cgfsng: cg_legacy_must_prefix_named()

[mirror_lxc.git] / src / lxc / cgroups / cgfsng.c

/*
 * lxc: linux Container library
 *
 * Copyright © 2016 Canonical Ltd.
 *
 * Authors:
 * Serge Hallyn <serge.hallyn@ubuntu.com>
 *
 * This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
 * modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public
 * License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either
 * version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
 *
 * This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
 * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
 * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU
 * Lesser General Public License for more details.
 *
 * You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public
 * License along with this library; if not, write to the Free Software
 * Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA
 */

/*
 * cgfs-ng.c: this is a new, simplified implementation of a filesystem
 * cgroup backend.  The original cgfs.c was designed to be as flexible
 * as possible.  It would try to find cgroup filesystems no matter where
 * or how you had them mounted, and deduce the most usable mount for
 * each controller.
 *
 * This new implementation assumes that cgroup filesystems are mounted
 * under /sys/fs/cgroup/clist where clist is either the controller, or
 * a comman-separated list of controllers.
 */

#include "config.h"

#include <ctype.h>
#include <dirent.h>
#include <errno.h>
#include <grp.h>
#include <stdint.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <linux/kdev_t.h>
#include <linux/types.h>
#include <sys/types.h>

#include "caps.h"
#include "cgroup.h"
#include "cgroup_utils.h"
#include "commands.h"
#include "conf.h"
#include "log.h"
#include "storage/storage.h"
#include "utils.h"

lxc_log_define(lxc_cgfsng, lxc);

static struct cgroup_ops cgfsng_ops;

/* A descriptor for a mounted hierarchy
 *
 * @controllers
 * - legacy hierarchy
 *   Either NULL, or a null-terminated list of all the co-mounted controllers.
 * - unified hierarchy
 *   Either NULL, or a null-terminated list of all enabled controllers.
 *
 * @mountpoint
 * - The mountpoint we will use.
 * - legacy hierarchy
 *   It will be either /sys/fs/cgroup/controller or
 *   /sys/fs/cgroup/controllerlist.
 * - unified hierarchy
 *   It will either be /sys/fs/cgroup or /sys/fs/cgroup/<mountpoint-name>
 *   depending on whether this is a hybrid cgroup layout (mix of legacy and
 *   unified hierarchies) or a pure unified cgroup layout.
 *
 * @base_cgroup
 * - The cgroup under which the container cgroup path
 *   is created. This will be either the caller's cgroup (if not root), or
 *   init's cgroup (if root).
 *
 * @fullcgpath
 * - The full path to the containers cgroup.
 *
 * @version
 * - legacy hierarchy
 *   If the hierarchy is a legacy hierarchy this will be set to
 *   CGROUP_SUPER_MAGIC.
 * - unified hierarchy
 *   If the hierarchy is a legacy hierarchy this will be set to
 *   CGROUP2_SUPER_MAGIC.
 */
struct hierarchy {
	char **controllers;
	char *mountpoint;
	char *base_cgroup;
	char *fullcgpath;
	int version;
};

/* The cgroup data which is attached to the lxc_handler.
 *
 * @cgroup_pattern
 * - A copy of lxc.cgroup.pattern.
 *
 * @container_cgroup
 * - If not null, the cgroup which was created for the container. For each
 *   hierarchy, it is created under the @hierarchy->base_cgroup directory.
 *   Relative to the base_cgroup it is the same for all hierarchies.
 *
 * @name
 * - The name of the container.
 *
 * @cgroup_meta
 * - A copy of the container's cgroup information. This overrides
 *   @cgroup_pattern.
 *
 * @cgroup_layout
 * - What cgroup layout the container is running with.
 *   - CGROUP_LAYOUT_UNKNOWN
 *     The cgroup layout could not be determined. This should be treated as an
 *     error condition.
 *   - CGROUP_LAYOUT_LEGACY
 *     The container is running with all controllers mounted into legacy cgroup
 *     hierarchies.
 *   - CGROUP_LAYOUT_HYBRID
 *     The container is running with at least one controller mounted into a
 *     legacy cgroup hierarchy and a mountpoint for the unified hierarchy.  The
 *     unified hierarchy can be empty (no controllers enabled) or non-empty
 *     (controllers enabled).
 *   - CGROUP_LAYOUT_UNIFIED
 *     The container is running on a pure unified cgroup hierarchy. The unified
 *     hierarchy can be empty (no controllers enabled) or non-empty (controllers
 *     enabled).
 */
struct cgfsng_handler_data {
	char *cgroup_pattern;
	char *container_cgroup; /* cgroup we created for the container */
	char *name; /* container name */
	/* per-container cgroup information */
	struct lxc_cgroup cgroup_meta;
	cgroup_layout_t cgroup_layout;
};

/* @hierarchies
 * - A NULL-terminated array of struct hierarchy, one per legacy hierarchy. No
 *   duplicates. First sufficient, writeable mounted hierarchy wins.
 */
struct hierarchy **hierarchies;
/* Pointer to the unified hierarchy in the null terminated list @hierarchies.
 * This is merely a convenience for hybrid cgroup layouts to easily retrieve the
 * unified hierarchy without iterating throught @hierarchies.
 */
struct hierarchy *unified;
/*
 * @cgroup_layout
 * - What cgroup layout the container is running with.
 *   - CGROUP_LAYOUT_UNKNOWN
 *     The cgroup layout could not be determined. This should be treated as an
 *     error condition.
 *   - CGROUP_LAYOUT_LEGACY
 *     The container is running with all controllers mounted into legacy cgroup
 *     hierarchies.
 *   - CGROUP_LAYOUT_HYBRID
 *     The container is running with at least one controller mounted into a
 *     legacy cgroup hierarchy and a mountpoint for the unified hierarchy.  The
 *     unified hierarchy can be empty (no controllers enabled) or non-empty
 *     (controllers enabled).
 *   - CGROUP_LAYOUT_UNIFIED
 *     The container is running on a pure unified cgroup hierarchy. The unified
 *     hierarchy can be empty (no controllers enabled) or non-empty (controllers
 *     enabled).
 */
cgroup_layout_t cgroup_layout;
/* What controllers is the container supposed to use. */
char *cgroup_use;

/* @lxc_cgfsng_debug
 * - Whether to print debug info to stdout for the cgfsng driver.
 */
static bool lxc_cgfsng_debug;

#define CGFSNG_DEBUG(format, ...)                                              \
	do {                                                                   \
		if (lxc_cgfsng_debug)                                          \
			printf("cgfsng: " format, ##__VA_ARGS__);              \
	} while (0)

static void free_string_list(char **clist)
{
	int i;

	if (!clist)
		return;

	for (i = 0; clist[i]; i++)
		free(clist[i]);

	free(clist);
}

/* Allocate a pointer, do not fail. */
static void *must_alloc(size_t sz)
{
	return must_realloc(NULL, sz);
}

/* Return a copy of @entry prepending "name=", i.e.  turn "systemd" into
 * "name=systemd". Do not fail.
 */
static char *cg_legacy_must_prefix_named(char *entry)
{
	size_t len;
	char *prefixed;

	len = strlen(entry);
	prefixed = must_alloc(len + 6);

	memcpy(prefixed, "name=", sizeof("name="));
	memcpy(prefixed + sizeof("name="), entry, len);
	prefixed[len + 5] = '\0';
	return prefixed;
}

/*
 * Given a pointer to a null-terminated array of pointers, realloc to
 * add one entry, and point the new entry to NULL.  Do not fail.  Return
 * the index to the second-to-last entry - that is, the one which is
 * now available for use (keeping the list null-terminated).
 */
static int append_null_to_list(void ***list)
{
	int newentry = 0;

	if (*list)
		for (; (*list)[newentry]; newentry++);

	*list = must_realloc(*list, (newentry + 2) * sizeof(void **));
	(*list)[newentry + 1] = NULL;
	return newentry;
}

/*
 * Given a null-terminated array of strings, check whether @entry
 * is one of the strings
 */
static bool string_in_list(char **list, const char *entry)
{
	int i;

	if (!list)
		return false;

	for (i = 0; list[i]; i++)
		if (strcmp(list[i], entry) == 0)
			return true;

	return false;
}

/*
 * append an entry to the clist.  Do not fail.
 * *clist must be NULL the first time we are called.
 *
 * We also handle named subsystems here.  Any controller which is not a
 * kernel subsystem, we prefix 'name='.  Any which is both a kernel and
 * named subsystem, we refuse to use because we're not sure which we
 * have here.  (TODO - we could work around this in some cases by just
 * remounting to be unambiguous, or by comparing mountpoint contents
 * with current cgroup)
 *
 * The last entry will always be NULL.
 */
static void must_append_controller(char **klist, char **nlist, char ***clist, char *entry)
{
	int newentry;
	char *copy;

	if (string_in_list(klist, entry) && string_in_list(nlist, entry)) {
		ERROR("Refusing to use ambiguous controller \"%s\"", entry);
		ERROR("It is both a named and kernel subsystem");
		return;
	}

	newentry = append_null_to_list((void ***)clist);

	if (strncmp(entry, "name=", 5) == 0)
		copy = must_copy_string(entry);
	else if (string_in_list(klist, entry))
		copy = must_copy_string(entry);
	else
		copy = cg_legacy_must_prefix_named(entry);

	(*clist)[newentry] = copy;
}

static void free_handler_data(struct cgfsng_handler_data *d)
{
	free(d->cgroup_pattern);
	free(d->container_cgroup);
	free(d->name);
	if (d->cgroup_meta.dir)
		free(d->cgroup_meta.dir);
	if (d->cgroup_meta.controllers)
		free(d->cgroup_meta.controllers);
	free(d);
}

