2 * Copyright (C) 1995 Linus Torvalds
4 * Support of BIGMEM added by Gerhard Wichert, Siemens AG, July 1999
6 * Memory region support
7 * David Parsons <orc@pell.chi.il.us>, July-August 1999
9 * Added E820 sanitization routine (removes overlapping memory regions);
10 * Brian Moyle <bmoyle@mvista.com>, February 2001
12 * Moved CPU detection code to cpu/${cpu}.c
13 * Patrick Mochel <mochel@osdl.org>, March 2002
15 * Provisions for empty E820 memory regions (reported by certain BIOSes).
16 * Alex Achenbach <xela@slit.de>, December 2002.
21 * This file handles the architecture-dependent parts of initialization
24 #include <linux/sched.h>
26 #include <linux/mmzone.h>
27 #include <linux/screen_info.h>
28 #include <linux/ioport.h>
29 #include <linux/acpi.h>
30 #include <linux/apm_bios.h>
31 #include <linux/initrd.h>
32 #include <linux/bootmem.h>
33 #include <linux/seq_file.h>
34 #include <linux/console.h>
35 #include <linux/mca.h>
36 #include <linux/root_dev.h>
37 #include <linux/highmem.h>
38 #include <linux/module.h>
39 #include <linux/efi.h>
40 #include <linux/init.h>
41 #include <linux/edd.h>
42 #include <linux/nodemask.h>
43 #include <linux/kexec.h>
44 #include <linux/crash_dump.h>
45 #include <linux/dmi.h>
46 #include <linux/pfn.h>
47 #include <linux/pci.h>
49 #include <video/edid.h>
53 #include <asm/mpspec.h>
54 #include <asm/mmzone.h>
55 #include <asm/setup.h>
56 #include <asm/arch_hooks.h>
57 #include <asm/sections.h>
58 #include <asm/io_apic.h>
62 #include <setup_arch.h>
63 #include <bios_ebda.h>
64 #include <asm/cacheflush.h>
66 /* This value is set up by the early boot code to point to the value
67 immediately after the boot time page tables. It contains a *physical*
68 address, and must not be in the .bss segment! */
69 unsigned long init_pg_tables_end __initdata
= ~0UL;
71 int disable_pse __cpuinitdata
= 0;
76 static struct resource data_resource
= {
77 .name
= "Kernel data",
80 .flags
= IORESOURCE_BUSY
| IORESOURCE_MEM
83 static struct resource code_resource
= {
84 .name
= "Kernel code",
87 .flags
= IORESOURCE_BUSY
| IORESOURCE_MEM
90 static struct resource bss_resource
= {
94 .flags
= IORESOURCE_BUSY
| IORESOURCE_MEM
97 static struct resource video_ram_resource
= {
98 .name
= "Video RAM area",
101 .flags
= IORESOURCE_BUSY
| IORESOURCE_MEM
104 static struct resource standard_io_resources
[] = { {
108 .flags
= IORESOURCE_BUSY
| IORESOURCE_IO
113 .flags
= IORESOURCE_BUSY
| IORESOURCE_IO
118 .flags
= IORESOURCE_BUSY
| IORESOURCE_IO
123 .flags
= IORESOURCE_BUSY
| IORESOURCE_IO
128 .flags
= IORESOURCE_BUSY
| IORESOURCE_IO
130 .name
= "dma page reg",
133 .flags
= IORESOURCE_BUSY
| IORESOURCE_IO
138 .flags
= IORESOURCE_BUSY
| IORESOURCE_IO
143 .flags
= IORESOURCE_BUSY
| IORESOURCE_IO
148 .flags
= IORESOURCE_BUSY
| IORESOURCE_IO
151 /* cpu data as detected by the assembly code in head.S */
152 struct cpuinfo_x86 new_cpu_data __cpuinitdata
= { 0, 0, 0, 0, -1, 1, 0, 0, -1 };
153 /* common cpu data for all cpus */
154 struct cpuinfo_x86 boot_cpu_data __read_mostly
= { 0, 0, 0, 0, -1, 1, 0, 0, -1 };
155 EXPORT_SYMBOL(boot_cpu_data
);
157 unsigned long mmu_cr4_features
;
159 /* for MCA, but anyone else can use it if they want */
160 unsigned int machine_id
;
161 unsigned int machine_submodel_id
;
162 unsigned int BIOS_revision
