arch/x86/kernel/cpu/cpufreq/speedstep-centrino.c

   1 /*
   2  * cpufreq driver for Enhanced SpeedStep, as found in Intel's Pentium
   3  * M (part of the Centrino chipset).
   4  *
   5  * Since the original Pentium M, most new Intel CPUs support Enhanced
   6  * SpeedStep.
   7  *
   8  * Despite the "SpeedStep" in the name, this is almost entirely unlike
   9  * traditional SpeedStep.
  10  *
  11  * Modelled on speedstep.c
  12  *
  13  * Copyright (C) 2003 Jeremy Fitzhardinge <jeremy@goop.org>
  14  */
  15
  16 #include <linux/kernel.h>
  17 #include <linux/module.h>
  18 #include <linux/init.h>
  19 #include <linux/cpufreq.h>
  20 #include <linux/sched.h>        /* current */
  21 #include <linux/delay.h>
  22 #include <linux/compiler.h>
  23 #include <linux/gfp.h>
  24
  25 #include <asm/msr.h>
  26 #include <asm/processor.h>
  27 #include <asm/cpufeature.h>
  28
  29 #define PFX             "speedstep-centrino: "
  30 #define MAINTAINER      "cpufreq@vger.kernel.org"
  31
  32 #define dprintk(msg...) \
  33         cpufreq_debug_printk(CPUFREQ_DEBUG_DRIVER, "speedstep-centrino", msg)
  34
  35 #define INTEL_MSR_RANGE (0xffff)
  36
  37 struct cpu_id
  38 {
  39         __u8    x86;            /* CPU family */
  40         __u8    x86_model;      /* model */
  41         __u8    x86_mask;       /* stepping */
  42 };
  43
  44 enum {
  45         CPU_BANIAS,
  46         CPU_DOTHAN_A1,
  47         CPU_DOTHAN_A2,
  48         CPU_DOTHAN_B0,
  49         CPU_MP4HT_D0,
  50         CPU_MP4HT_E0,
  51 };
  52
  53 static const struct cpu_id cpu_ids[] = {
  54         [CPU_BANIAS]    = { 6,  9, 5 },
  55         [CPU_DOTHAN_A1] = { 6, 13, 1 },
  56         [CPU_DOTHAN_A2] = { 6, 13, 2 },
  57         [CPU_DOTHAN_B0] = { 6, 13, 6 },
  58         [CPU_MP4HT_D0]  = {15,  3, 4 },
  59         [CPU_MP4HT_E0]  = {15,  4, 1 },
  60 };
  61 #define N_IDS   ARRAY_SIZE(cpu_ids)
  62
  63 struct cpu_model
  64 {
  65         const struct cpu_id *cpu_id;
  66         const char      *model_name;
  67         unsigned        max_freq; /* max clock in kHz */
  68
  69         struct cpufreq_frequency_table *op_points; /* clock/voltage pairs */
  70 };
  71 static int centrino_verify_cpu_id(const struct cpuinfo_x86 *c,
  72                                   const struct cpu_id *x);
  73
  74 /* Operating points for current CPU */
  75 static DEFINE_PER_CPU(struct cpu_model *, centrino_model);
  76 static DEFINE_PER_CPU(const struct cpu_id *, centrino_cpu);
  77
  78 static struct cpufreq_driver centrino_driver;
  79
  80 #ifdef CONFIG_X86_SPEEDSTEP_CENTRINO_TABLE
  81
  82 /* Computes the correct form for IA32_PERF_CTL MSR for a particular
  83    frequency/voltage operating point; frequency in MHz, volts in mV.
  84    This is stored as "index" in the structure. */
  85 #define OP(mhz, mv)                                                     \
  86         {                                                               \
  87                 .frequency = (mhz) * 1000,                              \
  88                 .index = (((mhz)/100) << 8) | ((mv - 700) / 16)         \
  89         }
  90
  91 /*
  92  * These voltage tables were derived from the Intel Pentium M
  93  * datasheet, document 25261202.pdf, Table 5.  I have verified they
  94  * are consistent with my IBM ThinkPad X31, which has a 1.3GHz Pentium
  95  * M.
