2 Overview of the Linux Virtual File System
4 Original author: Richard Gooch <rgooch@atnf.csiro.au>
6 Last updated on June 24, 2007.
8 Copyright (C) 1999 Richard Gooch
9 Copyright (C) 2005 Pekka Enberg
11 This file is released under the GPLv2.
17 The Virtual File System (also known as the Virtual Filesystem Switch)
18 is the software layer in the kernel that provides the filesystem
19 interface to userspace programs. It also provides an abstraction
20 within the kernel which allows different filesystem implementations to
23 VFS system calls open(2), stat(2), read(2), write(2), chmod(2) and so
24 on are called from a process context. Filesystem locking is described
25 in the document Documentation/filesystems/Locking.
28 Directory Entry Cache (dcache)
29 ------------------------------
31 The VFS implements the open(2), stat(2), chmod(2), and similar system
32 calls. The pathname argument that is passed to them is used by the VFS
33 to search through the directory entry cache (also known as the dentry
34 cache or dcache). This provides a very fast look-up mechanism to
35 translate a pathname (filename) into a specific dentry. Dentries live
36 in RAM and are never saved to disc: they exist only for performance.
38 The dentry cache is meant to be a view into your entire filespace. As
39 most computers cannot fit all dentries in the RAM at the same time,
40 some bits of the cache are missing. In order to resolve your pathname
41 into a dentry, the VFS may have to resort to creating dentries along
42 the way, and then loading the inode. This is done by looking up the
49 An individual dentry usually has a pointer to an inode. Inodes are
50 filesystem objects such as regular files, directories, FIFOs and other
51 beasts. They live either on the disc (for block device filesystems)
52 or in the memory (for pseudo filesystems). Inodes that live on the
53 disc are copied into the memory when required and changes to the inode
54 are written back to disc. A single inode can be pointed to by multiple
55 dentries (hard links, for example, do this).
57 To look up an inode requires that the VFS calls the lookup() method of
58 the parent directory inode. This method is installed by the specific
59 filesystem implementation that the inode lives in. Once the VFS has
60 the required dentry (and hence the inode), we can do all those boring
61 things like open(2) the file, or stat(2) it to peek at the inode
62 data. The stat(2) operation is fairly simple: once the VFS has the
63 dentry, it peeks at the inode data and passes some of it back to
70 Opening a file requires another operation: allocation of a file
71 structure (this is the kernel-side implementation of file
72 descriptors). The freshly allocated file structure is initialized with
73 a pointer to the dentry and a set of file operation member functions.
74 These are taken from the inode data. The open() file method is then
75 called so the specific filesystem implementation can do its work. You
76 can see that this is another switch performed by the VFS. The file
77 structure is placed into the file descriptor table for the process.
79 Reading, writing and closing files (and other assorted VFS operations)
80 is done by using the userspace file descriptor to grab the appropriate
81 file structure, and then calling the required file structure method to
82 do whatever is required. For as long as the file is open, it keeps the
83 dentry in use, which in turn means that the VFS inode is still in use.
86 Registering and Mounting a Filesystem
87 =====================================
89 To register and unregister a filesystem, use the following API
94 extern int register_filesystem(struct file_system_type *);
95 extern int unregister_filesystem(struct file_system_type *);
97 The passed struct file_system_type describes your filesystem. When a
98 request is made to mount a filesystem onto a directory in your namespace,
99 the VFS will call the appropriate mount() method for the specific
100 filesystem. New vfsmount referring to the tree returned by ->mount()
101 will be attached to the mountpoint, so that when pathname resolution
102 reaches the mountpoint it will jump into the root of that vfsmount.
104 You can see all filesystems that are registered to the kernel in the
105 file /proc/filesystems.
108 struct file_system_type
109 -----------------------
111 This describes the filesystem. As of kernel 2.6.39, the following
114 struct file_system_type {
117 struct dentry *(*mount) (struct file_system_type *, int,
118 const char *, void *);
119 void (*kill_sb) (struct super_block *);
120 struct module *owner;
121 struct file_system_type * next;
122 struct list_head fs_supers;
123 struct lock_class_key s_lock_key;
124 struct lock_class_key s_umount_key;
127 name: the name of the filesystem type, such as "ext2", "iso9660",
130 fs_flags: various flags (i.e. FS_REQUIRES_DEV, FS_NO_DCACHE, etc.)
132 mount: the method to call when a new instance of this
133 filesystem should be mounted
135 kill_sb: the method to call when an instance of this filesystem
138 owner: for internal VFS use: you should initialize this to THIS_MODULE in
141 next: for internal VFS use: you should initialize this to NULL
143 s_lock_key, s_umount_key: lockdep-specific
145 The mount() method has the following arguments:
147 struct file_system_type *fs_type: describes the filesystem, partly initialized
148 by the specific filesystem code
150 int flags: mount flags
152 const char *dev_name: the device name we are mounting.
154 void *data: arbitrary mount options, usually comes as an ASCII
155 string (see "Mount Options" section)
157 The mount() method must return the root dentry of the tree requested by
158 caller. An active reference to its superblock must be grabbed and the
159 superblock must be locked. On failure it should return ERR_PTR(error).
161 The arguments match those of mount(2) and their interpretation
162 depends on filesystem type. E.g. for block filesystems, dev_name is
163 interpreted as block device name, that device is opened and if it
164 contains a suitable filesystem image the method creates and initializes
165 struct super_block accordingly, returning its root dentry to caller.
167 ->mount() may choose to return a subtree of existing filesystem - it
168 doesn't have to create a new one. The main result from the caller's
169 point of view is a reference to dentry at the root of (sub)tree to
170 be attached; creation of new superblock is a common side effect.
172 The most interesting member of the superblock structure that the
173 mount() method fills in is the "s_op" field. This is a pointer to
174 a "struct super_operations" which describes the next level of the
175 filesystem implementation.
177 Usually, a filesystem uses one of the generic mount() implementations
178 and provides a fill_super() callback instead. The generic variants are:
180 mount_bdev: mount a filesystem residing on a block device
182 mount_nodev: mount a filesystem that is not backed by a device
184 mount_single: mount a filesystem which shares the instance between
187 A fill_super() callback implementation has the following arguments:
189 struct super_block *sb: the superblock structure. The callback
190 must initialize this properly.