/*
 * Given a handler's cgroup data, return the struct hierarchy for the
 * controller @c, or NULL if there is none.
 */
struct hierarchy *get_hierarchy(const char *c)
{
	int i;

	if (!hierarchies)
		return NULL;

	for (i = 0; hierarchies[i]; i++) {
		if (!c) {
			/* This is the empty unified hierarchy. */
			if (hierarchies[i]->controllers &&
			    !hierarchies[i]->controllers[0])
				return hierarchies[i];

			return NULL;
		}

		if (string_in_list(hierarchies[i]->controllers, c))
			return hierarchies[i];
	}

	return NULL;
}

#define BATCH_SIZE 50
static void batch_realloc(char **mem, size_t oldlen, size_t newlen)
{
	int newbatches = (newlen / BATCH_SIZE) + 1;
	int oldbatches = (oldlen / BATCH_SIZE) + 1;

	if (!*mem || newbatches > oldbatches) {
		*mem = must_realloc(*mem, newbatches * BATCH_SIZE);
	}
}

static void append_line(char **dest, size_t oldlen, char *new, size_t newlen)
{
	size_t full = oldlen + newlen;

	batch_realloc(dest, oldlen, full + 1);

	memcpy(*dest + oldlen, new, newlen + 1);
}

/* Slurp in a whole file */
static char *read_file(const char *fnam)
{
	FILE *f;
	char *line = NULL, *buf = NULL;
	size_t len = 0, fulllen = 0;
	int linelen;

	f = fopen(fnam, "r");
	if (!f)
		return NULL;
	while ((linelen = getline(&line, &len, f)) != -1) {
		append_line(&buf, fulllen, line, linelen);
		fulllen += linelen;
	}
	fclose(f);
	free(line);
	return buf;
}

/* Taken over modified from the kernel sources. */
#define NBITS 32 /* bits in uint32_t */
#define DIV_ROUND_UP(n, d) (((n) + (d)-1) / (d))
#define BITS_TO_LONGS(nr) DIV_ROUND_UP(nr, NBITS)

static void set_bit(unsigned bit, uint32_t *bitarr)
{
	bitarr[bit / NBITS] |= (1 << (bit % NBITS));
}

static void clear_bit(unsigned bit, uint32_t *bitarr)
{
	bitarr[bit / NBITS] &= ~(1 << (bit % NBITS));
}

static bool is_set(unsigned bit, uint32_t *bitarr)
{
	return (bitarr[bit / NBITS] & (1 << (bit % NBITS))) != 0;
}

/* Create cpumask from cpulist aka turn:
 *
 *	0,2-3
 *
 *  into bit array
 *
 *	1 0 1 1
 */
static uint32_t *lxc_cpumask(char *buf, size_t nbits)
{
	char *token;
	char *saveptr = NULL;
	size_t arrlen = BITS_TO_LONGS(nbits);
	uint32_t *bitarr = calloc(arrlen, sizeof(uint32_t));
	if (!bitarr)
		return NULL;

	for (; (token = strtok_r(buf, ",", &saveptr)); buf = NULL) {
		errno = 0;
		unsigned start = strtoul(token, NULL, 0);
		unsigned end = start;

		char *range = strchr(token, '-');
		if (range)
			end = strtoul(range + 1, NULL, 0);
		if (!(start <= end)) {
			free(bitarr);
			return NULL;
		}

		if (end >= nbits) {
			free(bitarr);
			return NULL;
		}

		while (start <= end)
			set_bit(start++, bitarr);
	}

	return bitarr;
}

/* Turn cpumask into simple, comma-separated cpulist. */
static char *lxc_cpumask_to_cpulist(uint32_t *bitarr, size_t nbits)
{
	size_t i;
	int ret;
	char numstr[LXC_NUMSTRLEN64] = {0};
	char **cpulist = NULL;

	for (i = 0; i <= nbits; i++) {
		if (is_set(i, bitarr)) {
			ret = snprintf(numstr, LXC_NUMSTRLEN64, "%zu", i);
			if (ret < 0 || (size_t)ret >= LXC_NUMSTRLEN64) {
				lxc_free_array((void **)cpulist, free);
				return NULL;
			}
			if (lxc_append_string(&cpulist, numstr) < 0) {
				lxc_free_array((void **)cpulist, free);
				return NULL;
			}
		}
	}
	return lxc_string_join(",", (const char **)cpulist, false);
}

static ssize_t get_max_cpus(char *cpulist)
{
	char *c1, *c2;
	char *maxcpus = cpulist;
	size_t cpus = 0;

	c1 = strrchr(maxcpus, ',');
	if (c1)
		c1++;

	c2 = strrchr(maxcpus, '-');
	if (c2)
		c2++;

	if (!c1 && !c2)
		c1 = maxcpus;
	else if (c1 > c2)
		c2 = c1;
	else if (c1 < c2)
		c1 = c2;
	else if (!c1 && c2) /* The reverse case is obvs. not needed. */
		c1 = c2;

	/* If the above logic is correct, c1 should always hold a valid string
	 * here.
	 */

	errno = 0;
	cpus = strtoul(c1, NULL, 0);
	if (errno != 0)
		return -1;

	return cpus;
}

#define __ISOL_CPUS "/sys/devices/system/cpu/isolated"
static bool cg_legacy_filter_and_set_cpus(char *path, bool am_initialized)
{
	char *lastslash, *fpath, oldv;
	int ret;
	ssize_t i;

	ssize_t maxposs = 0, maxisol = 0;
	char *cpulist = NULL, *posscpus = NULL, *isolcpus = NULL;
	uint32_t *possmask = NULL, *isolmask = NULL;
	bool bret = false, flipped_bit = false;

	lastslash = strrchr(path, '/');
	if (!lastslash) { /* bug...  this shouldn't be possible */
		ERROR("Invalid path: %s.", path);
		return bret;
	}
	oldv = *lastslash;
	*lastslash = '\0';
	fpath = must_make_path(path, "cpuset.cpus", NULL);
	posscpus = read_file(fpath);
	if (!posscpus) {
		SYSERROR("Could not read file: %s.\n", fpath);
		goto on_error;
	}

	/* Get maximum number of cpus found in possible cpuset. */
	maxposs = get_max_cpus(posscpus);
	if (maxposs < 0)
		goto on_error;

	if (!file_exists(__ISOL_CPUS)) {
		/* This system doesn't expose isolated cpus. */
		DEBUG("Path: "__ISOL_CPUS" to read isolated cpus from does not exist.\n");
		cpulist = posscpus;
		/* No isolated cpus but we weren't already initialized by
		 * someone. We should simply copy the parents cpuset.cpus
		 * values.
		 */
		if (!am_initialized) {
			DEBUG("Copying cpuset of parent cgroup.");
			goto copy_parent;
		}
		/* No isolated cpus but we were already initialized by someone.
		 * Nothing more to do for us.
		 */
		goto on_success;
	}

	isolcpus = read_file(__ISOL_CPUS);
	if (!isolcpus) {
		SYSERROR("Could not read file "__ISOL_CPUS);
		goto on_error;
	}
	if (!isdigit(isolcpus[0])) {
		DEBUG("No isolated cpus detected.");
		cpulist = posscpus;
		/* No isolated cpus but we weren't already initialized by
		 * someone. We should simply copy the parents cpuset.cpus
		 * values.
		 */
		if (!am_initialized) {
			DEBUG("Copying cpuset of parent cgroup.");
			goto copy_parent;
		}
		/* No isolated cpus but we were already initialized by someone.
		 * Nothing more to do for us.
		 */
		goto on_success;
	}

	/* Get maximum number of cpus found in isolated cpuset. */
	maxisol = get_max_cpus(isolcpus);
	if (maxisol < 0)
		goto on_error;

	if (maxposs < maxisol)
		maxposs = maxisol;
	maxposs++;

	possmask = lxc_cpumask(posscpus, maxposs);
	if (!possmask) {
		ERROR("Could not create cpumask for all possible cpus.\n");
		goto on_error;
	}

	isolmask = lxc_cpumask(isolcpus, maxposs);
	if (!isolmask) {
		ERROR("Could not create cpumask for all isolated cpus.\n");
		goto on_error;
	}

	for (i = 0; i <= maxposs; i++) {
		if (is_set(i, isolmask) && is_set(i, possmask)) {
			flipped_bit = true;
			clear_bit(i, possmask);
		}
	}

	if (!flipped_bit) {
		DEBUG("No isolated cpus present in cpuset.");
		goto on_success;
	}
	DEBUG("Removed isolated cpus from cpuset.");

	cpulist = lxc_cpumask_to_cpulist(possmask, maxposs);
	if (!cpulist) {
		ERROR("Could not create cpu list.\n");
		goto on_error;
	}

copy_parent:
	*lastslash = oldv;
	free(fpath);
	fpath = must_make_path(path, "cpuset.cpus", NULL);
	ret = lxc_write_to_file(fpath, cpulist, strlen(cpulist), false);
	if (ret < 0) {
		SYSERROR("Could not write cpu list to: %s.\n", fpath);
		goto on_error;
	}

on_success:
	bret = true;

on_error:
	free(fpath);

	free(isolcpus);
	free(isolmask);

	if (posscpus != cpulist)
		free(posscpus);
	free(possmask);

	free(cpulist);
	return bret;
}

/* Copy contents of parent(@path)/@file to @path/@file */
static bool copy_parent_file(char *path, char *file)
{
	char *lastslash, *value = NULL, *fpath, oldv;
	int len = 0;
	int ret;

	lastslash = strrchr(path, '/');
	if (!lastslash) { /* bug...  this shouldn't be possible */
		ERROR("cgfsng:copy_parent_file: bad path %s", path);
		return false;
	}
	oldv = *lastslash;
	*lastslash = '\0';
	fpath = must_make_path(path, file, NULL);
	len = lxc_read_from_file(fpath, NULL, 0);
	if (len <= 0)
		goto bad;
	value = must_alloc(len + 1);
	if (lxc_read_from_file(fpath, value, len) != len)
		goto bad;
	free(fpath);
	*lastslash = oldv;
	fpath = must_make_path(path, file, NULL);
	ret = lxc_write_to_file(fpath, value, len, false);
	if (ret < 0)
		SYSERROR("Unable to write %s to %s", value, fpath);
	free(fpath);
	free(value);
	return ret >= 0;

bad:
	SYSERROR("Error reading '%s'", fpath);
	free(fpath);
	free(value);
	return false;
}

