[mirror_ubuntu-bionic-kernel.git] / net / ipv4 / inetpeer.c

/*
 *		INETPEER - A storage for permanent information about peers
 *
 *  This source is covered by the GNU GPL, the same as all kernel sources.
 *
 *  Authors:	Andrey V. Savochkin <saw@msu.ru>
 */

#include <linux/module.h>
#include <linux/types.h>
#include <linux/slab.h>
#include <linux/interrupt.h>
#include <linux/spinlock.h>
#include <linux/random.h>
#include <linux/timer.h>
#include <linux/time.h>
#include <linux/kernel.h>
#include <linux/mm.h>
#include <linux/net.h>
#include <linux/workqueue.h>
#include <net/ip.h>
#include <net/inetpeer.h>
#include <net/secure_seq.h>

/*
 *  Theory of operations.
 *  We keep one entry for each peer IP address.  The nodes contains long-living
 *  information about the peer which doesn't depend on routes.
 *
 *  Nodes are removed only when reference counter goes to 0.
 *  When it's happened the node may be removed when a sufficient amount of
 *  time has been passed since its last use.  The less-recently-used entry can
 *  also be removed if the pool is overloaded i.e. if the total amount of
 *  entries is greater-or-equal than the threshold.
 *
 *  Node pool is organised as an RB tree.
 *  Such an implementation has been chosen not just for fun.  It's a way to
 *  prevent easy and efficient DoS attacks by creating hash collisions.  A huge
 *  amount of long living nodes in a single hash slot would significantly delay
 *  lookups performed with disabled BHs.
 *
 *  Serialisation issues.
 *  1.  Nodes may appear in the tree only with the pool lock held.
 *  2.  Nodes may disappear from the tree only with the pool lock held
 *      AND reference count being 0.
 *  3.  Global variable peer_total is modified under the pool lock.
 *  4.  struct inet_peer fields modification:
 *		rb_node: pool lock
 *		refcnt: atomically against modifications on other CPU;
 *		   usually under some other lock to prevent node disappearing
 *		daddr: unchangeable
 */

static struct kmem_cache *peer_cachep __read_mostly;

void inet_peer_base_init(struct inet_peer_base *bp)
{
	bp->rb_root = RB_ROOT;
	seqlock_init(&bp->lock);
	bp->total = 0;
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(inet_peer_base_init);

#define PEER_MAX_GC 32

/* Exported for sysctl_net_ipv4.  */
int inet_peer_threshold __read_mostly = 65536 + 128;	/* start to throw entries more
					 * aggressively at this stage */
int inet_peer_minttl __read_mostly = 120 * HZ;	/* TTL under high load: 120 sec */
int inet_peer_maxttl __read_mostly = 10 * 60 * HZ;	/* usual time to live: 10 min */

/* Called from ip_output.c:ip_init  */
void __init inet_initpeers(void)
{
	struct sysinfo si;

	/* Use the straight interface to information about memory. */
	si_meminfo(&si);
	/* The values below were suggested by Alexey Kuznetsov
	 * <kuznet@ms2.inr.ac.ru>.  I don't have any opinion about the values
	 * myself.  --SAW
	 */
	if (si.totalram <= (32768*1024)/PAGE_SIZE)
		inet_peer_threshold >>= 1; /* max pool size about 1MB on IA32 */
	if (si.totalram <= (16384*1024)/PAGE_SIZE)
		inet_peer_threshold >>= 1; /* about 512KB */
	if (si.totalram <= (8192*1024)/PAGE_SIZE)
		inet_peer_threshold >>= 2; /* about 128KB */

	peer_cachep = kmem_cache_create("inet_peer_cache",
			sizeof(struct inet_peer),
			0, SLAB_HWCACHE_ALIGN | SLAB_PANIC,
			NULL);
}

