New upstream version 1.58.1+dfsg1

[rustc.git] / src / doc / reference / src / tokens.md

# Tokens

Tokens are primitive productions in the grammar defined by regular
(non-recursive) languages.  Rust source input can be broken down
into the following kinds of tokens:

* [Keywords]
* [Identifiers][identifier]
* [Literals](#literals)
* [Lifetimes](#lifetimes-and-loop-labels)
* [Punctuation](#punctuation)
* [Delimiters](#delimiters)

Within this documentation's grammar, "simple" tokens are given in [string
table production] form, and appear in `monospace` font.

[string table production]: notation.md#string-table-productions

## Literals

A literal is an expression consisting of a single token, rather than a sequence
of tokens, that immediately and directly denotes the value it evaluates to,
rather than referring to it by name or some other evaluation rule. A literal is
a form of [constant expression](const_eval.md#constant-expressions), so is
evaluated (primarily) at compile time.

### Examples

#### Characters and strings

|                                              | Example         | `#` sets   | Characters  | Escapes             |
|----------------------------------------------|-----------------|-------------|-------------|---------------------|
| [Character](#character-literals)             | `'H'`           | 0           | All Unicode | [Quote](#quote-escapes) & [ASCII](#ascii-escapes) & [Unicode](#unicode-escapes) |
| [String](#string-literals)                   | `"hello"`       | 0           | All Unicode | [Quote](#quote-escapes) & [ASCII](#ascii-escapes) & [Unicode](#unicode-escapes) |
| [Raw string](#raw-string-literals)           | `r#"hello"#`    | 0 or more\* | All Unicode | `N/A`                                                      |
| [Byte](#byte-literals)                       | `b'H'`          | 0           | All ASCII   | [Quote](#quote-escapes) & [Byte](#byte-escapes)                               |
| [Byte string](#byte-string-literals)         | `b"hello"`      | 0           | All ASCII   | [Quote](#quote-escapes) & [Byte](#byte-escapes)                               |
| [Raw byte string](#raw-byte-string-literals) | `br#"hello"#`   | 0 or more\* | All ASCII   | `N/A`                                                      |

\* The number of `#`s on each side of the same literal must be equivalent

#### ASCII escapes

|   | Name |
|---|------|
| `\x41` | 7-bit character code (exactly 2 digits, up to 0x7F) |
| `\n` | Newline |
| `\r` | Carriage return |
| `\t` | Tab |
| `\\` | Backslash |
| `\0` | Null |

#### Byte escapes

|   | Name |
|---|------|
| `\x7F` | 8-bit character code (exactly 2 digits) |
| `\n` | Newline |
| `\r` | Carriage return |
| `\t` | Tab |
| `\\` | Backslash |
| `\0` | Null |

#### Unicode escapes

|   | Name |
|---|------|
| `\u{7FFF}` | 24-bit Unicode character code (up to 6 digits) |

#### Quote escapes

|   | Name |
|---|------|
| `\'` | Single quote |
| `\"` | Double quote |

#### Numbers

| [Number literals](#number-literals)`*` | Example | Exponentiation | Suffixes |
|----------------------------------------|---------|----------------|----------|
| Decimal integer | `98_222` | `N/A` | Integer suffixes |
| Hex integer | `0xff` | `N/A` | Integer suffixes |
| Octal integer | `0o77` | `N/A` | Integer suffixes |
| Binary integer | `0b1111_0000` | `N/A` | Integer suffixes |
| Floating-point | `123.0E+77` | `Optional` | Floating-point suffixes |

`*` All number literals allow `_` as a visual separator: `1_234.0E+18f64`

#### Suffixes

A suffix is a non-raw identifier immediately (without whitespace)
following the primary part of a literal.