/*
 * Initialize the cpuset hierarchy in first directory of @gname and
 * set cgroup.clone_children so that children inherit settings.
 * Since the h->base_path is populated by init or ourselves, we know
 * it is already initialized.
 */
static bool cg_legacy_handle_cpuset_hierarchy(struct hierarchy *h, char *cgname)
{
	char *cgpath, *clonechildrenpath, v, *slash;

	if (!string_in_list(h->controllers, "cpuset"))
		return true;

	if (*cgname == '/')
		cgname++;
	slash = strchr(cgname, '/');
	if (slash)
		*slash = '\0';

	cgpath = must_make_path(h->mountpoint, h->base_cgroup, cgname, NULL);
	if (slash)
		*slash = '/';
	if (mkdir(cgpath, 0755) < 0 && errno != EEXIST) {
		SYSERROR("Failed to create '%s'", cgpath);
		free(cgpath);
		return false;
	}

	clonechildrenpath = must_make_path(cgpath, "cgroup.clone_children", NULL);
	/* unified hierarchy doesn't have clone_children */
	if (!file_exists(clonechildrenpath)) {
		free(clonechildrenpath);
		free(cgpath);
		return true;
	}
	if (lxc_read_from_file(clonechildrenpath, &v, 1) < 0) {
		SYSERROR("Failed to read '%s'", clonechildrenpath);
		free(clonechildrenpath);
		free(cgpath);
		return false;
	}

	/* Make sure any isolated cpus are removed from cpuset.cpus. */
	if (!cg_legacy_filter_and_set_cpus(cgpath, v == '1')) {
		SYSERROR("Failed to remove isolated cpus.");
		free(clonechildrenpath);
		free(cgpath);
		return false;
	}

	if (v == '1') {  /* already set for us by someone else */
		DEBUG("\"cgroup.clone_children\" was already set to \"1\".");
		free(clonechildrenpath);
		free(cgpath);
		return true;
	}

	/* copy parent's settings */
	if (!copy_parent_file(cgpath, "cpuset.mems")) {
		SYSERROR("Failed to copy \"cpuset.mems\" settings.");
		free(cgpath);
		free(clonechildrenpath);
		return false;
	}
	free(cgpath);

	if (lxc_write_to_file(clonechildrenpath, "1", 1, false) < 0) {
		/* Set clone_children so children inherit our settings */
		SYSERROR("Failed to write 1 to %s", clonechildrenpath);
		free(clonechildrenpath);
		return false;
	}
	free(clonechildrenpath);
	return true;
}

/*
 * Given two null-terminated lists of strings, return true if any string
 * is in both.
 */
static bool controller_lists_intersect(char **l1, char **l2)
{
	int i;

	if (!l1 || !l2)
		return false;

	for (i = 0; l1[i]; i++) {
		if (string_in_list(l2, l1[i]))
			return true;
	}
	return false;
}

/*
 * For a null-terminated list of controllers @clist, return true if any of
 * those controllers is already listed the null-terminated list of
 * hierarchies @hlist.  Realistically, if one is present, all must be present.
 */
static bool controller_list_is_dup(struct hierarchy **hlist, char **clist)
{
	int i;

	if (!hlist)
		return false;
	for (i = 0; hlist[i]; i++)
		if (controller_lists_intersect(hlist[i]->controllers, clist))
			return true;
	return false;

}

/*
 * Return true if the controller @entry is found in the null-terminated
 * list of hierarchies @hlist
 */
static bool controller_found(struct hierarchy **hlist, char *entry)
{
	int i;

	if (!hlist)
		return false;

	for (i = 0; hlist[i]; i++)
		if (string_in_list(hlist[i]->controllers, entry))
			return true;

	return false;
}

/*
 * Return true if all of the controllers which we require have been found.
 * The required list is  freezer and anything in * lxc.cgroup.use.
 */
static bool all_controllers_found(void)
{
	char *p, *saveptr = NULL;
	struct hierarchy ** hlist = hierarchies;

	if (!controller_found(hlist, "freezer")) {
		CGFSNG_DEBUG("No freezer controller mountpoint found\n");
		return false;
	}

	if (!cgroup_use)
		return true;

	for (p = strtok_r(cgroup_use, ",", &saveptr); p;
			p = strtok_r(NULL, ",", &saveptr)) {
		if (!controller_found(hlist, p)) {
			CGFSNG_DEBUG("No %s controller mountpoint found\n", p);
			return false;
		}
	}

	return true;
}

/*
 * Get the controllers from a mountinfo line
 * There are other ways we could get this info.  For lxcfs, field 3
 * is /cgroup/controller-list.  For cgroupfs, we could parse the mount
 * options.  But we simply assume that the mountpoint must be
 * /sys/fs/cgroup/controller-list
 */
static char **cg_hybrid_get_controllers(char **klist, char **nlist, char *line,
					int type)
{
	/* the fourth field is /sys/fs/cgroup/comma-delimited-controller-list */
	int i;
	char *dup, *p2, *tok;
	char *p = line, *saveptr = NULL, *sep = ",";
	char **aret = NULL;

	for (i = 0; i < 4; i++) {
		p = strchr(p, ' ');
		if (!p)
			return NULL;
		p++;
	}

	/* note - if we change how mountinfo works, then our caller
	 * will need to verify /sys/fs/cgroup/ in this field */
	if (strncmp(p, "/sys/fs/cgroup/", 15)) {
		CGFSNG_DEBUG("Found hierarchy not under /sys/fs/cgroup: \"%s\"\n", p);
		return NULL;
	}

	p += 15;
	p2 = strchr(p, ' ');
	if (!p2) {
		CGFSNG_DEBUG("Corrupt mountinfo\n");
		return NULL;
	}
	*p2 = '\0';

	if (type == CGROUP_SUPER_MAGIC) {
		/* strdup() here for v1 hierarchies. Otherwise strtok_r() will
		 * destroy mountpoints such as "/sys/fs/cgroup/cpu,cpuacct".
		 */
		dup = strdup(p);
		if (!dup)
			return NULL;

		for (tok = strtok_r(dup, sep, &saveptr); tok;
		     tok = strtok_r(NULL, sep, &saveptr))
			must_append_controller(klist, nlist, &aret, tok);

		free(dup);
	}
	*p2 = ' ';
	return aret;
}

static char **cg_unified_make_empty_controller(void)
{
	int newentry;
	char **aret = NULL;

	newentry = append_null_to_list((void ***)&aret);
	aret[newentry] = NULL;
	return aret;
}

static char **cg_unified_get_controllers(const char *file)
{
	char *buf, *tok;
	char *saveptr = NULL, *sep = " \t\n";
	char **aret = NULL;

	buf = read_file(file);
	if (!buf)
		return NULL;

	for (tok = strtok_r(buf, sep, &saveptr); tok;
	     tok = strtok_r(NULL, sep, &saveptr)) {
		int newentry;
		char *copy;

		newentry = append_null_to_list((void ***)&aret);
		copy = must_copy_string(tok);
		aret[newentry] = copy;
	}

	free(buf);
	return aret;
}

static struct hierarchy *add_hierarchy(char **clist, char *mountpoint,
				       char *base_cgroup, int type)
{
	struct hierarchy *new;
	int newentry;

	new = must_alloc(sizeof(*new));
	new->controllers = clist;
	new->mountpoint = mountpoint;
	new->base_cgroup = base_cgroup;
	new->fullcgpath = NULL;
	new->version = type;

	newentry = append_null_to_list((void ***)&hierarchies);
	hierarchies[newentry] = new;
	return new;
}

/*
 * Get a copy of the mountpoint from @line, which is a line from
 * /proc/self/mountinfo
 */
static char *cg_hybrid_get_mountpoint(char *line)
{
	int i;
	char *p2;
	size_t len;
	char *p = line;
	char *sret = NULL;

	for (i = 0; i < 4; i++) {
		p = strchr(p, ' ');
		if (!p)
			return NULL;
		p++;
	}

	if (strncmp(p, "/sys/fs/cgroup/", 15))
		return NULL;

	p2 = strchr(p + 15, ' ');
	if (!p2)
		return NULL;
	*p2 = '\0';

	len = strlen(p);
	sret = must_alloc(len + 1);
	memcpy(sret, p, len);
	sret[len] = '\0';
	return sret;
}

/*
 * Given a multi-line string, return a null-terminated copy of the
 * current line.
 */
static char *copy_to_eol(char *p)
{
	char *p2 = strchr(p, '\n'), *sret;
	size_t len;

	if (!p2)
		return NULL;

	len = p2 - p;
	sret = must_alloc(len + 1);
	memcpy(sret, p, len);
	sret[len] = '\0';
	return sret;
}

/*
 * cgline: pointer to character after the first ':' in a line in a
 * \n-terminated /proc/self/cgroup file. Check whether * controller c is
 * present.
 */
static bool controller_in_clist(char *cgline, char *c)
{
	char *tok, *saveptr = NULL, *eol, *tmp;
	size_t len;

	eol = strchr(cgline, ':');
	if (!eol)
		return false;

	len = eol - cgline;
	tmp = alloca(len + 1);
	memcpy(tmp, cgline, len);
	tmp[len] = '\0';

	for (tok = strtok_r(tmp, ",", &saveptr); tok;
	     tok = strtok_r(NULL, ",", &saveptr)) {
		if (strcmp(tok, c) == 0)
			return true;
	}

	return false;
}

/*
 * @basecginfo is a copy of /proc/$$/cgroup.  Return the current
 * cgroup for @controller
 */
static char *cg_hybrid_get_current_cgroup(char *basecginfo, char *controller, int type)
{
	char *p = basecginfo;

	for (;;) {
		bool is_cgv2_base_cgroup = false;

		/* cgroup v2 entry in "/proc/<pid>/cgroup": "0::/some/path" */
		if ((type == CGROUP2_SUPER_MAGIC) && (*p == '0'))
			is_cgv2_base_cgroup = true;

		p = strchr(p, ':');
		if (!p)
			return NULL;
		p++;

		if (is_cgv2_base_cgroup || (controller && controller_in_clist(p, controller))) {
			p = strchr(p, ':');
			if (!p)
				return NULL;
			p++;
			return copy_to_eol(p);
		}

		p = strchr(p, '\n');
		if (!p)
			return NULL;
		p++;
	}
}

static void must_append_string(char ***list, char *entry)
{
	int newentry = append_null_to_list((void ***)list);
	char *copy;

	copy = must_copy_string(entry);
	(*list)[newentry] = copy;
}

static int get_existing_subsystems(char ***klist, char ***nlist)
{
	FILE *f;
	char *line = NULL;
	size_t len = 0;

	f = fopen("/proc/self/cgroup", "r");
	if (!f)
		return -1;

	while (getline(&line, &len, f) != -1) {
		char *p, *p2, *tok, *saveptr = NULL;
		p = strchr(line, ':');
		if (!p)
			continue;
		p++;
		p2 = strchr(p, ':');
		if (!p2)
			continue;
		*p2 = '\0';