192 void *data: arbitrary mount options, usually comes as an ASCII
193 string (see "Mount Options" section)
195 int silent: whether or not to be silent on error
198 The Superblock Object
199 =====================
201 A superblock object represents a mounted filesystem.
204 struct super_operations
205 -----------------------
207 This describes how the VFS can manipulate the superblock of your
208 filesystem. As of kernel 2.6.22, the following members are defined:
210 struct super_operations {
211 struct inode *(*alloc_inode)(struct super_block *sb);
212 void (*destroy_inode)(struct inode *);
214 void (*dirty_inode) (struct inode *, int flags);
215 int (*write_inode) (struct inode *, int);
216 void (*drop_inode) (struct inode *);
217 void (*delete_inode) (struct inode *);
218 void (*put_super) (struct super_block *);
219 int (*sync_fs)(struct super_block *sb, int wait);
220 int (*freeze_fs) (struct super_block *);
221 int (*unfreeze_fs) (struct super_block *);
222 int (*statfs) (struct dentry *, struct kstatfs *);
223 int (*remount_fs) (struct super_block *, int *, char *);
224 void (*clear_inode) (struct inode *);
225 void (*umount_begin) (struct super_block *);
227 int (*show_options)(struct seq_file *, struct dentry *);
229 ssize_t (*quota_read)(struct super_block *, int, char *, size_t, loff_t);
230 ssize_t (*quota_write)(struct super_block *, int, const char *, size_t, loff_t);
231 int (*nr_cached_objects)(struct super_block *);
232 void (*free_cached_objects)(struct super_block *, int);
235 All methods are called without any locks being held, unless otherwise
236 noted. This means that most methods can block safely. All methods are
237 only called from a process context (i.e. not from an interrupt handler
240 alloc_inode: this method is called by alloc_inode() to allocate memory
241 for struct inode and initialize it. If this function is not
242 defined, a simple 'struct inode' is allocated. Normally
243 alloc_inode will be used to allocate a larger structure which
244 contains a 'struct inode' embedded within it.
246 destroy_inode: this method is called by destroy_inode() to release
247 resources allocated for struct inode. It is only required if
248 ->alloc_inode was defined and simply undoes anything done by
251 dirty_inode: this method is called by the VFS to mark an inode dirty.
253 write_inode: this method is called when the VFS needs to write an
254 inode to disc. The second parameter indicates whether the write
255 should be synchronous or not, not all filesystems check this flag.
257 drop_inode: called when the last access to the inode is dropped,
258 with the inode->i_lock spinlock held.
260 This method should be either NULL (normal UNIX filesystem
261 semantics) or "generic_delete_inode" (for filesystems that do not
262 want to cache inodes - causing "delete_inode" to always be
263 called regardless of the value of i_nlink)
265 The "generic_delete_inode()" behavior is equivalent to the
266 old practice of using "force_delete" in the put_inode() case,
267 but does not have the races that the "force_delete()" approach
270 delete_inode: called when the VFS wants to delete an inode
272 put_super: called when the VFS wishes to free the superblock
273 (i.e. unmount). This is called with the superblock lock held
275 sync_fs: called when VFS is writing out all dirty data associated with
276 a superblock. The second parameter indicates whether the method
277 should wait until the write out has been completed. Optional.
279 freeze_fs: called when VFS is locking a filesystem and
280 forcing it into a consistent state. This method is currently
281 used by the Logical Volume Manager (LVM).
283 unfreeze_fs: called when VFS is unlocking a filesystem and making it writable
286 statfs: called when the VFS needs to get filesystem statistics.
288 remount_fs: called when the filesystem is remounted. This is called
289 with the kernel lock held
291 clear_inode: called then the VFS clears the inode. Optional
293 umount_begin: called when the VFS is unmounting a filesystem.
295 show_options: called by the VFS to show mount options for
296 /proc/<pid>/mounts. (see "Mount Options" section)
298 quota_read: called by the VFS to read from filesystem quota file.
300 quota_write: called by the VFS to write to filesystem quota file.
302 nr_cached_objects: called by the sb cache shrinking function for the
303 filesystem to return the number of freeable cached objects it contains.
306 free_cache_objects: called by the sb cache shrinking function for the
307 filesystem to scan the number of objects indicated to try to free them.
308 Optional, but any filesystem implementing this method needs to also
309 implement ->nr_cached_objects for it to be called correctly.
311 We can't do anything with any errors that the filesystem might
312 encountered, hence the void return type. This will never be called if
313 the VM is trying to reclaim under GFP_NOFS conditions, hence this
314 method does not need to handle that situation itself.
316 Implementations must include conditional reschedule calls inside any
317 scanning loop that is done. This allows the VFS to determine
318 appropriate scan batch sizes without having to worry about whether
319 implementations will cause holdoff problems due to large scan batch
322 Whoever sets up the inode is responsible for filling in the "i_op" field. This
323 is a pointer to a "struct inode_operations" which describes the methods that
324 can be performed on individual inodes.
326 struct xattr_handlers
327 ---------------------
329 On filesystems that support extended attributes (xattrs), the s_xattr
330 superblock field points to a NULL-terminated array of xattr handlers. Extended
331 attributes are name:value pairs.
333 name: Indicates that the handler matches attributes with the specified name
334 (such as "system.posix_acl_access"); the prefix field must be NULL.
336 prefix: Indicates that the handler matches all attributes with the specified
337 name prefix (such as "user."); the name field must be NULL.
339 list: Determine if attributes matching this xattr handler should be listed
340 for a particular dentry. Used by some listxattr implementations like
343 get: Called by the VFS to get the value of a particular extended attribute.
344 This method is called by the getxattr(2) system call.
346 set: Called by the VFS to set the value of a particular extended attribute.
347 When the new value is NULL, called to remove a particular extended
348 attribute. This method is called by the the setxattr(2) and
349 removexattr(2) system calls.