  96  */
  97
  98 /* Ultra Low Voltage Intel Pentium M processor 900MHz (Banias) */
  99 static struct cpufreq_frequency_table banias_900[] =
 100 {
 101         OP(600,  844),
 102         OP(800,  988),
 103         OP(900, 1004),
 104         { .frequency = CPUFREQ_TABLE_END }
 105 };
 106
 107 /* Ultra Low Voltage Intel Pentium M processor 1000MHz (Banias) */
 108 static struct cpufreq_frequency_table banias_1000[] =
 109 {
 110         OP(600,   844),
 111         OP(800,   972),
 112         OP(900,   988),
 113         OP(1000, 1004),
 114         { .frequency = CPUFREQ_TABLE_END }
 115 };
 116
 117 /* Low Voltage Intel Pentium M processor 1.10GHz (Banias) */
 118 static struct cpufreq_frequency_table banias_1100[] =
 119 {
 120         OP( 600,  956),
 121         OP( 800, 1020),
 122         OP( 900, 1100),
 123         OP(1000, 1164),
 124         OP(1100, 1180),
 125         { .frequency = CPUFREQ_TABLE_END }
 126 };
 127
 128
 129 /* Low Voltage Intel Pentium M processor 1.20GHz (Banias) */
 130 static struct cpufreq_frequency_table banias_1200[] =
 131 {
 132         OP( 600,  956),
 133         OP( 800, 1004),
 134         OP( 900, 1020),
 135         OP(1000, 1100),
 136         OP(1100, 1164),
 137         OP(1200, 1180),
 138         { .frequency = CPUFREQ_TABLE_END }
 139 };
 140
 141 /* Intel Pentium M processor 1.30GHz (Banias) */
 142 static struct cpufreq_frequency_table banias_1300[] =
 143 {
 144         OP( 600,  956),
 145         OP( 800, 1260),
 146         OP(1000, 1292),
 147         OP(1200, 1356),
 148         OP(1300, 1388),
 149         { .frequency = CPUFREQ_TABLE_END }
 150 };
 151
 152 /* Intel Pentium M processor 1.40GHz (Banias) */
 153 static struct cpufreq_frequency_table banias_1400[] =
 154 {
 155         OP( 600,  956),
 156         OP( 800, 1180),
 157         OP(1000, 1308),
 158         OP(1200, 1436),
 159         OP(1400, 1484),
 160         { .frequency = CPUFREQ_TABLE_END }
 161 };
 162
 163 /* Intel Pentium M processor 1.50GHz (Banias) */
 164 static struct cpufreq_frequency_table banias_1500[] =
 165 {
 166         OP( 600,  956),
 167         OP( 800, 1116),
 168         OP(1000, 1228),
 169         OP(1200, 1356),
 170         OP(1400, 1452),
 171         OP(1500, 1484),
 172         { .frequency = CPUFREQ_TABLE_END }
 173 };
 174
 175 /* Intel Pentium M processor 1.60GHz (Banias) */
 176 static struct cpufreq_frequency_table banias_1600[] =
 177 {
 178         OP( 600,  956),
 179         OP( 800, 1036),
 180         OP(1000, 1164),
 181         OP(1200, 1276),
 182         OP(1400, 1420),
 183         OP(1600, 1484),
 184         { .frequency = CPUFREQ_TABLE_END }
 185 };
 186
 187 /* Intel Pentium M processor 1.70GHz (Banias) */
 188 static struct cpufreq_frequency_table banias_1700[] =
 189 {
 190         OP( 600,  956),
 191         OP( 800, 1004),
 192         OP(1000, 1116),
 193         OP(1200, 1228),
 194         OP(1400, 1308),
 195         OP(1700, 1484),
 196         { .frequency = CPUFREQ_TABLE_END }
 197 };
 198 #undef OP
 199
 200 #define _BANIAS(cpuid, max, name)       \
 201 {       .cpu_id         = cpuid,        \
 202         .model_name     = "Intel(R) Pentium(R) M processor " name "MHz", \
 203         .max_freq       = (max)*1000,   \
 204         .op_points      = banias_##max, \
 205 }
 206 #define BANIAS(max)     _BANIAS(&cpu_ids[CPU_BANIAS], max, #max)
 207
 208 /* CPU models, their operating frequency range, and freq/voltage
 209    operating points */
 210 static struct cpu_model models[] =
 211 {
 212         _BANIAS(&cpu_ids[CPU_BANIAS], 900, " 900"),
 213         BANIAS(1000),
 214         BANIAS(1100),
 215         BANIAS(1200),
 216         BANIAS(1300),
 217         BANIAS(1400),
 218         BANIAS(1500),
 219         BANIAS(1600),
 220         BANIAS(1700),
 221
 222         /* NULL model_name is a wildcard */
 223         { &cpu_ids[CPU_DOTHAN_A1], NULL, 0, NULL },
 224         { &cpu_ids[CPU_DOTHAN_A2], NULL, 0, NULL },
 225         { &cpu_ids[CPU_DOTHAN_B0], NULL, 0, NULL },
 226         { &cpu_ids[CPU_MP4HT_D0], NULL, 0, NULL },
 227         { &cpu_ids[CPU_MP4HT_E0], NULL, 0, NULL },
 228