;
163 unsigned int mca_pentium_flag
;
165 /* Boot loader ID as an integer, for the benefit of proc_dointvec */
168 /* user-defined highmem size */
169 static unsigned int highmem_pages
= -1;
174 struct screen_info screen_info
;
175 EXPORT_SYMBOL(screen_info
);
176 struct apm_info apm_info
;
177 EXPORT_SYMBOL(apm_info
);
178 struct edid_info edid_info
;
179 EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(edid_info
);
180 struct ist_info ist_info
;
181 #if defined(CONFIG_X86_SPEEDSTEP_SMI) || \
182 defined(CONFIG_X86_SPEEDSTEP_SMI_MODULE)
183 EXPORT_SYMBOL(ist_info
);
186 extern void early_cpu_init(void);
187 extern int root_mountflags
;
189 unsigned long saved_videomode
;
191 #define RAMDISK_IMAGE_START_MASK 0x07FF
192 #define RAMDISK_PROMPT_FLAG 0x8000
193 #define RAMDISK_LOAD_FLAG 0x4000
195 static char __initdata command_line
[COMMAND_LINE_SIZE
];
197 struct boot_params __initdata boot_params
;
199 #if defined(CONFIG_EDD) || defined(CONFIG_EDD_MODULE)
201 #ifdef CONFIG_EDD_MODULE
205 * copy_edd() - Copy the BIOS EDD information
206 * from boot_params into a safe place.
209 static inline void copy_edd(void)
211 memcpy(edd
.mbr_signature
, boot_params
.edd_mbr_sig_buffer
,
212 sizeof(edd
.mbr_signature
));
213 memcpy(edd
.edd_info
, boot_params
.eddbuf
, sizeof(edd
.edd_info
));
214 edd
.mbr_signature_nr
= boot_params
.edd_mbr_sig_buf_entries
;
215 edd
.edd_info_nr
= boot_params
.eddbuf_entries
;
218 static inline void copy_edd(void)
223 int __initdata user_defined_memmap
= 0;
226 * "mem=nopentium" disables the 4MB page tables.
227 * "mem=XXX[kKmM]" defines a memory region from HIGH_MEM
228 * to <mem>, overriding the bios size.
229 * "memmap=XXX[KkmM]@XXX[KkmM]" defines a memory region from
230 * <start> to <start>+<mem>, overriding the bios size.
232 * HPA tells me bootloaders need to parse mem=, so no new
233 * option should be mem= [also see Documentation/i386/boot.txt]
235 static int __init
parse_mem(char *arg
)
240 if (strcmp(arg
, "nopentium") == 0) {
241 clear_cpu_cap(&boot_cpu_data
, X86_FEATURE_PSE
);
244 /* If the user specifies memory size, we
245 * limit the BIOS-provided memory map to
246 * that size. exactmap can be used to specify
247 * the exact map. mem=number can be used to
248 * trim the existing memory map.
250 unsigned long long mem_size
;
252 mem_size
= memparse(arg
, &arg
);
253 limit_regions(mem_size
);
254 user_defined_memmap
= 1;
258 early_param("mem", parse_mem
);
260 #ifdef CONFIG_PROC_VMCORE
261 /* elfcorehdr= specifies the location of elf core header
262 * stored by the crashed kernel.
264 static int __init
parse_elfcorehdr(char *arg
)
269 elfcorehdr_addr
= memparse(arg
, &arg
);
272 early_param("elfcorehdr", parse_elfcorehdr
);
273 #endif /* CONFIG_PROC_VMCORE */
276 * highmem=size forces highmem to be exactly 'size' bytes.
277 * This works even on boxes that have no highmem otherwise.
278 * This also works to reduce highmem size on bigger boxes.
280 static int __init
parse_highmem(char *arg
)
285 highmem_pages
= memparse(arg
, &arg
) >> PAGE_SHIFT
;
288 early_param("highmem", parse_highmem
);
291 * vmalloc=size forces the vmalloc area to be exactly 'size'
292 * bytes. This can be used to increase (or decrease) the
293 * vmalloc area - the default is 128m.
