struct_size(stack, entries, size);
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109
110 required_size = ALIGN(required_size, 1 << STACK_ALLOC_ALIGN);
111
112 if (unlikely(depot_offset + required_size > STACK_ALLOC_SIZE)) {
113 if (unlikely(depot_index + 1 >= STACK_ALLOC_MAX_SLABS)) {
114 WARN_ONCE(1, "Stack depot reached limit capacity");
115 return NULL;
116 }
117 depot_index++;
118 depot_offset = 0;
119 /*
120 * smp_store_release() here pairs with smp_load_acquire() from
ee050dc8 121 * |next_slab_inited| in stack_depot_save() and
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122 * init_stack_slab().
123 */
124 if (depot_index + 1 < STACK_ALLOC_MAX_SLABS)
125 smp_store_release(&next_slab_inited, 0);
126 }
127 init_stack_slab(prealloc);
128 if (stack_slabs[depot_index] == NULL)
129 return NULL;
130
131 stack = stack_slabs[depot_index] + depot_offset;
132
133 stack->hash = hash;
134 stack->size = size;
135 stack->handle.slabindex = depot_index;
136 stack->handle.offset = depot_offset >> STACK_ALLOC_ALIGN;
7c31190b 137 stack->handle.valid = 1;
47e684aa 138 memcpy(stack->entries, entries, flex_array_size(stack, entries, size));
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139 depot_offset += required_size;
140
141 return stack;
142}
143
d2620936 144#define STACK_HASH_SIZE (1L << CONFIG_STACK_HASH_ORDER)
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145#define STACK_HASH_MASK (STACK_HASH_SIZE - 1)
146#define STACK_HASH_SEED 0x9747b28c
147
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148static bool stack_depot_disable;
149static struct stack_record **stack_table;
150
151static int __init is_stack_depot_disabled(char *str)
152{
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153 int ret;
154
155 ret = kstrtobool(str, &stack_depot_disable);
156 if (!ret && stack_depot_disable) {
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157 pr_info("Stack Depot is disabled\n");
158 stack_table = NULL;
159 }
160 return 0;
161}
162early_param("stack_depot_disable", is_stack_depot_disabled);
163
164int __init stack_depot_init(void)
165{
166 if (!stack_depot_disable) {
167 size_t size = (STACK_HASH_SIZE * sizeof(struct stack_record *));
168 int i;
169
170 stack_table = memblock_alloc(size, size);
171 for (i = 0; i < STACK_HASH_SIZE; i++)
172 stack_table[i] = NULL;
173 }
174 return 0;
175}
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176
177/* Calculate hash for a stack */
178static inline u32 hash_stack(unsigned long *entries, unsigned int size)
179{
180 return jhash2((u32 *)entries,
180644f8
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181 array_size(size, sizeof(*entries)) / sizeof(u32),
182 STACK_HASH_SEED);
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183}
184
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185/* Use our own, non-instrumented version of memcmp().
186 *
187 * We actually don't care about the order, just the equality.
188 */
189static inline
190int stackdepot_memcmp(const unsigned long *u1, const unsigned long *u2,
191 unsigned int n)
192{
193 for ( ; n-- ; u1++, u2++) {
194 if (*u1 != *u2)
195 return 1;
196 }
197 return 0;
198}
199
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200/* Find a stack that is equal to the one stored in entries in the hash */
201static inline struct stack_record *find_stack(struct stack_record *bucket,
202 unsigned long *entries, int size,
203 u32 hash)
204{
205 struct stack_record *found;
206
207 for (found = bucket; found; found = found->next) {
208 if (found->hash == hash &&
209 found->size == size &&
a571b272 210 !stackdepot_memcmp(entries, found->entries, size))
cd11016e 211 return found;
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212 }
213 return NULL;
214}
215
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216/**
217 * stack_depot_fetch - Fetch stack entries from a depot
218 *
219 * @handle: Stack depot handle which was returned from
220 * stack_depot_save().
221 * @entries: Pointer to store the entries address
222 *
223 * Return: The number of trace entries for this depot.