		/* If the kernel has cgroup v2 support, then /proc/self/cgroup
		 * contains an entry of the form:
		 *
		 *	0::/some/path
		 *
		 * In this case we use "cgroup2" as controller name.
		 */
		if ((p2 - p) == 0) {
			must_append_string(klist, "cgroup2");
			continue;
		}

		for (tok = strtok_r(p, ",", &saveptr); tok;
		     tok = strtok_r(NULL, ",", &saveptr)) {
			if (strncmp(tok, "name=", 5) == 0)
				must_append_string(nlist, tok);
			else
				must_append_string(klist, tok);
		}
	}

	free(line);
	fclose(f);
	return 0;
}

static void trim(char *s)
{
	size_t len = strlen(s);
	while ((len > 1) && (s[len - 1] == '\n'))
		s[--len] = '\0';
}

static void lxc_cgfsng_print_handler_data(const struct cgfsng_handler_data *d)
{
	printf("Cgroup information:\n");
	printf("  container name: %s\n", d->name ? d->name : "(null)");
	printf("  lxc.cgroup.use: %s\n", cgroup_use ? cgroup_use : "(null)");
	printf("  lxc.cgroup.pattern: %s\n",
	       d->cgroup_pattern ? d->cgroup_pattern : "(null)");
	printf("  lxc.cgroup.dir: %s\n",
	       d->cgroup_meta.dir ? d->cgroup_meta.dir : "(null)");
	printf("  cgroup: %s\n",
	       d->container_cgroup ? d->container_cgroup : "(null)");
}

static void lxc_cgfsng_print_hierarchies()
{
	struct hierarchy **it;
	int i;

	if (!hierarchies) {
		printf("  No hierarchies found\n");
		return;
	}
	printf("  Hierarchies:\n");
	for (i = 0, it = hierarchies; it && *it; it++, i++) {
		char **cit;
		int j;
		printf("  %d: base_cgroup: %s\n", i, (*it)->base_cgroup ? (*it)->base_cgroup : "(null)");
		printf("      mountpoint:  %s\n", (*it)->mountpoint ? (*it)->mountpoint : "(null)");
		printf("      controllers:\n");
		for (j = 0, cit = (*it)->controllers; cit && *cit; cit++, j++)
			printf("      %d: %s\n", j, *cit);
	}
}

static void lxc_cgfsng_print_basecg_debuginfo(char *basecginfo, char **klist,
					      char **nlist)
{
	int k;
	char **it;

	printf("basecginfo is:\n");
	printf("%s\n", basecginfo);

	for (k = 0, it = klist; it && *it; it++, k++)
		printf("kernel subsystem %d: %s\n", k, *it);
	for (k = 0, it = nlist; it && *it; it++, k++)
		printf("named subsystem %d: %s\n", k, *it);
}

static void lxc_cgfsng_print_debuginfo(const struct cgfsng_handler_data *d)
{
	lxc_cgfsng_print_handler_data(d);
	lxc_cgfsng_print_hierarchies();
}

/*
 * At startup, parse_hierarchies finds all the info we need about
 * cgroup mountpoints and current cgroups, and stores it in @d.
 */
static bool cg_hybrid_init(void)
{
	int ret;
	char *basecginfo;
	bool will_escape;
	FILE *f;
	size_t len = 0;
	char *line = NULL;
	char **klist = NULL, **nlist = NULL;

	/*
	 * Root spawned containers escape the current cgroup, so use init's
	 * cgroups as our base in that case.
	 */
	will_escape = (geteuid() == 0);
	if (will_escape)
		basecginfo = read_file("/proc/1/cgroup");
	else
		basecginfo = read_file("/proc/self/cgroup");
	if (!basecginfo)
		return false;

	ret = get_existing_subsystems(&klist, &nlist);
	if (ret < 0) {
		CGFSNG_DEBUG("Failed to retrieve available cgroup v1 controllers\n");
		free(basecginfo);
		return false;
	}

	f = fopen("/proc/self/mountinfo", "r");
	if (!f) {
		CGFSNG_DEBUG("Failed to open \"/proc/self/mountinfo\"\n");
		free(basecginfo);
		return false;
	}

	if (lxc_cgfsng_debug)
		lxc_cgfsng_print_basecg_debuginfo(basecginfo, klist, nlist);

	while (getline(&line, &len, f) != -1) {
		int type;
		bool writeable;
		struct hierarchy *new;
		char *mountpoint = NULL, *base_cgroup = NULL;
		char **controller_list = NULL;

		type = get_cgroup_version(line);
		if (type == 0)
			continue;

		if (type == CGROUP2_SUPER_MAGIC && unified)
			continue;

		if (cgroup_layout == CGROUP_LAYOUT_UNKNOWN) {
			if (type == CGROUP2_SUPER_MAGIC)
				cgroup_layout = CGROUP_LAYOUT_UNIFIED;
			else if (type == CGROUP_SUPER_MAGIC)
				cgroup_layout = CGROUP_LAYOUT_LEGACY;
		} else if (cgroup_layout == CGROUP_LAYOUT_UNIFIED) {
			if (type == CGROUP_SUPER_MAGIC)
				cgroup_layout = CGROUP_LAYOUT_HYBRID;
		} else if (cgroup_layout == CGROUP_LAYOUT_LEGACY) {
			if (type == CGROUP2_SUPER_MAGIC)
				cgroup_layout = CGROUP_LAYOUT_HYBRID;
		}

		controller_list = cg_hybrid_get_controllers(klist, nlist, line, type);
		if (!controller_list && type == CGROUP_SUPER_MAGIC)
			continue;

		if (type == CGROUP_SUPER_MAGIC)
			if (controller_list_is_dup(hierarchies, controller_list))
				goto next;

		mountpoint = cg_hybrid_get_mountpoint(line);
		if (!mountpoint) {
			CGFSNG_DEBUG("Failed parsing mountpoint from \"%s\"\n", line);
			goto next;
		}

		if (type == CGROUP_SUPER_MAGIC)
			base_cgroup = cg_hybrid_get_current_cgroup(basecginfo, controller_list[0], CGROUP_SUPER_MAGIC);
		else
			base_cgroup = cg_hybrid_get_current_cgroup(basecginfo, NULL, CGROUP2_SUPER_MAGIC);
		if (!base_cgroup) {
			CGFSNG_DEBUG("Failed to find current cgroup\n");
			goto next;
		}

		trim(base_cgroup);
		prune_init_scope(base_cgroup);
		if (type == CGROUP2_SUPER_MAGIC)
			writeable = test_writeable_v2(mountpoint, base_cgroup);
		else
			writeable = test_writeable_v1(mountpoint, base_cgroup);
		if (!writeable)
			goto next;

		if (type == CGROUP2_SUPER_MAGIC) {
			char *cgv2_ctrl_path;

			cgv2_ctrl_path = must_make_path(mountpoint, base_cgroup,
							"cgroup.controllers",
							NULL);

			controller_list = cg_unified_get_controllers(cgv2_ctrl_path);
			free(cgv2_ctrl_path);
			if (!controller_list)
				controller_list = cg_unified_make_empty_controller();
		}
		new = add_hierarchy(controller_list, mountpoint, base_cgroup, type);
		if (type == CGROUP2_SUPER_MAGIC && !unified)
			unified = new;

		continue;

	next:
		free_string_list(controller_list);
		free(mountpoint);
		free(base_cgroup);
	}

	free_string_list(klist);
	free_string_list(nlist);

	free(basecginfo);

	fclose(f);
	free(line);

	if (lxc_cgfsng_debug) {
		printf("writeable subsystems:\n");
		lxc_cgfsng_print_hierarchies();
	}

	/* verify that all controllers in cgroup.use and all crucial
	 * controllers are accounted for
	 */
	if (!all_controllers_found())
		return false;

	return true;
}

static int cg_is_pure_unified(void) {

	int ret;
        struct statfs fs;

        ret = statfs("/sys/fs/cgroup", &fs);
        if (ret < 0)
                return -ENOMEDIUM;

        if (is_fs_type(&fs, CGROUP2_SUPER_MAGIC))
		return CGROUP2_SUPER_MAGIC;

        return 0;
}

/* Get current cgroup from /proc/self/cgroup for the cgroupfs v2 hierarchy. */
static char *cg_unified_get_current_cgroup(void)
{
	char *basecginfo;
	char *base_cgroup;
	bool will_escape;
	char *copy = NULL;

	will_escape = (geteuid() == 0);
	if (will_escape)
		basecginfo = read_file("/proc/1/cgroup");
	else
		basecginfo = read_file("/proc/self/cgroup");
	if (!basecginfo)
		return NULL;

	base_cgroup = strstr(basecginfo, "0::/");
	if (!base_cgroup)
		goto cleanup_on_err;

	base_cgroup = base_cgroup + 3;
	copy = copy_to_eol(base_cgroup);
	if (!copy)
		goto cleanup_on_err;

cleanup_on_err:
	free(basecginfo);
	if (copy)
		trim(copy);

	return copy;
}

static int cg_unified_init(void)
{
	int ret;
	char *mountpoint, *subtree_path;
	char **delegatable;
	char *base_cgroup = NULL;

	ret = cg_is_pure_unified();
	if (ret == -ENOMEDIUM)
		return -ENOMEDIUM;

	if (ret != CGROUP2_SUPER_MAGIC)
		return 0;

	base_cgroup = cg_unified_get_current_cgroup();
	if (!base_cgroup)
		return -EINVAL;
	prune_init_scope(base_cgroup);

	/* We assume that we have already been given controllers to delegate
	 * further down the hierarchy. If not it is up to the user to delegate
	 * them to us.
	 */
	mountpoint = must_copy_string("/sys/fs/cgroup");
	subtree_path = must_make_path(mountpoint, base_cgroup,
				      "cgroup.subtree_control", NULL);
	delegatable = cg_unified_get_controllers(subtree_path);
	free(subtree_path);
	if (!delegatable)
		delegatable = cg_unified_make_empty_controller();
	if (!delegatable[0])
		CGFSNG_DEBUG("No controllers are enabled for delegation\n");