295 static int __init
parse_vmalloc(char *arg
)
300 __VMALLOC_RESERVE
= memparse(arg
, &arg
);
303 early_param("vmalloc", parse_vmalloc
);
306 * reservetop=size reserves a hole at the top of the kernel address space which
307 * a hypervisor can load into later. Needed for dynamically loaded hypervisors,
308 * so relocating the fixmap can be done before paging initialization.
310 static int __init
parse_reservetop(char *arg
)
312 unsigned long address
;
317 address
= memparse(arg
, &arg
);
318 reserve_top_address(address
);
321 early_param("reservetop", parse_reservetop
);
324 * Determine low and high memory ranges:
326 unsigned long __init
find_max_low_pfn(void)
328 unsigned long max_low_pfn
;
330 max_low_pfn
= max_pfn
;
331 if (max_low_pfn
> MAXMEM_PFN
) {
332 if (highmem_pages
== -1)
333 highmem_pages
= max_pfn
- MAXMEM_PFN
;
334 if (highmem_pages
+ MAXMEM_PFN
< max_pfn
)
335 max_pfn
= MAXMEM_PFN
+ highmem_pages
;
336 if (highmem_pages
+ MAXMEM_PFN
> max_pfn
) {
337 printk("only %luMB highmem pages available, ignoring highmem size of %uMB.\n", pages_to_mb(max_pfn
- MAXMEM_PFN
), pages_to_mb(highmem_pages
));
340 max_low_pfn
= MAXMEM_PFN
;
341 #ifndef CONFIG_HIGHMEM
342 /* Maximum memory usable is what is directly addressable */
343 printk(KERN_WARNING
"Warning only %ldMB will be used.\n",
345 if (max_pfn
> MAX_NONPAE_PFN
)
346 printk(KERN_WARNING
"Use a HIGHMEM64G enabled kernel.\n");
348 printk(KERN_WARNING
"Use a HIGHMEM enabled kernel.\n");
349 max_pfn
= MAXMEM_PFN
;
350 #else /* !CONFIG_HIGHMEM */
351 #ifndef CONFIG_HIGHMEM64G
352 if (max_pfn
> MAX_NONPAE_PFN
) {
353 max_pfn
= MAX_NONPAE_PFN
;
354 printk(KERN_WARNING
"Warning only 4GB will be used.\n");
355 printk(KERN_WARNING
"Use a HIGHMEM64G enabled kernel.\n");
357 #endif /* !CONFIG_HIGHMEM64G */
358 #endif /* !CONFIG_HIGHMEM */
360 if (highmem_pages
== -1)
362 #ifdef CONFIG_HIGHMEM
363 if (highmem_pages
>= max_pfn
) {
364 printk(KERN_ERR
"highmem size specified (%uMB) is bigger than pages available (%luMB)!.\n", pages_to_mb(highmem_pages
), pages_to_mb(max_pfn
));
368 if (max_low_pfn
-highmem_pages
< 64*1024*1024/PAGE_SIZE
){
369 printk(KERN_ERR
"highmem size %uMB results in smaller than 64MB lowmem, ignoring it.\n", pages_to_mb(highmem_pages
));
372 max_low_pfn
-= highmem_pages
;
376 printk(KERN_ERR
"ignoring highmem size on non-highmem kernel!\n");
383 * workaround for Dell systems that neglect to reserve EBDA
385 static void __init
reserve_ebda_region(void)
388 addr
= get_bios_ebda();
390 reserve_bootmem(addr
, PAGE_SIZE
);
393 #ifndef CONFIG_NEED_MULTIPLE_NODES
394 void __init
setup_bootmem_allocator(void);
395 static unsigned long __init
setup_memory(void)
398 * partially used pages are not usable - thus
399 * we are rounding upwards:
401 min_low_pfn
= PFN_UP(init_pg_tables_end
);
405 max_low_pfn
= find_max_low_pfn();
407 #ifdef CONFIG_HIGHMEM
408 highstart_pfn
= highend_pfn
= max_pfn
;
409 if (max_pfn
> max_low_pfn
) {
410 highstart_pfn
= max_low_pfn
;
412 printk(KERN_NOTICE
"%ldMB HIGHMEM available.\n",
413 pages_to_mb(highend_pfn
- highstart_pfn
));
414 num_physpages
= highend_pfn
;
415 high_memory
= (void *) __va(highstart_pfn
* PAGE_SIZE
- 1) + 1;
417 num_physpages
= max_low_pfn
;
418 high_memory
= (void *) __va(max_low_pfn
* PAGE_SIZE
- 1) + 1;
420 #ifdef CONFIG_FLATMEM
421 max_mapnr
