KVM: mmu: extract spte.h and spte.c

[mirror_ubuntu-jammy-kernel.git] / arch / x86 / kvm / mmu / mmu.c

// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-only
/*
 * Kernel-based Virtual Machine driver for Linux
 *
 * This module enables machines with Intel VT-x extensions to run virtual
 * machines without emulation or binary translation.
 *
 * MMU support
 *
 * Copyright (C) 2006 Qumranet, Inc.
 * Copyright 2010 Red Hat, Inc. and/or its affiliates.
 *
 * Authors:
 *   Yaniv Kamay  <yaniv@qumranet.com>
 *   Avi Kivity   <avi@qumranet.com>
 */

#include "irq.h"
#include "ioapic.h"
#include "mmu.h"
#include "mmu_internal.h"
#include "x86.h"
#include "kvm_cache_regs.h"
#include "kvm_emulate.h"
#include "cpuid.h"
#include "spte.h"

#include <linux/kvm_host.h>
#include <linux/types.h>
#include <linux/string.h>
#include <linux/mm.h>
#include <linux/highmem.h>
#include <linux/moduleparam.h>
#include <linux/export.h>
#include <linux/swap.h>
#include <linux/hugetlb.h>
#include <linux/compiler.h>
#include <linux/srcu.h>
#include <linux/slab.h>
#include <linux/sched/signal.h>
#include <linux/uaccess.h>
#include <linux/hash.h>
#include <linux/kern_levels.h>
#include <linux/kthread.h>

#include <asm/page.h>
#include <asm/memtype.h>
#include <asm/cmpxchg.h>
#include <asm/io.h>
#include <asm/vmx.h>
#include <asm/kvm_page_track.h>
#include "trace.h"

extern bool itlb_multihit_kvm_mitigation;

static int __read_mostly nx_huge_pages = -1;
#ifdef CONFIG_PREEMPT_RT
/* Recovery can cause latency spikes, disable it for PREEMPT_RT.  */
static uint __read_mostly nx_huge_pages_recovery_ratio = 0;
#else
static uint __read_mostly nx_huge_pages_recovery_ratio = 60;
#endif

static int set_nx_huge_pages(const char *val, const struct kernel_param *kp);
static int set_nx_huge_pages_recovery_ratio(const char *val, const struct kernel_param *kp);

static const struct kernel_param_ops nx_huge_pages_ops = {
        .set = set_nx_huge_pages,
        .get = param_get_bool,
};

static const struct kernel_param_ops nx_huge_pages_recovery_ratio_ops = {
        .set = set_nx_huge_pages_recovery_ratio,
        .get = param_get_uint,
};

module_param_cb(nx_huge_pages, &nx_huge_pages_ops, &nx_huge_pages, 0644);
__MODULE_PARM_TYPE(nx_huge_pages, "bool");
module_param_cb(nx_huge_pages_recovery_ratio, &nx_huge_pages_recovery_ratio_ops,
                &nx_huge_pages_recovery_ratio, 0644);
__MODULE_PARM_TYPE(nx_huge_pages_recovery_ratio, "uint");

static bool __read_mostly force_flush_and_sync_on_reuse;
module_param_named(flush_on_reuse, force_flush_and_sync_on_reuse, bool, 0644);

/*
 * When setting this variable to true it enables Two-Dimensional-Paging
 * where the hardware walks 2 page tables:
 * 1. the guest-virtual to guest-physical
 * 2. while doing 1. it walks guest-physical to host-physical
 * If the hardware supports that we don't need to do shadow paging.
 */
bool tdp_enabled = false;

static int max_huge_page_level __read_mostly;
static int max_tdp_level __read_mostly;

enum {
        AUDIT_PRE_PAGE_FAULT,
        AUDIT_POST_PAGE_FAULT,
        AUDIT_PRE_PTE_WRITE,
        AUDIT_POST_PTE_WRITE,
        AUDIT_PRE_SYNC,
        AUDIT_POST_SYNC
};

#ifdef MMU_DEBUG
bool dbg = 0;
module_param(dbg, bool, 0644);
#endif

#define PTE_PREFETCH_NUM                8

#define PT32_LEVEL_BITS 10

#define PT32_LEVEL_SHIFT(level) \
                (PAGE_SHIFT + (level - 1) * PT32_LEVEL_BITS)

#define PT32_LVL_OFFSET_MASK(level) \
        (PT32_BASE_ADDR_MASK & ((1ULL << (PAGE_SHIFT + (((level) - 1) \
                                                * PT32_LEVEL_BITS))) - 1))

#define PT32_INDEX(address, level)\
        (((address) >> PT32_LEVEL_SHIFT(level)) & ((1 << PT32_LEVEL_BITS) - 1))


#define PT32_BASE_ADDR_MASK PAGE_MASK
#define PT32_DIR_BASE_ADDR_MASK \
        (PAGE_MASK & ~((1ULL << (PAGE_SHIFT + PT32_LEVEL_BITS)) - 1))
#define PT32_LVL_ADDR_MASK(level) \
        (PAGE_MASK & ~((1ULL << (PAGE_SHIFT + (((level) - 1) \
                                            * PT32_LEVEL_BITS))) - 1))

#include <trace/events/kvm.h>

/* make pte_list_desc fit well in cache line */
#define PTE_LIST_EXT 3

/*
 * Return values of handle_mmio_page_fault, mmu.page_fault, and fast_page_fault().
 *
 * RET_PF_RETRY: let CPU fault again on the address.
 * RET_PF_EMULATE: mmio page fault, emulate the instruction directly.
 * RET_PF_INVALID: the spte is invalid, let the real page fault path update it.
 * RET_PF_FIXED: The faulting entry has been fixed.
 * RET_PF_SPURIOUS: The faulting entry was already fixed, e.g. by another vCPU.
 */
enum {
        RET_PF_RETRY = 0,
        RET_PF_EMULATE,
        RET_PF_INVALID,
        RET_PF_FIXED,
        RET_PF_SPURIOUS,
};

struct pte_list_desc {
        u64 *sptes[PTE_LIST_EXT];
        struct pte_list_desc *more;
};

struct kvm_shadow_walk_iterator {
        u64 addr;
        hpa_t shadow_addr;
        u64 *sptep;
        int level;
        unsigned index;
};

#define for_each_shadow_entry_using_root(_vcpu, _root, _addr, _walker)     \
        for (shadow_walk_init_using_root(&(_walker), (_vcpu),              \
                                         (_root), (_addr));                \
             shadow_walk_okay(&(_walker));                                 \
             shadow_walk_next(&(_walker)))

#define for_each_shadow_entry(_vcpu, _addr, _walker)            \
        for (shadow_walk_init(&(_walker), _vcpu, _addr);        \
             shadow_walk_okay(&(_walker));                      \
             shadow_walk_next(&(_walker)))

#define for_each_shadow_entry_lockless(_vcpu, _addr, _walker, spte)     \
        for (shadow_walk_init(&(_walker), _vcpu, _addr);                \
             shadow_walk_okay(&(_walker)) &&                            \
                ({ spte = mmu_spte_get_lockless(_walker.sptep); 1; });  \
             __shadow_walk_next(&(_walker), spte))

static struct kmem_cache *pte_list_desc_cache;
static struct kmem_cache *mmu_page_header_cache;
static struct percpu_counter kvm_total_used_mmu_pages;

static void mmu_spte_set(u64 *sptep, u64 spte);
static union kvm_mmu_page_role
kvm_mmu_calc_root_page_role(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu);

#define CREATE_TRACE_POINTS
#include "mmutrace.h"


static inline bool kvm_available_flush_tlb_with_range(void)
{
        return kvm_x86_ops.tlb_remote_flush_with_range;
}

static void kvm_flush_remote_tlbs_with_range(struct kvm *kvm,
                struct kvm_tlb_range *range)
{
        int ret = -ENOTSUPP;

        if (range && kvm_x86_ops.tlb_remote_flush_with_range)
                ret = kvm_x86_ops.tlb_remote_flush_with_range(kvm, range);

        if (ret)
                kvm_flush_remote_tlbs(kvm);
}

static void kvm_flush_remote_tlbs_with_address(struct kvm *kvm,
                u64 start_gfn, u64 pages)
{
        struct kvm_tlb_range range;

        range.start_gfn = start_gfn;
        range.pages = pages;

        kvm_flush_remote_tlbs_with_range(kvm, &range);
}

bool is_nx_huge_page_enabled(void)
{
        return READ_ONCE(nx_huge_pages);
}

static void mark_mmio_spte(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu, u64 *sptep, u64 gfn,
                           unsigned int access)
{
        u64 mask = make_mmio_spte(vcpu, gfn, access);
        unsigned int gen = get_mmio_spte_generation(mask);

        access = mask & ACC_ALL;

        trace_mark_mmio_spte(sptep, gfn, access, gen);
        mmu_spte_set(sptep, mask);
}

static gfn_t get_mmio_spte_gfn(u64 spte)
{
        u64 gpa = spte & shadow_nonpresent_or_rsvd_lower_gfn_mask;

        gpa |= (spte >> shadow_nonpresent_or_rsvd_mask_len)
               & shadow_nonpresent_or_rsvd_mask;

        return gpa >> PAGE_SHIFT;
}

static unsigned get_mmio_spte_access(u64 spte)
{
        return spte & shadow_mmio_access_mask;
}

static bool set_mmio_spte(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu, u64 *sptep, gfn_t gfn,
                          kvm_pfn_t pfn, unsigned int access)
{
        if (unlikely(is_noslot_pfn(pfn))) {
                mark_mmio_spte(vcpu, sptep, gfn, access);
                return true;
        }

        return false;
}

static bool check_mmio_spte(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu, u64 spte)
{
        u64 kvm_gen, spte_gen, gen;

        gen = kvm_vcpu_memslots(vcpu)->generation;
        if (unlikely(gen & KVM_MEMSLOT_GEN_UPDATE_IN_PROGRESS))
                return false;

        kvm_gen = gen & MMIO_SPTE_GEN_MASK;
        spte_gen = get_mmio_spte_generation(spte);

        trace_check_mmio_spte(spte, kvm_gen, spte_gen);
        return likely(kvm_gen == spte_gen);
}

static gpa_t translate_gpa(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu, gpa_t gpa, u32 access,
                                  struct x86_exception *exception)
{
        /* Check if guest physical address doesn't exceed guest maximum */
        if (kvm_vcpu_is_illegal_gpa(vcpu, gpa)) {
                exception->error_code |= PFERR_RSVD_MASK;
                return UNMAPPED_GVA;
        }

        return gpa;
}

static int is_cpuid_PSE36(void)
{
        return 1;
}

static int is_nx(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu)
{
        return vcpu->arch.efer & EFER_NX;
}

static gfn_t pse36_gfn_delta(u32 gpte)
{
        int shift = 32 - PT32_DIR_PSE36_SHIFT - PAGE_SHIFT;

        return (gpte & PT32_DIR_PSE36_MASK) << shift;
}

#ifdef CONFIG_X86_64
static void __set_spte(u64 *sptep, u64 spte)
{
        WRITE_ONCE(*sptep, spte);
}

static void __update_clear_spte_fast(u64 *sptep, u64 spte)
{
        WRITE_ONCE(*sptep, spte);
}

static u64 __update_clear_spte_slow(u64 *sptep, u64 spte)
{
        return xchg(sptep, spte);
}

static u64 __get_spte_lockless(u64 *sptep)
{
        return READ_ONCE(*sptep);
}
#else
union split_spte {
        struct {
                u32 spte_low;
                u32 spte_high;
        };
        u64 spte;
};

static void count_spte_clear(u64 *sptep, u64 spte)
{
        struct kvm_mmu_page *sp =  sptep_to_sp(sptep);

        if (is_shadow_present_pte(spte))
                return;

        /* Ensure the spte is completely set before we increase the count */
        smp_wmb();
        sp->clear_spte_count++;
}

static void __set_spte(u64 *sptep, u64 spte)
{
        union split_spte *ssptep, sspte;

        ssptep = (union split_spte *)sptep;
        sspte = (union split_spte)spte;

        ssptep->spte_high = sspte.spte_high;

        /*
         * If we map the spte from nonpresent to present, We should store
         * the high bits firstly, then set present bit, so cpu can not
         * fetch this spte while we are setting the spte.
         */
        smp_wmb();

        WRITE_ONCE(ssptep->spte_low, sspte.spte_low);
}

static void __update_clear_spte_fast(u64 *sptep, u64 spte)
{
        union split_spte *ssptep, sspte;

        ssptep = (union split_spte *)sptep;
        sspte = (union split_spte)spte;

        WRITE_ONCE(ssptep->spte_low, sspte.spte_low);

        /*
         * If we map the spte from present to nonpresent, we should clear
         * present bit firstly to avoid vcpu fetch the old high bits.
         */
        smp_wmb();

        ssptep->spte_high = sspte.spte_high;
        count_spte_clear(sptep, spte);
}

static u64 __update_clear_spte_slow(u64 *sptep, u64 spte)
{
        union split_spte *ssptep, sspte, orig;

        ssptep = (union split_spte *)sptep;
        sspte = (union split_spte)spte;

        /* xchg acts as a barrier before the setting of the high bits */
        orig.spte_low = xchg(&ssptep->spte_low, sspte.spte_low);
        orig.spte_high = ssptep->spte_high;
        ssptep->spte_high = sspte.spte_high;
        count_spte_clear(sptep, spte);

        return orig.spte;
}

/*
 * The idea using the light way get the spte on x86_32 guest is from
 * gup_get_pte (mm/gup.c).
 *
 * An spte tlb flush may be pending, because kvm_set_pte_rmapp
 * coalesces them and we are running out of the MMU lock.  Therefore
 * we need to protect against in-progress updates of the spte.
 *
 * Reading the spte while an update is in progress may get the old value
 * for the high part of the spte.  The race is fine for a present->non-present
 * change (because the high part of the spte is ignored for non-present spte),
 * but for a present->present change we must reread the spte.
 *
 * All such changes are done in two steps (present->non-present and
 * non-present->present), hence it is enough to count the number of
 * present->non-present updates: if it changed while reading the spte,
 * we might have hit the race.  This is done using clear_spte_count.
 */
static u64 __get_spte_lockless(u64 *sptep)
{
        struct kvm_mmu_page *sp =  sptep_to_sp(sptep);
        union split_spte spte, *orig = (union split_spte *)sptep;
        int count;

retry:
        count = sp->clear_spte_count;
        smp_rmb();

        spte.spte_low = orig->spte_low;
        smp_rmb();

        spte.spte_high = orig->spte_high;
        smp_rmb();

        if (unlikely(spte.spte_low != orig->spte_low ||
              count != sp->clear_spte_count))
                goto retry;

        return spte.spte;
}
#endif

static bool spte_has_volatile_bits(u64 spte)
{
        if (!is_shadow_present_pte(spte))
                return false;