	/* TODO: If the user requested specific controllers via lxc.cgroup.use
	 * we should verify here. The reason I'm not doing it right is that I'm
	 * not convinced that lxc.cgroup.use will be the future since it is a
	 * global property. I much rather have an option that lets you request
	 * controllers per container.
	 */

	add_hierarchy(delegatable, mountpoint, base_cgroup, CGROUP2_SUPER_MAGIC);
	unified = hierarchies[0];

	cgroup_layout = CGROUP_LAYOUT_UNIFIED;
	return CGROUP2_SUPER_MAGIC;
}

static bool cg_init(void)
{
	int ret;
	const char *tmp;

	errno = 0;
	tmp = lxc_global_config_value("lxc.cgroup.use");
	if (!cgroup_use && errno != 0) { /* lxc.cgroup.use can be NULL */
		CGFSNG_DEBUG("Failed to retrieve list of cgroups to use\n");
		return false;
	}
	cgroup_use = must_copy_string(tmp);

	ret = cg_unified_init();
	if (ret < 0)
		return false;

	if (ret == CGROUP2_SUPER_MAGIC)
		return true;

	return cg_hybrid_init();
}

static void *cgfsng_init(struct lxc_handler *handler)
{
	const char *cgroup_pattern;
	struct cgfsng_handler_data *d;

	d = must_alloc(sizeof(*d));
	memset(d, 0, sizeof(*d));

	/* copy container name */
	d->name = must_copy_string(handler->name);

	/* copy per-container cgroup information */
	d->cgroup_meta.dir = NULL;
	d->cgroup_meta.controllers = NULL;
	if (handler->conf) {
		d->cgroup_meta.dir = must_copy_string(handler->conf->cgroup_meta.dir);
		d->cgroup_meta.controllers = must_copy_string(handler->conf->cgroup_meta.controllers);
	}

	/* copy system-wide cgroup information */
	cgroup_pattern = lxc_global_config_value("lxc.cgroup.pattern");
	if (!cgroup_pattern) {
		/* lxc.cgroup.pattern is only NULL on error. */
		ERROR("Error getting cgroup pattern");
		goto out_free;
	}
	d->cgroup_pattern = must_copy_string(cgroup_pattern);

	d->cgroup_layout = cgroup_layout;
	if (d->cgroup_layout == CGROUP_LAYOUT_LEGACY)
		TRACE("Running with legacy cgroup layout");
	else if (d->cgroup_layout == CGROUP_LAYOUT_HYBRID)
		TRACE("Running with hybrid cgroup layout");
	else if (d->cgroup_layout == CGROUP_LAYOUT_UNIFIED)
		TRACE("Running with unified cgroup layout");
	else
		WARN("Running with unknown cgroup layout");

	if (lxc_cgfsng_debug)
		lxc_cgfsng_print_debuginfo(d);

	return d;

out_free:
	free_handler_data(d);
	return NULL;
}

static int recursive_destroy(char *dirname)
{
	int ret;
	struct dirent *direntp;
	DIR *dir;
	int r = 0;

	dir = opendir(dirname);
	if (!dir)
		return -1;

	while ((direntp = readdir(dir))) {
		char *pathname;
		struct stat mystat;

		if (!strcmp(direntp->d_name, ".") ||
		    !strcmp(direntp->d_name, ".."))
			continue;

		pathname = must_make_path(dirname, direntp->d_name, NULL);

		ret = lstat(pathname, &mystat);
		if (ret < 0) {
			if (!r)
				WARN("Failed to stat %s", pathname);
			r = -1;
			goto next;
		}

		if (!S_ISDIR(mystat.st_mode))
			goto next;

		ret = recursive_destroy(pathname);
		if (ret < 0)
			r = -1;
	next:
		free(pathname);
	}

	ret = rmdir(dirname);
	if (ret < 0) {
		if (!r)
			WARN("%s - Failed to delete \"%s\"", strerror(errno),
			     dirname);
		r = -1;
	}

	ret = closedir(dir);
	if (ret < 0) {
		if (!r)
			WARN("%s - Failed to delete \"%s\"", strerror(errno),
			     dirname);
		r = -1;
	}

	return r;
}

static int cgroup_rmdir(char *container_cgroup)
{
	int i;

	if (!container_cgroup || !hierarchies)
		return 0;

	for (i = 0; hierarchies[i]; i++) {
		int ret;
		struct hierarchy *h = hierarchies[i];

		if (!h->fullcgpath)
			continue;

		ret = recursive_destroy(h->fullcgpath);
		if (ret < 0)
			WARN("Failed to destroy \"%s\"", h->fullcgpath);

		free(h->fullcgpath);
		h->fullcgpath = NULL;
	}

	return 0;
}

struct generic_userns_exec_data {
	struct cgfsng_handler_data *d;
	struct lxc_conf *conf;
	uid_t origuid; /* target uid in parent namespace */
	char *path;
};

static int cgroup_rmdir_wrapper(void *data)
{
	int ret;
	struct generic_userns_exec_data *arg = data;
	uid_t nsuid = (arg->conf->root_nsuid_map != NULL) ? 0 : arg->conf->init_uid;
	gid_t nsgid = (arg->conf->root_nsgid_map != NULL) ? 0 : arg->conf->init_gid;

	ret = setresgid(nsgid, nsgid, nsgid);
	if (ret < 0) {
		SYSERROR("Failed to setresgid(%d, %d, %d)", (int)nsgid,
			 (int)nsgid, (int)nsgid);
		return -1;
	}

	ret = setresuid(nsuid, nsuid, nsuid);
	if (ret < 0) {
		SYSERROR("Failed to setresuid(%d, %d, %d)", (int)nsuid,
			 (int)nsuid, (int)nsuid);
		return -1;
	}

	ret = setgroups(0, NULL);
	if (ret < 0 && errno != EPERM) {
		SYSERROR("Failed to setgroups(0, NULL)");
		return -1;
	}

	return cgroup_rmdir(arg->d->container_cgroup);
}

static void cgfsng_destroy(void *hdata, struct lxc_conf *conf)
{
	int ret;
	struct cgfsng_handler_data *d = hdata;
	struct generic_userns_exec_data wrap;

	if (!d)
		return;

	wrap.origuid = 0;
	wrap.d = hdata;
	wrap.conf = conf;

	if (conf && !lxc_list_empty(&conf->id_map))
		ret = userns_exec_1(conf, cgroup_rmdir_wrapper, &wrap,
				    "cgroup_rmdir_wrapper");
	else
		ret = cgroup_rmdir(d->container_cgroup);
	if (ret < 0) {
		WARN("Failed to destroy cgroups");
		return;
	}

	free_handler_data(d);
}

struct cgroup_ops *cgfsng_ops_init(void)
{
	if (getenv("LXC_DEBUG_CGFSNG"))
		lxc_cgfsng_debug = true;

	if (!cg_init())
		return NULL;

	return &cgfsng_ops;
}

static bool cg_unified_create_cgroup(struct hierarchy *h, char *cgname)
{
	char **it;
	size_t i, parts_len;
	size_t full_len = 0;
	char *add_controllers = NULL, *cgroup = NULL;
	char **parts = NULL;
	bool bret = false;

	if (h->version != CGROUP2_SUPER_MAGIC)
		return true;

	if (!h->controllers)
		return true;

	/* For now we simply enable all controllers that we have detected by
	 * creating a string like "+memory +pids +cpu +io".
	 * TODO: In the near future we might want to support "-<controller>"
	 * etc. but whether supporting semantics like this make sense will need
	 * some thinking.
	 */
	for (it = h->controllers; it && *it; it++) {
                full_len += strlen(*it) + 2;
                add_controllers = must_realloc(add_controllers, full_len + 1);
                if (h->controllers[0] == *it)
                        add_controllers[0] = '\0';
                strcat(add_controllers, "+");
                strcat(add_controllers, *it);
                if ((it + 1) && *(it + 1))
                        strcat(add_controllers, " ");
	}

	parts = lxc_string_split(cgname, '/');
	if (!parts)
		goto on_error;
	parts_len = lxc_array_len((void **)parts);
	if (parts_len > 0)
		parts_len--;

	cgroup = must_make_path(h->mountpoint, h->base_cgroup, NULL);
	for (i = 0; i < parts_len; i++) {
		int ret;
		char *target;

		cgroup = must_append_path(cgroup, parts[i], NULL);
		target = must_make_path(cgroup, "cgroup.subtree_control", NULL);
		ret = lxc_write_to_file(target, add_controllers, full_len, false);
		free(target);
		if (ret < 0) {
			SYSERROR("Could not enable \"%s\" controllers in the "
				 "unified cgroup \"%s\"", add_controllers, cgroup);
			goto on_error;
		}
	}

	bret = true;

on_error:
	lxc_free_array((void **)parts, free);
	free(add_controllers);
	free(cgroup);
	return bret;
}

static bool create_path_for_hierarchy(struct hierarchy *h, char *cgname)
{
	int ret;

	h->fullcgpath = must_make_path(h->mountpoint, h->base_cgroup, cgname, NULL);
	if (dir_exists(h->fullcgpath)) { /* it must not already exist */
		ERROR("cgroup \"%s\" already existed", h->fullcgpath);
		return false;
	}

	if (!cg_legacy_handle_cpuset_hierarchy(h, cgname)) {
		ERROR("Failed to handle cgroupfs v1 cpuset controller");
		return false;
	}

	ret = mkdir_p(h->fullcgpath, 0755);
	if (ret < 0) {
		ERROR("Failed to create cgroup \"%s\"", h->fullcgpath);
		return false;
	}

	return cg_unified_create_cgroup(h, cgname);
}

static void remove_path_for_hierarchy(struct hierarchy *h, char *cgname)
{
	if (rmdir(h->fullcgpath) < 0)
		SYSERROR("Failed to clean up cgroup %s from failed creation attempt", h->fullcgpath);
	free(h->fullcgpath);
	h->fullcgpath = NULL;
}