Any kind of literal (string, integer, etc) with any suffix is valid as a token,
and can be passed to a macro without producing an error.
The macro itself will decide how to interpret such a token and whether to produce an error or not.

```rust
macro_rules! blackhole { ($tt:tt) => () }

blackhole!("string"suffix); // OK
```

However, suffixes on literal tokens parsed as Rust code are restricted.
Any suffixes are rejected on non-numeric literal tokens,
and numeric literal tokens are accepted only with suffixes from the list below.

| Integer | Floating-point |
|---------|----------------|
| `u8`, `i8`, `u16`, `i16`, `u32`, `i32`, `u64`, `i64`, `u128`, `i128`, `usize`, `isize` | `f32`, `f64` |

### Character and string literals

#### Character literals

> **<sup>Lexer</sup>**\
> CHAR_LITERAL :\
> &nbsp;&nbsp; `'` ( ~\[`'` `\` \\n \\r \\t] | QUOTE_ESCAPE | ASCII_ESCAPE | UNICODE_ESCAPE ) `'`
>
> QUOTE_ESCAPE :\
> &nbsp;&nbsp; `\'` | `\"`
>
> ASCII_ESCAPE :\
> &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; `\x` OCT_DIGIT HEX_DIGIT\
> &nbsp;&nbsp; | `\n` | `\r` | `\t` | `\\` | `\0`
>
> UNICODE_ESCAPE :\
> &nbsp;&nbsp; `\u{` ( HEX_DIGIT `_`<sup>\*</sup> )<sup>1..6</sup> `}`

A _character literal_ is a single Unicode character enclosed within two
`U+0027` (single-quote) characters, with the exception of `U+0027` itself,
which must be _escaped_ by a preceding `U+005C` character (`\`).

#### String literals

> **<sup>Lexer</sup>**\
> STRING_LITERAL :\
> &nbsp;&nbsp; `"` (\
> &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; ~\[`"` `\` _IsolatedCR_]\
> &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; | QUOTE_ESCAPE\
> &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; | ASCII_ESCAPE\
> &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; | UNICODE_ESCAPE\
> &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; | STRING_CONTINUE\
> &nbsp;&nbsp; )<sup>\*</sup> `"`
>
> STRING_CONTINUE :\
> &nbsp;&nbsp; `\` _followed by_ \\n

A _string literal_ is a sequence of any Unicode characters enclosed within two
`U+0022` (double-quote) characters, with the exception of `U+0022` itself,
which must be _escaped_ by a preceding `U+005C` character (`\`).

Line-breaks are allowed in string literals. A line-break is either a newline
(`U+000A`) or a pair of carriage return and newline (`U+000D`, `U+000A`). Both
byte sequences are normally translated to `U+000A`, but as a special exception,
when an unescaped `U+005C` character (`\`) occurs immediately before the
line-break, then the `U+005C` character, the line-break, and all whitespace at the
beginning of the next line are ignored. Thus `a` and `b` are equal:

```rust
let a = "foobar";
let b = "foo\
         bar";

assert_eq!(a,b);
```

#### Character escapes

Some additional _escapes_ are available in either character or non-raw string
literals. An escape starts with a `U+005C` (`\`) and continues with one of the
following forms:

* A _7-bit code point escape_ starts with `U+0078` (`x`) and is
  followed by exactly two _hex digits_ with value up to `0x7F`. It denotes the
  ASCII character with value equal to the provided hex value. Higher values are
  not permitted because it is ambiguous whether they mean Unicode code points or
  byte values.
* A _24-bit code point escape_ starts with `U+0075` (`u`) and is followed
  by up to six _hex digits_ surrounded by braces `U+007B` (`{`) and `U+007D`
  (`}`). It denotes the Unicode code point equal to the provided hex value.
* A _whitespace escape_ is one of the characters `U+006E` (`n`), `U+0072`
  (`r`), or `U+0074` (`t`), denoting the Unicode values `U+000A` (LF),
  `U+000D` (CR) or `U+0009` (HT) respectively.
* The _null escape_ is the character `U+0030` (`0`) and denotes the Unicode
  value `U+0000` (NUL).
* The _backslash escape_ is the character `U+005C` (`\`) which must be
  escaped in order to denote itself.