= num_physpages
;
423 printk(KERN_NOTICE
"%ldMB LOWMEM available.\n",
424 pages_to_mb(max_low_pfn
));
426 setup_bootmem_allocator();
431 void __init
zone_sizes_init(void)
433 unsigned long max_zone_pfns
[MAX_NR_ZONES
];
434 memset(max_zone_pfns
, 0, sizeof(max_zone_pfns
));
435 max_zone_pfns
[ZONE_DMA
] =
436 virt_to_phys((char *)MAX_DMA_ADDRESS
) >> PAGE_SHIFT
;
437 max_zone_pfns
[ZONE_NORMAL
] = max_low_pfn
;
438 #ifdef CONFIG_HIGHMEM
439 max_zone_pfns
[ZONE_HIGHMEM
] = highend_pfn
;
440 add_active_range(0, 0, highend_pfn
);
442 add_active_range(0, 0, max_low_pfn
);
445 free_area_init_nodes(max_zone_pfns
);
448 extern unsigned long __init
setup_memory(void);
449 extern void zone_sizes_init(void);
450 #endif /* !CONFIG_NEED_MULTIPLE_NODES */
452 static inline unsigned long long get_total_mem(void)
454 unsigned long long total
;
456 total
= max_low_pfn
- min_low_pfn
;
457 #ifdef CONFIG_HIGHMEM
458 total
+= highend_pfn
- highstart_pfn
;
461 return total
<< PAGE_SHIFT
;
465 static void __init
reserve_crashkernel(void)
467 unsigned long long total_mem
;
468 unsigned long long crash_size
, crash_base
;
471 total_mem
= get_total_mem();
473 ret
= parse_crashkernel(boot_command_line
, total_mem
,
474 &crash_size
, &crash_base
);
475 if (ret
== 0 && crash_size
> 0) {
476 if (crash_base
> 0) {
477 printk(KERN_INFO
"Reserving %ldMB of memory at %ldMB "
478 "for crashkernel (System RAM: %ldMB)\n",
479 (unsigned long)(crash_size
>> 20),
480 (unsigned long)(crash_base
>> 20),
481 (unsigned long)(total_mem
>> 20));
482 crashk_res
.start
= crash_base
;
483 crashk_res
.end
= crash_base
+ crash_size
- 1;
484 reserve_bootmem(crash_base
, crash_size
);
486 printk(KERN_INFO
"crashkernel reservation failed - "
487 "you have to specify a base address\n");
491 static inline void __init
reserve_crashkernel(void)
495 void __init
setup_bootmem_allocator(void)
497 unsigned long bootmap_size
;
499 * Initialize the boot-time allocator (with low memory only):
501 bootmap_size
= init_bootmem(min_low_pfn
, max_low_pfn
);
503 register_bootmem_low_pages(max_low_pfn
);
506 * Reserve the bootmem bitmap itself as well. We do this in two
507 * steps (first step was init_bootmem()) because this catches
508 * the (very unlikely) case of us accidentally initializing the
509 * bootmem allocator with an invalid RAM area.
511 reserve_bootmem(__pa_symbol(_text
), (PFN_PHYS(min_low_pfn
) +
512 bootmap_size
+ PAGE_SIZE
-1) - __pa_symbol(_text
));
515 * reserve physical page 0 - it's a special BIOS page on many boxes,
516 * enabling clean reboots, SMP operation, laptop functions.
518 reserve_bootmem(0, PAGE_SIZE
);
520 /* reserve EBDA region, it's a 4K region */
521 reserve_ebda_region();
523 /* could be an AMD 768MPX chipset. Reserve a page before VGA to prevent
524 PCI prefetch into it (errata #56). Usually the page is reserved anyways,
525 unless you have no PS/2 mouse plugged in. */
526 if (boot_cpu_data
.x86_vendor
== X86_VENDOR_AMD
&&
527 boot_cpu_data
.x86
== 6)
528 reserve_bootmem(0xa0000 - 4096, 4096);
532 * But first pinch a few for the stack/trampoline stuff
533 * FIXME: Don't need the extra page at 4K, but need to fix
534 * trampoline before removing it. (see the GDT stuff)
536 reserve_bootmem(PAGE_SIZE
, PAGE_SIZE
);
538 #ifdef CONFIG_ACPI_SLEEP
540 * Reserve low memory region for sleep support.
