Merge tag 'for-linus' of git://git.armlinux.org.uk/~rmk/linux-arm

[mirror_ubuntu-jammy-kernel.git] / arch / arm / kernel / traps.c

// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-only
/*
 *  linux/arch/arm/kernel/traps.c
 *
 *  Copyright (C) 1995-2009 Russell King
 *  Fragments that appear the same as linux/arch/i386/kernel/traps.c (C) Linus Torvalds
 *
 *  'traps.c' handles hardware exceptions after we have saved some state in
 *  'linux/arch/arm/lib/traps.S'.  Mostly a debugging aid, but will probably
 *  kill the offending process.
 */
#include <linux/signal.h>
#include <linux/personality.h>
#include <linux/kallsyms.h>
#include <linux/spinlock.h>
#include <linux/uaccess.h>
#include <linux/hardirq.h>
#include <linux/kdebug.h>
#include <linux/kprobes.h>
#include <linux/module.h>
#include <linux/kexec.h>
#include <linux/bug.h>
#include <linux/delay.h>
#include <linux/init.h>
#include <linux/sched/signal.h>
#include <linux/sched/debug.h>
#include <linux/sched/task_stack.h>
#include <linux/irq.h>

#include <linux/atomic.h>
#include <asm/cacheflush.h>
#include <asm/exception.h>
#include <asm/unistd.h>
#include <asm/traps.h>
#include <asm/ptrace.h>
#include <asm/unwind.h>
#include <asm/tls.h>
#include <asm/system_misc.h>
#include <asm/opcodes.h>


static const char *handler[]= {
        "prefetch abort",
        "data abort",
        "address exception",
        "interrupt",
        "undefined instruction",
};

void *vectors_page;

#ifdef CONFIG_DEBUG_USER
unsigned int user_debug;

static int __init user_debug_setup(char *str)
{
        get_option(&str, &user_debug);
        return 1;
}
__setup("user_debug=", user_debug_setup);
#endif

static void dump_mem(const char *, const char *, unsigned long, unsigned long);

void dump_backtrace_entry(unsigned long where, unsigned long from,
                          unsigned long frame, const char *loglvl)
{
        unsigned long end = frame + 4 + sizeof(struct pt_regs);

#ifdef CONFIG_KALLSYMS
        printk("%s[<%08lx>] (%ps) from [<%08lx>] (%pS)\n",
                loglvl, where, (void *)where, from, (void *)from);
#else
        printk("%sFunction entered at [<%08lx>] from [<%08lx>]\n",
                loglvl, where, from);
#endif

        if (in_entry_text(from) && end <= ALIGN(frame, THREAD_SIZE))
                dump_mem(loglvl, "Exception stack", frame + 4, end);
}

void dump_backtrace_stm(u32 *stack, u32 instruction, const char *loglvl)
{
        char str[80], *p;
        unsigned int x;
        int reg;

        for (reg = 10, x = 0, p = str; reg >= 0; reg--) {
                if (instruction & BIT(reg)) {
                        p += sprintf(p, " r%d:%08x", reg, *stack--);
                        if (++x == 6) {
                                x = 0;
                                p = str;
                                printk("%s%s\n", loglvl, str);
                        }
                }
        }
        if (p != str)
                printk("%s%s\n", loglvl, str);
}

#ifndef CONFIG_ARM_UNWIND
/*
 * Stack pointers should always be within the kernels view of
 * physical memory.  If it is not there, then we can't dump
 * out any information relating to the stack.
 */
static int verify_stack(unsigned long sp)
{
        if (sp < PAGE_OFFSET ||
            (sp > (unsigned long)high_memory && high_memory != NULL))
                return -EFAULT;

        return 0;
}
#endif

/*
 * Dump out the contents of some memory nicely...
 */
static void dump_mem(const char *lvl, const char *str, unsigned long bottom,
                     unsigned long top)
{
        unsigned long first;
        int i;

        printk("%s%s(0x%08lx to 0x%08lx)\n", lvl, str, bottom, top);

        for (first = bottom & ~31; first < top; first += 32) {
                unsigned long p;
                char str[sizeof(" 12345678") * 8 + 1];

                memset(str, ' ', sizeof(str));
                str[sizeof(str) - 1] = '\0';

                for (p = first, i = 0; i < 8 && p < top; i++, p += 4) {
                        if (p >= bottom && p < top) {
                                unsigned long val;
                                if (get_kernel_nofault(val, (unsigned long *)p))
                                        sprintf(str + i * 9, " %08lx", val);
                                else
                                        sprintf(str + i * 9, " ????????");
                        }
                }
                printk("%s%04lx:%s\n", lvl, first & 0xffff, str);
        }
}

static void dump_instr(const char *lvl, struct pt_regs *regs)
{
        unsigned long addr = instruction_pointer(regs);
        const int thumb = thumb_mode(regs);
        const int width = thumb ? 4 : 8;
        char str[sizeof("00000000 ") * 5 + 2 + 1], *p = str;
        int i;