#### Raw string literals

> **<sup>Lexer</sup>**\
> RAW_STRING_LITERAL :\
> &nbsp;&nbsp; `r` RAW_STRING_CONTENT
>
> RAW_STRING_CONTENT :\
> &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; `"` ( ~ _IsolatedCR_ )<sup>* (non-greedy)</sup> `"`\
> &nbsp;&nbsp; | `#` RAW_STRING_CONTENT `#`

Raw string literals do not process any escapes. They start with the character
`U+0072` (`r`), followed by zero or more of the character `U+0023` (`#`) and a
`U+0022` (double-quote) character. The _raw string body_ can contain any sequence
of Unicode characters and is terminated only by another `U+0022` (double-quote)
character, followed by the same number of `U+0023` (`#`) characters that preceded
the opening `U+0022` (double-quote) character.

All Unicode characters contained in the raw string body represent themselves,
the characters `U+0022` (double-quote) (except when followed by at least as
many `U+0023` (`#`) characters as were used to start the raw string literal) or
`U+005C` (`\`) do not have any special meaning.

Examples for string literals:

```rust
"foo"; r"foo";                     // foo
"\"foo\""; r#""foo""#;             // "foo"

"foo #\"# bar";
r##"foo #"# bar"##;                // foo #"# bar

"\x52"; "R"; r"R";                 // R
"\\x52"; r"\x52";                  // \x52
```

### Byte and byte string literals

#### Byte literals

> **<sup>Lexer</sup>**\
> BYTE_LITERAL :\
> &nbsp;&nbsp; `b'` ( ASCII_FOR_CHAR | BYTE_ESCAPE )  `'`
>
> ASCII_FOR_CHAR :\
> &nbsp;&nbsp; _any ASCII (i.e. 0x00 to 0x7F), except_ `'`, `\`, \\n, \\r or \\t
>
> BYTE_ESCAPE :\
> &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; `\x` HEX_DIGIT HEX_DIGIT\
> &nbsp;&nbsp; | `\n` | `\r` | `\t` | `\\` | `\0` | `\'` | `\"`

A _byte literal_ is a single ASCII character (in the `U+0000` to `U+007F`
range) or a single _escape_ preceded by the characters `U+0062` (`b`) and
`U+0027` (single-quote), and followed by the character `U+0027`. If the character
`U+0027` is present within the literal, it must be _escaped_ by a preceding
`U+005C` (`\`) character. It is equivalent to a `u8` unsigned 8-bit integer
_number literal_.

#### Byte string literals

> **<sup>Lexer</sup>**\
> BYTE_STRING_LITERAL :\
> &nbsp;&nbsp; `b"` ( ASCII_FOR_STRING | BYTE_ESCAPE | STRING_CONTINUE )<sup>\*</sup> `"`
>
> ASCII_FOR_STRING :\
> &nbsp;&nbsp; _any ASCII (i.e 0x00 to 0x7F), except_ `"`, `\` _and IsolatedCR_

A non-raw _byte string literal_ is a sequence of ASCII characters and _escapes_,
preceded by the characters `U+0062` (`b`) and `U+0022` (double-quote), and
followed by the character `U+0022`. If the character `U+0022` is present within
the literal, it must be _escaped_ by a preceding `U+005C` (`\`) character.
Alternatively, a byte string literal can be a _raw byte string literal_, defined
below. The type of a byte string literal of length `n` is `&'static [u8; n]`.

Some additional _escapes_ are available in either byte or non-raw byte string
literals. An escape starts with a `U+005C` (`\`) and continues with one of the
following forms:

* A _byte escape_ escape starts with `U+0078` (`x`) and is
  followed by exactly two _hex digits_. It denotes the byte
  equal to the provided hex value.
* A _whitespace escape_ is one of the characters `U+006E` (`n`), `U+0072`
  (`r`), or `U+0074` (`t`), denoting the bytes values `0x0A` (ASCII LF),
  `0x0D` (ASCII CR) or `0x09` (ASCII HT) respectively.
* The _null escape_ is the character `U+0030` (`0`) and denotes the byte
  value `0x00` (ASCII NUL).
* The _backslash escape_ is the character `U+005C` (`\`) which must be
  escaped in order to denote its ASCII encoding `0x5C`.

