New upstream version 1.39.0+dfsg1

[rustc.git] / src / libsyntax / parse / lexer / mod.rs

use crate::parse::ParseSess;
use crate::parse::token::{self, Token, TokenKind};
use crate::symbol::{sym, Symbol};
use crate::parse::unescape_error_reporting::{emit_unescape_error, push_escaped_char};

use errors::{FatalError, DiagnosticBuilder};
use syntax_pos::{BytePos, Pos, Span};
use rustc_lexer::Base;
use rustc_lexer::unescape;

use std::borrow::Cow;
use std::char;
use std::iter;
use std::convert::TryInto;
use rustc_data_structures::sync::Lrc;
use log::debug;

#[cfg(test)]
mod tests;

pub mod comments;
mod tokentrees;
mod unicode_chars;

#[derive(Clone, Debug)]
pub struct UnmatchedBrace {
    pub expected_delim: token::DelimToken,
    pub found_delim: token::DelimToken,
    pub found_span: Span,
    pub unclosed_span: Option<Span>,
    pub candidate_span: Option<Span>,
}

pub struct StringReader<'a> {
    sess: &'a ParseSess,
    /// Initial position, read-only.
    start_pos: BytePos,
    /// The absolute offset within the source_map of the current character.
    pos: BytePos,
    /// Stop reading src at this index.
    end_src_index: usize,
    /// Source text to tokenize.
    src: Lrc<String>,
    override_span: Option<Span>,
}

impl<'a> StringReader<'a> {
    pub fn new(sess: &'a ParseSess,
               source_file: Lrc<syntax_pos::SourceFile>,
               override_span: Option<Span>) -> Self {
        if source_file.src.is_none() {
            sess.span_diagnostic.bug(&format!("Cannot lex source_file without source: {}",
                                              source_file.name));
        }

        let src = (*source_file.src.as_ref().unwrap()).clone();

        StringReader {
            sess,
            start_pos: source_file.start_pos,
            pos: source_file.start_pos,
            end_src_index: src.len(),
            src,
            override_span,
        }
    }

    pub fn retokenize(sess: &'a ParseSess, mut span: Span) -> Self {
        let begin = sess.source_map().lookup_byte_offset(span.lo());
        let end = sess.source_map().lookup_byte_offset(span.hi());

        // Make the range zero-length if the span is invalid.
        if span.lo() > span.hi() || begin.sf.start_pos != end.sf.start_pos {
            span = span.shrink_to_lo();
        }

        let mut sr = StringReader::new(sess, begin.sf, None);

        // Seek the lexer to the right byte range.
        sr.end_src_index = sr.src_index(span.hi());

        sr
    }


    fn mk_sp(&self, lo: BytePos, hi: BytePos) -> Span {
        self.override_span.unwrap_or_else(|| Span::with_root_ctxt(lo, hi))
    }

    /// Returns the next token, including trivia like whitespace or comments.
    ///
    /// `Err(())` means that some errors were encountered, which can be
    /// retrieved using `buffer_fatal_errors`.
    pub fn next_token(&mut self) -> Token {
        let start_src_index = self.src_index(self.pos);
        let text: &str = &self.src[start_src_index..self.end_src_index];

        if text.is_empty() {
            let span = self.mk_sp(self.pos, self.pos);
            return Token::new(token::Eof, span);
        }

        {
            let is_beginning_of_file = self.pos == self.start_pos;
            if is_beginning_of_file {
                if let Some(shebang_len) = rustc_lexer::strip_shebang(text) {
                    let start = self.pos;
                    self.pos = self.pos + BytePos::from_usize(shebang_len);

                    let sym = self.symbol_from(start + BytePos::from_usize("#!".len()));
                    let kind = token::Shebang(sym);

                    let span = self.mk_sp(start, self.pos);
                    return Token::new(kind, span);
                }
            }
        }

        let token = rustc_lexer::first_token(text);

        let start = self.pos;
        self.pos = self.pos + BytePos::from_usize(token.len);

        debug!("try_next_token: {:?}({:?})", token.kind, self.str_from(start));

        // This could use `?`, but that makes code significantly (10-20%) slower.
        // https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/issues/37939
        let kind = self.cook_lexer_token(token.kind, start);

        let span = self.mk_sp(start, self.pos);
        Token::new(kind, span)
    }

    /// Report a fatal lexical error with a given span.
    fn fatal_span(&self, sp: Span, m: &str) -> FatalError {
        self.sess.span_diagnostic.span_fatal(sp, m)
    }