/* Called with rcu_read_lock() or base->lock held */
static struct inet_peer *lookup(const struct inetpeer_addr *daddr,
				struct inet_peer_base *base,
				unsigned int seq,
				struct inet_peer *gc_stack[],
				unsigned int *gc_cnt,
				struct rb_node **parent_p,
				struct rb_node ***pp_p)
{
	struct rb_node **pp, *parent, *next;
	struct inet_peer *p;

	pp = &base->rb_root.rb_node;
	parent = NULL;
	while (1) {
		int cmp;

		next = rcu_dereference_raw(*pp);
		if (!next)
			break;
		parent = next;
		p = rb_entry(parent, struct inet_peer, rb_node);
		cmp = inetpeer_addr_cmp(daddr, &p->daddr);
		if (cmp == 0) {
			if (!refcount_inc_not_zero(&p->refcnt))
				break;
			return p;
		}
		if (gc_stack) {
			if (*gc_cnt < PEER_MAX_GC)
				gc_stack[(*gc_cnt)++] = p;
		} else if (unlikely(read_seqretry(&base->lock, seq))) {
			break;
		}
		if (cmp == -1)
			pp = &next->rb_left;
		else
			pp = &next->rb_right;
	}
	*parent_p = parent;
	*pp_p = pp;
	return NULL;
}

static void inetpeer_free_rcu(struct rcu_head *head)
{
	kmem_cache_free(peer_cachep, container_of(head, struct inet_peer, rcu));
}

/* perform garbage collect on all items stacked during a lookup */
static void inet_peer_gc(struct inet_peer_base *base,
			 struct inet_peer *gc_stack[],
			 unsigned int gc_cnt)
{
	struct inet_peer *p;
	__u32 delta, ttl;
	int i;

	if (base->total >= inet_peer_threshold)
		ttl = 0; /* be aggressive */
	else
		ttl = inet_peer_maxttl
				- (inet_peer_maxttl - inet_peer_minttl) / HZ *
					base->total / inet_peer_threshold * HZ;
	for (i = 0; i < gc_cnt; i++) {
		p = gc_stack[i];

		/* The READ_ONCE() pairs with the WRITE_ONCE()
		 * in inet_putpeer()
		 */
		delta = (__u32)jiffies - READ_ONCE(p->dtime);

		if (delta < ttl || !refcount_dec_if_one(&p->refcnt))
			gc_stack[i] = NULL;
	}
	for (i = 0; i < gc_cnt; i++) {
		p = gc_stack[i];
		if (p) {
			rb_erase(&p->rb_node, &base->rb_root);
			base->total--;
			call_rcu(&p->rcu, inetpeer_free_rcu);
		}
	}
}

struct inet_peer *inet_getpeer(struct inet_peer_base *base,
			       const struct inetpeer_addr *daddr,
			       int create)
{
	struct inet_peer *p, *gc_stack[PEER_MAX_GC];
	struct rb_node **pp, *parent;
	unsigned int gc_cnt, seq;
	int invalidated;

	/* Attempt a lockless lookup first.
	 * Because of a concurrent writer, we might not find an existing entry.
	 */
	rcu_read_lock();
	seq = read_seqbegin(&base->lock);
	p = lookup(daddr, base, seq, NULL, &gc_cnt, &parent, &pp);
	invalidated = read_seqretry(&base->lock, seq);
	rcu_read_unlock();

	if (p)
		return p;

	/* If no writer did a change during our lookup, we can return early. */
	if (!create && !invalidated)
		return NULL;

	/* retry an exact lookup, taking the lock before.
	 * At least, nodes should be hot in our cache.
	 */
	parent = NULL;
	write_seqlock_bh(&base->lock);

	gc_cnt = 0;
	p = lookup(daddr, base, seq, gc_stack, &gc_cnt, &parent, &pp);
	if (!p && create) {
		p = kmem_cache_alloc(peer_cachep, GFP_ATOMIC);
		if (p) {
			p->daddr = *daddr;
			p->dtime = (__u32)jiffies;
			refcount_set(&p->refcnt, 2);
			atomic_set(&p->rid, 0);
			p->metrics[RTAX_LOCK-1] = INETPEER_METRICS_NEW;
			p->rate_tokens = 0;
			p->n_redirects = 0;
			/* 60*HZ is arbitrary, but chosen enough high so that the first
			 * calculation of tokens is at its maximum.
			 */
			p->rate_last = jiffies - 60*HZ;

			rb_link_node(&p->rb_node, parent, pp);
			rb_insert_color(&p->rb_node, &base->rb_root);
			base->total++;
		}
	}
	if (gc_cnt)
		inet_peer_gc(base, gc_stack, gc_cnt);
	write_sequnlock_bh(&base->lock);

	return p;
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(inet_getpeer);

void inet_putpeer(struct inet_peer *p)
{
	/* The WRITE_ONCE() pairs with itself (we run lockless)
	 * and the READ_ONCE() in inet_peer_gc()
	 */
	WRITE_ONCE(p->dtime, (__u32)jiffies);

	if (refcount_dec_and_test(&p->refcnt))
		call_rcu(&p->rcu, inetpeer_free_rcu);
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(inet_putpeer);