#### Raw byte string literals

> **<sup>Lexer</sup>**\
> RAW_BYTE_STRING_LITERAL :\
> &nbsp;&nbsp; `br` RAW_BYTE_STRING_CONTENT
>
> RAW_BYTE_STRING_CONTENT :\
> &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; `"` ASCII<sup>* (non-greedy)</sup> `"`\
> &nbsp;&nbsp; | `#` RAW_BYTE_STRING_CONTENT `#`
>
> ASCII :\
> &nbsp;&nbsp; _any ASCII (i.e. 0x00 to 0x7F)_

Raw byte string literals do not process any escapes. They start with the
character `U+0062` (`b`), followed by `U+0072` (`r`), followed by zero or more
of the character `U+0023` (`#`), and a `U+0022` (double-quote) character. The
_raw string body_ can contain any sequence of ASCII characters and is terminated
only by another `U+0022` (double-quote) character, followed by the same number of
`U+0023` (`#`) characters that preceded the opening `U+0022` (double-quote)
character. A raw byte string literal can not contain any non-ASCII byte.

All characters contained in the raw string body represent their ASCII encoding,
the characters `U+0022` (double-quote) (except when followed by at least as
many `U+0023` (`#`) characters as were used to start the raw string literal) or
`U+005C` (`\`) do not have any special meaning.

Examples for byte string literals:

```rust
b"foo"; br"foo";                     // foo
b"\"foo\""; br#""foo""#;             // "foo"

b"foo #\"# bar";
br##"foo #"# bar"##;                 // foo #"# bar

b"\x52"; b"R"; br"R";                // R
b"\\x52"; br"\x52";                  // \x52
```

### Number literals

A _number literal_ is either an _integer literal_ or a _floating-point
literal_. The grammar for recognizing the two kinds of literals is mixed.

#### Integer literals

> **<sup>Lexer</sup>**\
> INTEGER_LITERAL :\
> &nbsp;&nbsp; ( DEC_LITERAL | BIN_LITERAL | OCT_LITERAL | HEX_LITERAL )
>              INTEGER_SUFFIX<sup>?</sup>
>
> DEC_LITERAL :\
> &nbsp;&nbsp; DEC_DIGIT (DEC_DIGIT|`_`)<sup>\*</sup>
>
> BIN_LITERAL :\
> &nbsp;&nbsp; `0b` (BIN_DIGIT|`_`)<sup>\*</sup> BIN_DIGIT (BIN_DIGIT|`_`)<sup>\*</sup>
>
> OCT_LITERAL :\
> &nbsp;&nbsp; `0o` (OCT_DIGIT|`_`)<sup>\*</sup> OCT_DIGIT (OCT_DIGIT|`_`)<sup>\*</sup>
>
> HEX_LITERAL :\
> &nbsp;&nbsp; `0x` (HEX_DIGIT|`_`)<sup>\*</sup> HEX_DIGIT (HEX_DIGIT|`_`)<sup>\*</sup>
>
> BIN_DIGIT : \[`0`-`1`]
>
> OCT_DIGIT : \[`0`-`7`]
>
> DEC_DIGIT : \[`0`-`9`]
>
> HEX_DIGIT : \[`0`-`9` `a`-`f` `A`-`F`]
>
> INTEGER_SUFFIX :\
> &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; `u8` | `u16` | `u32` | `u64` | `u128` | `usize`\
> &nbsp;&nbsp; | `i8` | `i16` | `i32` | `i64` | `i128` | `isize`

An _integer literal_ has one of four forms:

* A _decimal literal_ starts with a *decimal digit* and continues with any
  mixture of *decimal digits* and _underscores_.
* A _hex literal_ starts with the character sequence `U+0030` `U+0078`
  (`0x`) and continues as any mixture (with at least one digit) of hex digits
  and underscores.
* An _octal literal_ starts with the character sequence `U+0030` `U+006F`
  (`0o`) and continues as any mixture (with at least one digit) of octal digits
  and underscores.
* A _binary literal_ starts with the character sequence `U+0030` `U+0062`
  (`0b`) and continues as any mixture (with at least one digit) of binary digits
  and underscores.