    /// Report a lexical error with a given span.
    fn err_span(&self, sp: Span, m: &str) {
        self.sess.span_diagnostic.struct_span_err(sp, m).emit();
    }


    /// Report a fatal error spanning [`from_pos`, `to_pos`).
    fn fatal_span_(&self, from_pos: BytePos, to_pos: BytePos, m: &str) -> FatalError {
        self.fatal_span(self.mk_sp(from_pos, to_pos), m)
    }

    /// Report a lexical error spanning [`from_pos`, `to_pos`).
    fn err_span_(&self, from_pos: BytePos, to_pos: BytePos, m: &str) {
        self.err_span(self.mk_sp(from_pos, to_pos), m)
    }

    fn struct_span_fatal(&self, from_pos: BytePos, to_pos: BytePos, m: &str)
        -> DiagnosticBuilder<'a>
    {
        self.sess.span_diagnostic.struct_span_fatal(self.mk_sp(from_pos, to_pos), m)
    }

    fn struct_fatal_span_char(&self, from_pos: BytePos, to_pos: BytePos, m: &str, c: char)
        -> DiagnosticBuilder<'a>
    {
        let mut m = m.to_string();
        m.push_str(": ");
        push_escaped_char(&mut m, c);

        self.sess.span_diagnostic.struct_span_fatal(self.mk_sp(from_pos, to_pos), &m[..])
    }

    /// Turns simple `rustc_lexer::TokenKind` enum into a rich
    /// `libsyntax::TokenKind`. This turns strings into interned
    /// symbols and runs additional validation.
    fn cook_lexer_token(
        &self,
        token: rustc_lexer::TokenKind,
        start: BytePos,
    ) -> TokenKind {
        match token {
            rustc_lexer::TokenKind::LineComment => {
                let string = self.str_from(start);
                // comments with only more "/"s are not doc comments
                let tok = if is_doc_comment(string) {
                    let mut idx = 0;
                    loop {
                        idx = match string[idx..].find('\r') {
                            None => break,
                            Some(it) => idx + it + 1
                        };
                        if string[idx..].chars().next() != Some('\n') {
                            self.err_span_(start + BytePos(idx as u32 - 1),
                                            start + BytePos(idx as u32),
                                            "bare CR not allowed in doc-comment");
                        }
                    }
                    token::DocComment(Symbol::intern(string))
                } else {
                    token::Comment
                };

                tok
            }
            rustc_lexer::TokenKind::BlockComment { terminated } => {
                let string = self.str_from(start);
                // block comments starting with "/**" or "/*!" are doc-comments
                // but comments with only "*"s between two "/"s are not
                let is_doc_comment = is_block_doc_comment(string);

                if !terminated {
                    let msg = if is_doc_comment {
                        "unterminated block doc-comment"
                    } else {
                        "unterminated block comment"
                    };
                    let last_bpos = self.pos;
                    self.fatal_span_(start, last_bpos, msg).raise();
                }

                let tok = if is_doc_comment {
                    let has_cr = string.contains('\r');
                    let string = if has_cr {
                        self.translate_crlf(start,
                                            string,
                                            "bare CR not allowed in block doc-comment")
                    } else {
                        string.into()
                    };
                    token::DocComment(Symbol::intern(&string[..]))
                } else {
                    token::Comment
                };