        /*
         * Always atomically update spte if it can be updated
         * out of mmu-lock, it can ensure dirty bit is not lost,
         * also, it can help us to get a stable is_writable_pte()
         * to ensure tlb flush is not missed.
         */
        if (spte_can_locklessly_be_made_writable(spte) ||
            is_access_track_spte(spte))
                return true;

        if (spte_ad_enabled(spte)) {
                if ((spte & shadow_accessed_mask) == 0 ||
                    (is_writable_pte(spte) && (spte & shadow_dirty_mask) == 0))
                        return true;
        }

        return false;
}

/* Rules for using mmu_spte_set:
 * Set the sptep from nonpresent to present.
 * Note: the sptep being assigned *must* be either not present
 * or in a state where the hardware will not attempt to update
 * the spte.
 */
static void mmu_spte_set(u64 *sptep, u64 new_spte)
{
        WARN_ON(is_shadow_present_pte(*sptep));
        __set_spte(sptep, new_spte);
}

/*
 * Update the SPTE (excluding the PFN), but do not track changes in its
 * accessed/dirty status.
 */
static u64 mmu_spte_update_no_track(u64 *sptep, u64 new_spte)
{
        u64 old_spte = *sptep;

        WARN_ON(!is_shadow_present_pte(new_spte));

        if (!is_shadow_present_pte(old_spte)) {
                mmu_spte_set(sptep, new_spte);
                return old_spte;
        }

        if (!spte_has_volatile_bits(old_spte))
                __update_clear_spte_fast(sptep, new_spte);
        else
                old_spte = __update_clear_spte_slow(sptep, new_spte);

        WARN_ON(spte_to_pfn(old_spte) != spte_to_pfn(new_spte));

        return old_spte;
}

/* Rules for using mmu_spte_update:
 * Update the state bits, it means the mapped pfn is not changed.
 *
 * Whenever we overwrite a writable spte with a read-only one we
 * should flush remote TLBs. Otherwise rmap_write_protect
 * will find a read-only spte, even though the writable spte
 * might be cached on a CPU's TLB, the return value indicates this
 * case.
 *
 * Returns true if the TLB needs to be flushed
 */
static bool mmu_spte_update(u64 *sptep, u64 new_spte)
{
        bool flush = false;
        u64 old_spte = mmu_spte_update_no_track(sptep, new_spte);

        if (!is_shadow_present_pte(old_spte))
                return false;

        /*
         * For the spte updated out of mmu-lock is safe, since
         * we always atomically update it, see the comments in
         * spte_has_volatile_bits().
         */
        if (spte_can_locklessly_be_made_writable(old_spte) &&
              !is_writable_pte(new_spte))
                flush = true;

        /*
         * Flush TLB when accessed/dirty states are changed in the page tables,
         * to guarantee consistency between TLB and page tables.
         */

        if (is_accessed_spte(old_spte) && !is_accessed_spte(new_spte)) {
                flush = true;
                kvm_set_pfn_accessed(spte_to_pfn(old_spte));
        }

        if (is_dirty_spte(old_spte) && !is_dirty_spte(new_spte)) {
                flush = true;
                kvm_set_pfn_dirty(spte_to_pfn(old_spte));
        }

        return flush;
}

/*
 * Rules for using mmu_spte_clear_track_bits:
 * It sets the sptep from present to nonpresent, and track the
 * state bits, it is used to clear the last level sptep.
 * Returns non-zero if the PTE was previously valid.
 */
static int mmu_spte_clear_track_bits(u64 *sptep)
{
        kvm_pfn_t pfn;
        u64 old_spte = *sptep;

        if (!spte_has_volatile_bits(old_spte))
                __update_clear_spte_fast(sptep, 0ull);
        else
                old_spte = __update_clear_spte_slow(sptep, 0ull);

        if (!is_shadow_present_pte(old_spte))
                return 0;

        pfn = spte_to_pfn(old_spte);

        /*
         * KVM does not hold the refcount of the page used by
         * kvm mmu, before reclaiming the page, we should
         * unmap it from mmu first.
         */
        WARN_ON(!kvm_is_reserved_pfn(pfn) && !page_count(pfn_to_page(pfn)));

        if (is_accessed_spte(old_spte))
                kvm_set_pfn_accessed(pfn);

        if (is_dirty_spte(old_spte))
                kvm_set_pfn_dirty(pfn);

        return 1;
}

/*
 * Rules for using mmu_spte_clear_no_track:
 * Directly clear spte without caring the state bits of sptep,
 * it is used to set the upper level spte.
 */
static void mmu_spte_clear_no_track(u64 *sptep)
{
        __update_clear_spte_fast(sptep, 0ull);
}

static u64 mmu_spte_get_lockless(u64 *sptep)
{
        return __get_spte_lockless(sptep);
}

/* Restore an acc-track PTE back to a regular PTE */
static u64 restore_acc_track_spte(u64 spte)
{
        u64 new_spte = spte;
        u64 saved_bits = (spte >> shadow_acc_track_saved_bits_shift)
                         & shadow_acc_track_saved_bits_mask;

        WARN_ON_ONCE(spte_ad_enabled(spte));
        WARN_ON_ONCE(!is_access_track_spte(spte));

        new_spte &= ~shadow_acc_track_mask;
        new_spte &= ~(shadow_acc_track_saved_bits_mask <<
                      shadow_acc_track_saved_bits_shift);
        new_spte |= saved_bits;

        return new_spte;
}

/* Returns the Accessed status of the PTE and resets it at the same time. */
static bool mmu_spte_age(u64 *sptep)
{
        u64 spte = mmu_spte_get_lockless(sptep);

        if (!is_accessed_spte(spte))
                return false;

        if (spte_ad_enabled(spte)) {
                clear_bit((ffs(shadow_accessed_mask) - 1),
                          (unsigned long *)sptep);
        } else {
                /*
                 * Capture the dirty status of the page, so that it doesn't get
                 * lost when the SPTE is marked for access tracking.
                 */
                if (is_writable_pte(spte))
                        kvm_set_pfn_dirty(spte_to_pfn(spte));

                spte = mark_spte_for_access_track(spte);
                mmu_spte_update_no_track(sptep, spte);
        }

        return true;
}

static void walk_shadow_page_lockless_begin(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu)
{
        /*
         * Prevent page table teardown by making any free-er wait during
         * kvm_flush_remote_tlbs() IPI to all active vcpus.
         */
        local_irq_disable();

        /*
         * Make sure a following spte read is not reordered ahead of the write
         * to vcpu->mode.
         */
        smp_store_mb(vcpu->mode, READING_SHADOW_PAGE_TABLES);
}

static void walk_shadow_page_lockless_end(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu)
{
        /*
         * Make sure the write to vcpu->mode is not reordered in front of
         * reads to sptes.  If it does, kvm_mmu_commit_zap_page() can see us
         * OUTSIDE_GUEST_MODE and proceed to free the shadow page table.
         */
        smp_store_release(&vcpu->mode, OUTSIDE_GUEST_MODE);
        local_irq_enable();
}

static int mmu_topup_memory_caches(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu, bool maybe_indirect)
{
        int r;

        /* 1 rmap, 1 parent PTE per level, and the prefetched rmaps. */
        r = kvm_mmu_topup_memory_cache(&vcpu->arch.mmu_pte_list_desc_cache,
                                       1 + PT64_ROOT_MAX_LEVEL + PTE_PREFETCH_NUM);
        if (r)
                return r;
        r = kvm_mmu_topup_memory_cache(&vcpu->arch.mmu_shadow_page_cache,
                                       PT64_ROOT_MAX_LEVEL);
        if (r)
                return r;
        if (maybe_indirect) {
                r = kvm_mmu_topup_memory_cache(&vcpu->arch.mmu_gfn_array_cache,
                                               PT64_ROOT_MAX_LEVEL);
                if (r)
                        return r;
        }
        return kvm_mmu_topup_memory_cache(&vcpu->arch.mmu_page_header_cache,
                                          PT64_ROOT_MAX_LEVEL);
}

static void mmu_free_memory_caches(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu)
{
        kvm_mmu_free_memory_cache(&vcpu->arch.mmu_pte_list_desc_cache);
        kvm_mmu_free_memory_cache(&vcpu->arch.mmu_shadow_page_cache);
        kvm_mmu_free_memory_cache(&vcpu->arch.mmu_gfn_array_cache);
        kvm_mmu_free_memory_cache(&vcpu->arch.mmu_page_header_cache);
}

static struct pte_list_desc *mmu_alloc_pte_list_desc(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu)
{
        return kvm_mmu_memory_cache_alloc(&vcpu->arch.mmu_pte_list_desc_cache);
}

static void mmu_free_pte_list_desc(struct pte_list_desc *pte_list_desc)
{
        kmem_cache_free(pte_list_desc_cache, pte_list_desc);
}

static gfn_t kvm_mmu_page_get_gfn(struct kvm_mmu_page *sp, int index)
{
        if (!sp->role.direct)
                return sp->gfns[index];

        return sp->gfn + (index << ((sp->role.level - 1) * PT64_LEVEL_BITS));
}

static void kvm_mmu_page_set_gfn(struct kvm_mmu_page *sp, int index, gfn_t gfn)
{
        if (!sp->role.direct) {
                sp->gfns[index] = gfn;
                return;
        }

        if (WARN_ON(gfn != kvm_mmu_page_get_gfn(sp, index)))
                pr_err_ratelimited("gfn mismatch under direct page %llx "
                                   "(expected %llx, got %llx)\n",
                                   sp->gfn,
                                   kvm_mmu_page_get_gfn(sp, index), gfn);
}

/*
 * Return the pointer to the large page information for a given gfn,
 * handling slots that are not large page aligned.
 */
static struct kvm_lpage_info *lpage_info_slot(gfn_t gfn,
                                              struct kvm_memory_slot *slot,
                                              int level)
{
        unsigned long idx;

        idx = gfn_to_index(gfn, slot->base_gfn, level);
        return &slot->arch.lpage_info[level - 2][idx];
}

static void update_gfn_disallow_lpage_count(struct kvm_memory_slot *slot,
                                            gfn_t gfn, int count)
{
        struct kvm_lpage_info *linfo;
        int i;

        for (i = PG_LEVEL_2M; i <= KVM_MAX_HUGEPAGE_LEVEL; ++i) {
                linfo = lpage_info_slot(gfn, slot, i);
                linfo->disallow_lpage += count;
                WARN_ON(linfo->disallow_lpage < 0);
        }
}

void kvm_mmu_gfn_disallow_lpage(struct kvm_memory_slot *slot, gfn_t gfn)
{
        update_gfn_disallow_lpage_count(slot, gfn, 1);
}

void kvm_mmu_gfn_allow_lpage(struct kvm_memory_slot *slot, gfn_t gfn)
{
        update_gfn_disallow_lpage_count(slot, gfn, -1);
}

static void account_shadowed(struct kvm *kvm, struct kvm_mmu_page *sp)
{
        struct kvm_memslots *slots;
        struct kvm_memory_slot *slot;
        gfn_t gfn;

        kvm->arch.indirect_shadow_pages++;
        gfn = sp->gfn;
        slots = kvm_memslots_for_spte_role(kvm, sp->role);
        slot = __gfn_to_memslot(slots, gfn);

        /* the non-leaf shadow pages are keeping readonly. */
        if (sp->role.level > PG_LEVEL_4K)
                return kvm_slot_page_track_add_page(kvm, slot, gfn,
                                                    KVM_PAGE_TRACK_WRITE);

        kvm_mmu_gfn_disallow_lpage(slot, gfn);
}

static void account_huge_nx_page(struct kvm *kvm, struct kvm_mmu_page *sp)
{
        if (sp->lpage_disallowed)
                return;

        ++kvm->stat.nx_lpage_splits;
        list_add_tail(&sp->lpage_disallowed_link,
                      &kvm->arch.lpage_disallowed_mmu_pages);
        sp->lpage_disallowed = true;
}

static void unaccount_shadowed(struct kvm *kvm, struct kvm_mmu_page *sp)
{
        struct kvm_memslots *slots;
        struct kvm_memory_slot *slot;
        gfn_t gfn;

        kvm->arch.indirect_shadow_pages--;
        gfn = sp->gfn;
        slots = kvm_memslots_for_spte_role(kvm, sp->role);
        slot = __gfn_to_memslot(slots, gfn);
        if (sp->role.level > PG_LEVEL_4K)
                return kvm_slot_page_track_remove_page(kvm, slot, gfn,
                                                       KVM_PAGE_TRACK_WRITE);

        kvm_mmu_gfn_allow_lpage(slot, gfn);
}

static void unaccount_huge_nx_page(struct kvm *kvm, struct kvm_mmu_page *sp)
{
        --kvm->stat.nx_lpage_splits;
        sp->lpage_disallowed = false;
        list_del(&sp->lpage_disallowed_link);
}

static struct kvm_memory_slot *
gfn_to_memslot_dirty_bitmap(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu, gfn_t gfn,
                            bool no_dirty_log)
{
        struct kvm_memory_slot *slot;

        slot = kvm_vcpu_gfn_to_memslot(vcpu, gfn);
        if (!slot || slot->flags & KVM_MEMSLOT_INVALID)
                return NULL;
        if (no_dirty_log && slot->dirty_bitmap)
                return NULL;

        return slot;
}

/*
 * About rmap_head encoding:
 *
 * If the bit zero of rmap_head->val is clear, then it points to the only spte
 * in this rmap chain. Otherwise, (rmap_head->val & ~1) points to a struct
 * pte_list_desc containing more mappings.
 */