/*
 * Try to create the same cgroup in all hierarchies.
 * Start with cgroup_pattern; next cgroup_pattern-1, -2, ..., -999
 */
static inline bool cgfsng_create(void *hdata)
{
	int i;
	size_t len;
	char *container_cgroup, *offset, *tmp;
	int idx = 0;
	struct cgfsng_handler_data *d = hdata;

	if (!d)
		return false;

	if (d->container_cgroup) {
		WARN("cgfsng_create called a second time");
		return false;
	}

	if (d->cgroup_meta.dir)
		tmp = lxc_string_join("/", (const char *[]){d->cgroup_meta.dir, d->name, NULL}, false);
	else
		tmp = lxc_string_replace("%n", d->name, d->cgroup_pattern);
	if (!tmp) {
		ERROR("Failed expanding cgroup name pattern");
		return false;
	}
	len = strlen(tmp) + 5; /* leave room for -NNN\0 */
	container_cgroup = must_alloc(len);
	strcpy(container_cgroup, tmp);
	free(tmp);
	offset = container_cgroup + len - 5;

again:
	if (idx == 1000) {
		ERROR("Too many conflicting cgroup names");
		goto out_free;
	}
	if (idx) {
		int ret;

		ret = snprintf(offset, 5, "-%d", idx);
		if (ret < 0 || (size_t)ret >= 5) {
			FILE *f = fopen("/dev/null", "w");
			if (f) {
				fprintf(f, "Workaround for GCC7 bug: "
					   "https://gcc.gnu.org/bugzilla/"
					   "show_bug.cgi?id=78969");
				fclose(f);
			}
		}
	}
	for (i = 0; hierarchies[i]; i++) {
		if (!create_path_for_hierarchy(hierarchies[i], container_cgroup)) {
			int j;
			ERROR("Failed to create \"%s\"", hierarchies[i]->fullcgpath);
			free(hierarchies[i]->fullcgpath);
			hierarchies[i]->fullcgpath = NULL;
			for (j = 0; j < i; j++)
				remove_path_for_hierarchy(hierarchies[j], container_cgroup);
			idx++;
			goto again;
		}
	}
	/* Done */
	d->container_cgroup = container_cgroup;
	return true;

out_free:
	free(container_cgroup);
	return false;
}

static bool cgfsng_enter(void *hdata, pid_t pid)
{
	char pidstr[25];
	int i, len;

	len = snprintf(pidstr, 25, "%d", pid);
	if (len < 0 || len > 25)
		return false;

	for (i = 0; hierarchies[i]; i++) {
		char *fullpath = must_make_path(hierarchies[i]->fullcgpath,
						"cgroup.procs", NULL);
		if (lxc_write_to_file(fullpath, pidstr, len, false) != 0) {
			SYSERROR("Failed to enter %s", fullpath);
			free(fullpath);
			return false;
		}
		free(fullpath);
	}

	return true;
}

static int chowmod(char *path, uid_t chown_uid, gid_t chown_gid,
		   mode_t chmod_mode)
{
	int ret;

	ret = chown(path, chown_uid, chown_gid);
	if (ret < 0) {
		WARN("%s - Failed to chown(%s, %d, %d)", strerror(errno), path,
		     (int)chown_uid, (int)chown_gid);
		return -1;
	}

	ret = chmod(path, chmod_mode);
	if (ret < 0) {
		WARN("%s - Failed to chmod(%s, %d)", strerror(errno), path,
		     (int)chmod_mode);
		return -1;
	}

	return 0;
}

/* chgrp the container cgroups to container group.  We leave
 * the container owner as cgroup owner.  So we must make the
 * directories 775 so that the container can create sub-cgroups.
 *
 * Also chown the tasks and cgroup.procs files.  Those may not
 * exist depending on kernel version.
 */
static int chown_cgroup_wrapper(void *data)
{
	int i, ret;
	uid_t destuid;
	struct generic_userns_exec_data *arg = data;
	uid_t nsuid = (arg->conf->root_nsuid_map != NULL) ? 0 : arg->conf->init_uid;
	gid_t nsgid = (arg->conf->root_nsgid_map != NULL) ? 0 : arg->conf->init_gid;

	ret = setresgid(nsgid, nsgid, nsgid);
	if (ret < 0) {
		SYSERROR("Failed to setresgid(%d, %d, %d)",
			 (int)nsgid, (int)nsgid, (int)nsgid);
		return -1;
	}

	ret = setresuid(nsuid, nsuid, nsuid);
	if (ret < 0) {
		SYSERROR("Failed to setresuid(%d, %d, %d)",
			 (int)nsuid, (int)nsuid, (int)nsuid);
		return -1;
	}

	ret = setgroups(0, NULL);
	if (ret < 0 && errno != EPERM) {
		SYSERROR("Failed to setgroups(0, NULL)");
		return -1;
	}

	destuid = get_ns_uid(arg->origuid);

	for (i = 0; hierarchies[i]; i++) {
		char *fullpath;
		char *path = hierarchies[i]->fullcgpath;

		ret = chowmod(path, destuid, nsgid, 0775);
		if (ret < 0)
			return -1;

		/* Failures to chown() these are inconvenient but not
		 * detrimental We leave these owned by the container launcher,
		 * so that container root can write to the files to attach.  We
		 * chmod() them 664 so that container systemd can write to the
		 * files (which systemd in wily insists on doing).
		 */

		if (hierarchies[i]->version == CGROUP_SUPER_MAGIC) {
			fullpath = must_make_path(path, "tasks", NULL);
			(void)chowmod(fullpath, destuid, nsgid, 0664);
			free(fullpath);
		}

		fullpath = must_make_path(path, "cgroup.procs", NULL);
		(void)chowmod(fullpath, destuid, 0, 0664);
		free(fullpath);

		if (hierarchies[i]->version != CGROUP2_SUPER_MAGIC)
			continue;

		fullpath = must_make_path(path, "cgroup.subtree_control", NULL);
		(void)chowmod(fullpath, destuid, nsgid, 0664);
		free(fullpath);

		fullpath = must_make_path(path, "cgroup.threads", NULL);
		(void)chowmod(fullpath, destuid, nsgid, 0664);
		free(fullpath);
	}

	return 0;
}

static bool cgfsng_chown(void *hdata, struct lxc_conf *conf)
{
	struct cgfsng_handler_data *d = hdata;
	struct generic_userns_exec_data wrap;

	if (!d)
		return false;

	if (lxc_list_empty(&conf->id_map))
		return true;

	wrap.origuid = geteuid();
	wrap.path = NULL;
	wrap.d = d;
	wrap.conf = conf;

	if (userns_exec_1(conf, chown_cgroup_wrapper, &wrap,
			  "chown_cgroup_wrapper") < 0) {
		ERROR("Error requesting cgroup chown in new namespace");
		return false;
	}

	return true;
}

/*
 * We've safe-mounted a tmpfs as parent, so we don't need to protect against
 * symlinks any more - just use mount
 */

/* mount cgroup-full if requested */
static int mount_cgroup_full(int type, struct hierarchy *h, char *dest,
			     char *container_cgroup)
{
	if (type < LXC_AUTO_CGROUP_FULL_RO || type > LXC_AUTO_CGROUP_FULL_MIXED)
		return 0;
	if (mount(h->mountpoint, dest, "cgroup", MS_BIND, NULL) < 0) {
		SYSERROR("Error bind-mounting %s cgroup onto %s", h->mountpoint,
			 dest);
		return -1;
	}
	if (type != LXC_AUTO_CGROUP_FULL_RW) {
		unsigned long flags = MS_BIND | MS_NOSUID | MS_NOEXEC | MS_NODEV |
				      MS_REMOUNT | MS_RDONLY;
		if (mount(NULL, dest, "cgroup", flags, NULL) < 0) {
			SYSERROR("Error remounting %s readonly", dest);
			return -1;
		}
	}

	INFO("Bind mounted %s onto %s", h->mountpoint, dest);
	if (type != LXC_AUTO_CGROUP_FULL_MIXED)
		return 0;

	/* mount just the container path rw */
	char *source = must_make_path(h->mountpoint, h->base_cgroup, container_cgroup, NULL);
	char *rwpath = must_make_path(dest, h->base_cgroup, container_cgroup, NULL);
	if (mount(source, rwpath, "cgroup", MS_BIND, NULL) < 0)
		WARN("Failed to mount %s read-write: %s", rwpath,
		     strerror(errno));
	INFO("Made %s read-write", rwpath);
	free(rwpath);
	free(source);
	return 0;
}

/* cgroup-full:* is done, no need to create subdirs */
static bool cg_mount_needs_subdirs(int type)
{
	if (type >= LXC_AUTO_CGROUP_FULL_RO)
		return false;

	return true;
}

/* After $rootfs/sys/fs/container/controller/the/cg/path has been created,
 * remount controller ro if needed and bindmount the cgroupfs onto
 * controll/the/cg/path.
 */
static int do_secondstage_mounts_if_needed(int type, struct hierarchy *h,
					   char *controllerpath, char *cgpath,
					   const char *container_cgroup)
{
	int ret, remount_flags;
	char *sourcepath;
	int flags = MS_BIND;

	if (type == LXC_AUTO_CGROUP_RO || type == LXC_AUTO_CGROUP_MIXED) {
		ret = mount(controllerpath, controllerpath, "cgroup", MS_BIND, NULL);
		if (ret < 0) {
			SYSERROR("Failed to bind mount \"%s\" onto \"%s\"",
				 controllerpath, controllerpath);
			return -1;
		}

		remount_flags = add_required_remount_flags(controllerpath,
							   controllerpath,
							   flags | MS_REMOUNT);
		ret = mount(controllerpath, controllerpath, "cgroup",
			    MS_REMOUNT | MS_BIND | MS_RDONLY, NULL);
		if (ret < 0) {
			SYSERROR("Failed to remount \"%s\" ro", controllerpath);
			return -1;
		}