                tok
            }
            rustc_lexer::TokenKind::Whitespace => token::Whitespace,
            rustc_lexer::TokenKind::Ident | rustc_lexer::TokenKind::RawIdent => {
                let is_raw_ident = token == rustc_lexer::TokenKind::RawIdent;
                let mut ident_start = start;
                if is_raw_ident {
                    ident_start = ident_start + BytePos(2);
                }
                // FIXME: perform NFKC normalization here. (Issue #2253)
                let sym = self.symbol_from(ident_start);
                if is_raw_ident {
                    let span = self.mk_sp(start, self.pos);
                    if !sym.can_be_raw() {
                        self.err_span(span, &format!("`{}` cannot be a raw identifier", sym));
                    }
                    self.sess.raw_identifier_spans.borrow_mut().push(span);
                }
                token::Ident(sym, is_raw_ident)
            }
            rustc_lexer::TokenKind::Literal { kind, suffix_start } => {
                let suffix_start = start + BytePos(suffix_start as u32);
                let (kind, symbol) = self.cook_lexer_literal(start, suffix_start, kind);
                let suffix = if suffix_start < self.pos {
                    let string = self.str_from(suffix_start);
                    if string == "_" {
                        self.sess.span_diagnostic
                            .struct_span_warn(self.mk_sp(suffix_start, self.pos),
                                              "underscore literal suffix is not allowed")
                            .warn("this was previously accepted by the compiler but is \
                                   being phased out; it will become a hard error in \
                                   a future release!")
                            .note("for more information, see issue #42326 \
                                   <https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/issues/42326>")
                            .emit();
                        None
                    } else {
                        Some(Symbol::intern(string))
                    }
                } else {
                    None
                };
                token::Literal(token::Lit { kind, symbol, suffix })
            }
            rustc_lexer::TokenKind::Lifetime { starts_with_number } => {
                // Include the leading `'` in the real identifier, for macro
                // expansion purposes. See #12512 for the gory details of why
                // this is necessary.
                let lifetime_name = self.str_from(start);
                if starts_with_number {
                    self.err_span_(
                        start,
                        self.pos,
                        "lifetimes cannot start with a number",
                    );
                }
                let ident = Symbol::intern(lifetime_name);
                token::Lifetime(ident)
            }
            rustc_lexer::TokenKind::Semi => token::Semi,
            rustc_lexer::TokenKind::Comma => token::Comma,
            rustc_lexer::TokenKind::Dot => token::Dot,
            rustc_lexer::TokenKind::OpenParen => token::OpenDelim(token::Paren),
            rustc_lexer::TokenKind::CloseParen => token::CloseDelim(token::Paren),
            rustc_lexer::TokenKind::OpenBrace => token::OpenDelim(token::Brace),
            rustc_lexer::TokenKind::CloseBrace => token::CloseDelim(token::Brace),
            rustc_lexer::TokenKind::OpenBracket => token::OpenDelim(token::Bracket),
            rustc_lexer::TokenKind::CloseBracket => token::CloseDelim(token::Bracket),
            rustc_lexer::TokenKind::At => token::At,
            rustc_lexer::TokenKind::Pound => token::Pound,
            rustc_lexer::TokenKind::Tilde => token::Tilde,
            rustc_lexer::TokenKind::Question => token::Question,
            rustc_lexer::TokenKind::Colon => token::Colon,
            rustc_lexer::TokenKind::Dollar => token::Dollar,
            rustc_lexer::TokenKind::Eq => token::Eq,
            rustc_lexer::TokenKind::Not => token::Not,
            rustc_lexer::TokenKind::Lt => token::Lt,
            rustc_lexer::TokenKind::Gt => token::Gt,
            rustc_lexer::TokenKind::Minus => token::BinOp(token::Minus),
            rustc_lexer::TokenKind::And => token::BinOp(token::And),
            rustc_lexer::TokenKind::Or => token::BinOp(token::Or),
            rustc_lexer::TokenKind::Plus => token::BinOp(token::Plus),
            rustc_lexer::TokenKind::Star => token::BinOp(token::Star),
            rustc_lexer::TokenKind::Slash => token::BinOp(token::Slash),
            rustc_lexer::TokenKind::Caret => token::BinOp(token::Caret),
            rustc_lexer::TokenKind::Percent => token::BinOp(token::Percent),

            rustc_lexer::TokenKind::Unknown => {
                let c = self.str_from(start).chars().next().unwrap();
                let mut err = self.struct_fatal_span_char(start,
                                                          self.pos,
                                                          "unknown start of token",
                                                          c);
                // FIXME: the lexer could be used to turn the ASCII version of unicode homoglyphs,
                // instead of keeping a table in `check_for_substitution`into the token. Ideally,
                // this should be inside `rustc_lexer`. However, we should first remove compound
                // tokens like `<<` from `rustc_lexer`, and then add fancier error recovery to it,
                // as there will be less overall work to do this way.
                let token = unicode_chars::check_for_substitution(self, start, c, &mut err)
                    .unwrap_or_else(|| token::Unknown(self.symbol_from(start)));
                err.emit();
                token
            }
        }
    }