/*
 * Returns the number of pointers in the rmap chain, not counting the new one.
 */
static int pte_list_add(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu, u64 *spte,
                        struct kvm_rmap_head *rmap_head)
{
        struct pte_list_desc *desc;
        int i, count = 0;

        if (!rmap_head->val) {
                rmap_printk("pte_list_add: %p %llx 0->1\n", spte, *spte);
                rmap_head->val = (unsigned long)spte;
        } else if (!(rmap_head->val & 1)) {
                rmap_printk("pte_list_add: %p %llx 1->many\n", spte, *spte);
                desc = mmu_alloc_pte_list_desc(vcpu);
                desc->sptes[0] = (u64 *)rmap_head->val;
                desc->sptes[1] = spte;
                rmap_head->val = (unsigned long)desc | 1;
                ++count;
        } else {
                rmap_printk("pte_list_add: %p %llx many->many\n", spte, *spte);
                desc = (struct pte_list_desc *)(rmap_head->val & ~1ul);
                while (desc->sptes[PTE_LIST_EXT-1] && desc->more) {
                        desc = desc->more;
                        count += PTE_LIST_EXT;
                }
                if (desc->sptes[PTE_LIST_EXT-1]) {
                        desc->more = mmu_alloc_pte_list_desc(vcpu);
                        desc = desc->more;
                }
                for (i = 0; desc->sptes[i]; ++i)
                        ++count;
                desc->sptes[i] = spte;
        }
        return count;
}

static void
pte_list_desc_remove_entry(struct kvm_rmap_head *rmap_head,
                           struct pte_list_desc *desc, int i,
                           struct pte_list_desc *prev_desc)
{
        int j;

        for (j = PTE_LIST_EXT - 1; !desc->sptes[j] && j > i; --j)
                ;
        desc->sptes[i] = desc->sptes[j];
        desc->sptes[j] = NULL;
        if (j != 0)
                return;
        if (!prev_desc && !desc->more)
                rmap_head->val = 0;
        else
                if (prev_desc)
                        prev_desc->more = desc->more;
                else
                        rmap_head->val = (unsigned long)desc->more | 1;
        mmu_free_pte_list_desc(desc);
}

static void __pte_list_remove(u64 *spte, struct kvm_rmap_head *rmap_head)
{
        struct pte_list_desc *desc;
        struct pte_list_desc *prev_desc;
        int i;

        if (!rmap_head->val) {
                pr_err("%s: %p 0->BUG\n", __func__, spte);
                BUG();
        } else if (!(rmap_head->val & 1)) {
                rmap_printk("%s:  %p 1->0\n", __func__, spte);
                if ((u64 *)rmap_head->val != spte) {
                        pr_err("%s:  %p 1->BUG\n", __func__, spte);
                        BUG();
                }
                rmap_head->val = 0;
        } else {
                rmap_printk("%s:  %p many->many\n", __func__, spte);
                desc = (struct pte_list_desc *)(rmap_head->val & ~1ul);
                prev_desc = NULL;
                while (desc) {
                        for (i = 0; i < PTE_LIST_EXT && desc->sptes[i]; ++i) {
                                if (desc->sptes[i] == spte) {
                                        pte_list_desc_remove_entry(rmap_head,
                                                        desc, i, prev_desc);
                                        return;
                                }
                        }
                        prev_desc = desc;
                        desc = desc->more;
                }
                pr_err("%s: %p many->many\n", __func__, spte);
                BUG();
        }
}

static void pte_list_remove(struct kvm_rmap_head *rmap_head, u64 *sptep)
{
        mmu_spte_clear_track_bits(sptep);
        __pte_list_remove(sptep, rmap_head);
}

static struct kvm_rmap_head *__gfn_to_rmap(gfn_t gfn, int level,
                                           struct kvm_memory_slot *slot)
{
        unsigned long idx;

        idx = gfn_to_index(gfn, slot->base_gfn, level);
        return &slot->arch.rmap[level - PG_LEVEL_4K][idx];
}

static struct kvm_rmap_head *gfn_to_rmap(struct kvm *kvm, gfn_t gfn,
                                         struct kvm_mmu_page *sp)
{
        struct kvm_memslots *slots;
        struct kvm_memory_slot *slot;

        slots = kvm_memslots_for_spte_role(kvm, sp->role);
        slot = __gfn_to_memslot(slots, gfn);
        return __gfn_to_rmap(gfn, sp->role.level, slot);
}

static bool rmap_can_add(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu)
{
        struct kvm_mmu_memory_cache *mc;

        mc = &vcpu->arch.mmu_pte_list_desc_cache;
        return kvm_mmu_memory_cache_nr_free_objects(mc);
}

static int rmap_add(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu, u64 *spte, gfn_t gfn)
{
        struct kvm_mmu_page *sp;
        struct kvm_rmap_head *rmap_head;

        sp = sptep_to_sp(spte);
        kvm_mmu_page_set_gfn(sp, spte - sp->spt, gfn);
        rmap_head = gfn_to_rmap(vcpu->kvm, gfn, sp);
        return pte_list_add(vcpu, spte, rmap_head);
}

static void rmap_remove(struct kvm *kvm, u64 *spte)
{
        struct kvm_mmu_page *sp;
        gfn_t gfn;
        struct kvm_rmap_head *rmap_head;

        sp = sptep_to_sp(spte);
        gfn = kvm_mmu_page_get_gfn(sp, spte - sp->spt);
        rmap_head = gfn_to_rmap(kvm, gfn, sp);
        __pte_list_remove(spte, rmap_head);
}

/*
 * Used by the following functions to iterate through the sptes linked by a
 * rmap.  All fields are private and not assumed to be used outside.
 */
struct rmap_iterator {
        /* private fields */
        struct pte_list_desc *desc;     /* holds the sptep if not NULL */
        int pos;                        /* index of the sptep */
};

/*
 * Iteration must be started by this function.  This should also be used after
 * removing/dropping sptes from the rmap link because in such cases the
 * information in the iterator may not be valid.
 *
 * Returns sptep if found, NULL otherwise.
 */
static u64 *rmap_get_first(struct kvm_rmap_head *rmap_head,
                           struct rmap_iterator *iter)
{
        u64 *sptep;

        if (!rmap_head->val)
                return NULL;

        if (!(rmap_head->val & 1)) {
                iter->desc = NULL;
                sptep = (u64 *)rmap_head->val;
                goto out;
        }

        iter->desc = (struct pte_list_desc *)(rmap_head->val & ~1ul);
        iter->pos = 0;
        sptep = iter->desc->sptes[iter->pos];
out:
        BUG_ON(!is_shadow_present_pte(*sptep));
        return sptep;
}

/*
 * Must be used with a valid iterator: e.g. after rmap_get_first().
 *
 * Returns sptep if found, NULL otherwise.
 */
static u64 *rmap_get_next(struct rmap_iterator *iter)
{
        u64 *sptep;

        if (iter->desc) {
                if (iter->pos < PTE_LIST_EXT - 1) {
                        ++iter->pos;
                        sptep = iter->desc->sptes[iter->pos];
                        if (sptep)
                                goto out;
                }

                iter->desc = iter->desc->more;

                if (iter->desc) {
                        iter->pos = 0;
                        /* desc->sptes[0] cannot be NULL */
                        sptep = iter->desc->sptes[iter->pos];
                        goto out;
                }
        }

        return NULL;
out:
        BUG_ON(!is_shadow_present_pte(*sptep));
        return sptep;
}

#define for_each_rmap_spte(_rmap_head_, _iter_, _spte_)                 \
        for (_spte_ = rmap_get_first(_rmap_head_, _iter_);              \
             _spte_; _spte_ = rmap_get_next(_iter_))

static void drop_spte(struct kvm *kvm, u64 *sptep)
{
        if (mmu_spte_clear_track_bits(sptep))
                rmap_remove(kvm, sptep);
}


static bool __drop_large_spte(struct kvm *kvm, u64 *sptep)
{
        if (is_large_pte(*sptep)) {
                WARN_ON(sptep_to_sp(sptep)->role.level == PG_LEVEL_4K);
                drop_spte(kvm, sptep);
                --kvm->stat.lpages;
                return true;
        }

        return false;
}

static void drop_large_spte(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu, u64 *sptep)
{
        if (__drop_large_spte(vcpu->kvm, sptep)) {
                struct kvm_mmu_page *sp = sptep_to_sp(sptep);

                kvm_flush_remote_tlbs_with_address(vcpu->kvm, sp->gfn,
                        KVM_PAGES_PER_HPAGE(sp->role.level));
        }
}

/*
 * Write-protect on the specified @sptep, @pt_protect indicates whether
 * spte write-protection is caused by protecting shadow page table.
 *
 * Note: write protection is difference between dirty logging and spte
 * protection:
 * - for dirty logging, the spte can be set to writable at anytime if
 *   its dirty bitmap is properly set.
 * - for spte protection, the spte can be writable only after unsync-ing
 *   shadow page.
 *
 * Return true if tlb need be flushed.
 */
static bool spte_write_protect(u64 *sptep, bool pt_protect)
{
        u64 spte = *sptep;

        if (!is_writable_pte(spte) &&
              !(pt_protect && spte_can_locklessly_be_made_writable(spte)))
                return false;

        rmap_printk("rmap_write_protect: spte %p %llx\n", sptep, *sptep);

        if (pt_protect)
                spte &= ~SPTE_MMU_WRITEABLE;
        spte = spte & ~PT_WRITABLE_MASK;

        return mmu_spte_update(sptep, spte);
}

static bool __rmap_write_protect(struct kvm *kvm,
                                 struct kvm_rmap_head *rmap_head,
                                 bool pt_protect)
{
        u64 *sptep;
        struct rmap_iterator iter;
        bool flush = false;

        for_each_rmap_spte(rmap_head, &iter, sptep)
                flush |= spte_write_protect(sptep, pt_protect);

        return flush;
}

static bool spte_clear_dirty(u64 *sptep)
{
        u64 spte = *sptep;

        rmap_printk("rmap_clear_dirty: spte %p %llx\n", sptep, *sptep);

        MMU_WARN_ON(!spte_ad_enabled(spte));
        spte &= ~shadow_dirty_mask;
        return mmu_spte_update(sptep, spte);
}

static bool spte_wrprot_for_clear_dirty(u64 *sptep)
{
        bool was_writable = test_and_clear_bit(PT_WRITABLE_SHIFT,
                                               (unsigned long *)sptep);
        if (was_writable && !spte_ad_enabled(*sptep))
                kvm_set_pfn_dirty(spte_to_pfn(*sptep));

        return was_writable;
}

/*
 * Gets the GFN ready for another round of dirty logging by clearing the
 *      - D bit on ad-enabled SPTEs, and
 *      - W bit on ad-disabled SPTEs.
 * Returns true iff any D or W bits were cleared.
 */
static bool __rmap_clear_dirty(struct kvm *kvm, struct kvm_rmap_head *rmap_head)
{
        u64 *sptep;
        struct rmap_iterator iter;
        bool flush = false;

        for_each_rmap_spte(rmap_head, &iter, sptep)
                if (spte_ad_need_write_protect(*sptep))
                        flush |= spte_wrprot_for_clear_dirty(sptep);
                else
                        flush |= spte_clear_dirty(sptep);

        return flush;
}

static bool spte_set_dirty(u64 *sptep)
{
        u64 spte = *sptep;

        rmap_printk("rmap_set_dirty: spte %p %llx\n", sptep, *sptep);

        /*
         * Similar to the !kvm_x86_ops.slot_disable_log_dirty case,
         * do not bother adding back write access to pages marked
         * SPTE_AD_WRPROT_ONLY_MASK.
         */
        spte |= shadow_dirty_mask;

        return mmu_spte_update(sptep, spte);
}

static bool __rmap_set_dirty(struct kvm *kvm, struct kvm_rmap_head *rmap_head)
{
        u64 *sptep;
        struct rmap_iterator iter;
        bool flush = false;

        for_each_rmap_spte(rmap_head, &iter, sptep)
                if (spte_ad_enabled(*sptep))
                        flush |= spte_set_dirty(sptep);

        return flush;
}

/**
 * kvm_mmu_write_protect_pt_masked - write protect selected PT level pages
 * @kvm: kvm instance
 * @slot: slot to protect
 * @gfn_offset: start of the BITS_PER_LONG pages we care about
 * @mask: indicates which pages we should protect
 *
 * Used when we do not need to care about huge page mappings: e.g. during dirty
 * logging we do not have any such mappings.
 */
static void kvm_mmu_write_protect_pt_masked(struct kvm *kvm,
                                     struct kvm_memory_slot *slot,
                                     gfn_t gfn_offset, unsigned long mask)
{
        struct kvm_rmap_head *rmap_head;

        while (mask) {
                rmap_head = __gfn_to_rmap(slot->base_gfn + gfn_offset + __ffs(mask),
                                          PG_LEVEL_4K, slot);
                __rmap_write_protect(kvm, rmap_head, false);

                /* clear the first set bit */
                mask &= mask - 1;
        }
}

/**
 * kvm_mmu_clear_dirty_pt_masked - clear MMU D-bit for PT level pages, or write
 * protect the page if the D-bit isn't supported.
 * @kvm: kvm instance
 * @slot: slot to clear D-bit
 * @gfn_offset: start of the BITS_PER_LONG pages we care about
 * @mask: indicates which pages we should clear D-bit
 *
 * Used for PML to re-log the dirty GPAs after userspace querying dirty_bitmap.
 */
void kvm_mmu_clear_dirty_pt_masked(struct kvm *kvm,
                                     struct kvm_memory_slot *slot,
                                     gfn_t gfn_offset, unsigned long mask)
{
        struct kvm_rmap_head *rmap_head;

        while (mask) {
                rmap_head = __gfn_to_rmap(slot->base_gfn + gfn_offset + __ffs(mask),
                                          PG_LEVEL_4K, slot);
                __rmap_clear_dirty(kvm, rmap_head);

                /* clear the first set bit */
                mask &= mask - 1;
        }
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(kvm_mmu_clear_dirty_pt_masked);

/**
 * kvm_arch_mmu_enable_log_dirty_pt_masked - enable dirty logging for selected
 * PT level pages.
 *
 * It calls kvm_mmu_write_protect_pt_masked to write protect selected pages to
 * enable dirty logging for them.
 *
 * Used when we do not need to care about huge page mappings: e.g. during dirty
 * logging we do not have any such mappings.
 */
void kvm_arch_mmu_enable_log_dirty_pt_masked(struct kvm *kvm,
                                struct kvm_memory_slot *slot,
                                gfn_t gfn_offset, unsigned long mask)
{
        if (kvm_x86_ops.enable_log_dirty_pt_masked)
                kvm_x86_ops.enable_log_dirty_pt_masked(kvm, slot, gfn_offset,
                                mask);
        else
                kvm_mmu_write_protect_pt_masked(kvm, slot, gfn_offset, mask);
}

bool kvm_mmu_slot_gfn_write_protect(struct kvm *kvm,
                                    struct kvm_memory_slot *slot, u64 gfn)
{
        struct kvm_rmap_head *rmap_head;
        int i;
        bool write_protected = false;

        for (i = PG_LEVEL_4K; i <= KVM_MAX_HUGEPAGE_LEVEL; ++i) {
                rmap_head = __gfn_to_rmap(gfn, i, slot);
                write_protected |= __rmap_write_protect(kvm, rmap_head, true);
        }

        return write_protected;
}

static bool rmap_write_protect(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu, u64 gfn)
{
        struct kvm_memory_slot *slot;

        slot = kvm_vcpu_gfn_to_memslot(vcpu, gfn);
        return kvm_mmu_slot_gfn_write_protect(vcpu->kvm, slot, gfn);
}

static bool kvm_zap_rmapp(struct kvm *kvm, struct kvm_rmap_head *rmap_head)
{
        u64 *sptep;
        struct rmap_iterator iter;
        bool flush = false;

        while ((sptep = rmap_get_first(rmap_head, &iter))) {
                rmap_printk("%s: spte %p %llx.\n", __func__, sptep, *sptep);

                pte_list_remove(rmap_head, sptep);
                flush = true;
        }

        return flush;
}

static int kvm_unmap_rmapp(struct kvm *kvm, struct kvm_rmap_head *rmap_head,
                           struct kvm_memory_slot *slot, gfn_t gfn, int level,
                           unsigned long data)
{
        return kvm_zap_rmapp(kvm, rmap_head);
}

static int kvm_set_pte_rmapp(struct kvm *kvm, struct kvm_rmap_head *rmap_head,
                             struct kvm_memory_slot *slot, gfn_t gfn, int level,
                             unsigned long data)
{
        u64 *sptep;
        struct rmap_iterator iter;
        int need_flush = 0;
        u64 new_spte;
        pte_t *ptep = (pte_t *)data;
        kvm_pfn_t new_pfn;