224 */
225unsigned int stack_depot_fetch(depot_stack_handle_t handle,
226 unsigned long **entries)
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227{
228 union handle_parts parts = { .handle = handle };
69866e15 229 void *slab;
cd11016e 230 size_t offset = parts.offset << STACK_ALLOC_ALIGN;
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231 struct stack_record *stack;
232
233 *entries = NULL;
234 if (parts.slabindex > depot_index) {
235 WARN(1, "slab index %d out of bounds (%d) for stack id %08x\n",
236 parts.slabindex, depot_index, handle);
237 return 0;
238 }
239 slab = stack_slabs[parts.slabindex];
240 if (!slab)
241 return 0;
242 stack = slab + offset;
cd11016e 243
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244 *entries = stack->entries;
245 return stack->size;
246}
247EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(stack_depot_fetch);
248
cd11016e 249/**
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250 * stack_depot_save - Save a stack trace from an array
251 *
252 * @entries: Pointer to storage array
253 * @nr_entries: Size of the storage array
254 * @alloc_flags: Allocation gfp flags
cd11016e 255 *
c0cfc337 256 * Return: The handle of the stack struct stored in depot
cd11016e 257 */
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258depot_stack_handle_t stack_depot_save(unsigned long *entries,
259 unsigned int nr_entries,
260 gfp_t alloc_flags)
cd11016e 261{
cd11016e 262 struct stack_record *found = NULL, **bucket;
c0cfc337 263 depot_stack_handle_t retval = 0;
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264 struct page *page = NULL;
265 void *prealloc = NULL;
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266 unsigned long flags;
267 u32 hash;
cd11016e 268
e1fdc403 269 if (unlikely(nr_entries == 0) || stack_depot_disable)
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270 goto fast_exit;
271
c0cfc337 272 hash = hash_stack(entries, nr_entries);
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273 bucket = &stack_table[hash & STACK_HASH_MASK];
274
275 /*
276 * Fast path: look the stack trace up without locking.
277 * The smp_load_acquire() here pairs with smp_store_release() to
278 * |bucket| below.
279 */
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280 found = find_stack(smp_load_acquire(bucket), entries,
281 nr_entries, hash);
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282 if (found)
283 goto exit;
284
285 /*
286 * Check if the current or the next stack slab need to be initialized.
287 * If so, allocate the memory - we won't be able to do that under the
288 * lock.
289 *
290 * The smp_load_acquire() here pairs with smp_store_release() to
291 * |next_slab_inited| in depot_alloc_stack() and init_stack_slab().
292 */
293 if (unlikely(!smp_load_acquire(&next_slab_inited))) {
294 /*
295 * Zero out zone modifiers, as we don't have specific zone
296 * requirements. Keep the flags related to allocation in atomic
297 * contexts and I/O.
298 */
299 alloc_flags &= ~GFP_ZONEMASK;
300 alloc_flags &= (GFP_ATOMIC | GFP_KERNEL);
87cc271d 301 alloc_flags |= __GFP_NOWARN;
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302 page = alloc_pages(alloc_flags, STACK_ALLOC_ORDER);
303 if (page)
304 prealloc = page_address(page);
305 }
306
78564b94 307 raw_spin_lock_irqsave(&depot_lock, flags);
cd11016e 308
c0cfc337 309 found = find_stack(*bucket, entries, nr_entries, hash);
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310 if (!found) {
311 struct stack_record *new =
c0cfc337 312 depot_alloc_stack(entries, nr_entries,
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313 hash, &prealloc, alloc_flags);
314 if (new) {
315 new->next = *bucket;
316 /*
317 * This smp_store_release() pairs with
318 * smp_load_acquire() from |bucket| above.
319 */
320 smp_store_release(bucket, new);
321 found = new;
322 }
323 } else if (prealloc) {
324 /*
325 * We didn't need to store this stack trace, but let's keep
326 * the preallocated memory for the future.
327 */
328 WARN_ON(!init_stack_slab(&prealloc));
329 }
330
78564b94 331 raw_spin_unlock_irqrestore(&depot_lock, flags);
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332exit:
333 if (prealloc) {
334 /* Nobody used this memory, ok to free it. */
335 free_pages((unsigned long)prealloc, STACK_ALLOC_ORDER);
336 }
337 if (found)
338 retval = found->handle.handle;
339fast_exit:
340 return retval;
341}
c0cfc337 342EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(stack_depot_save);