        /*
         * Note that we now dump the code first, just in case the backtrace
         * kills us.
         */

        for (i = -4; i < 1 + !!thumb; i++) {
                unsigned int val, bad;

                if (!user_mode(regs)) {
                        if (thumb) {
                                u16 val16;
                                bad = get_kernel_nofault(val16, &((u16 *)addr)[i]);
                                val = val16;
                        } else {
                                bad = get_kernel_nofault(val, &((u32 *)addr)[i]);
                        }
                } else {
                        if (thumb)
                                bad = get_user(val, &((u16 *)addr)[i]);
                        else
                                bad = get_user(val, &((u32 *)addr)[i]);
                }

                if (!bad)
                        p += sprintf(p, i == 0 ? "(%0*x) " : "%0*x ",
                                        width, val);
                else {
                        p += sprintf(p, "bad PC value");
                        break;
                }
        }
        printk("%sCode: %s\n", lvl, str);
}

#ifdef CONFIG_ARM_UNWIND
static inline void dump_backtrace(struct pt_regs *regs, struct task_struct *tsk,
                                  const char *loglvl)
{
        unwind_backtrace(regs, tsk, loglvl);
}
#else
static void dump_backtrace(struct pt_regs *regs, struct task_struct *tsk,
                           const char *loglvl)
{
        unsigned int fp, mode;
        int ok = 1;

        printk("%sBacktrace: ", loglvl);

        if (!tsk)
                tsk = current;

        if (regs) {
                fp = frame_pointer(regs);
                mode = processor_mode(regs);
        } else if (tsk != current) {
                fp = thread_saved_fp(tsk);
                mode = 0x10;
        } else {
                asm("mov %0, fp" : "=r" (fp) : : "cc");
                mode = 0x10;
        }

        if (!fp) {
                pr_cont("no frame pointer");
                ok = 0;
        } else if (verify_stack(fp)) {
                pr_cont("invalid frame pointer 0x%08x", fp);
                ok = 0;
        } else if (fp < (unsigned long)end_of_stack(tsk))
                pr_cont("frame pointer underflow");
        pr_cont("\n");

        if (ok)
                c_backtrace(fp, mode, loglvl);
}
#endif

void show_stack(struct task_struct *tsk, unsigned long *sp, const char *loglvl)
{
        dump_backtrace(NULL, tsk, loglvl);
        barrier();
}

#ifdef CONFIG_PREEMPT
#define S_PREEMPT " PREEMPT"
#elif defined(CONFIG_PREEMPT_RT)
#define S_PREEMPT " PREEMPT_RT"
#else
#define S_PREEMPT ""
#endif
#ifdef CONFIG_SMP
#define S_SMP " SMP"
#else
#define S_SMP ""
#endif
#ifdef CONFIG_THUMB2_KERNEL
#define S_ISA " THUMB2"
#else
#define S_ISA " ARM"
#endif

static int __die(const char *str, int err, struct pt_regs *regs)
{
        struct task_struct *tsk = current;
        static int die_counter;
        int ret;

        pr_emerg("Internal error: %s: %x [#%d]" S_PREEMPT S_SMP S_ISA "\n",
                 str, err, ++die_counter);

        /* trap and error numbers are mostly meaningless on ARM */
        ret = notify_die(DIE_OOPS, str, regs, err, tsk->thread.trap_no, SIGSEGV);
        if (ret == NOTIFY_STOP)
                return 1;

        print_modules();
        __show_regs(regs);
        __show_regs_alloc_free(regs);
        pr_emerg("Process %.*s (pid: %d, stack limit = 0x%p)\n",
                 TASK_COMM_LEN, tsk->comm, task_pid_nr(tsk), end_of_stack(tsk));

        if (!user_mode(regs) || in_interrupt()) {
                dump_mem(KERN_EMERG, "Stack: ", regs->ARM_sp,
                         THREAD_SIZE + (unsigned long)task_stack_page(tsk));
                dump_backtrace(regs, tsk, KERN_EMERG);
                dump_instr(KERN_EMERG, regs);
        }

        return 0;
}

static arch_spinlock_t die_lock = __ARCH_SPIN_LOCK_UNLOCKED;
static int die_owner = -1;
static unsigned int die_nest_count;

static unsigned long oops_begin(void)
{
        int cpu;
        unsigned long flags;

        oops_enter();