    fn cook_lexer_literal(
        &self,
        start: BytePos,
        suffix_start: BytePos,
        kind: rustc_lexer::LiteralKind
    ) -> (token::LitKind, Symbol) {
        match kind {
            rustc_lexer::LiteralKind::Char { terminated } => {
                if !terminated {
                    self.fatal_span_(start, suffix_start,
                                     "unterminated character literal".into())
                        .raise()
                }
                let content_start = start + BytePos(1);
                let content_end = suffix_start - BytePos(1);
                self.validate_char_escape(content_start, content_end);
                let id = self.symbol_from_to(content_start, content_end);
                (token::Char, id)
            },
            rustc_lexer::LiteralKind::Byte { terminated } => {
                if !terminated {
                    self.fatal_span_(start + BytePos(1), suffix_start,
                                     "unterminated byte constant".into())
                        .raise()
                }
                let content_start = start + BytePos(2);
                let content_end = suffix_start - BytePos(1);
                self.validate_byte_escape(content_start, content_end);
                let id = self.symbol_from_to(content_start, content_end);
                (token::Byte, id)
            },
            rustc_lexer::LiteralKind::Str { terminated } => {
                if !terminated {
                    self.fatal_span_(start, suffix_start,
                                     "unterminated double quote string".into())
                        .raise()
                }
                let content_start = start + BytePos(1);
                let content_end = suffix_start - BytePos(1);
                self.validate_str_escape(content_start, content_end);
                let id = self.symbol_from_to(content_start, content_end);
                (token::Str, id)
            }
            rustc_lexer::LiteralKind::ByteStr { terminated } => {
                if !terminated {
                    self.fatal_span_(start + BytePos(1), suffix_start,
                                     "unterminated double quote byte string".into())
                        .raise()
                }
                let content_start = start + BytePos(2);
                let content_end = suffix_start - BytePos(1);
                self.validate_byte_str_escape(content_start, content_end);
                let id = self.symbol_from_to(content_start, content_end);
                (token::ByteStr, id)
            }
            rustc_lexer::LiteralKind::RawStr { n_hashes, started, terminated } => {
                if !started {
                    self.report_non_started_raw_string(start);
                }
                if !terminated {
                    self.report_unterminated_raw_string(start, n_hashes)
                }
                let n_hashes: u16 = self.restrict_n_hashes(start, n_hashes);
                let n = u32::from(n_hashes);
                let content_start = start + BytePos(2 + n);
                let content_end = suffix_start - BytePos(1 + n);
                self.validate_raw_str_escape(content_start, content_end);
                let id = self.symbol_from_to(content_start, content_end);
                (token::StrRaw(n_hashes), id)
            }
            rustc_lexer::LiteralKind::RawByteStr { n_hashes, started, terminated } => {
                if !started {
                    self.report_non_started_raw_string(start);
                }
                if !terminated {
                    self.report_unterminated_raw_string(start, n_hashes)
                }
                let n_hashes: u16 = self.restrict_n_hashes(start, n_hashes);
                let n = u32::from(n_hashes);
                let content_start = start + BytePos(3 + n);
                let content_end = suffix_start - BytePos(1 + n);
                self.validate_raw_byte_str_escape(content_start, content_end);
                let id = self.symbol_from_to(content_start, content_end);
                (token::ByteStrRaw(n_hashes), id)
            }
            rustc_lexer::LiteralKind::Int { base, empty_int } => {
                if empty_int {
                    self.err_span_(start, suffix_start, "no valid digits found for number");
                    (token::Integer, sym::integer(0))
                } else {
                    self.validate_int_literal(base, start, suffix_start);
                    (token::Integer, self.symbol_from_to(start, suffix_start))
                }
            },
            rustc_lexer::LiteralKind::Float { base, empty_exponent } => {
                if empty_exponent {
                    let mut err = self.struct_span_fatal(
                        start, self.pos,
                        "expected at least one digit in exponent"
                    );
                    err.emit();
                }

                match base {
                    Base::Hexadecimal => {
                        self.err_span_(start, suffix_start,
                                       "hexadecimal float literal is not supported")
                    }
                    Base::Octal => {
                        self.err_span_(start, suffix_start,
                                       "octal float literal is not supported")
                    }
                    Base::Binary => {
                        self.err_span_(start, suffix_start,
                                       "binary float literal is not supported")
                    }
                    _ => ()
                }

                let id = self.symbol_from_to(start, suffix_start);
                (token::Float, id)
            },
        }
    }