/*
 *	Check transmit rate limitation for given message.
 *	The rate information is held in the inet_peer entries now.
 *	This function is generic and could be used for other purposes
 *	too. It uses a Token bucket filter as suggested by Alexey Kuznetsov.
 *
 *	Note that the same inet_peer fields are modified by functions in
 *	route.c too, but these work for packet destinations while xrlim_allow
 *	works for icmp destinations. This means the rate limiting information
 *	for one "ip object" is shared - and these ICMPs are twice limited:
 *	by source and by destination.
 *
 *	RFC 1812: 4.3.2.8 SHOULD be able to limit error message rate
 *			  SHOULD allow setting of rate limits
 *
 * 	Shared between ICMPv4 and ICMPv6.
 */
#define XRLIM_BURST_FACTOR 6
bool inet_peer_xrlim_allow(struct inet_peer *peer, int timeout)
{
	unsigned long now, token;
	bool rc = false;

	if (!peer)
		return true;

	token = peer->rate_tokens;
	now = jiffies;
	token += now - peer->rate_last;
	peer->rate_last = now;
	if (token > XRLIM_BURST_FACTOR * timeout)
		token = XRLIM_BURST_FACTOR * timeout;
	if (token >= timeout) {
		token -= timeout;
		rc = true;
	}
	peer->rate_tokens = token;
	return rc;
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(inet_peer_xrlim_allow);

void inetpeer_invalidate_tree(struct inet_peer_base *base)
{
	struct rb_node *p = rb_first(&base->rb_root);

	while (p) {
		struct inet_peer *peer = rb_entry(p, struct inet_peer, rb_node);

		p = rb_next(p);
		rb_erase(&peer->rb_node, &base->rb_root);
		inet_putpeer(peer);
		cond_resched();
	}