351 When none of the xattr handlers of a filesystem match the specified attribute
352 name or when a filesystem doesn't support extended attributes, the various
353 *xattr(2) system calls return -EOPNOTSUPP.
359 An inode object represents an object within the filesystem.
362 struct inode_operations
363 -----------------------
365 This describes how the VFS can manipulate an inode in your
366 filesystem. As of kernel 2.6.22, the following members are defined:
368 struct inode_operations {
369 int (*create) (struct inode *,struct dentry *, umode_t, bool);
370 struct dentry * (*lookup) (struct inode *,struct dentry *, unsigned int);
371 int (*link) (struct dentry *,struct inode *,struct dentry *);
372 int (*unlink) (struct inode *,struct dentry *);
373 int (*symlink) (struct inode *,struct dentry *,const char *);
374 int (*mkdir) (struct inode *,struct dentry *,umode_t);
375 int (*rmdir) (struct inode *,struct dentry *);
376 int (*mknod) (struct inode *,struct dentry *,umode_t,dev_t);
377 int (*rename) (struct inode *, struct dentry *,
378 struct inode *, struct dentry *, unsigned int);
379 int (*readlink) (struct dentry *, char __user *,int);
380 const char *(*get_link) (struct dentry *, struct inode *,
381 struct delayed_call *);
382 int (*permission) (struct inode *, int);
383 int (*get_acl)(struct inode *, int);
384 int (*setattr) (struct dentry *, struct iattr *);
385 int (*getattr) (const struct path *, struct kstat *, u32, unsigned int);
386 ssize_t (*listxattr) (struct dentry *, char *, size_t);
387 void (*update_time)(struct inode *, struct timespec *, int);
388 int (*atomic_open)(struct inode *, struct dentry *, struct file *,
389 unsigned open_flag, umode_t create_mode, int *opened);
390 int (*tmpfile) (struct inode *, struct dentry *, umode_t);
393 Again, all methods are called without any locks being held, unless
396 create: called by the open(2) and creat(2) system calls. Only
397 required if you want to support regular files. The dentry you
398 get should not have an inode (i.e. it should be a negative
399 dentry). Here you will probably call d_instantiate() with the
400 dentry and the newly created inode
402 lookup: called when the VFS needs to look up an inode in a parent
403 directory. The name to look for is found in the dentry. This
404 method must call d_add() to insert the found inode into the
405 dentry. The "i_count" field in the inode structure should be
406 incremented. If the named inode does not exist a NULL inode
407 should be inserted into the dentry (this is called a negative
408 dentry). Returning an error code from this routine must only
409 be done on a real error, otherwise creating inodes with system
410 calls like create(2), mknod(2), mkdir(2) and so on will fail.
411 If you wish to overload the dentry methods then you should
412 initialise the "d_dop" field in the dentry; this is a pointer
413 to a struct "dentry_operations".
414 This method is called with the directory inode semaphore held
416 link: called by the link(2) system call. Only required if you want
417 to support hard links. You will probably need to call
418 d_instantiate() just as you would in the create() method
420 unlink: called by the unlink(2) system call. Only required if you
421 want to support deleting inodes
423 symlink: called by the symlink(2) system call. Only required if you
424 want to support symlinks. You will probably need to call
425 d_instantiate() just as you would in the create() method
427 mkdir: called by the mkdir(2) system call. Only required if you want
428 to support creating subdirectories. You will probably need to
429 call d_instantiate() just as you would in the create() method
431 rmdir: called by the rmdir(2) system call. Only required if you want
432 to support deleting subdirectories
434 mknod: called by the mknod(2) system call to create a device (char,
435 block) inode or a named pipe (FIFO) or socket. Only required
436 if you want to support creating these types of inodes. You
437 will probably need to call d_instantiate() just as you would
438 in the create() method
440 rename: called by the rename(2) system call to rename the object to
441 have the parent and name given by the second inode and dentry.
443 The filesystem must return -EINVAL for any unsupported or
444 unknown flags. Currently the following flags are implemented:
445 (1) RENAME_NOREPLACE: this flag indicates that if the target
446 of the rename exists the rename should fail with -EEXIST
447 instead of replacing the target. The VFS already checks for
448 existence, so for local filesystems the RENAME_NOREPLACE
449 implementation is equivalent to plain rename.
450 (2) RENAME_EXCHANGE: exchange source and target. Both must
451 exist; this is checked by the VFS. Unlike plain rename,
452 source and target may be of different type.
454 get_link: called by the VFS to follow a symbolic link to the
455 inode it points to. Only required if you want to support
456 symbolic links. This method returns the symlink body
457 to traverse (and possibly resets the current position with
458 nd_jump_link()). If the body won't go away until the inode
459 is gone, nothing else is needed; if it needs to be otherwise
460 pinned, arrange for its release by having get_link(..., ..., done)
461 do set_delayed_call(done, destructor, argument).
462 In that case destructor(argument) will be called once VFS is
463 done with the body you've returned.
464 May be called in RCU mode; that is indicated by NULL dentry
465 argument. If request can't be handled without leaving RCU mode,
466 have it return ERR_PTR(-ECHILD).
468 readlink: this is now just an override for use by readlink(2) for the
469 cases when ->get_link uses nd_jump_link() or object is not in
470 fact a symlink. Normally filesystems should only implement
471 ->get_link for symlinks and readlink(2) will automatically use
474 permission: called by the VFS to check for access rights on a POSIX-like
477 May be called in rcu-walk mode (mask & MAY_NOT_BLOCK). If in rcu-walk
478 mode, the filesystem must check the permission without blocking or
479 storing to the inode.
481 If a situation is encountered that rcu-walk cannot handle, return
482 -ECHILD and it will be called again in ref-walk mode.
484 setattr: called by the VFS to set attributes for a file. This method
485 is called by chmod(2) and related system calls.
487 getattr: called by the VFS to get attributes of a file. This method
488 is called by stat(2) and related system calls.
490 listxattr: called by the VFS to list all extended attributes for a
491 given file. This method is called by the listxattr(2) system call.
493 update_time: called by the VFS to update a specific time or the i_version of
494 an inode. If this is not defined the VFS will update the inode itself
495 and call mark_inode_dirty_sync.