        /* racy, but better than risking deadlock. */
        raw_local_irq_save(flags);
        cpu = smp_processor_id();
        if (!arch_spin_trylock(&die_lock)) {
                if (cpu == die_owner)
                        /* nested oops. should stop eventually */;
                else
                        arch_spin_lock(&die_lock);
        }
        die_nest_count++;
        die_owner = cpu;
        console_verbose();
        bust_spinlocks(1);
        return flags;
}

static void oops_end(unsigned long flags, struct pt_regs *regs, int signr)
{
        if (regs && kexec_should_crash(current))
                crash_kexec(regs);

        bust_spinlocks(0);
        die_owner = -1;
        add_taint(TAINT_DIE, LOCKDEP_NOW_UNRELIABLE);
        die_nest_count--;
        if (!die_nest_count)
                /* Nest count reaches zero, release the lock. */
                arch_spin_unlock(&die_lock);
        raw_local_irq_restore(flags);
        oops_exit();

        if (in_interrupt())
                panic("Fatal exception in interrupt");
        if (panic_on_oops)
                panic("Fatal exception");
        if (signr)
                do_exit(signr);
}

/*
 * This function is protected against re-entrancy.
 */
void die(const char *str, struct pt_regs *regs, int err)
{
        enum bug_trap_type bug_type = BUG_TRAP_TYPE_NONE;
        unsigned long flags = oops_begin();
        int sig = SIGSEGV;

        if (!user_mode(regs))
                bug_type = report_bug(regs->ARM_pc, regs);
        if (bug_type != BUG_TRAP_TYPE_NONE)
                str = "Oops - BUG";

        if (__die(str, err, regs))
                sig = 0;

        oops_end(flags, regs, sig);
}

void arm_notify_die(const char *str, struct pt_regs *regs,
                int signo, int si_code, void __user *addr,
                unsigned long err, unsigned long trap)
{
        if (user_mode(regs)) {
                current->thread.error_code = err;
                current->thread.trap_no = trap;

                force_sig_fault(signo, si_code, addr);
        } else {
                die(str, regs, err);
        }
}

#ifdef CONFIG_GENERIC_BUG

int is_valid_bugaddr(unsigned long pc)
{
#ifdef CONFIG_THUMB2_KERNEL
        u16 bkpt;
        u16 insn = __opcode_to_mem_thumb16(BUG_INSTR_VALUE);
#else
        u32 bkpt;
        u32 insn = __opcode_to_mem_arm(BUG_INSTR_VALUE);
#endif

        if (get_kernel_nofault(bkpt, (void *)pc))
                return 0;

        return bkpt == insn;
}

#endif

static LIST_HEAD(undef_hook);
static DEFINE_RAW_SPINLOCK(undef_lock);

void register_undef_hook(struct undef_hook *hook)
{
        unsigned long flags;

        raw_spin_lock_irqsave(&undef_lock, flags);
        list_add(&hook->node, &undef_hook);
        raw_spin_unlock_irqrestore(&undef_lock, flags);
}

void unregister_undef_hook(struct undef_hook *hook)
{
        unsigned long flags;

        raw_spin_lock_irqsave(&undef_lock, flags);
        list_del(&hook->node);
        raw_spin_unlock_irqrestore(&undef_lock, flags);
}

static nokprobe_inline
int call_undef_hook(struct pt_regs *regs, unsigned int instr)
{
        struct undef_hook *hook;
        unsigned long flags;
        int (*fn)(struct pt_regs *regs, unsigned int instr) = NULL;

        raw_spin_lock_irqsave(&undef_lock, flags);
        list_for_each_entry(hook, &undef_hook, node)
                if ((instr & hook->instr_mask) == hook->instr_val &&
                    (regs->ARM_cpsr & hook->cpsr_mask) == hook->cpsr_val)
                        fn = hook->fn;
        raw_spin_unlock_irqrestore(&undef_lock, flags);