 229         { NULL, }
 230 };
 231 #undef _BANIAS
 232 #undef BANIAS
 233
 234 static int centrino_cpu_init_table(struct cpufreq_policy *policy)
 235 {
 236         struct cpuinfo_x86 *cpu = &cpu_data(policy->cpu);
 237         struct cpu_model *model;
 238
 239         for(model = models; model->cpu_id != NULL; model++)
 240                 if (centrino_verify_cpu_id(cpu, model->cpu_id) &&
 241                     (model->model_name == NULL ||
 242                      strcmp(cpu->x86_model_id, model->model_name) == 0))
 243                         break;
 244
 245         if (model->cpu_id == NULL) {
 246                 /* No match at all */
 247                 dprintk("no support for CPU model \"%s\": "
 248                        "send /proc/cpuinfo to " MAINTAINER "\n",
 249                        cpu->x86_model_id);
 250                 return -ENOENT;
 251         }
 252
 253         if (model->op_points == NULL) {
 254                 /* Matched a non-match */
 255                 dprintk("no table support for CPU model \"%s\"\n",
 256                        cpu->x86_model_id);
 257                 dprintk("try using the acpi-cpufreq driver\n");
 258                 return -ENOENT;
 259         }
 260
 261         per_cpu(centrino_model, policy->cpu) = model;
 262
 263         dprintk("found \"%s\": max frequency: %dkHz\n",
 264                model->model_name, model->max_freq);
 265
 266         return 0;
 267 }
 268
 269 #else
 270 static inline int centrino_cpu_init_table(struct cpufreq_policy *policy)
 271 {
 272         return -ENODEV;
 273 }
 274 #endif /* CONFIG_X86_SPEEDSTEP_CENTRINO_TABLE */
 275
 276 static int centrino_verify_cpu_id(const struct cpuinfo_x86 *c,
 277                                   const struct cpu_id *x)
 278 {
 279         if ((c->x86 == x->x86) &&
 280             (c->x86_model == x->x86_model) &&
 281             (c->x86_mask == x->x86_mask))
 282                 return 1;
 283         return 0;
 284 }
 285
 286 /* To be called only after centrino_model is initialized */
 287 static unsigned extract_clock(unsigned msr, unsigned int cpu, int failsafe)
 288 {
 289         int i;
 290
 291         /*
 292          * Extract clock in kHz from PERF_CTL value
 293          * for centrino, as some DSDTs are buggy.
 294          * Ideally, this can be done using the acpi_data structure.
 295          */
 296         if ((per_cpu(centrino_cpu, cpu) == &cpu_ids[CPU_BANIAS]) ||
 297             (per_cpu(centrino_cpu, cpu) == &cpu_ids[CPU_DOTHAN_A1]) ||
 298             (per_cpu(centrino_cpu, cpu) == &cpu_ids[CPU_DOTHAN_B0])) {
 299                 msr = (msr >> 8) & 0xff;
 300                 return msr * 100000;
 301         }
 302
 303         if ((!per_cpu(centrino_model, cpu)) ||
 304             (!per_cpu(centrino_model, cpu)->op_points))
 305                 return 0;
 306
 307         msr &= 0xffff;
 308         for (i = 0;
 309                 per_cpu(centrino_model, cpu)->op_points[i].frequency
 310                                                         != CPUFREQ_TABLE_END;
 311              i++) {
 312                 if (msr == per_cpu(centrino_model, cpu)->op_points[i].index)
 313                         return per_cpu(centrino_model, cpu)->
 314                                                         op_points[i].frequency;
 315         }
 316         if (failsafe)
 317                 return per_cpu(centrino_model, cpu)->op_points[i-1].frequency;
 318         else
 319                 return 0;
 320 }
 321
 322 /* Return the current CPU frequency in kHz */
 323 static unsigned int get_cur_freq(unsigned int cpu)
 324 {
 325         unsigned l, h;
 326         unsigned clock_freq;
 327
 328         rdmsr_on_cpu(cpu, MSR_IA32_PERF_STATUS, &l, &h);
 329         clock_freq = extract_clock(l, cpu, 0);
 330
 331         if (unlikely(clock_freq == 0)) {
 332                 /*
 333                  * On some CPUs, we can see transient MSR values (which are
 334                  * not present in _PSS), while CPU is doing some automatic
 335                  * P-state transition (like TM2). Get the last freq set
 336                  * in PERF_CTL.