	base->total = 0;
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(inetpeer_invalidate_tree);
Commit	Line	Data
1da177e4 LT	1	/*
	2	* INETPEER - A storage for permanent information about peers
	3	*
	4	* This source is covered by the GNU GPL, the same as all kernel sources.
	5	*
1da177e4 LT	6	* Authors: Andrey V. Savochkin <saw@msu.ru>
	7	*/
	8
	9	#include <linux/module.h>
	10	#include <linux/types.h>
	11	#include <linux/slab.h>
	12	#include <linux/interrupt.h>
	13	#include <linux/spinlock.h>
	14	#include <linux/random.h>
1da177e4 LT	15	#include <linux/timer.h>
	16	#include <linux/time.h>
	17	#include <linux/kernel.h>
	18	#include <linux/mm.h>
	19	#include <linux/net.h>
5faa5df1	20	#include <linux/workqueue.h>
20380731	21	#include <net/ip.h>
1da177e4	22	#include <net/inetpeer.h>
6e5714ea	23	#include <net/secure_seq.h>
1da177e4 LT	24
	25	/*
	26	* Theory of operations.
	27	* We keep one entry for each peer IP address. The nodes contains long-living
	28	* information about the peer which doesn't depend on routes.
1da177e4	29	*
1da177e4 LT	30	* Nodes are removed only when reference counter goes to 0.
	31	* When it's happened the node may be removed when a sufficient amount of
	32	* time has been passed since its last use. The less-recently-used entry can
	33	* also be removed if the pool is overloaded i.e. if the total amount of
	34	* entries is greater-or-equal than the threshold.
	35	*
b145425f	36	* Node pool is organised as an RB tree.
1da177e4 LT	37	* Such an implementation has been chosen not just for fun. It's a way to
	38	* prevent easy and efficient DoS attacks by creating hash collisions. A huge
	39	* amount of long living nodes in a single hash slot would significantly delay
	40	* lookups performed with disabled BHs.
	41	*
	42	* Serialisation issues.
aa1039e7 ED	43	* 1. Nodes may appear in the tree only with the pool lock held.
aa1039e7 ED	44	* 2. Nodes may disappear from the tree only with the pool lock held
1da177e4	45	* AND reference count being 0.
4b9d9be8 ED	46	* 3. Global variable peer_total is modified under the pool lock.
4b9d9be8 ED	47	* 4. struct inet_peer fields modification:
b145425f	48	* rb_node: pool lock
1da177e4 LT	49	* refcnt: atomically against modifications on other CPU;
1da177e4 LT	50	* usually under some other lock to prevent node disappearing
582a72da	51	* daddr: unchangeable
1da177e4 LT	52	*/
1da177e4 LT	53
e18b890b	54	static struct kmem_cache *peer_cachep __read_mostly;
1da177e4	55
c3426b47 DM	56	void inet_peer_base_init(struct inet_peer_base *bp)
c3426b47 DM	57	{
b145425f	58	bp->rb_root = RB_ROOT;
c3426b47 DM	59	seqlock_init(&bp->lock);
	60	bp->total = 0;
	61	}
	62	EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(inet_peer_base_init);
021e9299	63
b145425f	64	#define PEER_MAX_GC 32
1da177e4	65
1da177e4	66	/* Exported for sysctl_net_ipv4. */
243bbcaa	67	int inet_peer_threshold __read_mostly = 65536 + 128; /* start to throw entries more
1da177e4	68	* aggressively at this stage */
243bbcaa ED	69	int inet_peer_minttl __read_mostly = 120 * HZ; /* TTL under high load: 120 sec */
243bbcaa ED	70	int inet_peer_maxttl __read_mostly = 10 * 60 * HZ; /* usual time to live: 10 min */
1da177e4	71
1da177e4 LT	72	/* Called from ip_output.c:ip_init */
	73	void __init inet_initpeers(void)
	74	{
	75	struct sysinfo si;
	76
	77	/* Use the straight interface to information about memory. */
	78	si_meminfo(&si);
	79	/* The values below were suggested by Alexey Kuznetsov
	80	* <kuznet@ms2.inr.ac.ru>. I don't have any opinion about the values
	81	* myself. --SAW
	82	*/
	83	if (si.totalram <= (32768*1024)/PAGE_SIZE)
	84	inet_peer_threshold >>= 1; /* max pool size about 1MB on IA32 */
	85	if (si.totalram <= (16384*1024)/PAGE_SIZE)