497 atomic_open: called on the last component of an open. Using this optional
498 method the filesystem can look up, possibly create and open the file in
499 one atomic operation. If it cannot perform this (e.g. the file type
500 turned out to be wrong) it may signal this by returning 1 instead of
501 usual 0 or -ve . This method is only called if the last component is
502 negative or needs lookup. Cached positive dentries are still handled by
503 f_op->open(). If the file was created, the FILE_CREATED flag should be
504 set in "opened". In case of O_EXCL the method must only succeed if the
505 file didn't exist and hence FILE_CREATED shall always be set on success.
507 tmpfile: called in the end of O_TMPFILE open(). Optional, equivalent to
508 atomically creating, opening and unlinking a file in given directory.
510 The Address Space Object
511 ========================
513 The address space object is used to group and manage pages in the page
514 cache. It can be used to keep track of the pages in a file (or
515 anything else) and also track the mapping of sections of the file into
516 process address spaces.
518 There are a number of distinct yet related services that an
519 address-space can provide. These include communicating memory
520 pressure, page lookup by address, and keeping track of pages tagged as
523 The first can be used independently to the others. The VM can try to
524 either write dirty pages in order to clean them, or release clean
525 pages in order to reuse them. To do this it can call the ->writepage
526 method on dirty pages, and ->releasepage on clean pages with
527 PagePrivate set. Clean pages without PagePrivate and with no external
528 references will be released without notice being given to the
531 To achieve this functionality, pages need to be placed on an LRU with
532 lru_cache_add and mark_page_active needs to be called whenever the
535 Pages are normally kept in a radix tree index by ->index. This tree
536 maintains information about the PG_Dirty and PG_Writeback status of
537 each page, so that pages with either of these flags can be found
540 The Dirty tag is primarily used by mpage_writepages - the default
541 ->writepages method. It uses the tag to find dirty pages to call
542 ->writepage on. If mpage_writepages is not used (i.e. the address
543 provides its own ->writepages) , the PAGECACHE_TAG_DIRTY tag is
544 almost unused. write_inode_now and sync_inode do use it (through
545 __sync_single_inode) to check if ->writepages has been successful in
546 writing out the whole address_space.
548 The Writeback tag is used by filemap*wait* and sync_page* functions,
549 via filemap_fdatawait_range, to wait for all writeback to complete.
551 An address_space handler may attach extra information to a page,
552 typically using the 'private' field in the 'struct page'. If such
553 information is attached, the PG_Private flag should be set. This will
554 cause various VM routines to make extra calls into the address_space
555 handler to deal with that data.
557 An address space acts as an intermediate between storage and
558 application. Data is read into the address space a whole page at a
559 time, and provided to the application either by copying of the page,
560 or by memory-mapping the page.
561 Data is written into the address space by the application, and then
562 written-back to storage typically in whole pages, however the
563 address_space has finer control of write sizes.
565 The read process essentially only requires 'readpage'. The write
566 process is more complicated and uses write_begin/write_end or
567 set_page_dirty to write data into the address_space, and writepage
568 and writepages to writeback data to storage.
570 Adding and removing pages to/from an address_space is protected by the
573 When data is written to a page, the PG_Dirty flag should be set. It
574 typically remains set until writepage asks for it to be written. This
575 should clear PG_Dirty and set PG_Writeback. It can be actually
576 written at any point after PG_Dirty is clear. Once it is known to be
577 safe, PG_Writeback is cleared.
579 Writeback makes use of a writeback_control structure to direct the
580 operations. This gives the the writepage and writepages operations some
581 information about the nature of and reason for the writeback request,
582 and the constraints under which it is being done. It is also used to
583 return information back to the caller about the result of a writepage or
586 Handling errors during writeback
587 --------------------------------
588 Most applications that do buffered I/O will periodically call a file
589 synchronization call (fsync, fdatasync, msync or sync_file_range) to
590 ensure that data written has made it to the backing store. When there
591 is an error during writeback, they expect that error to be reported when
592 a file sync request is made. After an error has been reported on one
593 request, subsequent requests on the same file descriptor should return
594 0, unless further writeback errors have occurred since the previous file
597 Ideally, the kernel would report errors only on file descriptions on
598 which writes were done that subsequently failed to be written back. The
599 generic pagecache infrastructure does not track the file descriptions
600 that have dirtied each individual page however, so determining which
601 file descriptors should get back an error is not possible.
603 Instead, the generic writeback error tracking infrastructure in the
604 kernel settles for reporting errors to fsync on all file descriptions
605 that were open at the time that the error occurred. In a situation with
606 multiple writers, all of them will get back an error on a subsequent fsync,
607 even if all of the writes done through that particular file descriptor
608 succeeded (or even if there were no writes on that file descriptor at all).
610 Filesystems that wish to use this infrastructure should call
611 mapping_set_error to record the error in the address_space when it
612 occurs. Then, after writing back data from the pagecache in their
613 file->fsync operation, they should call file_check_and_advance_wb_err to
614 ensure that the struct file's error cursor has advanced to the correct
615 point in the stream of errors emitted by the backing device(s).
617 struct address_space_operations
618 -------------------------------
620 This describes how the VFS can manipulate mapping of a file to page cache in
621 your filesystem. The following members are defined:
623 struct address_space_operations {
624 int (*writepage)(struct page *page, struct writeback_control *wbc);
625 int (*readpage)(struct file *, struct page *);
626 int (*writepages)(struct address_space *, struct writeback_control *);
627 int (*set_page_dirty)(struct page *page);
628 int (*readpages)(struct file *filp, struct address_space *mapping,
629 struct list_head *pages, unsigned nr_pages);
630 int (*write_begin)(struct file *, struct address_space *mapping,
631 loff_t pos, unsigned len, unsigned flags,
632 struct page **pagep, void **fsdata);
633 int (*write_end)(struct file *, struct address_space *mapping,
634 loff_t pos, unsigned len, unsigned copied,
635 struct page *page, void *fsdata);
636 sector_t (*bmap)(struct address_space *, sector_t);
637 void (*invalidatepage) (struct page *, unsigned int, unsigned int);
638 int (*releasepage) (struct page *, int);
639 void (*freepage)(struct page *);
640 ssize_t (*direct_IO)(struct kiocb *, struct iov_iter *iter);
641 /* isolate a page for migration */
642 bool (*isolate_page) (struct page *, isolate_mode_t);
643 /* migrate the contents of a page to the specified target */
644 int (*migratepage) (struct page *, struct page *);
645 /* put migration-failed page back to right list */
646 void (*putback_page) (struct page *);
647 int (*launder_page) (struct page *);
649 int (*is_partially_uptodate) (struct page *, unsigned long,
651 void (*is_dirty_writeback) (struct page *, bool *, bool *);
652 int (*error_remove_page) (struct mapping *mapping, struct page *page);
653 int (*swap_activate)(struct file *);
654 int (*swap_deactivate)(struct file *);
657 writepage: called by the VM to write a dirty page to backing store.