 337                  */
 338                 rdmsr_on_cpu(cpu, MSR_IA32_PERF_CTL, &l, &h);
 339                 clock_freq = extract_clock(l, cpu, 1);
 340         }
 341         return clock_freq;
 342 }
 343
 344
 345 static int centrino_cpu_init(struct cpufreq_policy *policy)
 346 {
 347         struct cpuinfo_x86 *cpu = &cpu_data(policy->cpu);
 348         unsigned freq;
 349         unsigned l, h;
 350         int ret;
 351         int i;
 352
 353         /* Only Intel makes Enhanced Speedstep-capable CPUs */
 354         if (cpu->x86_vendor != X86_VENDOR_INTEL ||
 355             !cpu_has(cpu, X86_FEATURE_EST))
 356                 return -ENODEV;
 357
 358         if (cpu_has(cpu, X86_FEATURE_CONSTANT_TSC))
 359                 centrino_driver.flags |= CPUFREQ_CONST_LOOPS;
 360
 361         if (policy->cpu != 0)
 362                 return -ENODEV;
 363
 364         for (i = 0; i < N_IDS; i++)
 365                 if (centrino_verify_cpu_id(cpu, &cpu_ids[i]))
 366                         break;
 367
 368         if (i != N_IDS)
 369                 per_cpu(centrino_cpu, policy->cpu) = &cpu_ids[i];
 370
 371         if (!per_cpu(centrino_cpu, policy->cpu)) {
 372                 dprintk("found unsupported CPU with "
 373                 "Enhanced SpeedStep: send /proc/cpuinfo to "
 374                 MAINTAINER "\n");
 375                 return -ENODEV;
 376         }
 377
 378         if (centrino_cpu_init_table(policy)) {
 379                 return -ENODEV;
 380         }
 381
 382         /* Check to see if Enhanced SpeedStep is enabled, and try to
 383            enable it if not. */
 384         rdmsr(MSR_IA32_MISC_ENABLE, l, h);
 385
 386         if (!(l & MSR_IA32_MISC_ENABLE_ENHANCED_SPEEDSTEP)) {
 387                 l |= MSR_IA32_MISC_ENABLE_ENHANCED_SPEEDSTEP;
 388                 dprintk("trying to enable Enhanced SpeedStep (%x)\n", l);
 389                 wrmsr(MSR_IA32_MISC_ENABLE, l, h);
 390
 391                 /* check to see if it stuck */
 392                 rdmsr(MSR_IA32_MISC_ENABLE, l, h);
 393                 if (!(l & MSR_IA32_MISC_ENABLE_ENHANCED_SPEEDSTEP)) {
 394                         printk(KERN_INFO PFX
 395                                 "couldn't enable Enhanced SpeedStep\n");
 396                         return -ENODEV;
 397                 }
 398         }
 399
 400         freq = get_cur_freq(policy->cpu);
 401         policy->cpuinfo.transition_latency = 10000;
 402                                                 /* 10uS transition latency */
 403         policy->cur = freq;
 404
 405         dprintk("centrino_cpu_init: cur=%dkHz\n", policy->cur);
 406
 407         ret = cpufreq_frequency_table_cpuinfo(policy,
 408                 per_cpu(centrino_model, policy->cpu)->op_points);
 409         if (ret)
 410                 return (ret);
 411
 412         cpufreq_frequency_table_get_attr(
 413                 per_cpu(centrino_model, policy->cpu)->op_points, policy->cpu);
 414
 415         return 0;
 416 }
 417
 418 static int centrino_cpu_exit(struct cpufreq_policy *policy)
 419 {
 420         unsigned int cpu = policy->cpu;
 421
 422         if (!per_cpu(centrino_model, cpu))
 423                 return -ENODEV;
 424
 425         cpufreq_frequency_table_put_attr(cpu);
 426
 427         per_cpu(centrino_model, cpu) = NULL;
 428
 429         return 0;
 430 }
 431
 432 /**
 433  * centrino_verify - verifies a new CPUFreq policy
 434  * @policy: new policy
 435  *
 436  * Limit must be within this model's frequency range at least one
 437  * border included.