        WARN_ON(pte_huge(*ptep));
        new_pfn = pte_pfn(*ptep);

restart:
        for_each_rmap_spte(rmap_head, &iter, sptep) {
                rmap_printk("kvm_set_pte_rmapp: spte %p %llx gfn %llx (%d)\n",
                            sptep, *sptep, gfn, level);

                need_flush = 1;

                if (pte_write(*ptep)) {
                        pte_list_remove(rmap_head, sptep);
                        goto restart;
                } else {
                        new_spte = kvm_mmu_changed_pte_notifier_make_spte(
                                        *sptep, new_pfn);

                        mmu_spte_clear_track_bits(sptep);
                        mmu_spte_set(sptep, new_spte);
                }
        }

        if (need_flush && kvm_available_flush_tlb_with_range()) {
                kvm_flush_remote_tlbs_with_address(kvm, gfn, 1);
                return 0;
        }

        return need_flush;
}

struct slot_rmap_walk_iterator {
        /* input fields. */
        struct kvm_memory_slot *slot;
        gfn_t start_gfn;
        gfn_t end_gfn;
        int start_level;
        int end_level;

        /* output fields. */
        gfn_t gfn;
        struct kvm_rmap_head *rmap;
        int level;

        /* private field. */
        struct kvm_rmap_head *end_rmap;
};

static void
rmap_walk_init_level(struct slot_rmap_walk_iterator *iterator, int level)
{
        iterator->level = level;
        iterator->gfn = iterator->start_gfn;
        iterator->rmap = __gfn_to_rmap(iterator->gfn, level, iterator->slot);
        iterator->end_rmap = __gfn_to_rmap(iterator->end_gfn, level,
                                           iterator->slot);
}

static void
slot_rmap_walk_init(struct slot_rmap_walk_iterator *iterator,
                    struct kvm_memory_slot *slot, int start_level,
                    int end_level, gfn_t start_gfn, gfn_t end_gfn)
{
        iterator->slot = slot;
        iterator->start_level = start_level;
        iterator->end_level = end_level;
        iterator->start_gfn = start_gfn;
        iterator->end_gfn = end_gfn;

        rmap_walk_init_level(iterator, iterator->start_level);
}

static bool slot_rmap_walk_okay(struct slot_rmap_walk_iterator *iterator)
{
        return !!iterator->rmap;
}

static void slot_rmap_walk_next(struct slot_rmap_walk_iterator *iterator)
{
        if (++iterator->rmap <= iterator->end_rmap) {
                iterator->gfn += (1UL << KVM_HPAGE_GFN_SHIFT(iterator->level));
                return;
        }

        if (++iterator->level > iterator->end_level) {
                iterator->rmap = NULL;
                return;
        }

        rmap_walk_init_level(iterator, iterator->level);
}

#define for_each_slot_rmap_range(_slot_, _start_level_, _end_level_,    \
           _start_gfn, _end_gfn, _iter_)                                \
        for (slot_rmap_walk_init(_iter_, _slot_, _start_level_,         \
                                 _end_level_, _start_gfn, _end_gfn);    \
             slot_rmap_walk_okay(_iter_);                               \
             slot_rmap_walk_next(_iter_))

static int kvm_handle_hva_range(struct kvm *kvm,
                                unsigned long start,
                                unsigned long end,
                                unsigned long data,
                                int (*handler)(struct kvm *kvm,
                                               struct kvm_rmap_head *rmap_head,
                                               struct kvm_memory_slot *slot,
                                               gfn_t gfn,
                                               int level,
                                               unsigned long data))
{
        struct kvm_memslots *slots;
        struct kvm_memory_slot *memslot;
        struct slot_rmap_walk_iterator iterator;
        int ret = 0;
        int i;

        for (i = 0; i < KVM_ADDRESS_SPACE_NUM; i++) {
                slots = __kvm_memslots(kvm, i);
                kvm_for_each_memslot(memslot, slots) {
                        unsigned long hva_start, hva_end;
                        gfn_t gfn_start, gfn_end;

                        hva_start = max(start, memslot->userspace_addr);
                        hva_end = min(end, memslot->userspace_addr +
                                      (memslot->npages << PAGE_SHIFT));
                        if (hva_start >= hva_end)
                                continue;
                        /*
                         * {gfn(page) | page intersects with [hva_start, hva_end)} =
                         * {gfn_start, gfn_start+1, ..., gfn_end-1}.
                         */
                        gfn_start = hva_to_gfn_memslot(hva_start, memslot);
                        gfn_end = hva_to_gfn_memslot(hva_end + PAGE_SIZE - 1, memslot);

                        for_each_slot_rmap_range(memslot, PG_LEVEL_4K,
                                                 KVM_MAX_HUGEPAGE_LEVEL,
                                                 gfn_start, gfn_end - 1,
                                                 &iterator)
                                ret |= handler(kvm, iterator.rmap, memslot,
                                               iterator.gfn, iterator.level, data);
                }
        }

        return ret;
}

static int kvm_handle_hva(struct kvm *kvm, unsigned long hva,
                          unsigned long data,
                          int (*handler)(struct kvm *kvm,
                                         struct kvm_rmap_head *rmap_head,
                                         struct kvm_memory_slot *slot,
                                         gfn_t gfn, int level,
                                         unsigned long data))
{
        return kvm_handle_hva_range(kvm, hva, hva + 1, data, handler);
}

int kvm_unmap_hva_range(struct kvm *kvm, unsigned long start, unsigned long end,
                        unsigned flags)
{
        return kvm_handle_hva_range(kvm, start, end, 0, kvm_unmap_rmapp);
}

int kvm_set_spte_hva(struct kvm *kvm, unsigned long hva, pte_t pte)
{
        return kvm_handle_hva(kvm, hva, (unsigned long)&pte, kvm_set_pte_rmapp);
}

static int kvm_age_rmapp(struct kvm *kvm, struct kvm_rmap_head *rmap_head,
                         struct kvm_memory_slot *slot, gfn_t gfn, int level,
                         unsigned long data)
{
        u64 *sptep;
        struct rmap_iterator iter;
        int young = 0;

        for_each_rmap_spte(rmap_head, &iter, sptep)
                young |= mmu_spte_age(sptep);

        trace_kvm_age_page(gfn, level, slot, young);
        return young;
}

static int kvm_test_age_rmapp(struct kvm *kvm, struct kvm_rmap_head *rmap_head,
                              struct kvm_memory_slot *slot, gfn_t gfn,
                              int level, unsigned long data)
{
        u64 *sptep;
        struct rmap_iterator iter;

        for_each_rmap_spte(rmap_head, &iter, sptep)
                if (is_accessed_spte(*sptep))
                        return 1;
        return 0;
}

#define RMAP_RECYCLE_THRESHOLD 1000

static void rmap_recycle(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu, u64 *spte, gfn_t gfn)
{
        struct kvm_rmap_head *rmap_head;
        struct kvm_mmu_page *sp;

        sp = sptep_to_sp(spte);

        rmap_head = gfn_to_rmap(vcpu->kvm, gfn, sp);

        kvm_unmap_rmapp(vcpu->kvm, rmap_head, NULL, gfn, sp->role.level, 0);
        kvm_flush_remote_tlbs_with_address(vcpu->kvm, sp->gfn,
                        KVM_PAGES_PER_HPAGE(sp->role.level));
}

int kvm_age_hva(struct kvm *kvm, unsigned long start, unsigned long end)
{
        return kvm_handle_hva_range(kvm, start, end, 0, kvm_age_rmapp);
}

int kvm_test_age_hva(struct kvm *kvm, unsigned long hva)
{
        return kvm_handle_hva(kvm, hva, 0, kvm_test_age_rmapp);
}

#ifdef MMU_DEBUG
static int is_empty_shadow_page(u64 *spt)
{
        u64 *pos;
        u64 *end;

        for (pos = spt, end = pos + PAGE_SIZE / sizeof(u64); pos != end; pos++)
                if (is_shadow_present_pte(*pos)) {
                        printk(KERN_ERR "%s: %p %llx\n", __func__,
                               pos, *pos);
                        return 0;
                }
        return 1;
}
#endif

/*
 * This value is the sum of all of the kvm instances's
 * kvm->arch.n_used_mmu_pages values.  We need a global,
 * aggregate version in order to make the slab shrinker
 * faster
 */
static inline void kvm_mod_used_mmu_pages(struct kvm *kvm, unsigned long nr)
{
        kvm->arch.n_used_mmu_pages += nr;
        percpu_counter_add(&kvm_total_used_mmu_pages, nr);
}

static void kvm_mmu_free_page(struct kvm_mmu_page *sp)
{
        MMU_WARN_ON(!is_empty_shadow_page(sp->spt));
        hlist_del(&sp->hash_link);
        list_del(&sp->link);
        free_page((unsigned long)sp->spt);
        if (!sp->role.direct)
                free_page((unsigned long)sp->gfns);
        kmem_cache_free(mmu_page_header_cache, sp);
}

static unsigned kvm_page_table_hashfn(gfn_t gfn)
{
        return hash_64(gfn, KVM_MMU_HASH_SHIFT);
}

static void mmu_page_add_parent_pte(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu,
                                    struct kvm_mmu_page *sp, u64 *parent_pte)
{
        if (!parent_pte)
                return;

        pte_list_add(vcpu, parent_pte, &sp->parent_ptes);
}

static void mmu_page_remove_parent_pte(struct kvm_mmu_page *sp,
                                       u64 *parent_pte)
{
        __pte_list_remove(parent_pte, &sp->parent_ptes);
}

static void drop_parent_pte(struct kvm_mmu_page *sp,
                            u64 *parent_pte)
{
        mmu_page_remove_parent_pte(sp, parent_pte);
        mmu_spte_clear_no_track(parent_pte);
}

static struct kvm_mmu_page *kvm_mmu_alloc_page(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu, int direct)
{
        struct kvm_mmu_page *sp;

        sp = kvm_mmu_memory_cache_alloc(&vcpu->arch.mmu_page_header_cache);
        sp->spt = kvm_mmu_memory_cache_alloc(&vcpu->arch.mmu_shadow_page_cache);
        if (!direct)
                sp->gfns = kvm_mmu_memory_cache_alloc(&vcpu->arch.mmu_gfn_array_cache);
        set_page_private(virt_to_page(sp->spt), (unsigned long)sp);

        /*
         * active_mmu_pages must be a FIFO list, as kvm_zap_obsolete_pages()
         * depends on valid pages being added to the head of the list.  See
         * comments in kvm_zap_obsolete_pages().
         */
        sp->mmu_valid_gen = vcpu->kvm->arch.mmu_valid_gen;
        list_add(&sp->link, &vcpu->kvm->arch.active_mmu_pages);
        kvm_mod_used_mmu_pages(vcpu->kvm, +1);
        return sp;
}

static void mark_unsync(u64 *spte);
static void kvm_mmu_mark_parents_unsync(struct kvm_mmu_page *sp)
{
        u64 *sptep;
        struct rmap_iterator iter;

        for_each_rmap_spte(&sp->parent_ptes, &iter, sptep) {
                mark_unsync(sptep);
        }
}

static void mark_unsync(u64 *spte)
{
        struct kvm_mmu_page *sp;
        unsigned int index;

        sp = sptep_to_sp(spte);
        index = spte - sp->spt;
        if (__test_and_set_bit(index, sp->unsync_child_bitmap))
                return;
        if (sp->unsync_children++)
                return;
        kvm_mmu_mark_parents_unsync(sp);
}

static int nonpaging_sync_page(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu,
                               struct kvm_mmu_page *sp)
{
        return 0;
}

static void nonpaging_update_pte(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu,
                                 struct kvm_mmu_page *sp, u64 *spte,
                                 const void *pte)
{
        WARN_ON(1);
}

#define KVM_PAGE_ARRAY_NR 16

struct kvm_mmu_pages {
        struct mmu_page_and_offset {
                struct kvm_mmu_page *sp;
                unsigned int idx;
        } page[KVM_PAGE_ARRAY_NR];
        unsigned int nr;
};

static int mmu_pages_add(struct kvm_mmu_pages *pvec, struct kvm_mmu_page *sp,
                         int idx)
{
        int i;

        if (sp->unsync)
                for (i=0; i < pvec->nr; i++)
                        if (pvec->page[i].sp == sp)
                                return 0;

        pvec->page[pvec->nr].sp = sp;
        pvec->page[pvec->nr].idx = idx;
        pvec->nr++;
        return (pvec->nr == KVM_PAGE_ARRAY_NR);
}

static inline void clear_unsync_child_bit(struct kvm_mmu_page *sp, int idx)
{
        --sp->unsync_children;
        WARN_ON((int)sp->unsync_children < 0);
        __clear_bit(idx, sp->unsync_child_bitmap);
}

static int __mmu_unsync_walk(struct kvm_mmu_page *sp,
                           struct kvm_mmu_pages *pvec)
{
        int i, ret, nr_unsync_leaf = 0;

        for_each_set_bit(i, sp->unsync_child_bitmap, 512) {
                struct kvm_mmu_page *child;
                u64 ent = sp->spt[i];

                if (!is_shadow_present_pte(ent) || is_large_pte(ent)) {
                        clear_unsync_child_bit(sp, i);
                        continue;
                }

                child = to_shadow_page(ent & PT64_BASE_ADDR_MASK);

                if (child->unsync_children) {
                        if (mmu_pages_add(pvec, child, i))
                                return -ENOSPC;

                        ret = __mmu_unsync_walk(child, pvec);
                        if (!ret) {
                                clear_unsync_child_bit(sp, i);
                                continue;
                        } else if (ret > 0) {
                                nr_unsync_leaf += ret;
                        } else
                                return ret;
                } else if (child->unsync) {
                        nr_unsync_leaf++;
                        if (mmu_pages_add(pvec, child, i))
                                return -ENOSPC;
                } else
                        clear_unsync_child_bit(sp, i);
        }

        return nr_unsync_leaf;
}

#define INVALID_INDEX (-1)

static int mmu_unsync_walk(struct kvm_mmu_page *sp,
                           struct kvm_mmu_pages *pvec)
{
        pvec->nr = 0;
        if (!sp->unsync_children)
                return 0;

        mmu_pages_add(pvec, sp, INVALID_INDEX);
        return __mmu_unsync_walk(sp, pvec);
}

static void kvm_unlink_unsync_page(struct kvm *kvm, struct kvm_mmu_page *sp)
{
        WARN_ON(!sp->unsync);
        trace_kvm_mmu_sync_page(sp);
        sp->unsync = 0;
        --kvm->stat.mmu_unsync;
}

static bool kvm_mmu_prepare_zap_page(struct kvm *kvm, struct kvm_mmu_page *sp,
                                     struct list_head *invalid_list);
static void kvm_mmu_commit_zap_page(struct kvm *kvm,
                                    struct list_head *invalid_list);

#define for_each_valid_sp(_kvm, _sp, _list)                             \
        hlist_for_each_entry(_sp, _list, hash_link)                     \
                if (is_obsolete_sp((_kvm), (_sp))) {                    \
                } else

#define for_each_gfn_indirect_valid_sp(_kvm, _sp, _gfn)                 \
        for_each_valid_sp(_kvm, _sp,                                    \
          &(_kvm)->arch.mmu_page_hash[kvm_page_table_hashfn(_gfn)])     \
                if ((_sp)->gfn != (_gfn) || (_sp)->role.direct) {} else

static inline bool is_ept_sp(struct kvm_mmu_page *sp)
{
        return sp->role.cr0_wp && sp->role.smap_andnot_wp;
}