658 This may happen for data integrity reasons (i.e. 'sync'), or
659 to free up memory (flush). The difference can be seen in
661 The PG_Dirty flag has been cleared and PageLocked is true.
662 writepage should start writeout, should set PG_Writeback,
663 and should make sure the page is unlocked, either synchronously
664 or asynchronously when the write operation completes.
666 If wbc->sync_mode is WB_SYNC_NONE, ->writepage doesn't have to
667 try too hard if there are problems, and may choose to write out
668 other pages from the mapping if that is easier (e.g. due to
669 internal dependencies). If it chooses not to start writeout, it
670 should return AOP_WRITEPAGE_ACTIVATE so that the VM will not keep
671 calling ->writepage on that page.
673 See the file "Locking" for more details.
675 readpage: called by the VM to read a page from backing store.
676 The page will be Locked when readpage is called, and should be
677 unlocked and marked uptodate once the read completes.
678 If ->readpage discovers that it needs to unlock the page for
679 some reason, it can do so, and then return AOP_TRUNCATED_PAGE.
680 In this case, the page will be relocated, relocked and if
681 that all succeeds, ->readpage will be called again.
683 writepages: called by the VM to write out pages associated with the
684 address_space object. If wbc->sync_mode is WBC_SYNC_ALL, then
685 the writeback_control will specify a range of pages that must be
686 written out. If it is WBC_SYNC_NONE, then a nr_to_write is given
687 and that many pages should be written if possible.
688 If no ->writepages is given, then mpage_writepages is used
689 instead. This will choose pages from the address space that are
690 tagged as DIRTY and will pass them to ->writepage.
692 set_page_dirty: called by the VM to set a page dirty.
693 This is particularly needed if an address space attaches
694 private data to a page, and that data needs to be updated when
695 a page is dirtied. This is called, for example, when a memory
696 mapped page gets modified.
697 If defined, it should set the PageDirty flag, and the
698 PAGECACHE_TAG_DIRTY tag in the radix tree.
700 readpages: called by the VM to read pages associated with the address_space
701 object. This is essentially just a vector version of
702 readpage. Instead of just one page, several pages are
704 readpages is only used for read-ahead, so read errors are
705 ignored. If anything goes wrong, feel free to give up.
708 Called by the generic buffered write code to ask the filesystem to
709 prepare to write len bytes at the given offset in the file. The
710 address_space should check that the write will be able to complete,
711 by allocating space if necessary and doing any other internal
712 housekeeping. If the write will update parts of any basic-blocks on
713 storage, then those blocks should be pre-read (if they haven't been
714 read already) so that the updated blocks can be written out properly.
716 The filesystem must return the locked pagecache page for the specified
717 offset, in *pagep, for the caller to write into.
719 It must be able to cope with short writes (where the length passed to
720 write_begin is greater than the number of bytes copied into the page).
722 flags is a field for AOP_FLAG_xxx flags, described in
725 A void * may be returned in fsdata, which then gets passed into
728 Returns 0 on success; < 0 on failure (which is the error code), in
729 which case write_end is not called.
731 write_end: After a successful write_begin, and data copy, write_end must
732 be called. len is the original len passed to write_begin, and copied
733 is the amount that was able to be copied.
735 The filesystem must take care of unlocking the page and releasing it
736 refcount, and updating i_size.
738 Returns < 0 on failure, otherwise the number of bytes (<= 'copied')
739 that were able to be copied into pagecache.
741 bmap: called by the VFS to map a logical block offset within object to
742 physical block number. This method is used by the FIBMAP
743 ioctl and for working with swap-files. To be able to swap to
744 a file, the file must have a stable mapping to a block
745 device. The swap system does not go through the filesystem
746 but instead uses bmap to find out where the blocks in the file
747 are and uses those addresses directly.
749 invalidatepage: If a page has PagePrivate set, then invalidatepage
750 will be called when part or all of the page is to be removed
751 from the address space. This generally corresponds to either a
752 truncation, punch hole or a complete invalidation of the address
753 space (in the latter case 'offset' will always be 0 and 'length'
754 will be PAGE_SIZE). Any private data associated with the page
755 should be updated to reflect this truncation. If offset is 0 and
756 length is PAGE_SIZE, then the private data should be released,
757 because the page must be able to be completely discarded. This may
758 be done by calling the ->releasepage function, but in this case the
759 release MUST succeed.
761 releasepage: releasepage is called on PagePrivate pages to indicate
762 that the page should be freed if possible. ->releasepage
763 should remove any private data from the page and clear the
764 PagePrivate flag. If releasepage() fails for some reason, it must
765 indicate failure with a 0 return value.
766 releasepage() is used in two distinct though related cases. The
767 first is when the VM finds a clean page with no active users and
768 wants to make it a free page. If ->releasepage succeeds, the
769 page will be removed from the address_space and become free.
771 The second case is when a request has been made to invalidate
772 some or all pages in an address_space. This can happen
773 through the fadvise(POSIX_FADV_DONTNEED) system call or by the
774 filesystem explicitly requesting it as nfs and 9fs do (when
775 they believe the cache may be out of date with storage) by
776 calling invalidate_inode_pages2().