 438  */
 439 static int centrino_verify (struct cpufreq_policy *policy)
 440 {
 441         return cpufreq_frequency_table_verify(policy,
 442                         per_cpu(centrino_model, policy->cpu)->op_points);
 443 }
 444
 445 /**
 446  * centrino_setpolicy - set a new CPUFreq policy
 447  * @policy: new policy
 448  * @target_freq: the target frequency
 449  * @relation: how that frequency relates to achieved frequency
 450  *      (CPUFREQ_RELATION_L or CPUFREQ_RELATION_H)
 451  *
 452  * Sets a new CPUFreq policy.
 453  */
 454 static int centrino_target (struct cpufreq_policy *policy,
 455                             unsigned int target_freq,
 456                             unsigned int relation)
 457 {
 458         unsigned int    newstate = 0;
 459         unsigned int    msr, oldmsr = 0, h = 0, cpu = policy->cpu;
 460         struct cpufreq_freqs    freqs;
 461         int                     retval = 0;
 462         unsigned int            j, k, first_cpu, tmp;
 463         cpumask_var_t covered_cpus;
 464
 465         if (unlikely(!zalloc_cpumask_var(&covered_cpus, GFP_KERNEL)))
 466                 return -ENOMEM;
 467
 468         if (unlikely(per_cpu(centrino_model, cpu) == NULL)) {
 469                 retval = -ENODEV;
 470                 goto out;
 471         }
 472
 473         if (unlikely(cpufreq_frequency_table_target(policy,
 474                         per_cpu(centrino_model, cpu)->op_points,
 475                         target_freq,
 476                         relation,
 477                         &newstate))) {
 478                 retval = -EINVAL;
 479                 goto out;
 480         }
 481
 482         first_cpu = 1;
 483         for_each_cpu(j, policy->cpus) {
 484                 int good_cpu;
 485
 486                 /* cpufreq holds the hotplug lock, so we are safe here */
 487                 if (!cpu_online(j))
 488                         continue;
 489
 490                 /*
 491                  * Support for SMP systems.
 492                  * Make sure we are running on CPU that wants to change freq
 493                  */
 494                 if (policy->shared_type == CPUFREQ_SHARED_TYPE_ANY)
 495                         good_cpu = cpumask_any_and(policy->cpus,
 496                                                    cpu_online_mask);
 497                 else
 498                         good_cpu = j;
 499
 500                 if (good_cpu >= nr_cpu_ids) {
 501                         dprintk("couldn't limit to CPUs in this domain\n");
 502                         retval = -EAGAIN;
 503                         if (first_cpu) {
 504                                 /* We haven't started the transition yet. */
 505                                 goto out;
 506                         }
 507                         break;
 508                 }
 509
 510                 msr = per_cpu(centrino_model, cpu)->op_points[newstate].index;
 511
 512                 if (first_cpu) {
 513                         rdmsr_on_cpu(good_cpu, MSR_IA32_PERF_CTL, &oldmsr, &h);
 514                         if (msr == (oldmsr & 0xffff)) {
 515                                 dprintk("no change needed - msr was and needs "
 516                                         "to be %x\n", oldmsr);
 517                                 retval = 0;
 518                                 goto out;
 519                         }
 520
 521                         freqs.old = extract_clock(oldmsr, cpu, 0);
 522                         freqs.new = extract_clock(msr, cpu, 0);
 523
 524                         dprintk("target=%dkHz old=%d new=%d msr=%04x\n",
 525                                 target_freq, freqs.old, freqs.new, msr);
 526
 527                         for_each_cpu(k, policy->cpus) {
 528                                 if (!cpu_online(k))
 529                                         continue;
 530                                 freqs.cpu = k;
 531                                 cpufreq_notify_transition(&freqs,
 532                                         CPUFREQ_PRECHANGE);
 533                         }
 534
 535                         first_cpu = 0;
 536                         /* all but 16 LSB are reserved, treat them with care */
 537                         oldmsr &= ~0xffff;
 538                         msr &= 0xffff;
 539                         oldmsr |= msr;
 540                 }
 541
 542                 wrmsr_on_cpu(good_cpu, MSR_IA32_PERF_CTL, oldmsr, h);
 543                 if (policy->shared_type == CPUFREQ_SHARED_TYPE_ANY)
 544                         break;
 545
 546                 cpumask_set_cpu(j, covered_cpus);
 547         }
 548
 549         for_each_cpu(k, policy->cpus) {
 550                 if (!cpu_online(k))
 551                         continue;
 552                 freqs.cpu = k;
 553                 cpufreq_notify_transition(&freqs, CPUFREQ_POSTCHANGE);
 554         }
 555
 556         if (unlikely(retval)) {
 557                 /*
 558                  * We have failed halfway through the frequency change.