/* @sp->gfn should be write-protected at the call site */
static bool __kvm_sync_page(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu, struct kvm_mmu_page *sp,
                            struct list_head *invalid_list)
{
        if ((!is_ept_sp(sp) && sp->role.gpte_is_8_bytes != !!is_pae(vcpu)) ||
            vcpu->arch.mmu->sync_page(vcpu, sp) == 0) {
                kvm_mmu_prepare_zap_page(vcpu->kvm, sp, invalid_list);
                return false;
        }

        return true;
}

static bool kvm_mmu_remote_flush_or_zap(struct kvm *kvm,
                                        struct list_head *invalid_list,
                                        bool remote_flush)
{
        if (!remote_flush && list_empty(invalid_list))
                return false;

        if (!list_empty(invalid_list))
                kvm_mmu_commit_zap_page(kvm, invalid_list);
        else
                kvm_flush_remote_tlbs(kvm);
        return true;
}

static void kvm_mmu_flush_or_zap(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu,
                                 struct list_head *invalid_list,
                                 bool remote_flush, bool local_flush)
{
        if (kvm_mmu_remote_flush_or_zap(vcpu->kvm, invalid_list, remote_flush))
                return;

        if (local_flush)
                kvm_make_request(KVM_REQ_TLB_FLUSH_CURRENT, vcpu);
}

#ifdef CONFIG_KVM_MMU_AUDIT
#include "mmu_audit.c"
#else
static void kvm_mmu_audit(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu, int point) { }
static void mmu_audit_disable(void) { }
#endif

static bool is_obsolete_sp(struct kvm *kvm, struct kvm_mmu_page *sp)
{
        return sp->role.invalid ||
               unlikely(sp->mmu_valid_gen != kvm->arch.mmu_valid_gen);
}

static bool kvm_sync_page(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu, struct kvm_mmu_page *sp,
                         struct list_head *invalid_list)
{
        kvm_unlink_unsync_page(vcpu->kvm, sp);
        return __kvm_sync_page(vcpu, sp, invalid_list);
}

/* @gfn should be write-protected at the call site */
static bool kvm_sync_pages(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu, gfn_t gfn,
                           struct list_head *invalid_list)
{
        struct kvm_mmu_page *s;
        bool ret = false;

        for_each_gfn_indirect_valid_sp(vcpu->kvm, s, gfn) {
                if (!s->unsync)
                        continue;

                WARN_ON(s->role.level != PG_LEVEL_4K);
                ret |= kvm_sync_page(vcpu, s, invalid_list);
        }

        return ret;
}

struct mmu_page_path {
        struct kvm_mmu_page *parent[PT64_ROOT_MAX_LEVEL];
        unsigned int idx[PT64_ROOT_MAX_LEVEL];
};

#define for_each_sp(pvec, sp, parents, i)                       \
                for (i = mmu_pages_first(&pvec, &parents);      \
                        i < pvec.nr && ({ sp = pvec.page[i].sp; 1;});   \
                        i = mmu_pages_next(&pvec, &parents, i))

static int mmu_pages_next(struct kvm_mmu_pages *pvec,
                          struct mmu_page_path *parents,
                          int i)
{
        int n;

        for (n = i+1; n < pvec->nr; n++) {
                struct kvm_mmu_page *sp = pvec->page[n].sp;
                unsigned idx = pvec->page[n].idx;
                int level = sp->role.level;

                parents->idx[level-1] = idx;
                if (level == PG_LEVEL_4K)
                        break;

                parents->parent[level-2] = sp;
        }

        return n;
}

static int mmu_pages_first(struct kvm_mmu_pages *pvec,
                           struct mmu_page_path *parents)
{
        struct kvm_mmu_page *sp;
        int level;

        if (pvec->nr == 0)
                return 0;

        WARN_ON(pvec->page[0].idx != INVALID_INDEX);

        sp = pvec->page[0].sp;
        level = sp->role.level;
        WARN_ON(level == PG_LEVEL_4K);

        parents->parent[level-2] = sp;

        /* Also set up a sentinel.  Further entries in pvec are all
         * children of sp, so this element is never overwritten.
         */
        parents->parent[level-1] = NULL;
        return mmu_pages_next(pvec, parents, 0);
}

static void mmu_pages_clear_parents(struct mmu_page_path *parents)
{
        struct kvm_mmu_page *sp;
        unsigned int level = 0;

        do {
                unsigned int idx = parents->idx[level];
                sp = parents->parent[level];
                if (!sp)
                        return;

                WARN_ON(idx == INVALID_INDEX);
                clear_unsync_child_bit(sp, idx);
                level++;
        } while (!sp->unsync_children);
}

static void mmu_sync_children(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu,
                              struct kvm_mmu_page *parent)
{
        int i;
        struct kvm_mmu_page *sp;
        struct mmu_page_path parents;
        struct kvm_mmu_pages pages;
        LIST_HEAD(invalid_list);
        bool flush = false;

        while (mmu_unsync_walk(parent, &pages)) {
                bool protected = false;

                for_each_sp(pages, sp, parents, i)
                        protected |= rmap_write_protect(vcpu, sp->gfn);

                if (protected) {
                        kvm_flush_remote_tlbs(vcpu->kvm);
                        flush = false;
                }

                for_each_sp(pages, sp, parents, i) {
                        flush |= kvm_sync_page(vcpu, sp, &invalid_list);
                        mmu_pages_clear_parents(&parents);
                }
                if (need_resched() || spin_needbreak(&vcpu->kvm->mmu_lock)) {
                        kvm_mmu_flush_or_zap(vcpu, &invalid_list, false, flush);
                        cond_resched_lock(&vcpu->kvm->mmu_lock);
                        flush = false;
                }
        }

        kvm_mmu_flush_or_zap(vcpu, &invalid_list, false, flush);
}

static void __clear_sp_write_flooding_count(struct kvm_mmu_page *sp)
{
        atomic_set(&sp->write_flooding_count,  0);
}

static void clear_sp_write_flooding_count(u64 *spte)
{
        __clear_sp_write_flooding_count(sptep_to_sp(spte));
}

static struct kvm_mmu_page *kvm_mmu_get_page(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu,
                                             gfn_t gfn,
                                             gva_t gaddr,
                                             unsigned level,
                                             int direct,
                                             unsigned int access)
{
        bool direct_mmu = vcpu->arch.mmu->direct_map;
        union kvm_mmu_page_role role;
        struct hlist_head *sp_list;
        unsigned quadrant;
        struct kvm_mmu_page *sp;
        bool need_sync = false;
        bool flush = false;
        int collisions = 0;
        LIST_HEAD(invalid_list);

        role = vcpu->arch.mmu->mmu_role.base;
        role.level = level;
        role.direct = direct;
        if (role.direct)
                role.gpte_is_8_bytes = true;
        role.access = access;
        if (!direct_mmu && vcpu->arch.mmu->root_level <= PT32_ROOT_LEVEL) {
                quadrant = gaddr >> (PAGE_SHIFT + (PT64_PT_BITS * level));
                quadrant &= (1 << ((PT32_PT_BITS - PT64_PT_BITS) * level)) - 1;
                role.quadrant = quadrant;
        }

        sp_list = &vcpu->kvm->arch.mmu_page_hash[kvm_page_table_hashfn(gfn)];
        for_each_valid_sp(vcpu->kvm, sp, sp_list) {
                if (sp->gfn != gfn) {
                        collisions++;
                        continue;
                }

                if (!need_sync && sp->unsync)
                        need_sync = true;

                if (sp->role.word != role.word)
                        continue;

                if (direct_mmu)
                        goto trace_get_page;

                if (sp->unsync) {
                        /* The page is good, but __kvm_sync_page might still end
                         * up zapping it.  If so, break in order to rebuild it.
                         */
                        if (!__kvm_sync_page(vcpu, sp, &invalid_list))
                                break;

                        WARN_ON(!list_empty(&invalid_list));
                        kvm_make_request(KVM_REQ_TLB_FLUSH_CURRENT, vcpu);
                }

                if (sp->unsync_children)
                        kvm_make_request(KVM_REQ_MMU_SYNC, vcpu);

                __clear_sp_write_flooding_count(sp);

trace_get_page:
                trace_kvm_mmu_get_page(sp, false);
                goto out;
        }

        ++vcpu->kvm->stat.mmu_cache_miss;

        sp = kvm_mmu_alloc_page(vcpu, direct);

        sp->gfn = gfn;
        sp->role = role;
        hlist_add_head(&sp->hash_link, sp_list);
        if (!direct) {
                /*
                 * we should do write protection before syncing pages
                 * otherwise the content of the synced shadow page may
                 * be inconsistent with guest page table.
                 */
                account_shadowed(vcpu->kvm, sp);
                if (level == PG_LEVEL_4K && rmap_write_protect(vcpu, gfn))
                        kvm_flush_remote_tlbs_with_address(vcpu->kvm, gfn, 1);

                if (level > PG_LEVEL_4K && need_sync)
                        flush |= kvm_sync_pages(vcpu, gfn, &invalid_list);
        }
        trace_kvm_mmu_get_page(sp, true);

        kvm_mmu_flush_or_zap(vcpu, &invalid_list, false, flush);
out:
        if (collisions > vcpu->kvm->stat.max_mmu_page_hash_collisions)
                vcpu->kvm->stat.max_mmu_page_hash_collisions = collisions;
        return sp;
}

static void shadow_walk_init_using_root(struct kvm_shadow_walk_iterator *iterator,
                                        struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu, hpa_t root,
                                        u64 addr)
{
        iterator->addr = addr;
        iterator->shadow_addr = root;
        iterator->level = vcpu->arch.mmu->shadow_root_level;

        if (iterator->level == PT64_ROOT_4LEVEL &&
            vcpu->arch.mmu->root_level < PT64_ROOT_4LEVEL &&
            !vcpu->arch.mmu->direct_map)
                --iterator->level;

        if (iterator->level == PT32E_ROOT_LEVEL) {
                /*
                 * prev_root is currently only used for 64-bit hosts. So only
                 * the active root_hpa is valid here.
                 */
                BUG_ON(root != vcpu->arch.mmu->root_hpa);

                iterator->shadow_addr
                        = vcpu->arch.mmu->pae_root[(addr >> 30) & 3];
                iterator->shadow_addr &= PT64_BASE_ADDR_MASK;
                --iterator->level;
                if (!iterator->shadow_addr)
                        iterator->level = 0;
        }
}

static void shadow_walk_init(struct kvm_shadow_walk_iterator *iterator,
                             struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu, u64 addr)
{
        shadow_walk_init_using_root(iterator, vcpu, vcpu->arch.mmu->root_hpa,
                                    addr);
}

static bool shadow_walk_okay(struct kvm_shadow_walk_iterator *iterator)
{
        if (iterator->level < PG_LEVEL_4K)
                return false;

        iterator->index = SHADOW_PT_INDEX(iterator->addr, iterator->level);
        iterator->sptep = ((u64 *)__va(iterator->shadow_addr)) + iterator->index;
        return true;
}

static void __shadow_walk_next(struct kvm_shadow_walk_iterator *iterator,
                               u64 spte)
{
        if (is_last_spte(spte, iterator->level)) {
                iterator->level = 0;
                return;
        }

        iterator->shadow_addr = spte & PT64_BASE_ADDR_MASK;
        --iterator->level;
}

static void shadow_walk_next(struct kvm_shadow_walk_iterator *iterator)
{
        __shadow_walk_next(iterator, *iterator->sptep);
}

static void link_shadow_page(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu, u64 *sptep,
                             struct kvm_mmu_page *sp)
{
        u64 spte;

        BUILD_BUG_ON(VMX_EPT_WRITABLE_MASK != PT_WRITABLE_MASK);

        spte = make_nonleaf_spte(sp->spt, sp_ad_disabled(sp));

        mmu_spte_set(sptep, spte);

        mmu_page_add_parent_pte(vcpu, sp, sptep);

        if (sp->unsync_children || sp->unsync)
                mark_unsync(sptep);
}

static void validate_direct_spte(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu, u64 *sptep,
                                   unsigned direct_access)
{
        if (is_shadow_present_pte(*sptep) && !is_large_pte(*sptep)) {
                struct kvm_mmu_page *child;

                /*
                 * For the direct sp, if the guest pte's dirty bit
                 * changed form clean to dirty, it will corrupt the
                 * sp's access: allow writable in the read-only sp,
                 * so we should update the spte at this point to get
                 * a new sp with the correct access.
                 */
                child = to_shadow_page(*sptep & PT64_BASE_ADDR_MASK);
                if (child->role.access == direct_access)
                        return;

                drop_parent_pte(child, sptep);
                kvm_flush_remote_tlbs_with_address(vcpu->kvm, child->gfn, 1);
        }
}

/* Returns the number of zapped non-leaf child shadow pages. */
static int mmu_page_zap_pte(struct kvm *kvm, struct kvm_mmu_page *sp,
                            u64 *spte, struct list_head *invalid_list)
{
        u64 pte;
        struct kvm_mmu_page *child;

        pte = *spte;
        if (is_shadow_present_pte(pte)) {
                if (is_last_spte(pte, sp->role.level)) {
                        drop_spte(kvm, spte);
                        if (is_large_pte(pte))
                                --kvm->stat.lpages;
                } else {
                        child = to_shadow_page(pte & PT64_BASE_ADDR_MASK);
                        drop_parent_pte(child, spte);

                        /*
                         * Recursively zap nested TDP SPs, parentless SPs are
                         * unlikely to be used again in the near future.  This
                         * avoids retaining a large number of stale nested SPs.
                         */
                        if (tdp_enabled && invalid_list &&
                            child->role.guest_mode && !child->parent_ptes.val)
                                return kvm_mmu_prepare_zap_page(kvm, child,
                                                                invalid_list);
                }
        } else if (is_mmio_spte(pte)) {
                mmu_spte_clear_no_track(spte);
        }
        return 0;
}

static int kvm_mmu_page_unlink_children(struct kvm *kvm,
                                        struct kvm_mmu_page *sp,
                                        struct list_head *invalid_list)
{
        int zapped = 0;
        unsigned i;

        for (i = 0; i < PT64_ENT_PER_PAGE; ++i)
                zapped += mmu_page_zap_pte(kvm, sp, sp->spt + i, invalid_list);

        return zapped;
}

static void kvm_mmu_unlink_parents(struct kvm *kvm, struct kvm_mmu_page *sp)
{
        u64 *sptep;
        struct rmap_iterator iter;

        while ((sptep = rmap_get_first(&sp->parent_ptes, &iter)))
                drop_parent_pte(sp, sptep);
}

static int mmu_zap_unsync_children(struct kvm *kvm,
                                   struct kvm_mmu_page *parent,
                                   struct list_head *invalid_list)
{
        int i, zapped = 0;
        struct mmu_page_path parents;
        struct kvm_mmu_pages pages;

        if (parent->role.level == PG_LEVEL_4K)
                return 0;

        while (mmu_unsync_walk(parent, &pages)) {
                struct kvm_mmu_page *sp;

                for_each_sp(pages, sp, parents, i) {
                        kvm_mmu_prepare_zap_page(kvm, sp, invalid_list);
                        mmu_pages_clear_parents(&parents);
                        zapped++;
                }
        }

        return zapped;
}

static bool __kvm_mmu_prepare_zap_page(struct kvm *kvm,
                                       struct kvm_mmu_page *sp,
                                       struct list_head *invalid_list,
                                       int *nr_zapped)
{
        bool list_unstable;

        trace_kvm_mmu_prepare_zap_page(sp);
        ++kvm->stat.mmu_shadow_zapped;
        *nr_zapped = mmu_zap_unsync_children(kvm, sp, invalid_list);
        *nr_zapped += kvm_mmu_page_unlink_children(kvm, sp, invalid_list);
        kvm_mmu_unlink_parents(kvm, sp);