542 acpi_reserve_bootmem();
544 #ifdef CONFIG_X86_FIND_SMP_CONFIG
546 * Find and reserve possible boot-time SMP configuration:
551 #ifdef CONFIG_BLK_DEV_INITRD
552 if (boot_params
.hdr
.type_of_loader
&& boot_params
.hdr
.ramdisk_image
) {
553 unsigned long ramdisk_image
= boot_params
.hdr
.ramdisk_image
;
554 unsigned long ramdisk_size
= boot_params
.hdr
.ramdisk_size
;
555 unsigned long ramdisk_end
= ramdisk_image
+ ramdisk_size
;
556 unsigned long end_of_lowmem
= max_low_pfn
<< PAGE_SHIFT
;
558 if (ramdisk_end
<= end_of_lowmem
) {
559 reserve_bootmem(ramdisk_image
, ramdisk_size
);
560 initrd_start
= ramdisk_image
+ PAGE_OFFSET
;
561 initrd_end
= initrd_start
+ramdisk_size
;
563 printk(KERN_ERR
"initrd extends beyond end of memory "
564 "(0x%08lx > 0x%08lx)\ndisabling initrd\n",
565 ramdisk_end
, end_of_lowmem
);
570 reserve_crashkernel();
574 * The node 0 pgdat is initialized before all of these because
575 * it's needed for bootmem. node>0 pgdats have their virtual
576 * space allocated before the pagetables are in place to access
577 * them, so they can't be cleared then.
579 * This should all compile down to nothing when NUMA is off.
581 static void __init
remapped_pgdat_init(void)
585 for_each_online_node(nid
) {
587 memset(NODE_DATA(nid
), 0, sizeof(struct pglist_data
));
592 static void set_mca_bus(int x
)
597 static void set_mca_bus(int x
) { }
600 /* Overridden in paravirt.c if CONFIG_PARAVIRT */
601 char * __init
__attribute__((weak
)) memory_setup(void)
603 return machine_specific_memory_setup();
607 * Determine if we were loaded by an EFI loader. If so, then we have also been
608 * passed the efi memmap, systab, etc., so we should use these data structures
609 * for initialization. Note, the efi init code path is determined by the
610 * global efi_enabled. This allows the same kernel image to be used on existing
611 * systems (with a traditional BIOS) as well as on EFI systems.
613 void __init
setup_arch(char **cmdline_p
)
615 unsigned long max_low_pfn
;
617 memcpy(&boot_cpu_data
, &new_cpu_data
, sizeof(new_cpu_data
));
618 pre_setup_arch_hook();
622 * FIXME: This isn't an official loader_type right
623 * now but does currently work with elilo.
624 * If we were configured as an EFI kernel, check to make
625 * sure that we were loaded correctly from elilo and that
626 * the system table is valid. If not, then initialize normally.