 559                  * We have sent callbacks to policy->cpus and
 560                  * MSRs have already been written on coverd_cpus.
 561                  * Best effort undo..
 562                  */
 563
 564                 for_each_cpu(j, covered_cpus)
 565                         wrmsr_on_cpu(j, MSR_IA32_PERF_CTL, oldmsr, h);
 566
 567                 tmp = freqs.new;
 568                 freqs.new = freqs.old;
 569                 freqs.old = tmp;
 570                 for_each_cpu(j, policy->cpus) {
 571                         if (!cpu_online(j))
 572                                 continue;
 573                         cpufreq_notify_transition(&freqs, CPUFREQ_PRECHANGE);
 574                         cpufreq_notify_transition(&freqs, CPUFREQ_POSTCHANGE);
 575                 }
 576         }
 577         retval = 0;
 578
 579 out:
 580         free_cpumask_var(covered_cpus);
 581         return retval;
 582 }
 583
 584 static struct freq_attr* centrino_attr[] = {
 585         &cpufreq_freq_attr_scaling_available_freqs,
 586         NULL,
 587 };
 588
 589 static struct cpufreq_driver centrino_driver = {
 590         .name           = "centrino", /* should be speedstep-centrino,
 591                                          but there's a 16 char limit */
 592         .init           = centrino_cpu_init,
 593         .exit           = centrino_cpu_exit,
 594         .verify         = centrino_verify,
 595         .target         = centrino_target,
 596         .get            = get_cur_freq,
 597         .attr           = centrino_attr,
 598         .owner          = THIS_MODULE,
 599 };
 600
 601
 602 /**
 603  * centrino_init - initializes the Enhanced SpeedStep CPUFreq driver
 604  *
 605  * Initializes the Enhanced SpeedStep support. Returns -ENODEV on
 606  * unsupported devices, -ENOENT if there's no voltage table for this
 607  * particular CPU model, -EINVAL on problems during initiatization,
 608  * and zero on success.
 609  *
 610  * This is quite picky.  Not only does the CPU have to advertise the
 611  * "est" flag in the cpuid capability flags, we look for a specific
 612  * CPU model and stepping, and we need to have the exact model name in
 613  * our voltage tables.  That is, be paranoid about not releasing
 614  * someone's valuable magic smoke.
 615  */
 616 static int __init centrino_init(void)
 617 {
 618         struct cpuinfo_x86 *cpu = &cpu_data(0);
 619
 620         if (!cpu_has(cpu, X86_FEATURE_EST))
 621                 return -ENODEV;
 622
 623         return cpufreq_register_driver(&centrino_driver);
 624 }
 625
 626 static void __exit centrino_exit(void)
 627 {
 628         cpufreq_unregister_driver(&centrino_driver);
 629 }
 630
 631 MODULE_AUTHOR ("Jeremy Fitzhardinge <jeremy@goop.org>");
 632 MODULE_DESCRIPTION ("Enhanced SpeedStep driver for Intel Pentium M processors.");
 633 MODULE_LICENSE ("GPL");
 634
 635 late_initcall(centrino_init);
 636 module_exit(centrino_exit);