        /* Zapping children means active_mmu_pages has become unstable. */
        list_unstable = *nr_zapped;

        if (!sp->role.invalid && !sp->role.direct)
                unaccount_shadowed(kvm, sp);

        if (sp->unsync)
                kvm_unlink_unsync_page(kvm, sp);
        if (!sp->root_count) {
                /* Count self */
                (*nr_zapped)++;

                /*
                 * Already invalid pages (previously active roots) are not on
                 * the active page list.  See list_del() in the "else" case of
                 * !sp->root_count.
                 */
                if (sp->role.invalid)
                        list_add(&sp->link, invalid_list);
                else
                        list_move(&sp->link, invalid_list);
                kvm_mod_used_mmu_pages(kvm, -1);
        } else {
                /*
                 * Remove the active root from the active page list, the root
                 * will be explicitly freed when the root_count hits zero.
                 */
                list_del(&sp->link);

                /*
                 * Obsolete pages cannot be used on any vCPUs, see the comment
                 * in kvm_mmu_zap_all_fast().  Note, is_obsolete_sp() also
                 * treats invalid shadow pages as being obsolete.
                 */
                if (!is_obsolete_sp(kvm, sp))
                        kvm_reload_remote_mmus(kvm);
        }

        if (sp->lpage_disallowed)
                unaccount_huge_nx_page(kvm, sp);

        sp->role.invalid = 1;
        return list_unstable;
}

static bool kvm_mmu_prepare_zap_page(struct kvm *kvm, struct kvm_mmu_page *sp,
                                     struct list_head *invalid_list)
{
        int nr_zapped;

        __kvm_mmu_prepare_zap_page(kvm, sp, invalid_list, &nr_zapped);
        return nr_zapped;
}

static void kvm_mmu_commit_zap_page(struct kvm *kvm,
                                    struct list_head *invalid_list)
{
        struct kvm_mmu_page *sp, *nsp;

        if (list_empty(invalid_list))
                return;

        /*
         * We need to make sure everyone sees our modifications to
         * the page tables and see changes to vcpu->mode here. The barrier
         * in the kvm_flush_remote_tlbs() achieves this. This pairs
         * with vcpu_enter_guest and walk_shadow_page_lockless_begin/end.
         *
         * In addition, kvm_flush_remote_tlbs waits for all vcpus to exit
         * guest mode and/or lockless shadow page table walks.
         */
        kvm_flush_remote_tlbs(kvm);

        list_for_each_entry_safe(sp, nsp, invalid_list, link) {
                WARN_ON(!sp->role.invalid || sp->root_count);
                kvm_mmu_free_page(sp);
        }
}

static unsigned long kvm_mmu_zap_oldest_mmu_pages(struct kvm *kvm,
                                                  unsigned long nr_to_zap)
{
        unsigned long total_zapped = 0;
        struct kvm_mmu_page *sp, *tmp;
        LIST_HEAD(invalid_list);
        bool unstable;
        int nr_zapped;

        if (list_empty(&kvm->arch.active_mmu_pages))
                return 0;

restart:
        list_for_each_entry_safe(sp, tmp, &kvm->arch.active_mmu_pages, link) {
                /*
                 * Don't zap active root pages, the page itself can't be freed
                 * and zapping it will just force vCPUs to realloc and reload.
                 */
                if (sp->root_count)
                        continue;

                unstable = __kvm_mmu_prepare_zap_page(kvm, sp, &invalid_list,
                                                      &nr_zapped);
                total_zapped += nr_zapped;
                if (total_zapped >= nr_to_zap)
                        break;

                if (unstable)
                        goto restart;
        }

        kvm_mmu_commit_zap_page(kvm, &invalid_list);

        kvm->stat.mmu_recycled += total_zapped;
        return total_zapped;
}

static inline unsigned long kvm_mmu_available_pages(struct kvm *kvm)
{
        if (kvm->arch.n_max_mmu_pages > kvm->arch.n_used_mmu_pages)
                return kvm->arch.n_max_mmu_pages -
                        kvm->arch.n_used_mmu_pages;

        return 0;
}

static int make_mmu_pages_available(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu)
{
        unsigned long avail = kvm_mmu_available_pages(vcpu->kvm);

        if (likely(avail >= KVM_MIN_FREE_MMU_PAGES))
                return 0;

        kvm_mmu_zap_oldest_mmu_pages(vcpu->kvm, KVM_REFILL_PAGES - avail);

        if (!kvm_mmu_available_pages(vcpu->kvm))
                return -ENOSPC;
        return 0;
}

/*
 * Changing the number of mmu pages allocated to the vm
 * Note: if goal_nr_mmu_pages is too small, you will get dead lock
 */
void kvm_mmu_change_mmu_pages(struct kvm *kvm, unsigned long goal_nr_mmu_pages)
{
        spin_lock(&kvm->mmu_lock);

        if (kvm->arch.n_used_mmu_pages > goal_nr_mmu_pages) {
                kvm_mmu_zap_oldest_mmu_pages(kvm, kvm->arch.n_used_mmu_pages -
                                                  goal_nr_mmu_pages);

                goal_nr_mmu_pages = kvm->arch.n_used_mmu_pages;
        }

        kvm->arch.n_max_mmu_pages = goal_nr_mmu_pages;

        spin_unlock(&kvm->mmu_lock);
}

int kvm_mmu_unprotect_page(struct kvm *kvm, gfn_t gfn)
{
        struct kvm_mmu_page *sp;
        LIST_HEAD(invalid_list);
        int r;

        pgprintk("%s: looking for gfn %llx\n", __func__, gfn);
        r = 0;
        spin_lock(&kvm->mmu_lock);
        for_each_gfn_indirect_valid_sp(kvm, sp, gfn) {
                pgprintk("%s: gfn %llx role %x\n", __func__, gfn,
                         sp->role.word);
                r = 1;
                kvm_mmu_prepare_zap_page(kvm, sp, &invalid_list);
        }
        kvm_mmu_commit_zap_page(kvm, &invalid_list);
        spin_unlock(&kvm->mmu_lock);

        return r;
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(kvm_mmu_unprotect_page);

static void kvm_unsync_page(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu, struct kvm_mmu_page *sp)
{
        trace_kvm_mmu_unsync_page(sp);
        ++vcpu->kvm->stat.mmu_unsync;
        sp->unsync = 1;

        kvm_mmu_mark_parents_unsync(sp);
}

bool mmu_need_write_protect(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu, gfn_t gfn,
                            bool can_unsync)
{
        struct kvm_mmu_page *sp;

        if (kvm_page_track_is_active(vcpu, gfn, KVM_PAGE_TRACK_WRITE))
                return true;

        for_each_gfn_indirect_valid_sp(vcpu->kvm, sp, gfn) {
                if (!can_unsync)
                        return true;

                if (sp->unsync)
                        continue;

                WARN_ON(sp->role.level != PG_LEVEL_4K);
                kvm_unsync_page(vcpu, sp);
        }

        /*
         * We need to ensure that the marking of unsync pages is visible
         * before the SPTE is updated to allow writes because
         * kvm_mmu_sync_roots() checks the unsync flags without holding
         * the MMU lock and so can race with this. If the SPTE was updated
         * before the page had been marked as unsync-ed, something like the
         * following could happen:
         *
         * CPU 1                    CPU 2
         * ---------------------------------------------------------------------
         * 1.2 Host updates SPTE
         *     to be writable
         *                      2.1 Guest writes a GPTE for GVA X.
         *                          (GPTE being in the guest page table shadowed
         *                           by the SP from CPU 1.)
         *                          This reads SPTE during the page table walk.
         *                          Since SPTE.W is read as 1, there is no
         *                          fault.
         *
         *                      2.2 Guest issues TLB flush.
         *                          That causes a VM Exit.
         *
         *                      2.3 kvm_mmu_sync_pages() reads sp->unsync.
         *                          Since it is false, so it just returns.
         *
         *                      2.4 Guest accesses GVA X.
         *                          Since the mapping in the SP was not updated,
         *                          so the old mapping for GVA X incorrectly
         *                          gets used.
         * 1.1 Host marks SP
         *     as unsync
         *     (sp->unsync = true)
         *
         * The write barrier below ensures that 1.1 happens before 1.2 and thus
         * the situation in 2.4 does not arise. The implicit barrier in 2.2
         * pairs with this write barrier.
         */
        smp_wmb();

        return false;
}

static int set_spte(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu, u64 *sptep,
                    unsigned int pte_access, int level,
                    gfn_t gfn, kvm_pfn_t pfn, bool speculative,
                    bool can_unsync, bool host_writable)
{
        u64 spte;
        struct kvm_mmu_page *sp;
        int ret;

        if (set_mmio_spte(vcpu, sptep, gfn, pfn, pte_access))
                return 0;

        sp = sptep_to_sp(sptep);

        ret = make_spte(vcpu, pte_access, level, gfn, pfn, *sptep, speculative,
                        can_unsync, host_writable, sp_ad_disabled(sp), &spte);

        if (spte & PT_WRITABLE_MASK)
                kvm_vcpu_mark_page_dirty(vcpu, gfn);

        if (*sptep == spte)
                ret |= SET_SPTE_SPURIOUS;
        else if (mmu_spte_update(sptep, spte))
                ret |= SET_SPTE_NEED_REMOTE_TLB_FLUSH;
        return ret;
}

static int mmu_set_spte(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu, u64 *sptep,
                        unsigned int pte_access, bool write_fault, int level,
                        gfn_t gfn, kvm_pfn_t pfn, bool speculative,
                        bool host_writable)
{
        int was_rmapped = 0;
        int rmap_count;
        int set_spte_ret;
        int ret = RET_PF_FIXED;
        bool flush = false;

        pgprintk("%s: spte %llx write_fault %d gfn %llx\n", __func__,
                 *sptep, write_fault, gfn);

        if (is_shadow_present_pte(*sptep)) {
                /*
                 * If we overwrite a PTE page pointer with a 2MB PMD, unlink
                 * the parent of the now unreachable PTE.
                 */
                if (level > PG_LEVEL_4K && !is_large_pte(*sptep)) {
                        struct kvm_mmu_page *child;
                        u64 pte = *sptep;

                        child = to_shadow_page(pte & PT64_BASE_ADDR_MASK);
                        drop_parent_pte(child, sptep);
                        flush = true;
                } else if (pfn != spte_to_pfn(*sptep)) {
                        pgprintk("hfn old %llx new %llx\n",
                                 spte_to_pfn(*sptep), pfn);
                        drop_spte(vcpu->kvm, sptep);
                        flush = true;
                } else
                        was_rmapped = 1;
        }

        set_spte_ret = set_spte(vcpu, sptep, pte_access, level, gfn, pfn,
                                speculative, true, host_writable);
        if (set_spte_ret & SET_SPTE_WRITE_PROTECTED_PT) {
                if (write_fault)
                        ret = RET_PF_EMULATE;
                kvm_make_request(KVM_REQ_TLB_FLUSH_CURRENT, vcpu);
        }

        if (set_spte_ret & SET_SPTE_NEED_REMOTE_TLB_FLUSH || flush)
                kvm_flush_remote_tlbs_with_address(vcpu->kvm, gfn,
                                KVM_PAGES_PER_HPAGE(level));

        if (unlikely(is_mmio_spte(*sptep)))
                ret = RET_PF_EMULATE;

        /*
         * The fault is fully spurious if and only if the new SPTE and old SPTE
         * are identical, and emulation is not required.
         */
        if ((set_spte_ret & SET_SPTE_SPURIOUS) && ret == RET_PF_FIXED) {
                WARN_ON_ONCE(!was_rmapped);
                return RET_PF_SPURIOUS;
        }

        pgprintk("%s: setting spte %llx\n", __func__, *sptep);
        trace_kvm_mmu_set_spte(level, gfn, sptep);
        if (!was_rmapped && is_large_pte(*sptep))
                ++vcpu->kvm->stat.lpages;

        if (is_shadow_present_pte(*sptep)) {
                if (!was_rmapped) {
                        rmap_count = rmap_add(vcpu, sptep, gfn);
                        if (rmap_count > RMAP_RECYCLE_THRESHOLD)
                                rmap_recycle(vcpu, sptep, gfn);
                }
        }

        return ret;
}

static kvm_pfn_t pte_prefetch_gfn_to_pfn(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu, gfn_t gfn,
                                     bool no_dirty_log)
{
        struct kvm_memory_slot *slot;

        slot = gfn_to_memslot_dirty_bitmap(vcpu, gfn, no_dirty_log);
        if (!slot)
                return KVM_PFN_ERR_FAULT;

        return gfn_to_pfn_memslot_atomic(slot, gfn);
}

static int direct_pte_prefetch_many(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu,
                                    struct kvm_mmu_page *sp,
                                    u64 *start, u64 *end)
{
        struct page *pages[PTE_PREFETCH_NUM];
        struct kvm_memory_slot *slot;
        unsigned int access = sp->role.access;
        int i, ret;
        gfn_t gfn;

        gfn = kvm_mmu_page_get_gfn(sp, start - sp->spt);
        slot = gfn_to_memslot_dirty_bitmap(vcpu, gfn, access & ACC_WRITE_MASK);
        if (!slot)
                return -1;

        ret = gfn_to_page_many_atomic(slot, gfn, pages, end - start);
        if (ret <= 0)
                return -1;

        for (i = 0; i < ret; i++, gfn++, start++) {
                mmu_set_spte(vcpu, start, access, false, sp->role.level, gfn,
                             page_to_pfn(pages[i]), true, true);
                put_page(pages[i]);
        }

        return 0;
}

static void __direct_pte_prefetch(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu,
                                  struct kvm_mmu_page *sp, u64 *sptep)
{
        u64 *spte, *start = NULL;
        int i;

        WARN_ON(!sp->role.direct);

        i = (sptep - sp->spt) & ~(PTE_PREFETCH_NUM - 1);
        spte = sp->spt + i;

        for (i = 0; i < PTE_PREFETCH_NUM; i++, spte++) {
                if (is_shadow_present_pte(*spte) || spte == sptep) {
                        if (!start)
                                continue;
                        if (direct_pte_prefetch_many(vcpu, sp, start, spte) < 0)
                                break;
                        start = NULL;
                } else if (!start)
                        start = spte;
        }
}

static void direct_pte_prefetch(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu, u64 *sptep)
{
        struct kvm_mmu_page *sp;

        sp = sptep_to_sp(sptep);