		INFO("Remounted %s read-only", controllerpath);
	}

	sourcepath = must_make_path(h->mountpoint, h->base_cgroup,
				    container_cgroup, NULL);
	if (type == LXC_AUTO_CGROUP_RO)
		flags |= MS_RDONLY;

	ret = mount(sourcepath, cgpath, "cgroup", flags, NULL);
	if (ret < 0) {
		SYSERROR("Failed to mount \"%s\" onto \"%s\"", h->controllers[0], cgpath);
		free(sourcepath);
		return -1;
	}
	INFO("Mounted \"%s\" onto \"%s\"", h->controllers[0], cgpath);

	if (flags & MS_RDONLY) {
		remount_flags = add_required_remount_flags(sourcepath, cgpath,
							   flags | MS_REMOUNT);
		ret = mount(sourcepath, cgpath, "cgroup", remount_flags, NULL);
		if (ret < 0) {
			SYSERROR("Failed to remount \"%s\" ro", cgpath);
			free(sourcepath);
			return -1;
		}
		INFO("Remounted %s read-only", cgpath);
	}

	free(sourcepath);
	INFO("Completed second stage cgroup automounts for \"%s\"", cgpath);
	return 0;
}

static int cg_mount_in_cgroup_namespace(int type, struct hierarchy *h,
					const char *controllerpath)
{
	 int ret;
	 char *controllers = NULL;
	 char *fstype = "cgroup2";
	 unsigned long flags = 0;

	 flags |= MS_NOSUID;
	 flags |= MS_NOEXEC;
	 flags |= MS_NODEV;
	 flags |= MS_RELATIME;

	 if (type == LXC_AUTO_CGROUP_RO || type == LXC_AUTO_CGROUP_FULL_RO)
		 flags |= MS_RDONLY;

	 if (h->version != CGROUP2_SUPER_MAGIC) {
		 controllers = lxc_string_join(",", (const char **)h->controllers, false);
		 if (!controllers)
			 return -ENOMEM;
		 fstype = "cgroup";
	}

	ret = mount("cgroup", controllerpath, fstype, flags, controllers);
	free(controllers);
	if (ret < 0) {
		SYSERROR("Failed to mount %s with cgroup filesystem type %s", controllerpath, fstype);
		return -1;
	}

	DEBUG("Mounted %s with cgroup filesystem type %s", controllerpath, fstype);
	return 0;
}

static bool cgfsng_mount(void *hdata, const char *root, int type)
{
	int i, ret;
	char *tmpfspath = NULL;
	bool retval = false;
	struct lxc_handler *handler = hdata;
	struct cgfsng_handler_data *d = handler->cgroup_data;
	bool has_cgns = false, wants_force_mount = false;

	if ((type & LXC_AUTO_CGROUP_MASK) == 0)
		return true;

	if (type & LXC_AUTO_CGROUP_FORCE) {
		type &= ~LXC_AUTO_CGROUP_FORCE;
		wants_force_mount = true;
	}

	if (!wants_force_mount){
		if (!lxc_list_empty(&handler->conf->keepcaps))
			wants_force_mount = !in_caplist(CAP_SYS_ADMIN, &handler->conf->keepcaps);
		else
			wants_force_mount = in_caplist(CAP_SYS_ADMIN, &handler->conf->caps);
	}

	has_cgns = cgns_supported();
	if (has_cgns && !wants_force_mount)
		return true;

	if (type == LXC_AUTO_CGROUP_NOSPEC)
		type = LXC_AUTO_CGROUP_MIXED;
	else if (type == LXC_AUTO_CGROUP_FULL_NOSPEC)
		type = LXC_AUTO_CGROUP_FULL_MIXED;

	/* Mount tmpfs */
	tmpfspath = must_make_path(root, "/sys/fs/cgroup", NULL);
	ret = safe_mount("cgroup_root", tmpfspath, "tmpfs",
			 MS_NOSUID | MS_NODEV | MS_NOEXEC | MS_RELATIME,
			 "size=10240k,mode=755", root);
	if (ret < 0)
		goto on_error;

	for (i = 0; hierarchies[i]; i++) {
		char *controllerpath, *path2;
		struct hierarchy *h = hierarchies[i];
		char *controller = strrchr(h->mountpoint, '/');

		if (!controller)
			continue;
		controller++;
		controllerpath = must_make_path(tmpfspath, controller, NULL);
		if (dir_exists(controllerpath)) {
			free(controllerpath);
			continue;
		}
		ret = mkdir(controllerpath, 0755);
		if (ret < 0) {
			SYSERROR("Error creating cgroup path: %s", controllerpath);
			free(controllerpath);
			goto on_error;
		}

		if (has_cgns && wants_force_mount) {
			/* If cgroup namespaces are supported but the container
			 * will not have CAP_SYS_ADMIN after it has started we
			 * need to mount the cgroups manually.
			 */
			ret = cg_mount_in_cgroup_namespace(type, h, controllerpath);
			free(controllerpath);
			if (ret < 0)
				goto on_error;

			continue;
		}

		ret = mount_cgroup_full(type, h, controllerpath, d->container_cgroup);
		if (ret < 0) {
			free(controllerpath);
			goto on_error;
		}

		if (!cg_mount_needs_subdirs(type)) {
			free(controllerpath);
			continue;
		}

		path2 = must_make_path(controllerpath, h->base_cgroup,
				       d->container_cgroup, NULL);
		ret = mkdir_p(path2, 0755);
		if (ret < 0) {
			free(controllerpath);
			free(path2);
			goto on_error;
		}

		ret = do_secondstage_mounts_if_needed(
		    type, h, controllerpath, path2, d->container_cgroup);
		free(controllerpath);
		free(path2);
		if (ret < 0)
			goto on_error;
	}
	retval = true;

on_error:
	free(tmpfspath);
	return retval;
}

static int recursive_count_nrtasks(char *dirname)
{
	struct dirent *direntp;
	DIR *dir;
	int count = 0, ret;
	char *path;

	dir = opendir(dirname);
	if (!dir)
		return 0;

	while ((direntp = readdir(dir))) {
		struct stat mystat;

		if (!direntp)
			break;

		if (!strcmp(direntp->d_name, ".") ||
		    !strcmp(direntp->d_name, ".."))
			continue;

		path = must_make_path(dirname, direntp->d_name, NULL);

		if (lstat(path, &mystat))
			goto next;

		if (!S_ISDIR(mystat.st_mode))
			goto next;

		count += recursive_count_nrtasks(path);
next:
		free(path);
	}

	path = must_make_path(dirname, "cgroup.procs", NULL);
	ret = lxc_count_file_lines(path);
	if (ret != -1)
		count += ret;
	free(path);

	(void) closedir(dir);

	return count;
}

static int cgfsng_nrtasks(void *hdata) {
	struct cgfsng_handler_data *d = hdata;
	char *path;
	int count;

	if (!d || !d->container_cgroup || !hierarchies)
		return -1;

	path = must_make_path(hierarchies[0]->fullcgpath, NULL);
	count = recursive_count_nrtasks(path);
	free(path);
	return count;
}

/* Only root needs to escape to the cgroup of its init */
static bool cgfsng_escape()
{
	int i;

	if (geteuid())
		return true;

	for (i = 0; hierarchies[i]; i++) {
		char *fullpath = must_make_path(hierarchies[i]->mountpoint,
						hierarchies[i]->base_cgroup,
						"cgroup.procs", NULL);
		if (lxc_write_to_file(fullpath, "0", 2, false) != 0) {
			SYSERROR("Failed to escape to %s", fullpath);
			free(fullpath);
			return false;
		}
		free(fullpath);
	}

	return true;
}

static int cgfsng_num_hierarchies(void)
{
	int i;

	for (i = 0; hierarchies[i]; i++)
		;

	return i;
}

static bool cgfsng_get_hierarchies(int n, char ***out)
{
	int i;

	/* sanity check n */
	for (i = 0; i < n; i++)
		if (!hierarchies[i])
			return false;

	*out = hierarchies[i]->controllers;

	return true;
}

#define THAWED "THAWED"
#define THAWED_LEN (strlen(THAWED))

/* TODO: If the unified cgroup hierarchy grows a freezer controller this needs
 * to be adapted.
 */
static bool cgfsng_unfreeze(void *hdata)
{
	int ret;
	char *fullpath;
	struct hierarchy *h;

	h = get_hierarchy("freezer");
	if (!h)
		return false;

	fullpath = must_make_path(h->fullcgpath, "freezer.state", NULL);
	ret = lxc_write_to_file(fullpath, THAWED, THAWED_LEN, false);
	free(fullpath);
	if (ret < 0)
		return false;

	return true;
}

static const char *cgfsng_get_cgroup(void *hdata, const char *subsystem)
{
	struct hierarchy *h;

	h = get_hierarchy(subsystem);
	if (!h)
		return NULL;

	return h->fullcgpath ? h->fullcgpath + strlen(h->mountpoint) : NULL;
}

/*
 * Given a cgroup path returned from lxc_cmd_get_cgroup_path, build a
 * full path, which must be freed by the caller.
 */
static char *build_full_cgpath_from_monitorpath(struct hierarchy *h,
						const char *inpath,
						const char *filename)
{
	return must_make_path(h->mountpoint, inpath, filename, NULL);
}

/* Technically, we're always at a delegation boundary here. (This is especially
 * true when cgroup namespaces are available.) The reasoning is that in order
 * for us to have been able to start a container in the first place the root
 * cgroup must have been a leaf node.  Now, either the container's init system
 * has populated the cgroup and kept it as a leaf node or it has created
 * subtrees. In the former case we will simply attach to the leaf node we
 * created when we started the container in the latter case we create our own
 * cgroup for the attaching process.
 */
static int __cg_unified_attach(const struct hierarchy *h, const char *name,
			       const char *lxcpath, const char *pidstr,
			       size_t pidstr_len, const char *controller)
{
	int ret;
	size_t len;
	int fret = -1, idx = 0;
	char *base_path = NULL, *container_cgroup = NULL, *full_path = NULL;

	container_cgroup = lxc_cmd_get_cgroup_path(name, lxcpath, controller);
	/* not running */
	if (!container_cgroup)
		return 0;

	base_path = must_make_path(h->mountpoint, container_cgroup, NULL);
	full_path = must_make_path(base_path, "cgroup.procs", NULL);
	/* cgroup is populated */
	ret = lxc_write_to_file(full_path, pidstr, pidstr_len, false);
	if (ret < 0 && errno != EBUSY)
		goto on_error;

	if (ret == 0)
		goto on_success;

	free(full_path);

	len = strlen(base_path) + sizeof("/lxc-1000") - 1 +
	      sizeof("/cgroup-procs") - 1;
	full_path = must_alloc(len + 1);
	do {
		if (idx)
			ret = snprintf(full_path, len + 1, "%s/lxc-%d",
				       base_path, idx);
		else
			ret = snprintf(full_path, len + 1, "%s/lxc", base_path);
		if (ret < 0 || (size_t)ret >= len + 1)
			goto on_error;

		ret = mkdir_p(full_path, 0755);
		if (ret < 0 && errno != EEXIST)
			goto on_error;

		strcat(full_path, "/cgroup.procs");
		ret = lxc_write_to_file(full_path, pidstr, len, false);
		if (ret == 0)
			goto on_success;

