New upstream version 1.63.0+dfsg1

[rustc.git] / src / doc / nomicon / src / destructors.md

# Destructors

What the language *does* provide is full-blown automatic destructors through the
`Drop` trait, which provides the following method:

<!-- ignore: function header -->
```rust,ignore
fn drop(&mut self);
```

This method gives the type time to somehow finish what it was doing.

**After `drop` is run, Rust will recursively try to drop all of the fields
of `self`.**

This is a convenience feature so that you don't have to write "destructor
boilerplate" to drop children. If a struct has no special logic for being
dropped other than dropping its children, then it means `Drop` doesn't need to
be implemented at all!

**There is no stable way to prevent this behavior in Rust 1.0.**

Note that taking `&mut self` means that even if you could suppress recursive
Drop, Rust will prevent you from e.g. moving fields out of self. For most types,
this is totally fine.

For instance, a custom implementation of `Box` might write `Drop` like this:

```rust
#![feature(ptr_internals, allocator_api)]

use std::alloc::{Allocator, Global, GlobalAlloc, Layout};
use std::mem;
use std::ptr::{drop_in_place, NonNull, Unique};

struct Box<T>{ ptr: Unique<T> }

impl<T> Drop for Box<T> {
    fn drop(&mut self) {
        unsafe {
            drop_in_place(self.ptr.as_ptr());
            let c: NonNull<T> = self.ptr.into();
            Global.deallocate(c.cast(), Layout::new::<T>())
        }
    }
}
# fn main() {}
```

and this works fine because when Rust goes to drop the `ptr` field it just sees
a [Unique] that has no actual `Drop` implementation. Similarly nothing can
use-after-free the `ptr` because when drop exits, it becomes inaccessible.

However this wouldn't work:

```rust
#![feature(allocator_api, ptr_internals)]

use std::alloc::{Allocator, Global, GlobalAlloc, Layout};
use std::ptr::{drop_in_place, Unique, NonNull};
use std::mem;

struct Box<T>{ ptr: Unique<T> }

impl<T> Drop for Box<T> {
    fn drop(&mut self) {
        unsafe {
            drop_in_place(self.ptr.as_ptr());
            let c: NonNull<T> = self.ptr.into();
            Global.deallocate(c.cast(), Layout::new::<T>());
        }
    }
}

struct SuperBox<T> { my_box: Box<T> }

impl<T> Drop for SuperBox<T> {
    fn drop(&mut self) {
        unsafe {
            // Hyper-optimized: deallocate the box's contents for it
            // without `drop`ing the contents
            let c: NonNull<T> = self.my_box.ptr.into();
            Global.deallocate(c.cast::<u8>(), Layout::new::<T>());
        }
    }
}
# fn main() {}
```

After we deallocate the `box`'s ptr in SuperBox's destructor, Rust will
happily proceed to tell the box to Drop itself and everything will blow up with
use-after-frees and double-frees.

Note that the recursive drop behavior applies to all structs and enums
regardless of whether they implement Drop. Therefore something like

```rust
struct Boxy<T> {
    data1: Box<T>,
    data2: Box<T>,
    info: u32,
}
```

will have its data1 and data2's fields destructors whenever it "would" be
dropped, even though it itself doesn't implement Drop. We say that such a type
*needs Drop*, even though it is not itself Drop.

Similarly,

```rust
enum Link {
    Next(Box<Link>),
    None,
}
```

will have its inner Box field dropped if and only if an instance stores the
Next variant.

In general this works really nicely because you don't need to worry about
adding/removing drops when you refactor your data layout. Still there's
certainly many valid use cases for needing to do trickier things with
destructors.

The classic safe solution to overriding recursive drop and allowing moving out
of Self during `drop` is to use an Option:

```rust
#![feature(allocator_api, ptr_internals)]

use std::alloc::{Allocator, GlobalAlloc, Global, Layout};
use std::ptr::{drop_in_place, Unique, NonNull};
use std::mem;

struct Box<T>{ ptr: Unique<T> }

impl<T> Drop for Box<T> {
    fn drop(&mut self) {
        unsafe {
            drop_in_place(self.ptr.as_ptr());
            let c: NonNull<T> = self.ptr.into();
            Global.deallocate(c.cast(), Layout::new::<T>());
        }
    }
}

struct SuperBox<T> { my_box: Option<Box<T>> }

impl<T> Drop for SuperBox<T> {
    fn drop(&mut self) {
        unsafe {
            // Hyper-optimized: deallocate the box's contents for it
            // without `drop`ing the contents. Need to set the `box`
            // field as `None` to prevent Rust from trying to Drop it.
            let my_box = self.my_box.take().unwrap();
            let c: NonNull<T> = my_box.ptr.into();
            Global.deallocate(c.cast(), Layout::new::<T>());
            mem::forget(my_box);
        }
    }
}
# fn main() {}
```

However this has fairly odd semantics: you're saying that a field that *should*
always be Some *may* be None, just because that happens in the destructor. Of
course this conversely makes a lot of sense: you can call arbitrary methods on
self during the destructor, and this should prevent you from ever doing so after
deinitializing the field. Not that it will prevent you from producing any other
arbitrarily invalid state in there.

On balance this is an ok choice. Certainly what you should reach for by default.
However, in the future we expect there to be a first-class way to announce that
a field shouldn't be automatically dropped.

[Unique]: phantom-data.html