        /*
         * Without accessed bits, there's no way to distinguish between
         * actually accessed translations and prefetched, so disable pte
         * prefetch if accessed bits aren't available.
         */
        if (sp_ad_disabled(sp))
                return;

        if (sp->role.level > PG_LEVEL_4K)
                return;

        __direct_pte_prefetch(vcpu, sp, sptep);
}

static int host_pfn_mapping_level(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu, gfn_t gfn,
                                  kvm_pfn_t pfn, struct kvm_memory_slot *slot)
{
        unsigned long hva;
        pte_t *pte;
        int level;

        if (!PageCompound(pfn_to_page(pfn)) && !kvm_is_zone_device_pfn(pfn))
                return PG_LEVEL_4K;

        /*
         * Note, using the already-retrieved memslot and __gfn_to_hva_memslot()
         * is not solely for performance, it's also necessary to avoid the
         * "writable" check in __gfn_to_hva_many(), which will always fail on
         * read-only memslots due to gfn_to_hva() assuming writes.  Earlier
         * page fault steps have already verified the guest isn't writing a
         * read-only memslot.
         */
        hva = __gfn_to_hva_memslot(slot, gfn);

        pte = lookup_address_in_mm(vcpu->kvm->mm, hva, &level);
        if (unlikely(!pte))
                return PG_LEVEL_4K;

        return level;
}

static int kvm_mmu_hugepage_adjust(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu, gfn_t gfn,
                                   int max_level, kvm_pfn_t *pfnp,
                                   bool huge_page_disallowed, int *req_level)
{
        struct kvm_memory_slot *slot;
        struct kvm_lpage_info *linfo;
        kvm_pfn_t pfn = *pfnp;
        kvm_pfn_t mask;
        int level;

        *req_level = PG_LEVEL_4K;

        if (unlikely(max_level == PG_LEVEL_4K))
                return PG_LEVEL_4K;

        if (is_error_noslot_pfn(pfn) || kvm_is_reserved_pfn(pfn))
                return PG_LEVEL_4K;

        slot = gfn_to_memslot_dirty_bitmap(vcpu, gfn, true);
        if (!slot)
                return PG_LEVEL_4K;

        max_level = min(max_level, max_huge_page_level);
        for ( ; max_level > PG_LEVEL_4K; max_level--) {
                linfo = lpage_info_slot(gfn, slot, max_level);
                if (!linfo->disallow_lpage)
                        break;
        }

        if (max_level == PG_LEVEL_4K)
                return PG_LEVEL_4K;

        level = host_pfn_mapping_level(vcpu, gfn, pfn, slot);
        if (level == PG_LEVEL_4K)
                return level;

        *req_level = level = min(level, max_level);

        /*
         * Enforce the iTLB multihit workaround after capturing the requested
         * level, which will be used to do precise, accurate accounting.
         */
        if (huge_page_disallowed)
                return PG_LEVEL_4K;

        /*
         * mmu_notifier_retry() was successful and mmu_lock is held, so
         * the pmd can't be split from under us.
         */
        mask = KVM_PAGES_PER_HPAGE(level) - 1;
        VM_BUG_ON((gfn & mask) != (pfn & mask));
        *pfnp = pfn & ~mask;

        return level;
}

static void disallowed_hugepage_adjust(struct kvm_shadow_walk_iterator it,
                                       gfn_t gfn, kvm_pfn_t *pfnp, int *levelp)
{
        int level = *levelp;
        u64 spte = *it.sptep;

        if (it.level == level && level > PG_LEVEL_4K &&
            is_shadow_present_pte(spte) &&
            !is_large_pte(spte)) {
                /*
                 * A small SPTE exists for this pfn, but FNAME(fetch)
                 * and __direct_map would like to create a large PTE
                 * instead: just force them to go down another level,
                 * patching back for them into pfn the next 9 bits of
                 * the address.
                 */
                u64 page_mask = KVM_PAGES_PER_HPAGE(level) - KVM_PAGES_PER_HPAGE(level - 1);
                *pfnp |= gfn & page_mask;
                (*levelp)--;
        }
}

static int __direct_map(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu, gpa_t gpa, u32 error_code,
                        int map_writable, int max_level, kvm_pfn_t pfn,
                        bool prefault, bool is_tdp)
{
        bool nx_huge_page_workaround_enabled = is_nx_huge_page_enabled();
        bool write = error_code & PFERR_WRITE_MASK;
        bool exec = error_code & PFERR_FETCH_MASK;
        bool huge_page_disallowed = exec && nx_huge_page_workaround_enabled;
        struct kvm_shadow_walk_iterator it;
        struct kvm_mmu_page *sp;
        int level, req_level, ret;
        gfn_t gfn = gpa >> PAGE_SHIFT;
        gfn_t base_gfn = gfn;

        if (WARN_ON(!VALID_PAGE(vcpu->arch.mmu->root_hpa)))
                return RET_PF_RETRY;

        level = kvm_mmu_hugepage_adjust(vcpu, gfn, max_level, &pfn,
                                        huge_page_disallowed, &req_level);

        trace_kvm_mmu_spte_requested(gpa, level, pfn);
        for_each_shadow_entry(vcpu, gpa, it) {
                /*
                 * We cannot overwrite existing page tables with an NX
                 * large page, as the leaf could be executable.
                 */
                if (nx_huge_page_workaround_enabled)
                        disallowed_hugepage_adjust(it, gfn, &pfn, &level);

                base_gfn = gfn & ~(KVM_PAGES_PER_HPAGE(it.level) - 1);
                if (it.level == level)
                        break;

                drop_large_spte(vcpu, it.sptep);
                if (!is_shadow_present_pte(*it.sptep)) {
                        sp = kvm_mmu_get_page(vcpu, base_gfn, it.addr,
                                              it.level - 1, true, ACC_ALL);

                        link_shadow_page(vcpu, it.sptep, sp);
                        if (is_tdp && huge_page_disallowed &&
                            req_level >= it.level)
                                account_huge_nx_page(vcpu->kvm, sp);
                }
        }

        ret = mmu_set_spte(vcpu, it.sptep, ACC_ALL,
                           write, level, base_gfn, pfn, prefault,
                           map_writable);
        if (ret == RET_PF_SPURIOUS)
                return ret;

        direct_pte_prefetch(vcpu, it.sptep);
        ++vcpu->stat.pf_fixed;
        return ret;
}

static void kvm_send_hwpoison_signal(unsigned long address, struct task_struct *tsk)
{
        send_sig_mceerr(BUS_MCEERR_AR, (void __user *)address, PAGE_SHIFT, tsk);
}

static int kvm_handle_bad_page(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu, gfn_t gfn, kvm_pfn_t pfn)
{
        /*
         * Do not cache the mmio info caused by writing the readonly gfn
         * into the spte otherwise read access on readonly gfn also can
         * caused mmio page fault and treat it as mmio access.
         */
        if (pfn == KVM_PFN_ERR_RO_FAULT)
                return RET_PF_EMULATE;

        if (pfn == KVM_PFN_ERR_HWPOISON) {
                kvm_send_hwpoison_signal(kvm_vcpu_gfn_to_hva(vcpu, gfn), current);
                return RET_PF_RETRY;
        }

        return -EFAULT;
}

static bool handle_abnormal_pfn(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu, gva_t gva, gfn_t gfn,
                                kvm_pfn_t pfn, unsigned int access,
                                int *ret_val)
{
        /* The pfn is invalid, report the error! */
        if (unlikely(is_error_pfn(pfn))) {
                *ret_val = kvm_handle_bad_page(vcpu, gfn, pfn);
                return true;
        }

        if (unlikely(is_noslot_pfn(pfn)))
                vcpu_cache_mmio_info(vcpu, gva, gfn,
                                     access & shadow_mmio_access_mask);

        return false;
}

static bool page_fault_can_be_fast(u32 error_code)
{
        /*
         * Do not fix the mmio spte with invalid generation number which
         * need to be updated by slow page fault path.
         */
        if (unlikely(error_code & PFERR_RSVD_MASK))
                return false;

        /* See if the page fault is due to an NX violation */
        if (unlikely(((error_code & (PFERR_FETCH_MASK | PFERR_PRESENT_MASK))
                      == (PFERR_FETCH_MASK | PFERR_PRESENT_MASK))))
                return false;

        /*
         * #PF can be fast if:
         * 1. The shadow page table entry is not present, which could mean that
         *    the fault is potentially caused by access tracking (if enabled).
         * 2. The shadow page table entry is present and the fault
         *    is caused by write-protect, that means we just need change the W
         *    bit of the spte which can be done out of mmu-lock.
         *
         * However, if access tracking is disabled we know that a non-present
         * page must be a genuine page fault where we have to create a new SPTE.
         * So, if access tracking is disabled, we return true only for write
         * accesses to a present page.
         */

        return shadow_acc_track_mask != 0 ||
               ((error_code & (PFERR_WRITE_MASK | PFERR_PRESENT_MASK))
                == (PFERR_WRITE_MASK | PFERR_PRESENT_MASK));
}

/*
 * Returns true if the SPTE was fixed successfully. Otherwise,
 * someone else modified the SPTE from its original value.
 */
static bool
fast_pf_fix_direct_spte(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu, struct kvm_mmu_page *sp,
                        u64 *sptep, u64 old_spte, u64 new_spte)
{
        gfn_t gfn;

        WARN_ON(!sp->role.direct);

        /*
         * Theoretically we could also set dirty bit (and flush TLB) here in
         * order to eliminate unnecessary PML logging. See comments in
         * set_spte. But fast_page_fault is very unlikely to happen with PML
         * enabled, so we do not do this. This might result in the same GPA
         * to be logged in PML buffer again when the write really happens, and
         * eventually to be called by mark_page_dirty twice. But it's also no
         * harm. This also avoids the TLB flush needed after setting dirty bit
         * so non-PML cases won't be impacted.
         *
         * Compare with set_spte where instead shadow_dirty_mask is set.
         */
        if (cmpxchg64(sptep, old_spte, new_spte) != old_spte)
                return false;

        if (is_writable_pte(new_spte) && !is_writable_pte(old_spte)) {
                /*
                 * The gfn of direct spte is stable since it is
                 * calculated by sp->gfn.
                 */
                gfn = kvm_mmu_page_get_gfn(sp, sptep - sp->spt);
                kvm_vcpu_mark_page_dirty(vcpu, gfn);
        }

        return true;
}

static bool is_access_allowed(u32 fault_err_code, u64 spte)
{
        if (fault_err_code & PFERR_FETCH_MASK)
                return is_executable_pte(spte);

        if (fault_err_code & PFERR_WRITE_MASK)
                return is_writable_pte(spte);

        /* Fault was on Read access */
        return spte & PT_PRESENT_MASK;
}

/*
 * Returns one of RET_PF_INVALID, RET_PF_FIXED or RET_PF_SPURIOUS.
 */
static int fast_page_fault(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu, gpa_t cr2_or_gpa,
                           u32 error_code)
{
        struct kvm_shadow_walk_iterator iterator;
        struct kvm_mmu_page *sp;
        int ret = RET_PF_INVALID;
        u64 spte = 0ull;
        uint retry_count = 0;

        if (!page_fault_can_be_fast(error_code))
                return ret;

        walk_shadow_page_lockless_begin(vcpu);

        do {
                u64 new_spte;

                for_each_shadow_entry_lockless(vcpu, cr2_or_gpa, iterator, spte)
                        if (!is_shadow_present_pte(spte))
                                break;

                sp = sptep_to_sp(iterator.sptep);
                if (!is_last_spte(spte, sp->role.level))
                        break;

                /*
                 * Check whether the memory access that caused the fault would
                 * still cause it if it were to be performed right now. If not,
                 * then this is a spurious fault caused by TLB lazily flushed,
                 * or some other CPU has already fixed the PTE after the
                 * current CPU took the fault.
                 *
                 * Need not check the access of upper level table entries since
                 * they are always ACC_ALL.
                 */
                if (is_access_allowed(error_code, spte)) {
                        ret = RET_PF_SPURIOUS;
                        break;
                }

                new_spte = spte;

                if (is_access_track_spte(spte))
                        new_spte = restore_acc_track_spte(new_spte);

                /*
                 * Currently, to simplify the code, write-protection can
                 * be removed in the fast path only if the SPTE was
                 * write-protected for dirty-logging or access tracking.
                 */
                if ((error_code & PFERR_WRITE_MASK) &&
                    spte_can_locklessly_be_made_writable(spte)) {
                        new_spte |= PT_WRITABLE_MASK;

                        /*
                         * Do not fix write-permission on the large spte.  Since
                         * we only dirty the first page into the dirty-bitmap in
                         * fast_pf_fix_direct_spte(), other pages are missed
                         * if its slot has dirty logging enabled.
                         *
                         * Instead, we let the slow page fault path create a
                         * normal spte to fix the access.
                         *
                         * See the comments in kvm_arch_commit_memory_region().
                         */
                        if (sp->role.level > PG_LEVEL_4K)
                                break;
                }

                /* Verify that the fault can be handled in the fast path */
                if (new_spte == spte ||
                    !is_access_allowed(error_code, new_spte))
                        break;

                /*
                 * Currently, fast page fault only works for direct mapping
                 * since the gfn is not stable for indirect shadow page. See
                 * Documentation/virt/kvm/locking.rst to get more detail.
                 */
                if (fast_pf_fix_direct_spte(vcpu, sp, iterator.sptep, spte,
                                            new_spte)) {
                        ret = RET_PF_FIXED;
                        break;
                }

                if (++retry_count > 4) {
                        printk_once(KERN_WARNING
                                "kvm: Fast #PF retrying more than 4 times.\n");
                        break;
                }

        } while (true);

        trace_fast_page_fault(vcpu, cr2_or_gpa, error_code, iterator.sptep,
                              spte, ret);
        walk_shadow_page_lockless_end(vcpu);

        return ret;
}

static void mmu_free_root_page(struct kvm *kvm, hpa_t *root_hpa,
                               struct list_head *invalid_list)
{
        struct kvm_mmu_page *sp;

        if (!VALID_PAGE(*root_hpa))
                return;

        sp = to_shadow_page(*root_hpa & PT64_BASE_ADDR_MASK);
        --sp->root_count;
        if (!sp->root_count && sp->role.invalid)
                kvm_mmu_prepare_zap_page(kvm, sp, invalid_list);

        *root_hpa = INVALID_PAGE;
}

/* roots_to_free must be some combination of the KVM_MMU_ROOT_* flags */
void kvm_mmu_free_roots(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu, struct kvm_mmu *mmu,
                        ulong roots_to_free)
{
        struct kvm *kvm = vcpu->kvm;
        int i;
        LIST_HEAD(invalid_list);
        bool free_active_root = roots_to_free & KVM_MMU_ROOT_CURRENT;

        BUILD_BUG_ON(KVM_MMU_NUM_PREV_ROOTS >= BITS_PER_LONG);