Like any literal, an integer literal may be followed (immediately,
without any spaces) by an _integer suffix_, which forcibly sets the
type of the literal. The integer suffix must be the name of one of the
integral types: `u8`, `i8`, `u16`, `i16`, `u32`, `i32`, `u64`, `i64`,
`u128`, `i128`, `usize`, or `isize`.

The type of an _unsuffixed_ integer literal is determined by type inference:

* If an integer type can be _uniquely_ determined from the surrounding
  program context, the unsuffixed integer literal has that type.

* If the program context under-constrains the type, it defaults to the
  signed 32-bit integer `i32`.

* If the program context over-constrains the type, it is considered a
  static type error.

Examples of integer literals of various forms:

```rust
123;                               // type i32
123i32;                            // type i32
123u32;                            // type u32
123_u32;                           // type u32
let a: u64 = 123;                  // type u64

0xff;                              // type i32
0xff_u8;                           // type u8

0o70;                              // type i32
0o70_i16;                          // type i16

0b1111_1111_1001_0000;             // type i32
0b1111_1111_1001_0000i64;          // type i64
0b________1;                       // type i32

0usize;                            // type usize
```

Examples of invalid integer literals:

```rust,compile_fail
// invalid suffixes

0invalidSuffix;

// uses numbers of the wrong base

123AFB43;
0b0102;
0o0581;

// integers too big for their type (they overflow)

128_i8;
256_u8;

// bin, hex, and octal literals must have at least one digit

0b_;
0b____;
```

Note that the Rust syntax considers `-1i8` as an application of the [unary minus
operator] to an integer literal `1i8`, rather than
a single integer literal.

[unary minus operator]: expressions/operator-expr.md#negation-operators

#### Tuple index

> **<sup>Lexer</sup>**\
> TUPLE_INDEX: \
> &nbsp;&nbsp; INTEGER_LITERAL

A tuple index is used to refer to the fields of [tuples], [tuple structs], and
[tuple variants].

Tuple indices are compared with the literal token directly. Tuple indices
start with `0` and each successive index increments the value by `1` as a
decimal value. Thus, only decimal values will match, and the value must not
have any extra `0` prefix characters.

```rust,compile_fail
let example = ("dog", "cat", "horse");
let dog = example.0;
let cat = example.1;
// The following examples are invalid.
let cat = example.01;  // ERROR no field named `01`
let horse = example.0b10;  // ERROR no field named `0b10`
```

> **Note**: The tuple index may include an `INTEGER_SUFFIX`, but this is not
> intended to be valid, and may be removed in a future version. See
> <https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/issues/60210> for more information.

#### Floating-point literals

> **<sup>Lexer</sup>**\
> FLOAT_LITERAL :\
> &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; DEC_LITERAL `.`
>   _(not immediately followed by `.`, `_` or an [identifier]_)\
> &nbsp;&nbsp; | DEC_LITERAL FLOAT_EXPONENT\
> &nbsp;&nbsp; | DEC_LITERAL `.` DEC_LITERAL FLOAT_EXPONENT<sup>?</sup>\
> &nbsp;&nbsp; | DEC_LITERAL (`.` DEC_LITERAL)<sup>?</sup>
>                    FLOAT_EXPONENT<sup>?</sup> FLOAT_SUFFIX
>
> FLOAT_EXPONENT :\
> &nbsp;&nbsp; (`e`|`E`) (`+`|`-`)?
>               (DEC_DIGIT|`_`)<sup>\*</sup> DEC_DIGIT (DEC_DIGIT|`_`)<sup>\*</sup>
>
> FLOAT_SUFFIX :\
> &nbsp;&nbsp; `f32` | `f64`

A _floating-point literal_ has one of two forms:

* A _decimal literal_ followed by a period character `U+002E` (`.`). This is
  optionally followed by another decimal literal, with an optional _exponent_.
* A single _decimal literal_ followed by an _exponent_.

Like integer literals, a floating-point literal may be followed by a
suffix, so long as the pre-suffix part does not end with `U+002E` (`.`).
The suffix forcibly sets the type of the literal. There are two valid
_floating-point suffixes_, `f32` and `f64` (the 32-bit and 64-bit floating point
types), which explicitly determine the type of the literal.