777 If the filesystem makes such a call, and needs to be certain
778 that all pages are invalidated, then its releasepage will
779 need to ensure this. Possibly it can clear the PageUptodate
780 bit if it cannot free private data yet.
782 freepage: freepage is called once the page is no longer visible in
783 the page cache in order to allow the cleanup of any private
784 data. Since it may be called by the memory reclaimer, it
785 should not assume that the original address_space mapping still
786 exists, and it should not block.
788 direct_IO: called by the generic read/write routines to perform
789 direct_IO - that is IO requests which bypass the page cache
790 and transfer data directly between the storage and the
791 application's address space.
793 isolate_page: Called by the VM when isolating a movable non-lru page.
794 If page is successfully isolated, VM marks the page as PG_isolated
795 via __SetPageIsolated.
797 migrate_page: This is used to compact the physical memory usage.
798 If the VM wants to relocate a page (maybe off a memory card
799 that is signalling imminent failure) it will pass a new page
800 and an old page to this function. migrate_page should
801 transfer any private data across and update any references
802 that it has to the page.
804 putback_page: Called by the VM when isolated page's migration fails.
806 launder_page: Called before freeing a page - it writes back the dirty page. To
807 prevent redirtying the page, it is kept locked during the whole
810 is_partially_uptodate: Called by the VM when reading a file through the
811 pagecache when the underlying blocksize != pagesize. If the required
812 block is up to date then the read can complete without needing the IO
813 to bring the whole page up to date.
815 is_dirty_writeback: Called by the VM when attempting to reclaim a page.
816 The VM uses dirty and writeback information to determine if it needs
817 to stall to allow flushers a chance to complete some IO. Ordinarily
818 it can use PageDirty and PageWriteback but some filesystems have
819 more complex state (unstable pages in NFS prevent reclaim) or
820 do not set those flags due to locking problems. This callback
821 allows a filesystem to indicate to the VM if a page should be
822 treated as dirty or writeback for the purposes of stalling.
824 error_remove_page: normally set to generic_error_remove_page if truncation
825 is ok for this address space. Used for memory failure handling.
826 Setting this implies you deal with pages going away under you,
827 unless you have them locked or reference counts increased.
829 swap_activate: Called when swapon is used on a file to allocate
830 space if necessary and pin the block lookup information in
831 memory. A return value of zero indicates success,
832 in which case this file can be used to back swapspace. The
833 swapspace operations will be proxied to this address space's
834 ->swap_{out,in} methods.
836 swap_deactivate: Called during swapoff on files where swap_activate
843 A file object represents a file opened by a process. This is also known
844 as an "open file description" in POSIX parlance.
847 struct file_operations
848 ----------------------
850 This describes how the VFS can manipulate an open file. As of kernel
851 4.1, the following members are defined:
853 struct file_operations {
854 struct module *owner;
855 loff_t (*llseek) (struct file *, loff_t, int);
856 ssize_t (*read) (struct file *, char __user *, size_t, loff_t *);
857 ssize_t (*write) (struct file *, const char __user *, size_t, loff_t *);
858 ssize_t (*read_iter) (struct kiocb *, struct iov_iter *);
859 ssize_t (*write_iter) (struct kiocb *, struct iov_iter *);
860 int (*iterate) (struct file *, struct dir_context *);
861 unsigned int (*poll) (struct file *, struct poll_table_struct *);
862 long (*unlocked_ioctl) (struct file *, unsigned int, unsigned long);
863 long (*compat_ioctl) (struct file *, unsigned int, unsigned long);
864 int (*mmap) (struct file *, struct vm_area_struct *);
865 int (*mremap)(struct file *, struct vm_area_struct *);
866 int (*open) (struct inode *, struct file *);
867 int (*flush) (struct file *, fl_owner_t id);
868 int (*release) (struct inode *, struct file *);
869 int (*fsync) (struct file *, loff_t, loff_t, int datasync);
870 int (*fasync) (int, struct file *, int);
871 int (*lock) (struct file *, int, struct file_lock *);
872 ssize_t (*sendpage) (struct file *, struct page *, int, size_t, loff_t *, int);
873 unsigned long (*get_unmapped_area)(struct file *, unsigned long, unsigned long, unsigned long, unsigned long);
874 int (*check_flags)(int);
875 int (*flock) (struct file *, int, struct file_lock *);
876 ssize_t (*splice_write)(struct pipe_inode_info *, struct file *, loff_t *, size_t, unsigned int);
877 ssize_t (*splice_read)(struct file *, loff_t *, struct pipe_inode_info *, size_t, unsigned int);
878 int (*setlease)(struct file *, long, struct file_lock **, void **);
879 long (*fallocate)(struct file *file, int mode, loff_t offset,
881 void (*show_fdinfo)(struct seq_file *m, struct file *f);
883 unsigned (*mmap_capabilities)(struct file *);
887 Again, all methods are called without any locks being held, unless
890 llseek: called when the VFS needs to move the file position index
892 read: called by read(2) and related system calls
894 read_iter: possibly asynchronous read with iov_iter as destination
896 write: called by write(2) and related system calls
898 write_iter: possibly asynchronous write with iov_iter as source
900 iterate: called when the VFS needs to read the directory contents
902 poll: called by the VFS when a process wants to check if there is
903 activity on this file and (optionally) go to sleep until there
904 is activity. Called by the select(2) and poll(2) system calls
906 unlocked_ioctl: called by the ioctl(2) system call.
908 compat_ioctl: called by the ioctl(2) system call when 32 bit system calls
909 are used on 64 bit kernels.
911 mmap: called by the mmap(2) system call
913 open: called by the VFS when an inode should be opened. When the VFS
914 opens a file, it creates a new "struct file". It then calls the
915 open method for the newly allocated file structure. You might
916 think that the open method really belongs in
917 "struct inode_operations", and you may be right. I think it's
918 done the way it is because it makes filesystems simpler to
919 implement. The open() method is a good place to initialize the
920 "private_data" member in the file structure if you want to point
921 to a device structure
923 flush: called by the close(2) system call to flush a file
925 release: called when the last reference to an open file is closed
927 fsync: called by the fsync(2) system call. Also see the section above
928 entitled "Handling errors during writeback".