        return fn ? fn(regs, instr) : 1;
}

asmlinkage void do_undefinstr(struct pt_regs *regs)
{
        unsigned int instr;
        void __user *pc;

        pc = (void __user *)instruction_pointer(regs);

        if (processor_mode(regs) == SVC_MODE) {
#ifdef CONFIG_THUMB2_KERNEL
                if (thumb_mode(regs)) {
                        instr = __mem_to_opcode_thumb16(((u16 *)pc)[0]);
                        if (is_wide_instruction(instr)) {
                                u16 inst2;
                                inst2 = __mem_to_opcode_thumb16(((u16 *)pc)[1]);
                                instr = __opcode_thumb32_compose(instr, inst2);
                        }
                } else
#endif
                        instr = __mem_to_opcode_arm(*(u32 *) pc);
        } else if (thumb_mode(regs)) {
                if (get_user(instr, (u16 __user *)pc))
                        goto die_sig;
                instr = __mem_to_opcode_thumb16(instr);
                if (is_wide_instruction(instr)) {
                        unsigned int instr2;
                        if (get_user(instr2, (u16 __user *)pc+1))
                                goto die_sig;
                        instr2 = __mem_to_opcode_thumb16(instr2);
                        instr = __opcode_thumb32_compose(instr, instr2);
                }
        } else {
                if (get_user(instr, (u32 __user *)pc))
                        goto die_sig;
                instr = __mem_to_opcode_arm(instr);
        }

        if (call_undef_hook(regs, instr) == 0)
                return;

die_sig:
#ifdef CONFIG_DEBUG_USER
        if (user_debug & UDBG_UNDEFINED) {
                pr_info("%s (%d): undefined instruction: pc=%p\n",
                        current->comm, task_pid_nr(current), pc);
                __show_regs(regs);
                dump_instr(KERN_INFO, regs);
        }
#endif
        arm_notify_die("Oops - undefined instruction", regs,
                       SIGILL, ILL_ILLOPC, pc, 0, 6);
}
NOKPROBE_SYMBOL(do_undefinstr)

/*
 * Handle FIQ similarly to NMI on x86 systems.
 *
 * The runtime environment for NMIs is extremely restrictive
 * (NMIs can pre-empt critical sections meaning almost all locking is
 * forbidden) meaning this default FIQ handling must only be used in
 * circumstances where non-maskability improves robustness, such as
 * watchdog or debug logic.
 *
 * This handler is not appropriate for general purpose use in drivers
 * platform code and can be overrideen using set_fiq_handler.
 */
asmlinkage void __exception_irq_entry handle_fiq_as_nmi(struct pt_regs *regs)
{
        struct pt_regs *old_regs = set_irq_regs(regs);

        nmi_enter();

        /* nop. FIQ handlers for special arch/arm features can be added here. */

        nmi_exit();

        set_irq_regs(old_regs);
}

/*
 * bad_mode handles the impossible case in the vectors.  If you see one of
 * these, then it's extremely serious, and could mean you have buggy hardware.
 * It never returns, and never tries to sync.  We hope that we can at least
 * dump out some state information...
 */
asmlinkage void bad_mode(struct pt_regs *regs, int reason)
{
        console_verbose();

        pr_crit("Bad mode in %s handler detected\n", handler[reason]);

        die("Oops - bad mode", regs, 0);
        local_irq_disable();
        panic("bad mode");
}

static int bad_syscall(int n, struct pt_regs *regs)
{
        if ((current->personality & PER_MASK) != PER_LINUX) {
                send_sig(SIGSEGV, current, 1);
                return regs->ARM_r0;
        }

#ifdef CONFIG_DEBUG_USER
        if (user_debug & UDBG_SYSCALL) {
                pr_err("[%d] %s: obsolete system call %08x.\n",
                        task_pid_nr(current), current->comm, n);
                dump_instr(KERN_ERR, regs);
        }
#endif

        arm_notify_die("Oops - bad syscall", regs, SIGILL, ILL_ILLTRP,
                       (void __user *)instruction_pointer(regs) -
                         (thumb_mode(regs) ? 2 : 4),
                       n, 0);

        return regs->ARM_r0;
}

static inline int
__do_cache_op(unsigned long start, unsigned long end)
{
        int ret;

        do {
                unsigned long chunk = min(PAGE_SIZE, end - start);