    #[inline]
    fn src_index(&self, pos: BytePos) -> usize {
        (pos - self.start_pos).to_usize()
    }

    /// Slice of the source text from `start` up to but excluding `self.pos`,
    /// meaning the slice does not include the character `self.ch`.
    fn str_from(&self, start: BytePos) -> &str
    {
        self.str_from_to(start, self.pos)
    }

    /// Creates a Symbol from a given offset to the current offset.
    fn symbol_from(&self, start: BytePos) -> Symbol {
        debug!("taking an ident from {:?} to {:?}", start, self.pos);
        Symbol::intern(self.str_from(start))
    }

    /// As symbol_from, with an explicit endpoint.
    fn symbol_from_to(&self, start: BytePos, end: BytePos) -> Symbol {
        debug!("taking an ident from {:?} to {:?}", start, end);
        Symbol::intern(self.str_from_to(start, end))
    }

    /// Slice of the source text spanning from `start` up to but excluding `end`.
    fn str_from_to(&self, start: BytePos, end: BytePos) -> &str
    {
        &self.src[self.src_index(start)..self.src_index(end)]
    }

    /// Converts CRLF to LF in the given string, raising an error on bare CR.
    fn translate_crlf<'b>(&self, start: BytePos, s: &'b str, errmsg: &'b str) -> Cow<'b, str> {
        let mut chars = s.char_indices().peekable();
        while let Some((i, ch)) = chars.next() {
            if ch == '\r' {
                if let Some((lf_idx, '\n')) = chars.peek() {
                    return translate_crlf_(self, start, s, *lf_idx, chars, errmsg).into();
                }
                let pos = start + BytePos(i as u32);
                let end_pos = start + BytePos((i + ch.len_utf8()) as u32);
                self.err_span_(pos, end_pos, errmsg);
            }
        }
        return s.into();

        fn translate_crlf_(rdr: &StringReader<'_>,
                           start: BytePos,
                           s: &str,
                           mut j: usize,
                           mut chars: iter::Peekable<impl Iterator<Item = (usize, char)>>,
                           errmsg: &str)
                           -> String {
            let mut buf = String::with_capacity(s.len());
            // Skip first CR
            buf.push_str(&s[.. j - 1]);
            while let Some((i, ch)) = chars.next() {
                if ch == '\r' {
                    if j < i {
                        buf.push_str(&s[j..i]);
                    }
                    let next = i + ch.len_utf8();
                    j = next;
                    if chars.peek().map(|(_, ch)| *ch) != Some('\n') {
                        let pos = start + BytePos(i as u32);
                        let end_pos = start + BytePos(next as u32);
                        rdr.err_span_(pos, end_pos, errmsg);
                    }
                }
            }
            if j < s.len() {
                buf.push_str(&s[j..]);
            }
            buf
        }
    }

    fn report_non_started_raw_string(&self, start: BytePos) -> ! {
        let bad_char = self.str_from(start).chars().last().unwrap();
        self
            .struct_fatal_span_char(
                start,
                self.pos,
                "found invalid character; only `#` is allowed \
                 in raw string delimitation",
                bad_char,
            )
            .emit();
        FatalError.raise()
    }

    fn report_unterminated_raw_string(&self, start: BytePos, n_hashes: usize) -> ! {
        let mut err = self.struct_span_fatal(
            start, start,
            "unterminated raw string",
        );
        err.span_label(
            self.mk_sp(start, start),
            "unterminated raw string",
        );

        if n_hashes > 0 {
            err.note(&format!("this raw string should be terminated with `\"{}`",
                                "#".repeat(n_hashes as usize)));
        }

        err.emit();
        FatalError.raise()
    }

    fn restrict_n_hashes(&self, start: BytePos, n_hashes: usize) -> u16 {
        match n_hashes.try_into() {
            Ok(n_hashes) => n_hashes,
            Err(_) => {
                self.fatal_span_(start,
                                 self.pos,
                                 "too many `#` symbols: raw strings may be \
                                  delimited by up to 65535 `#` symbols").raise();
            }
        }
    }