930 fasync: called by the fcntl(2) system call when asynchronous
931 (non-blocking) mode is enabled for a file
933 lock: called by the fcntl(2) system call for F_GETLK, F_SETLK, and F_SETLKW
936 get_unmapped_area: called by the mmap(2) system call
938 check_flags: called by the fcntl(2) system call for F_SETFL command
940 flock: called by the flock(2) system call
942 splice_write: called by the VFS to splice data from a pipe to a file. This
943 method is used by the splice(2) system call
945 splice_read: called by the VFS to splice data from file to a pipe. This
946 method is used by the splice(2) system call
948 setlease: called by the VFS to set or release a file lock lease. setlease
949 implementations should call generic_setlease to record or remove
950 the lease in the inode after setting it.
952 fallocate: called by the VFS to preallocate blocks or punch a hole.
954 Note that the file operations are implemented by the specific
955 filesystem in which the inode resides. When opening a device node
956 (character or block special) most filesystems will call special
957 support routines in the VFS which will locate the required device
958 driver information. These support routines replace the filesystem file
959 operations with those for the device driver, and then proceed to call
960 the new open() method for the file. This is how opening a device file
961 in the filesystem eventually ends up calling the device driver open()
965 Directory Entry Cache (dcache)
966 ==============================
969 struct dentry_operations
970 ------------------------
972 This describes how a filesystem can overload the standard dentry
973 operations. Dentries and the dcache are the domain of the VFS and the
974 individual filesystem implementations. Device drivers have no business
975 here. These methods may be set to NULL, as they are either optional or
976 the VFS uses a default. As of kernel 2.6.22, the following members are
979 struct dentry_operations {
980 int (*d_revalidate)(struct dentry *, unsigned int);
981 int (*d_weak_revalidate)(struct dentry *, unsigned int);
982 int (*d_hash)(const struct dentry *, struct qstr *);
983 int (*d_compare)(const struct dentry *,
984 unsigned int, const char *, const struct qstr *);
985 int (*d_delete)(const struct dentry *);
986 int (*d_init)(struct dentry *);
987 void (*d_release)(struct dentry *);
988 void (*d_iput)(struct dentry *, struct inode *);
989 char *(*d_dname)(struct dentry *, char *, int);
990 struct vfsmount *(*d_automount)(struct path *);
991 int (*d_manage)(const struct path *, bool);
992 struct dentry *(*d_real)(struct dentry *, const struct inode *,
996 d_revalidate: called when the VFS needs to revalidate a dentry. This
997 is called whenever a name look-up finds a dentry in the
998 dcache. Most local filesystems leave this as NULL, because all their
999 dentries in the dcache are valid. Network filesystems are different
1000 since things can change on the server without the client necessarily
1003 This function should return a positive value if the dentry is still
1004 valid, and zero or a negative error code if it isn't.
1006 d_revalidate may be called in rcu-walk mode (flags & LOOKUP_RCU).
1007 If in rcu-walk mode, the filesystem must revalidate the dentry without
1008 blocking or storing to the dentry, d_parent and d_inode should not be
1009 used without care (because they can change and, in d_inode case, even
1010 become NULL under us).
1012 If a situation is encountered that rcu-walk cannot handle, return
1013 -ECHILD and it will be called again in ref-walk mode.
1015 d_weak_revalidate: called when the VFS needs to revalidate a "jumped" dentry.
1016 This is called when a path-walk ends at dentry that was not acquired by
1017 doing a lookup in the parent directory. This includes "/", "." and "..",
1018 as well as procfs-style symlinks and mountpoint traversal.
1020 In this case, we are less concerned with whether the dentry is still
1021 fully correct, but rather that the inode is still valid. As with
1022 d_revalidate, most local filesystems will set this to NULL since their
1023 dcache entries are always valid.
1025 This function has the same return code semantics as d_revalidate.
1027 d_weak_revalidate is only called after leaving rcu-walk mode.
1029 d_hash: called when the VFS adds a dentry to the hash table. The first
1030 dentry passed to d_hash is the parent directory that the name is
1033 Same locking and synchronisation rules as d_compare regarding
1034 what is safe to dereference etc.
1036 d_compare: called to compare a dentry name with a given name. The first
1037 dentry is the parent of the dentry to be compared, the second is
1038 the child dentry. len and name string are properties of the dentry
1039 to be compared. qstr is the name to compare it with.
1041 Must be constant and idempotent, and should not take locks if
1042 possible, and should not or store into the dentry.
1043 Should not dereference pointers outside the dentry without
1044 lots of care (eg. d_parent, d_inode, d_name should not be used).
1046 However, our vfsmount is pinned, and RCU held, so the dentries and
1047 inodes won't disappear, neither will our sb or filesystem module.
1050 It is a tricky calling convention because it needs to be called under
1051 "rcu-walk", ie. without any locks or references on things.
1053 d_delete: called when the last reference to a dentry is dropped and the
1054 dcache is deciding whether or not to cache it. Return 1 to delete
1055 immediately, or 0 to cache the dentry. Default is NULL which means to
1056 always cache a reachable dentry. d_delete must be constant and
1059 d_init: called when a dentry is allocated
1061 d_release: called when a dentry is really deallocated
1063 d_iput: called when a dentry loses its inode (just prior to its
1064 being deallocated). The default when this is NULL is that the
1065 VFS calls iput(). If you define this method, you must call
1068 d_dname: called when the pathname of a dentry should be generated.
1069 Useful for some pseudo filesystems (sockfs, pipefs, ...) to delay
1070 pathname generation. (Instead of doing it when dentry is created,
1071 it's done only when the path is needed.). Real filesystems probably
1072 dont want to use it, because their dentries are present in global
1073 dcache hash, so their hash should be an invariant. As no lock is
1074 held, d_dname() should not try to modify the dentry itself, unless
1075 appropriate SMP safety is used. CAUTION : d_path() logic is quite
1076 tricky. The correct way to return for example "Hello" is to put it
1077 at the end of the buffer, and returns a pointer to the first char.