	86	inet_peer_threshold >>= 1; /* about 512KB */
	87	if (si.totalram <= (8192*1024)/PAGE_SIZE)
	88	inet_peer_threshold >>= 2; /* about 128KB */
	89
	90	peer_cachep = kmem_cache_create("inet_peer_cache",
	91	sizeof(struct inet_peer),
317fe0e6	92	0, SLAB_HWCACHE_ALIGN \| SLAB_PANIC,
20c2df83	93	NULL);
1da177e4 LT	94	}
1da177e4 LT	95
b145425f ED	96	/* Called with rcu_read_lock() or base->lock held */
	97	static struct inet_peer lookup(const struct inetpeer_addr daddr,
	98	struct inet_peer_base *base,
	99	unsigned int seq,
	100	struct inet_peer *gc_stack[],
	101	unsigned int *gc_cnt,
	102	struct rb_node **parent_p,
	103	struct rb_node ***pp_p)
aa1039e7	104	{
4cc5b44b	105	struct rb_node *pp, parent, *next;
b145425f ED	106	struct inet_peer *p;
	107
	108	pp = &base->rb_root.rb_node;
	109	parent = NULL;
4cc5b44b	110	while (1) {
b145425f	111	int cmp;
aa1039e7	112
4cc5b44b ED	113	next = rcu_dereference_raw(*pp);
	114	if (!next)
	115	break;
	116	parent = next;
b145425f ED	117	p = rb_entry(parent, struct inet_peer, rb_node);
b145425f ED	118	cmp = inetpeer_addr_cmp(daddr, &p->daddr);
02663045	119	if (cmp == 0) {
b145425f ED	120	if (!refcount_inc_not_zero(&p->refcnt))
	121	break;
	122	return p;
	123	}
	124	if (gc_stack) {
	125	if (*gc_cnt < PEER_MAX_GC)
	126	gc_stack[(*gc_cnt)++] = p;
	127	} else if (unlikely(read_seqretry(&base->lock, seq))) {
	128	break;
aa1039e7	129	}
02663045	130	if (cmp == -1)
35f493b8	131	pp = &next->rb_left;
aa1039e7	132	else
35f493b8	133	pp = &next->rb_right;
aa1039e7	134	}
b145425f ED	135	*parent_p = parent;
b145425f ED	136	*pp_p = pp;
aa1039e7 ED	137	return NULL;
	138	}
	139
aa1039e7 ED	140	static void inetpeer_free_rcu(struct rcu_head *head)
	141	{
	142	kmem_cache_free(peer_cachep, container_of(head, struct inet_peer, rcu));
	143	}
	144
4b9d9be8	145	/* perform garbage collect on all items stacked during a lookup */
b145425f ED	146	static void inet_peer_gc(struct inet_peer_base *base,
	147	struct inet_peer *gc_stack[],
	148	unsigned int gc_cnt)
98158f5a	149	{
b145425f	150	struct inet_peer *p;
4b9d9be8	151	__u32 delta, ttl;
b145425f	152	int i;
d71209de	153
4b9d9be8 ED	154	if (base->total >= inet_peer_threshold)
	155	ttl = 0; /* be aggressive */
	156	else
	157	ttl = inet_peer_maxttl
	158	- (inet_peer_maxttl - inet_peer_minttl) / HZ *
	159	base->total / inet_peer_threshold * HZ;
b145425f ED	160	for (i = 0; i < gc_cnt; i++) {
b145425f ED	161	p = gc_stack[i];
c48b0f7d ED	162
	163	/* The READ_ONCE() pairs with the WRITE_ONCE()
	164	* in inet_putpeer()
	165	*/
	166	delta = (__u32)jiffies - READ_ONCE(p->dtime);
	167
b145425f ED	168	if (delta < ttl \|\| !refcount_dec_if_one(&p->refcnt))
b145425f ED	169	gc_stack[i] = NULL;
1da177e4	170	}
b145425f ED	171	for (i = 0; i < gc_cnt; i++) {
	172	p = gc_stack[i];
	173	if (p) {
	174	rb_erase(&p->rb_node, &base->rb_root);
	175	base->total--;
	176	call_rcu(&p->rcu, inetpeer_free_rcu);
	177	}
4b9d9be8	178	}
1da177e4 LT	179	}
1da177e4 LT	180
c0efc887	181	struct inet_peer inet_getpeer(struct inet_peer_base base,
c8a627ed G	182	const struct inetpeer_addr *daddr,
c8a627ed G	183	int create)
1da177e4	184	{
b145425f ED	185	struct inet_peer p, gc_stack[PEER_MAX_GC];
	186	struct rb_node *pp, parent;
	187	unsigned int gc_cnt, seq;
	188	int invalidated;
1da177e4	189
4b9d9be8	190	/* Attempt a lockless lookup first.
aa1039e7 ED	191	* Because of a concurrent writer, we might not find an existing entry.
aa1039e7 ED	192	*/
7b46ac4e	193	rcu_read_lock();
b145425f ED	194	seq = read_seqbegin(&base->lock);
	195	p = lookup(daddr, base, seq, NULL, &gc_cnt, &parent, &pp);
	196	invalidated = read_seqretry(&base->lock, seq);
7b46ac4e	197	rcu_read_unlock();
aa1039e7	198
4b9d9be8	199	if (p)
aa1039e7	200	return p;
1da177e4	201