    fn validate_char_escape(&self, content_start: BytePos, content_end: BytePos) {
        let lit = self.str_from_to(content_start, content_end);
        if let Err((off, err)) = unescape::unescape_char(lit) {
            emit_unescape_error(
                &self.sess.span_diagnostic,
                lit,
                self.mk_sp(content_start - BytePos(1), content_end + BytePos(1)),
                unescape::Mode::Char,
                0..off,
                err,
            )
        }
    }

    fn validate_byte_escape(&self, content_start: BytePos, content_end: BytePos) {
        let lit = self.str_from_to(content_start, content_end);
        if let Err((off, err)) = unescape::unescape_byte(lit) {
            emit_unescape_error(
                &self.sess.span_diagnostic,
                lit,
                self.mk_sp(content_start - BytePos(1), content_end + BytePos(1)),
                unescape::Mode::Byte,
                0..off,
                err,
            )
        }
    }

    fn validate_str_escape(&self, content_start: BytePos, content_end: BytePos) {
        let lit = self.str_from_to(content_start, content_end);
        unescape::unescape_str(lit, &mut |range, c| {
            if let Err(err) = c {
                emit_unescape_error(
                    &self.sess.span_diagnostic,
                    lit,
                    self.mk_sp(content_start - BytePos(1), content_end + BytePos(1)),
                    unescape::Mode::Str,
                    range,
                    err,
                )
            }
        })
    }

    fn validate_raw_str_escape(&self, content_start: BytePos, content_end: BytePos) {
        let lit = self.str_from_to(content_start, content_end);
        unescape::unescape_raw_str(lit, &mut |range, c| {
            if let Err(err) = c {
                emit_unescape_error(
                    &self.sess.span_diagnostic,
                    lit,
                    self.mk_sp(content_start - BytePos(1), content_end + BytePos(1)),
                    unescape::Mode::Str,
                    range,
                    err,
                )
            }
        })
    }

    fn validate_raw_byte_str_escape(&self, content_start: BytePos, content_end: BytePos) {
        let lit = self.str_from_to(content_start, content_end);
        unescape::unescape_raw_byte_str(lit, &mut |range, c| {
            if let Err(err) = c {
                emit_unescape_error(
                    &self.sess.span_diagnostic,
                    lit,
                    self.mk_sp(content_start - BytePos(1), content_end + BytePos(1)),
                    unescape::Mode::ByteStr,
                    range,
                    err,
                )
            }
        })
    }

    fn validate_byte_str_escape(&self, content_start: BytePos, content_end: BytePos) {
        let lit = self.str_from_to(content_start, content_end);
        unescape::unescape_byte_str(lit, &mut |range, c| {
            if let Err(err) = c {
                emit_unescape_error(
                    &self.sess.span_diagnostic,
                    lit,
                    self.mk_sp(content_start - BytePos(1), content_end + BytePos(1)),
                    unescape::Mode::ByteStr,
                    range,
                    err,
                )
            }
        })
    }

    fn validate_int_literal(&self, base: Base, content_start: BytePos, content_end: BytePos) {
        let base = match base {
            Base::Binary => 2,
            Base::Octal => 8,
            _ => return,
        };
        let s = self.str_from_to(content_start + BytePos(2), content_end);
        for (idx, c) in s.char_indices() {
            let idx = idx as u32;
            if c != '_' && c.to_digit(base).is_none() {
                let lo = content_start + BytePos(2 + idx);
                let hi = content_start + BytePos(2 + idx + c.len_utf8() as u32);
                self.err_span_(lo, hi,
                               &format!("invalid digit for a base {} literal", base));

            }
        }
    }
}

fn is_doc_comment(s: &str) -> bool {
    let res = (s.starts_with("///") && *s.as_bytes().get(3).unwrap_or(&b' ') != b'/') ||
              s.starts_with("//!");
    debug!("is {:?} a doc comment? {}", s, res);
    res
}

fn is_block_doc_comment(s: &str) -> bool {
    // Prevent `/**/` from being parsed as a doc comment
    let res = ((s.starts_with("/**") && *s.as_bytes().get(3).unwrap_or(&b' ') != b'*') ||
               s.starts_with("/*!")) && s.len() >= 5;
    debug!("is {:?} a doc comment? {}", s, res);
    res
}