1078 dynamic_dname() helper function is provided to take care of this.
1082 static char *pipefs_dname(struct dentry *dent, char *buffer, int buflen)
1084 return dynamic_dname(dentry, buffer, buflen, "pipe:[%lu]",
1085 dentry->d_inode->i_ino);
1088 d_automount: called when an automount dentry is to be traversed (optional).
1089 This should create a new VFS mount record and return the record to the
1090 caller. The caller is supplied with a path parameter giving the
1091 automount directory to describe the automount target and the parent
1092 VFS mount record to provide inheritable mount parameters. NULL should
1093 be returned if someone else managed to make the automount first. If
1094 the vfsmount creation failed, then an error code should be returned.
1095 If -EISDIR is returned, then the directory will be treated as an
1096 ordinary directory and returned to pathwalk to continue walking.
1098 If a vfsmount is returned, the caller will attempt to mount it on the
1099 mountpoint and will remove the vfsmount from its expiration list in
1100 the case of failure. The vfsmount should be returned with 2 refs on
1101 it to prevent automatic expiration - the caller will clean up the
1104 This function is only used if DCACHE_NEED_AUTOMOUNT is set on the
1105 dentry. This is set by __d_instantiate() if S_AUTOMOUNT is set on the
1108 d_manage: called to allow the filesystem to manage the transition from a
1109 dentry (optional). This allows autofs, for example, to hold up clients
1110 waiting to explore behind a 'mountpoint' whilst letting the daemon go
1111 past and construct the subtree there. 0 should be returned to let the
1112 calling process continue. -EISDIR can be returned to tell pathwalk to
1113 use this directory as an ordinary directory and to ignore anything
1114 mounted on it and not to check the automount flag. Any other error
1115 code will abort pathwalk completely.
1117 If the 'rcu_walk' parameter is true, then the caller is doing a
1118 pathwalk in RCU-walk mode. Sleeping is not permitted in this mode,
1119 and the caller can be asked to leave it and call again by returning
1120 -ECHILD. -EISDIR may also be returned to tell pathwalk to
1121 ignore d_automount or any mounts.
1123 This function is only used if DCACHE_MANAGE_TRANSIT is set on the
1124 dentry being transited from.
1126 d_real: overlay/union type filesystems implement this method to return one of
1127 the underlying dentries hidden by the overlay. It is used in three
1130 Called from open it may need to copy-up the file depending on the
1131 supplied open flags. This mode is selected with a non-zero flags
1132 argument. In this mode the d_real method can return an error.
1134 Called from file_dentry() it returns the real dentry matching the inode
1135 argument. The real dentry may be from a lower layer already copied up,
1136 but still referenced from the file. This mode is selected with a
1137 non-NULL inode argument. This will always succeed.
1139 With NULL inode and zero flags the topmost real underlying dentry is
1140 returned. This will always succeed.
1142 This method is never called with both non-NULL inode and non-zero flags.
1144 Each dentry has a pointer to its parent dentry, as well as a hash list
1145 of child dentries. Child dentries are basically like files in a
1149 Directory Entry Cache API
1150 --------------------------
1152 There are a number of functions defined which permit a filesystem to
1153 manipulate dentries:
1155 dget: open a new handle for an existing dentry (this just increments
1158 dput: close a handle for a dentry (decrements the usage count). If
1159 the usage count drops to 0, and the dentry is still in its
1160 parent's hash, the "d_delete" method is called to check whether
1161 it should be cached. If it should not be cached, or if the dentry
1162 is not hashed, it is deleted. Otherwise cached dentries are put
1163 into an LRU list to be reclaimed on memory shortage.
1165 d_drop: this unhashes a dentry from its parents hash list. A
1166 subsequent call to dput() will deallocate the dentry if its
1167 usage count drops to 0
1169 d_delete: delete a dentry. If there are no other open references to
1170 the dentry then the dentry is turned into a negative dentry
1171 (the d_iput() method is called). If there are other
1172 references, then d_drop() is called instead
1174 d_add: add a dentry to its parents hash list and then calls
1177 d_instantiate: add a dentry to the alias hash list for the inode and
1178 updates the "d_inode" member. The "i_count" member in the
1179 inode structure should be set/incremented. If the inode
1180 pointer is NULL, the dentry is called a "negative
1181 dentry". This function is commonly called when an inode is
1182 created for an existing negative dentry
1184 d_lookup: look up a dentry given its parent and path name component
1185 It looks up the child of that given name from the dcache
1186 hash table. If it is found, the reference count is incremented
1187 and the dentry is returned. The caller must use dput()
1188 to free the dentry when it finishes using it.
1196 On mount and remount the filesystem is passed a string containing a
1197 comma separated list of mount options. The options can have either of
1203 The <linux/parser.h> header defines an API that helps parse these
1204 options. There are plenty of examples on how to use it in existing
1210 If a filesystem accepts mount options, it must define show_options()
1211 to show all the currently active options. The rules are:
1213 - options MUST be shown which are not default or their values differ
1216 - options MAY be shown which are enabled by default or have their
1219 Options used only internally between a mount helper and the kernel
1220 (such as file descriptors), or which only have an effect during the
1221 mounting (such as ones controlling the creation of a journal) are exempt
1222 from the above rules.
1224 The underlying reason for the above rules is to make sure, that a
1225 mount can be accurately replicated (e.g. umounting and mounting again)
1226 based on the information found in /proc/mounts.
1231 (Note some of these resources are not up-to-date with the latest kernel
1234 Creating Linux virtual filesystems. 2002
1235 <http://lwn.net/Articles/13325/>
1237 The Linux Virtual File-system Layer by Neil Brown. 1999
1238 <http://www.cse.unsw.edu.au/~neilb/oss/linux-commentary/vfs.html>
1240 A tour of the Linux VFS by Michael K. Johnson. 1996
1241 <http://www.tldp.org/LDP/khg/HyperNews/get/fs/vfstour.html>
1243 A small trail through the Linux kernel by Andries Brouwer. 2001
1244 <http://www.win.tue.nl/~aeb/linux/vfs/trail.html>
projects / mirror_ubuntu-artful-kernel.git / blob