The type of an _unsuffixed_ floating-point literal is determined by
type inference:

* If a floating-point type can be _uniquely_ determined from the
  surrounding program context, the unsuffixed floating-point literal
  has that type.

* If the program context under-constrains the type, it defaults to `f64`.

* If the program context over-constrains the type, it is considered a
  static type error.

Examples of floating-point literals of various forms:

```rust
123.0f64;        // type f64
0.1f64;          // type f64
0.1f32;          // type f32
12E+99_f64;      // type f64
5f32;            // type f32
let x: f64 = 2.; // type f64
```

This last example is different because it is not possible to use the suffix
syntax with a floating point literal ending in a period. `2.f64` would attempt
to call a method named `f64` on `2`.

The representation semantics of floating-point numbers are described in
["Machine Types"][machine types].

### Boolean literals

> **<sup>Lexer</sup>**\
> BOOLEAN_LITERAL :\
> &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; `true`\
> &nbsp;&nbsp; | `false`

The two values of the boolean type are written `true` and `false`.

## Lifetimes and loop labels

> **<sup>Lexer</sup>**\
> LIFETIME_TOKEN :\
> &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; `'` [IDENTIFIER_OR_KEYWORD][identifier]\
> &nbsp;&nbsp; | `'_`
>
> LIFETIME_OR_LABEL :\
> &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; `'` [NON_KEYWORD_IDENTIFIER][identifier]

Lifetime parameters and [loop labels] use LIFETIME_OR_LABEL tokens. Any
LIFETIME_TOKEN will be accepted by the lexer, and for example, can be used in
macros.

[loop labels]: expressions/loop-expr.md

## Punctuation

Punctuation symbol tokens are listed here for completeness. Their individual
usages and meanings are defined in the linked pages.

| Symbol | Name        | Usage |
|--------|-------------|-------|
| `+`    | Plus        | [Addition][arith], [Trait Bounds], [Macro Kleene Matcher][macros]
| `-`    | Minus       | [Subtraction][arith], [Negation]
| `*`    | Star        | [Multiplication][arith], [Dereference], [Raw Pointers], [Macro Kleene Matcher][macros], [Use wildcards]
| `/`    | Slash       | [Division][arith]
| `%`    | Percent     | [Remainder][arith]
| `^`    | Caret       | [Bitwise and Logical XOR][arith]
| `!`    | Not         | [Bitwise and Logical NOT][negation], [Macro Calls][macros], [Inner Attributes][attributes], [Never Type], [Negative impls]
| `&`    | And         | [Bitwise and Logical AND][arith], [Borrow], [References], [Reference patterns]
| <code>\|</code> | Or | [Bitwise and Logical OR][arith], [Closures], Patterns in [match], [if let], and [while let]
| `&&`   | AndAnd      | [Lazy AND][lazy-bool], [Borrow], [References], [Reference patterns]
| <code>\|\|</code> | OrOr | [Lazy OR][lazy-bool], [Closures]
| `<<`   | Shl         | [Shift Left][arith], [Nested Generics][generics]
| `>>`   | Shr         | [Shift Right][arith], [Nested Generics][generics]
| `+=`   | PlusEq      | [Addition assignment][compound]
| `-=`   | MinusEq     | [Subtraction assignment][compound]
| `*=`   | StarEq      | [Multiplication assignment][compound]
| `/=`   | SlashEq     | [Division assignment][compound]
| `%=`   | PercentEq   | [Remainder assignment][compound]
| `^=`   | CaretEq     | [Bitwise XOR assignment][compound]
| `&=`   | AndEq       | [Bitwise And assignment][compound]
| <code>\|=</code> | OrEq | [Bitwise Or assignment][compound]
| `<<=`  | ShlEq       | [Shift Left assignment][compound]
| `>>=`  | ShrEq       | [Shift Right assignment][compound], [Nested Generics][generics]
| `=`    | Eq          | [Assignment], [Attributes], Various type definitions
| `==`   | EqEq        | [Equal][comparison]
| `!=`   | Ne          | [Not Equal][comparison]
| `>`    | Gt          | [Greater than][comparison], [Generics], [Paths]
| `<`    | Lt          | [Less than][comparison], [Generics], [Paths]
| `>=`   | Ge          | [Greater than or equal to][comparison], [Generics]
| `<=`   | Le          | [Less than or equal to][comparison]
| `@`    | At          | [Subpattern binding]
| `_`    | Underscore  | [Wildcard patterns], [Inferred types], Unnamed items in [constants], [extern crates], and [use declarations]
| `.`    | Dot         | [Field access][field], [Tuple index]
| `..`   | DotDot      | [Range][range], [Struct expressions], [Patterns], [Range Patterns][rangepat]
| `...`  | DotDotDot   | [Variadic functions][extern], [Range patterns]
| `..=`  | DotDotEq    | [Inclusive Range][range], [Range patterns]
| `,`    | Comma       | Various separators
| `;`    | Semi        | Terminator for various items and statements, [Array types]
| `:`    | Colon       | Various separators
| `::`   | PathSep     | [Path separator][paths]
| `->`   | RArrow      | [Function return type][functions], [Closure return type][closures], [Function pointer type]
| `=>`   | FatArrow    | [Match arms][match], [Macros]
| `#`    | Pound       | [Attributes]
| `$`    | Dollar      | [Macros]
| `?`    | Question    | [Question mark operator][question], [Questionably sized][sized], [Macro Kleene Matcher][macros]