                if (fatal_signal_pending(current))
                        return 0;

                ret = flush_icache_user_range(start, start + chunk);
                if (ret)
                        return ret;

                cond_resched();
                start += chunk;
        } while (start < end);

        return 0;
}

static inline int
do_cache_op(unsigned long start, unsigned long end, int flags)
{
        if (end < start || flags)
                return -EINVAL;

        if (!access_ok(start, end - start))
                return -EFAULT;

        return __do_cache_op(start, end);
}

/*
 * Handle all unrecognised system calls.
 *  0x9f0000 - 0x9fffff are some more esoteric system calls
 */
#define NR(x) ((__ARM_NR_##x) - __ARM_NR_BASE)
asmlinkage int arm_syscall(int no, struct pt_regs *regs)
{
        if ((no >> 16) != (__ARM_NR_BASE>> 16))
                return bad_syscall(no, regs);

        switch (no & 0xffff) {
        case 0: /* branch through 0 */
                arm_notify_die("branch through zero", regs,
                               SIGSEGV, SEGV_MAPERR, NULL, 0, 0);
                return 0;

        case NR(breakpoint): /* SWI BREAK_POINT */
                regs->ARM_pc -= thumb_mode(regs) ? 2 : 4;
                ptrace_break(regs);
                return regs->ARM_r0;

        /*
         * Flush a region from virtual address 'r0' to virtual address 'r1'
         * _exclusive_.  There is no alignment requirement on either address;
         * user space does not need to know the hardware cache layout.
         *
         * r2 contains flags.  It should ALWAYS be passed as ZERO until it
         * is defined to be something else.  For now we ignore it, but may
         * the fires of hell burn in your belly if you break this rule. ;)
         *
         * (at a later date, we may want to allow this call to not flush
         * various aspects of the cache.  Passing '0' will guarantee that
         * everything necessary gets flushed to maintain consistency in
         * the specified region).
         */
        case NR(cacheflush):
                return do_cache_op(regs->ARM_r0, regs->ARM_r1, regs->ARM_r2);

        case NR(usr26):
                if (!(elf_hwcap & HWCAP_26BIT))
                        break;
                regs->ARM_cpsr &= ~MODE32_BIT;
                return regs->ARM_r0;

        case NR(usr32):
                if (!(elf_hwcap & HWCAP_26BIT))
                        break;
                regs->ARM_cpsr |= MODE32_BIT;
                return regs->ARM_r0;

        case NR(set_tls):
                set_tls(regs->ARM_r0);
                return 0;

        case NR(get_tls):
                return current_thread_info()->tp_value[0];

        default:
                /* Calls 9f00xx..9f07ff are defined to return -ENOSYS
                   if not implemented, rather than raising SIGILL.  This
                   way the calling program can gracefully determine whether
                   a feature is supported.  */
                if ((no & 0xffff) <= 0x7ff)
                        return -ENOSYS;
                break;
        }
#ifdef CONFIG_DEBUG_USER
        /*
         * experience shows that these seem to indicate that
         * something catastrophic has happened
         */
        if (user_debug & UDBG_SYSCALL) {
                pr_err("[%d] %s: arm syscall %d\n",
                       task_pid_nr(current), current->comm, no);
                dump_instr(KERN_ERR, regs);
                if (user_mode(regs)) {
                        __show_regs(regs);
                        c_backtrace(frame_pointer(regs), processor_mode(regs), KERN_ERR);
                }
        }
#endif
        arm_notify_die("Oops - bad syscall(2)", regs, SIGILL, ILL_ILLTRP,
                       (void __user *)instruction_pointer(regs) -
                         (thumb_mode(regs) ? 2 : 4),
                       no, 0);
        return 0;
}

#ifdef CONFIG_TLS_REG_EMUL

/*
 * We might be running on an ARMv6+ processor which should have the TLS
 * register but for some reason we can't use it, or maybe an SMP system
 * using a pre-ARMv6 processor (there are apparently a few prototypes like
 * that in existence) and therefore access to that register must be
 * emulated.
 */

static int get_tp_trap(struct pt_regs *regs, unsigned int instr)
{
        int reg = (instr >> 12) & 15;
        if (reg == 15)
                return 1;
        regs->uregs[reg] = current_thread_info()->tp_value[0];
        regs->ARM_pc += 4;
        return 0;
}

static struct undef_hook arm_mrc_hook = {
        .instr_mask     = 0x0fff0fff,
        .instr_val      = 0x0e1d0f70,
        .cpsr_mask      = PSR_T_BIT,
        .cpsr_val       = 0,
        .fn             = get_tp_trap,
};

static int __init arm_mrc_hook_init(void)
{
        register_undef_hook(&arm_mrc_hook);
        return 0;
}

late_initcall(arm_mrc_hook_init);