629 if ((boot_params
.hdr
.type_of_loader
== 0x50) &&
630 boot_params
.efi_info
.efi_systab
)
634 ROOT_DEV
= old_decode_dev(boot_params
.hdr
.root_dev
);
635 screen_info
= boot_params
.screen_info
;
636 edid_info
= boot_params
.edid_info
;
637 apm_info
.bios
= boot_params
.apm_bios_info
;
638 ist_info
= boot_params
.ist_info
;
639 saved_videomode
= boot_params
.hdr
.vid_mode
;
640 if( boot_params
.sys_desc_table
.length
!= 0 ) {
641 set_mca_bus(boot_params
.sys_desc_table
.table
[3] & 0x2);
642 machine_id
= boot_params
.sys_desc_table
.table
[0];
643 machine_submodel_id
= boot_params
.sys_desc_table
.table
[1];
644 BIOS_revision
= boot_params
.sys_desc_table
.table
[2];
646 bootloader_type
= boot_params
.hdr
.type_of_loader
;
648 #ifdef CONFIG_BLK_DEV_RAM
649 rd_image_start
= boot_params
.hdr
.ram_size
& RAMDISK_IMAGE_START_MASK
;
650 rd_prompt
= ((boot_params
.hdr
.ram_size
& RAMDISK_PROMPT_FLAG
) != 0);
651 rd_doload
= ((boot_params
.hdr
.ram_size
& RAMDISK_LOAD_FLAG
) != 0);
657 printk(KERN_INFO
"BIOS-provided physical RAM map:\n");
658 print_memory_map(memory_setup());
663 if (!boot_params
.hdr
.root_flags
)
664 root_mountflags
&= ~MS_RDONLY
;
665 init_mm
.start_code
= (unsigned long) _text
;
666 init_mm
.end_code
= (unsigned long) _etext
;
667 init_mm
.end_data
= (unsigned long) _edata
;
668 init_mm
.brk
= init_pg_tables_end
+ PAGE_OFFSET
;
670 code_resource
.start
= virt_to_phys(_text
);
671 code_resource
.end
= virt_to_phys(_etext
)-1;
672 data_resource
.start
= virt_to_phys(_etext
);
673 data_resource
.end
= virt_to_phys(_edata
)-1;
674 bss_resource
.start
= virt_to_phys(&__bss_start
);
675 bss_resource
.end
= virt_to_phys(&__bss_stop
)-1;
679 if (user_defined_memmap
) {
680 printk(KERN_INFO
"user-defined physical RAM map:\n");
681 print_memory_map("user");
684 strlcpy(command_line
, boot_command_line
, COMMAND_LINE_SIZE
);
685 *cmdline_p
= command_line
;
687 max_low_pfn
= setup_memory();
691 * Must be after max_low_pfn is determined, and before kernel
692 * pagetables are setup.
698 * NOTE: before this point _nobody_ is allowed to allocate
699 * any memory using the bootmem allocator. Although the
700 * allocator is now initialised only the first 8Mb of the kernel
701 * virtual address space has been mapped. All allocations before
702 * paging_init() has completed must use the alloc_bootmem_low_pages()
703 * variant (which allocates DMA'able memory) and care must be taken
704 * not to exceed the 8Mb limit.
708 smp_alloc_memory(); /* AP processor realmode stacks in low memory*/
711 remapped_pgdat_init();
716 * NOTE: at this point the bootmem allocator is fully available.
719 paravirt_post_allocator_init();
725 #ifdef CONFIG_X86_GENERICARCH
726 generic_apic_probe();
733 * Parse the ACPI tables for possible boot-time SMP configuration.
735 acpi_boot_table_init();
743 #if defined(CONFIG_SMP) && defined(CONFIG_X86_PC)
745 printk(KERN_WARNING
"More than 8 CPUs detected and "
746 "CONFIG_X86_PC cannot handle it.\nUse "
747 "CONFIG_X86_GENERICARCH or CONFIG_X86_BIGSMP.\n");
750 #ifdef CONFIG_X86_LOCAL_APIC
751 if (smp_found_config
)
755 e820_register_memory();
756 e820_mark_nosave_regions();
759 #if defined(CONFIG_VGA_CONSOLE)
760 if (!efi_enabled
|| (efi_mem_type(0xa0000) != EFI_CONVENTIONAL_MEMORY
))
761 conswitchp
= &vga_con
;
762 #elif defined(CONFIG_DUMMY_CONSOLE)
763 conswitchp
= &dummy_con
;
769 * Request address space for all standard resources
771 * This is called just before pcibios_init(), which is also a
772 * subsys_initcall, but is linked in later (in arch/i386/pci/common.c).
774 static int __init
request_standard_resources(void)
778 printk(KERN_INFO
"Setting up standard PCI resources\n");
780 efi_initialize_iomem_resources(&code_resource
,
781 &data_resource
, &bss_resource
);
783 legacy_init_iomem_resources(&code_resource
,
784 &data_resource
, &bss_resource
);
786 /* EFI systems may still have VGA */
787 request_resource(&iomem_resource
, &video_ram_resource
);
789 /* request I/O space for devices used on all i[345]86 PCs */
790 for (i
= 0; i
< ARRAY_SIZE(standard_io_resources
); i
++)
791 request_resource(&ioport_resource
, &standard_io_resources
[i
]);
795 subsys_initcall(request_standard_resources
);