## Delimiters

Bracket punctuation is used in various parts of the grammar. An open bracket
must always be paired with a close bracket. Brackets and the tokens within
them are referred to as "token trees" in [macros].  The three types of brackets are:

| Bracket | Type            |
|---------|-----------------|
| `{` `}` | Curly braces    |
| `[` `]` | Square brackets |
| `(` `)` | Parentheses     |


[Inferred types]: types/inferred.md
[Range patterns]: patterns.md#range-patterns
[Reference patterns]: patterns.md#reference-patterns
[Subpattern binding]: patterns.md#identifier-patterns
[Wildcard patterns]: patterns.md#wildcard-pattern
[arith]: expressions/operator-expr.md#arithmetic-and-logical-binary-operators
[array types]: types/array.md
[assignment]: expressions/operator-expr.md#assignment-expressions
[attributes]: attributes.md
[borrow]: expressions/operator-expr.md#borrow-operators
[closures]: expressions/closure-expr.md
[comparison]: expressions/operator-expr.md#comparison-operators
[compound]: expressions/operator-expr.md#compound-assignment-expressions
[constants]: items/constant-items.md
[dereference]: expressions/operator-expr.md#the-dereference-operator
[extern crates]: items/extern-crates.md
[extern]: items/external-blocks.md
[field]: expressions/field-expr.md
[function pointer type]: types/function-pointer.md
[functions]: items/functions.md
[generics]: items/generics.md
[identifier]: identifiers.md
[if let]: expressions/if-expr.md#if-let-expressions
[keywords]: keywords.md
[lazy-bool]: expressions/operator-expr.md#lazy-boolean-operators
[machine types]: types/numeric.md
[macros]: macros-by-example.md
[match]: expressions/match-expr.md
[negation]: expressions/operator-expr.md#negation-operators
[negative impls]: items/implementations.md
[never type]: types/never.md
[paths]: paths.md
[patterns]: patterns.md
[question]: expressions/operator-expr.md#the-question-mark-operator
[range]: expressions/range-expr.md
[rangepat]: patterns.md#range-patterns
[raw pointers]: types/pointer.md#raw-pointers-const-and-mut
[references]: types/pointer.md
[sized]: trait-bounds.md#sized
[struct expressions]: expressions/struct-expr.md
[trait bounds]: trait-bounds.md
[tuple index]: expressions/tuple-expr.md#tuple-indexing-expressions
[tuple structs]: items/structs.md
[tuple variants]: items/enumerations.md
[tuples]: types/tuple.md
[use declarations]: items/use-declarations.md
[use wildcards]: items/use-declarations.md
[while let]: expressions/loop-expr.md#predicate-pattern-loops