65e8354e ED	202	/* If no writer did a change during our lookup, we can return early. */
	203	if (!create && !invalidated)
	204	return NULL;
	205
aa1039e7 ED	206	/* retry an exact lookup, taking the lock before.
	207	* At least, nodes should be hot in our cache.
	208	*/
b145425f	209	parent = NULL;
65e8354e	210	write_seqlock_bh(&base->lock);
aa1039e7	211
b145425f ED	212	gc_cnt = 0;
	213	p = lookup(daddr, base, seq, gc_stack, &gc_cnt, &parent, &pp);
	214	if (!p && create) {
	215	p = kmem_cache_alloc(peer_cachep, GFP_ATOMIC);
	216	if (p) {
	217	p->daddr = *daddr;
73ff6fa7	218	p->dtime = (__u32)jiffies;
b145425f ED	219	refcount_set(&p->refcnt, 2);
	220	atomic_set(&p->rid, 0);
	221	p->metrics[RTAX_LOCK-1] = INETPEER_METRICS_NEW;
	222	p->rate_tokens = 0;
9ce92d57	223	p->n_redirects = 0;
b145425f ED	224	/* 60*HZ is arbitrary, but chosen enough high so that the first
	225	* calculation of tokens is at its maximum.
	226	*/
	227	p->rate_last = jiffies - 60*HZ;
	228
	229	rb_link_node(&p->rb_node, parent, pp);
	230	rb_insert_color(&p->rb_node, &base->rb_root);
	231	base->total++;
	232	}
aa1039e7	233	}
b145425f ED	234	if (gc_cnt)
b145425f ED	235	inet_peer_gc(base, gc_stack, gc_cnt);
65e8354e	236	write_sequnlock_bh(&base->lock);
1da177e4	237
1da177e4 LT	238	return p;
1da177e4 LT	239	}
b3419363	240	EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(inet_getpeer);
98158f5a	241
4663afe2 ED	242	void inet_putpeer(struct inet_peer *p)
4663afe2 ED	243	{
c48b0f7d ED	244	/* The WRITE_ONCE() pairs with itself (we run lockless)
	245	* and the READ_ONCE() in inet_peer_gc()
	246	*/
	247	WRITE_ONCE(p->dtime, (__u32)jiffies);
b145425f ED	248
	249	if (refcount_dec_and_test(&p->refcnt))
	250	call_rcu(&p->rcu, inetpeer_free_rcu);
4663afe2	251	}
b3419363	252	EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(inet_putpeer);
92d86829 DM	253
	254	/*
	255	* Check transmit rate limitation for given message.
	256	* The rate information is held in the inet_peer entries now.
	257	* This function is generic and could be used for other purposes
	258	* too. It uses a Token bucket filter as suggested by Alexey Kuznetsov.
	259	*
	260	* Note that the same inet_peer fields are modified by functions in
	261	* route.c too, but these work for packet destinations while xrlim_allow
	262	* works for icmp destinations. This means the rate limiting information
	263	* for one "ip object" is shared - and these ICMPs are twice limited:
	264	* by source and by destination.
	265	*
	266	* RFC 1812: 4.3.2.8 SHOULD be able to limit error message rate
	267	* SHOULD allow setting of rate limits
	268	*
	269	* Shared between ICMPv4 and ICMPv6.
	270	*/
	271	#define XRLIM_BURST_FACTOR 6
	272	bool inet_peer_xrlim_allow(struct inet_peer *peer, int timeout)
	273	{
	274	unsigned long now, token;
	275	bool rc = false;
	276
	277	if (!peer)
	278	return true;
	279
	280	token = peer->rate_tokens;
	281	now = jiffies;
	282	token += now - peer->rate_last;
	283	peer->rate_last = now;
	284	if (token > XRLIM_BURST_FACTOR * timeout)
	285	token = XRLIM_BURST_FACTOR * timeout;
	286	if (token >= timeout) {
	287	token -= timeout;
	288	rc = true;
	289	}
	290	peer->rate_tokens = token;
	291	return rc;
	292	}
	293	EXPORT_SYMBOL(inet_peer_xrlim_allow);
5faa5df1	294
56a6b248	295	void inetpeer_invalidate_tree(struct inet_peer_base *base)
5faa5df1	296	{
8f1975e3	297	struct rb_node *p = rb_first(&base->rb_root);
5faa5df1	298
8f1975e3 ED	299	while (p) {
	300	struct inet_peer *peer = rb_entry(p, struct inet_peer, rb_node);
	301
	302	p = rb_next(p);
	303	rb_erase(&peer->rb_node, &base->rb_root);
	304	inet_putpeer(peer);
b145425f	305	cond_resched();
5faa5df1 SK	306	}
5faa5df1 SK	307
b145425f	308	base->total = 0;
5faa5df1 SK	309	}
5faa5df1 SK	310	EXPORT_SYMBOL(inetpeer_invalidate_tree);