		/* this is a non-leaf node */
		if (errno != EBUSY)
			goto on_error;

	} while (++idx > 0 && idx < 1000);

on_success:
	if (idx < 1000)
		fret = 0;

on_error:
	free(base_path);
	free(container_cgroup);
	free(full_path);

	return fret;
}

static bool cgfsng_attach(const char *name, const char *lxcpath, pid_t pid)
{
	int i, len, ret;
	char pidstr[25];

	len = snprintf(pidstr, 25, "%d", pid);
	if (len < 0 || len > 25)
		return false;

	for (i = 0; hierarchies[i]; i++) {
		char *path;
		char *fullpath = NULL;
		struct hierarchy *h = hierarchies[i];

		if (h->version == CGROUP2_SUPER_MAGIC) {
			ret = __cg_unified_attach(h, name, lxcpath, pidstr, len,
						  h->controllers[0]);
			if (ret < 0)
				return false;

			continue;
		}

		path = lxc_cmd_get_cgroup_path(name, lxcpath, h->controllers[0]);
		/* not running */
		if (!path)
			continue;

		fullpath = build_full_cgpath_from_monitorpath(h, path, "cgroup.procs");
		ret = lxc_write_to_file(fullpath, pidstr, len, false);
		if (ret < 0) {
			SYSERROR("Failed to attach %d to %s", (int)pid, fullpath);
			free(fullpath);
			return false;
		}
		free(fullpath);
	}

	return true;
}

/*
 * Called externally (i.e. from 'lxc-cgroup') to query cgroup limits.
 * Here we don't have a cgroup_data set up, so we ask the running
 * container through the commands API for the cgroup path
 */
static int cgfsng_get(const char *filename, char *value, size_t len,
		      const char *name, const char *lxcpath)
{
	int ret = -1;
	size_t controller_len;
	char *controller, *p, *path;
	struct hierarchy *h;

	controller_len = strlen(filename);
	controller = alloca(controller_len + 1);
	strcpy(controller, filename);
	p = strchr(controller, '.');
	if (p)
		*p = '\0';

	path = lxc_cmd_get_cgroup_path(name, lxcpath, controller);
	/* not running */
	if (!path)
		return -1;

	h = get_hierarchy(controller);
	if (h) {
		char *fullpath;

		fullpath = build_full_cgpath_from_monitorpath(h, path, filename);
		ret = lxc_read_from_file(fullpath, value, len);
		free(fullpath);
	}
	free(path);

	return ret;
}

/*
 * Called externally (i.e. from 'lxc-cgroup') to set new cgroup limits.
 * Here we don't have a cgroup_data set up, so we ask the running
 * container through the commands API for the cgroup path
 */
static int cgfsng_set(const char *filename, const char *value, const char *name,
		      const char *lxcpath)
{
	int ret = -1;
	size_t controller_len;
	char *controller, *p, *path;
	struct hierarchy *h;

	controller_len = strlen(filename);
	controller = alloca(controller_len + 1);
	strcpy(controller, filename);
	p = strchr(controller, '.');
	if (p)
		*p = '\0';

	path = lxc_cmd_get_cgroup_path(name, lxcpath, controller);
	/* not running */
	if (!path)
		return -1;

	h = get_hierarchy(controller);
	if (h) {
		char *fullpath;

		fullpath = build_full_cgpath_from_monitorpath(h, path, filename);
		ret = lxc_write_to_file(fullpath, value, strlen(value), false);
		free(fullpath);
	}
	free(path);

	return ret;
}

/*
 * take devices cgroup line
 *    /dev/foo rwx
 * and convert it to a valid
 *    type major:minor mode
 * line.  Return <0 on error.  Dest is a preallocated buffer
 * long enough to hold the output.
 */
static int convert_devpath(const char *invalue, char *dest)
{
	int n_parts;
	char *p, *path, type;
	struct stat sb;
	unsigned long minor, major;
	int ret = -EINVAL;
	char *mode = NULL;

	path = must_copy_string(invalue);

	/*
	 * read path followed by mode;  ignore any trailing text.
	 * A '    # comment' would be legal.  Technically other text
	 * is not legal, we could check for that if we cared to
	 */
	for (n_parts = 1, p = path; *p && n_parts < 3; p++) {
		if (*p != ' ')
			continue;
		*p = '\0';
		if (n_parts != 1)
			break;
		p++;
		n_parts++;
		while (*p == ' ')
			p++;
		mode = p;
		if (*p == '\0')
			goto out;
	}

	if (n_parts == 1)
		goto out;

	ret = stat(path, &sb);
	if (ret < 0)
		goto out;

	mode_t m = sb.st_mode & S_IFMT;
	switch (m) {
	case S_IFBLK:
		type = 'b';
		break;
	case S_IFCHR:
		type = 'c';
		break;
	default:
		ERROR("Unsupported device type %i for %s", m, path);
		ret = -EINVAL;
		goto out;
	}

	major = MAJOR(sb.st_rdev);
	minor = MINOR(sb.st_rdev);
	ret = snprintf(dest, 50, "%c %lu:%lu %s", type, major, minor, mode);
	if (ret < 0 || ret >= 50) {
		ERROR("Error on configuration value \"%c %lu:%lu %s\" (max 50 "
		      "chars)", type, major, minor, mode);
		ret = -ENAMETOOLONG;
		goto out;
	}
	ret = 0;

out:
	free(path);
	return ret;
}

/*
 * Called from setup_limits - here we have the container's cgroup_data because
 * we created the cgroups
 */
static int cg_legacy_set_data(const char *filename, const char *value,
			      struct cgfsng_handler_data *d)
{
	char *fullpath, *p;
	size_t len;
	/* "b|c <2^64-1>:<2^64-1> r|w|m" = 47 chars max */
	char converted_value[50];
	struct hierarchy *h;
	int ret = 0;
	char *controller = NULL;

	len = strlen(filename);
	controller = alloca(len + 1);
	strcpy(controller, filename);
	p = strchr(controller, '.');
	if (p)
		*p = '\0';

	if (strcmp("devices.allow", filename) == 0 && value[0] == '/') {
		ret = convert_devpath(value, converted_value);
		if (ret < 0)
			return ret;
		value = converted_value;
	}

	h = get_hierarchy(controller);
	if (!h) {
		ERROR("Failed to setup limits for the \"%s\" controller. "
		      "The controller seems to be unused by \"cgfsng\" cgroup "
		      "driver or not enabled on the cgroup hierarchy",
		      controller);
		errno = ENOENT;
		return -ENOENT;
	}

	fullpath = must_make_path(h->fullcgpath, filename, NULL);
	ret = lxc_write_to_file(fullpath, value, strlen(value), false);
	free(fullpath);
	return ret;
}

static bool __cg_legacy_setup_limits(void *hdata,
				     struct lxc_list *cgroup_settings,
				     bool do_devices)
{
	struct cgfsng_handler_data *d = hdata;
	struct lxc_list *iterator, *sorted_cgroup_settings, *next;
	struct lxc_cgroup *cg;
	bool ret = false;

	if (lxc_list_empty(cgroup_settings))
		return true;

	sorted_cgroup_settings = sort_cgroup_settings(cgroup_settings);
	if (!sorted_cgroup_settings)
		return false;

	lxc_list_for_each(iterator, sorted_cgroup_settings) {
		cg = iterator->elem;

		if (do_devices == !strncmp("devices", cg->subsystem, 7)) {
			if (cg_legacy_set_data(cg->subsystem, cg->value, d)) {
				if (do_devices && (errno == EACCES || errno == EPERM)) {
					WARN("Error setting %s to %s for %s",
					      cg->subsystem, cg->value, d->name);
					continue;
				}
				SYSERROR("Error setting %s to %s for %s",
				      cg->subsystem, cg->value, d->name);
				goto out;
			}
			DEBUG("cgroup '%s' set to '%s'", cg->subsystem, cg->value);
		}
	}

	ret = true;
	INFO("Limits for the legacy cgroup hierarchies have been setup");
out:
	lxc_list_for_each_safe(iterator, sorted_cgroup_settings, next) {
		lxc_list_del(iterator);
		free(iterator);
	}
	free(sorted_cgroup_settings);
	return ret;
}

static bool __cg_unified_setup_limits(void *hdata,
				      struct lxc_list *cgroup_settings)
{
	struct lxc_list *iterator;
	struct hierarchy *h = unified;

	if (lxc_list_empty(cgroup_settings))
		return true;

	if (!h)
		return false;

	lxc_list_for_each(iterator, cgroup_settings) {
		int ret;
		char *fullpath;
		struct lxc_cgroup *cg = iterator->elem;

		fullpath = must_make_path(h->fullcgpath, cg->subsystem, NULL);
		ret = lxc_write_to_file(fullpath, cg->value, strlen(cg->value), false);
		free(fullpath);
		if (ret < 0) {
			SYSERROR("Failed to set \"%s\" to \"%s\"", cg->subsystem, cg->value);
			return false;
		}
		TRACE("Set \"%s\" to \"%s\"", cg->subsystem, cg->value);
	}

	INFO("Limits for the unified cgroup hierarchy have been setup");
	return true;
}

static bool cgfsng_setup_limits(void *hdata, struct lxc_conf *conf,
				bool do_devices)
{
	bool bret;

	bret = __cg_legacy_setup_limits(hdata, &conf->cgroup, do_devices);
	if (!bret)
		return false;

	return __cg_unified_setup_limits(hdata, &conf->cgroup2);
}

static struct cgroup_ops cgfsng_ops = {
	.init = cgfsng_init,
	.destroy = cgfsng_destroy,
	.create = cgfsng_create,
	.enter = cgfsng_enter,
	.escape = cgfsng_escape,
	.num_hierarchies = cgfsng_num_hierarchies,
	.get_hierarchies = cgfsng_get_hierarchies,
	.get_cgroup = cgfsng_get_cgroup,
	.get = cgfsng_get,
	.set = cgfsng_set,
	.unfreeze = cgfsng_unfreeze,
	.setup_limits = cgfsng_setup_limits,
	.name = "cgroupfs-ng",
	.attach = cgfsng_attach,
	.chown = cgfsng_chown,
	.mount_cgroup = cgfsng_mount,
	.nrtasks = cgfsng_nrtasks,
	.driver = CGFSNG,

	/* unsupported */
	.create_legacy = NULL,
};