#endif

/*
 * A data abort trap was taken, but we did not handle the instruction.
 * Try to abort the user program, or panic if it was the kernel.
 */
asmlinkage void
baddataabort(int code, unsigned long instr, struct pt_regs *regs)
{
        unsigned long addr = instruction_pointer(regs);

#ifdef CONFIG_DEBUG_USER
        if (user_debug & UDBG_BADABORT) {
                pr_err("8<--- cut here ---\n");
                pr_err("[%d] %s: bad data abort: code %d instr 0x%08lx\n",
                       task_pid_nr(current), current->comm, code, instr);
                dump_instr(KERN_ERR, regs);
                show_pte(KERN_ERR, current->mm, addr);
        }
#endif

        arm_notify_die("unknown data abort code", regs,
                       SIGILL, ILL_ILLOPC, (void __user *)addr, instr, 0);
}

void __readwrite_bug(const char *fn)
{
        pr_err("%s called, but not implemented\n", fn);
        BUG();
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(__readwrite_bug);

void __pte_error(const char *file, int line, pte_t pte)
{
        pr_err("%s:%d: bad pte %08llx.\n", file, line, (long long)pte_val(pte));
}

void __pmd_error(const char *file, int line, pmd_t pmd)
{
        pr_err("%s:%d: bad pmd %08llx.\n", file, line, (long long)pmd_val(pmd));
}

void __pgd_error(const char *file, int line, pgd_t pgd)
{
        pr_err("%s:%d: bad pgd %08llx.\n", file, line, (long long)pgd_val(pgd));
}

asmlinkage void __div0(void)
{
        pr_err("Division by zero in kernel.\n");
        dump_stack();
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(__div0);

void abort(void)
{
        BUG();

        /* if that doesn't kill us, halt */
        panic("Oops failed to kill thread");
}

#ifdef CONFIG_KUSER_HELPERS
static void __init kuser_init(void *vectors)
{
        extern char __kuser_helper_start[], __kuser_helper_end[];
        int kuser_sz = __kuser_helper_end - __kuser_helper_start;

        memcpy(vectors + 0x1000 - kuser_sz, __kuser_helper_start, kuser_sz);

        /*
         * vectors + 0xfe0 = __kuser_get_tls
         * vectors + 0xfe8 = hardware TLS instruction at 0xffff0fe8
         */
        if (tls_emu || has_tls_reg)
                memcpy(vectors + 0xfe0, vectors + 0xfe8, 4);
}
#else
static inline void __init kuser_init(void *vectors)
{
}
#endif

void __init early_trap_init(void *vectors_base)
{
#ifndef CONFIG_CPU_V7M
        unsigned long vectors = (unsigned long)vectors_base;
        extern char __stubs_start[], __stubs_end[];
        extern char __vectors_start[], __vectors_end[];
        unsigned i;

        vectors_page = vectors_base;

        /*
         * Poison the vectors page with an undefined instruction.  This
         * instruction is chosen to be undefined for both ARM and Thumb
         * ISAs.  The Thumb version is an undefined instruction with a
         * branch back to the undefined instruction.
         */
        for (i = 0; i < PAGE_SIZE / sizeof(u32); i++)
                ((u32 *)vectors_base)[i] = 0xe7fddef1;

        /*
         * Copy the vectors, stubs and kuser helpers (in entry-armv.S)
         * into the vector page, mapped at 0xffff0000, and ensure these
         * are visible to the instruction stream.
         */
        memcpy((void *)vectors, __vectors_start, __vectors_end - __vectors_start);
        memcpy((void *)vectors + 0x1000, __stubs_start, __stubs_end - __stubs_start);

        kuser_init(vectors_base);

        flush_icache_range(vectors, vectors + PAGE_SIZE * 2);
#else /* ifndef CONFIG_CPU_V7M */
        /*
         * on V7-M there is no need to copy the vector table to a dedicated
         * memory area. The address is configurable and so a table in the kernel
         * image can be used.
         */
#endif
}