        /* Before acquiring the MMU lock, see if we need to do any real work. */
        if (!(free_active_root && VALID_PAGE(mmu->root_hpa))) {
                for (i = 0; i < KVM_MMU_NUM_PREV_ROOTS; i++)
                        if ((roots_to_free & KVM_MMU_ROOT_PREVIOUS(i)) &&
                            VALID_PAGE(mmu->prev_roots[i].hpa))
                                break;

                if (i == KVM_MMU_NUM_PREV_ROOTS)
                        return;
        }

        spin_lock(&kvm->mmu_lock);

        for (i = 0; i < KVM_MMU_NUM_PREV_ROOTS; i++)
                if (roots_to_free & KVM_MMU_ROOT_PREVIOUS(i))
                        mmu_free_root_page(kvm, &mmu->prev_roots[i].hpa,
                                           &invalid_list);

        if (free_active_root) {
                if (mmu->shadow_root_level >= PT64_ROOT_4LEVEL &&
                    (mmu->root_level >= PT64_ROOT_4LEVEL || mmu->direct_map)) {
                        mmu_free_root_page(kvm, &mmu->root_hpa, &invalid_list);
                } else {
                        for (i = 0; i < 4; ++i)
                                if (mmu->pae_root[i] != 0)
                                        mmu_free_root_page(kvm,
                                                           &mmu->pae_root[i],
                                                           &invalid_list);
                        mmu->root_hpa = INVALID_PAGE;
                }
                mmu->root_pgd = 0;
        }

        kvm_mmu_commit_zap_page(kvm, &invalid_list);
        spin_unlock(&kvm->mmu_lock);
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(kvm_mmu_free_roots);

static int mmu_check_root(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu, gfn_t root_gfn)
{
        int ret = 0;

        if (!kvm_vcpu_is_visible_gfn(vcpu, root_gfn)) {
                kvm_make_request(KVM_REQ_TRIPLE_FAULT, vcpu);
                ret = 1;
        }

        return ret;
}

static hpa_t mmu_alloc_root(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu, gfn_t gfn, gva_t gva,
                            u8 level, bool direct)
{
        struct kvm_mmu_page *sp;

        spin_lock(&vcpu->kvm->mmu_lock);

        if (make_mmu_pages_available(vcpu)) {
                spin_unlock(&vcpu->kvm->mmu_lock);
                return INVALID_PAGE;
        }
        sp = kvm_mmu_get_page(vcpu, gfn, gva, level, direct, ACC_ALL);
        ++sp->root_count;

        spin_unlock(&vcpu->kvm->mmu_lock);
        return __pa(sp->spt);
}

static int mmu_alloc_direct_roots(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu)
{
        u8 shadow_root_level = vcpu->arch.mmu->shadow_root_level;
        hpa_t root;
        unsigned i;

        if (shadow_root_level >= PT64_ROOT_4LEVEL) {
                root = mmu_alloc_root(vcpu, 0, 0, shadow_root_level, true);
                if (!VALID_PAGE(root))
                        return -ENOSPC;
                vcpu->arch.mmu->root_hpa = root;
        } else if (shadow_root_level == PT32E_ROOT_LEVEL) {
                for (i = 0; i < 4; ++i) {
                        MMU_WARN_ON(VALID_PAGE(vcpu->arch.mmu->pae_root[i]));

                        root = mmu_alloc_root(vcpu, i << (30 - PAGE_SHIFT),
                                              i << 30, PT32_ROOT_LEVEL, true);
                        if (!VALID_PAGE(root))
                                return -ENOSPC;
                        vcpu->arch.mmu->pae_root[i] = root | PT_PRESENT_MASK;
                }
                vcpu->arch.mmu->root_hpa = __pa(vcpu->arch.mmu->pae_root);
        } else
                BUG();

        /* root_pgd is ignored for direct MMUs. */
        vcpu->arch.mmu->root_pgd = 0;

        return 0;
}

static int mmu_alloc_shadow_roots(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu)
{
        u64 pdptr, pm_mask;
        gfn_t root_gfn, root_pgd;
        hpa_t root;
        int i;

        root_pgd = vcpu->arch.mmu->get_guest_pgd(vcpu);
        root_gfn = root_pgd >> PAGE_SHIFT;

        if (mmu_check_root(vcpu, root_gfn))
                return 1;

        /*
         * Do we shadow a long mode page table? If so we need to
         * write-protect the guests page table root.
         */
        if (vcpu->arch.mmu->root_level >= PT64_ROOT_4LEVEL) {
                MMU_WARN_ON(VALID_PAGE(vcpu->arch.mmu->root_hpa));

                root = mmu_alloc_root(vcpu, root_gfn, 0,
                                      vcpu->arch.mmu->shadow_root_level, false);
                if (!VALID_PAGE(root))
                        return -ENOSPC;
                vcpu->arch.mmu->root_hpa = root;
                goto set_root_pgd;
        }

        /*
         * We shadow a 32 bit page table. This may be a legacy 2-level
         * or a PAE 3-level page table. In either case we need to be aware that
         * the shadow page table may be a PAE or a long mode page table.
         */
        pm_mask = PT_PRESENT_MASK;
        if (vcpu->arch.mmu->shadow_root_level == PT64_ROOT_4LEVEL)
                pm_mask |= PT_ACCESSED_MASK | PT_WRITABLE_MASK | PT_USER_MASK;

        for (i = 0; i < 4; ++i) {
                MMU_WARN_ON(VALID_PAGE(vcpu->arch.mmu->pae_root[i]));
                if (vcpu->arch.mmu->root_level == PT32E_ROOT_LEVEL) {
                        pdptr = vcpu->arch.mmu->get_pdptr(vcpu, i);
                        if (!(pdptr & PT_PRESENT_MASK)) {
                                vcpu->arch.mmu->pae_root[i] = 0;
                                continue;
                        }
                        root_gfn = pdptr >> PAGE_SHIFT;
                        if (mmu_check_root(vcpu, root_gfn))
                                return 1;
                }

                root = mmu_alloc_root(vcpu, root_gfn, i << 30,
                                      PT32_ROOT_LEVEL, false);
                if (!VALID_PAGE(root))
                        return -ENOSPC;
                vcpu->arch.mmu->pae_root[i] = root | pm_mask;
        }
        vcpu->arch.mmu->root_hpa = __pa(vcpu->arch.mmu->pae_root);

        /*
         * If we shadow a 32 bit page table with a long mode page
         * table we enter this path.
         */
        if (vcpu->arch.mmu->shadow_root_level == PT64_ROOT_4LEVEL) {
                if (vcpu->arch.mmu->lm_root == NULL) {
                        /*
                         * The additional page necessary for this is only
                         * allocated on demand.
                         */

                        u64 *lm_root;

                        lm_root = (void*)get_zeroed_page(GFP_KERNEL_ACCOUNT);
                        if (lm_root == NULL)
                                return 1;

                        lm_root[0] = __pa(vcpu->arch.mmu->pae_root) | pm_mask;

                        vcpu->arch.mmu->lm_root = lm_root;
                }

                vcpu->arch.mmu->root_hpa = __pa(vcpu->arch.mmu->lm_root);
        }

set_root_pgd:
        vcpu->arch.mmu->root_pgd = root_pgd;

        return 0;
}

static int mmu_alloc_roots(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu)
{
        if (vcpu->arch.mmu->direct_map)
                return mmu_alloc_direct_roots(vcpu);
        else
                return mmu_alloc_shadow_roots(vcpu);
}

void kvm_mmu_sync_roots(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu)
{
        int i;
        struct kvm_mmu_page *sp;

        if (vcpu->arch.mmu->direct_map)
                return;

        if (!VALID_PAGE(vcpu->arch.mmu->root_hpa))
                return;

        vcpu_clear_mmio_info(vcpu, MMIO_GVA_ANY);

        if (vcpu->arch.mmu->root_level >= PT64_ROOT_4LEVEL) {
                hpa_t root = vcpu->arch.mmu->root_hpa;
                sp = to_shadow_page(root);

                /*
                 * Even if another CPU was marking the SP as unsync-ed
                 * simultaneously, any guest page table changes are not
                 * guaranteed to be visible anyway until this VCPU issues a TLB
                 * flush strictly after those changes are made. We only need to
                 * ensure that the other CPU sets these flags before any actual
                 * changes to the page tables are made. The comments in
                 * mmu_need_write_protect() describe what could go wrong if this
                 * requirement isn't satisfied.
                 */
                if (!smp_load_acquire(&sp->unsync) &&
                    !smp_load_acquire(&sp->unsync_children))
                        return;

                spin_lock(&vcpu->kvm->mmu_lock);
                kvm_mmu_audit(vcpu, AUDIT_PRE_SYNC);

                mmu_sync_children(vcpu, sp);

                kvm_mmu_audit(vcpu, AUDIT_POST_SYNC);
                spin_unlock(&vcpu->kvm->mmu_lock);
                return;
        }

        spin_lock(&vcpu->kvm->mmu_lock);
        kvm_mmu_audit(vcpu, AUDIT_PRE_SYNC);

        for (i = 0; i < 4; ++i) {
                hpa_t root = vcpu->arch.mmu->pae_root[i];

                if (root && VALID_PAGE(root)) {
                        root &= PT64_BASE_ADDR_MASK;
                        sp = to_shadow_page(root);
                        mmu_sync_children(vcpu, sp);
                }
        }

        kvm_mmu_audit(vcpu, AUDIT_POST_SYNC);
        spin_unlock(&vcpu->kvm->mmu_lock);
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(kvm_mmu_sync_roots);

static gpa_t nonpaging_gva_to_gpa(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu, gpa_t vaddr,
                                  u32 access, struct x86_exception *exception)
{
        if (exception)
                exception->error_code = 0;
        return vaddr;
}

static gpa_t nonpaging_gva_to_gpa_nested(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu, gpa_t vaddr,
                                         u32 access,
                                         struct x86_exception *exception)
{
        if (exception)
                exception->error_code = 0;
        return vcpu->arch.nested_mmu.translate_gpa(vcpu, vaddr, access, exception);
}

static bool
__is_rsvd_bits_set(struct rsvd_bits_validate *rsvd_check, u64 pte, int level)
{
        int bit7 = (pte >> 7) & 1;

        return pte & rsvd_check->rsvd_bits_mask[bit7][level-1];
}

static bool __is_bad_mt_xwr(struct rsvd_bits_validate *rsvd_check, u64 pte)
{
        return rsvd_check->bad_mt_xwr & BIT_ULL(pte & 0x3f);
}

static bool mmio_info_in_cache(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu, u64 addr, bool direct)
{
        /*
         * A nested guest cannot use the MMIO cache if it is using nested
         * page tables, because cr2 is a nGPA while the cache stores GPAs.
         */
        if (mmu_is_nested(vcpu))
                return false;

        if (direct)
                return vcpu_match_mmio_gpa(vcpu, addr);

        return vcpu_match_mmio_gva(vcpu, addr);
}

/* return true if reserved bit is detected on spte. */
static bool
walk_shadow_page_get_mmio_spte(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu, u64 addr, u64 *sptep)
{
        struct kvm_shadow_walk_iterator iterator;
        u64 sptes[PT64_ROOT_MAX_LEVEL], spte = 0ull;
        struct rsvd_bits_validate *rsvd_check;
        int root, leaf;
        bool reserved = false;

        rsvd_check = &vcpu->arch.mmu->shadow_zero_check;

        walk_shadow_page_lockless_begin(vcpu);

        for (shadow_walk_init(&iterator, vcpu, addr),
                 leaf = root = iterator.level;
             shadow_walk_okay(&iterator);
             __shadow_walk_next(&iterator, spte)) {
                spte = mmu_spte_get_lockless(iterator.sptep);

                sptes[leaf - 1] = spte;
                leaf--;

                if (!is_shadow_present_pte(spte))
                        break;

                /*
                 * Use a bitwise-OR instead of a logical-OR to aggregate the
                 * reserved bit and EPT's invalid memtype/XWR checks to avoid
                 * adding a Jcc in the loop.
                 */
                reserved |= __is_bad_mt_xwr(rsvd_check, spte) |
                            __is_rsvd_bits_set(rsvd_check, spte, iterator.level);
        }

        walk_shadow_page_lockless_end(vcpu);

        if (reserved) {
                pr_err("%s: detect reserved bits on spte, addr 0x%llx, dump hierarchy:\n",
                       __func__, addr);
                while (root > leaf) {
                        pr_err("------ spte 0x%llx level %d.\n",
                               sptes[root - 1], root);
                        root--;
                }
        }

        *sptep = spte;
        return reserved;
}

static int handle_mmio_page_fault(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu, u64 addr, bool direct)
{
        u64 spte;
        bool reserved;

        if (mmio_info_in_cache(vcpu, addr, direct))
                return RET_PF_EMULATE;

        reserved = walk_shadow_page_get_mmio_spte(vcpu, addr, &spte);
        if (WARN_ON(reserved))
                return -EINVAL;

        if (is_mmio_spte(spte)) {
                gfn_t gfn = get_mmio_spte_gfn(spte);
                unsigned int access = get_mmio_spte_access(spte);

                if (!check_mmio_spte(vcpu, spte))
                        return RET_PF_INVALID;

                if (direct)
                        addr = 0;

                trace_handle_mmio_page_fault(addr, gfn, access);
                vcpu_cache_mmio_info(vcpu, addr, gfn, access);
                return RET_PF_EMULATE;
        }

        /*
         * If the page table is zapped by other cpus, let CPU fault again on
         * the address.
         */
        return RET_PF_RETRY;
}

static bool page_fault_handle_page_track(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu,
                                         u32 error_code, gfn_t gfn)
{
        if (unlikely(error_code & PFERR_RSVD_MASK))
                return false;

        if (!(error_code & PFERR_PRESENT_MASK) ||
              !(error_code & PFERR_WRITE_MASK))
                return false;

        /*
         * guest is writing the page which is write tracked which can
         * not be fixed by page fault handler.
         */
        if (kvm_page_track_is_active(vcpu, gfn, KVM_PAGE_TRACK_WRITE))
                return true;

        return false;
}

static void shadow_page_table_clear_flood(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu, gva_t addr)
{
        struct kvm_shadow_walk_iterator iterator;
        u64 spte;

        walk_shadow_page_lockless_begin(vcpu);
        for_each_shadow_entry_lockless(vcpu, addr, iterator, spte) {
                clear_sp_write_flooding_count(iterator.sptep);
                if (!is_shadow_present_pte(spte))
                        break;
        }
        walk_shadow_page_lockless_end(vcpu);
}

static bool kvm_arch_setup_async_pf(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu, gpa_t cr2_or_gpa,
                                    gfn_t gfn)
{
        struct kvm_arch_async_pf arch;

        arch.token = (vcpu->arch.apf.id++ << 12) | vcpu->vcpu_id;
        arch.gfn = gfn;
        arch.direct_map = vcpu->arch.mmu->direct_map;
        arch.cr3 = vcpu->arch.mmu->get_guest_pgd(vcpu);

        return kvm_setup_async_pf(vcpu, cr2_or_gpa,
                                  kvm_vcpu_gfn_to_hva(vcpu, gfn), &arch);
}

static bool try_async_pf(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu, bool prefault, gfn_t gfn,
                         gpa_t cr2_or_gpa, kvm_pfn_t *pfn, bool write,
                         bool *writable)
{
        struct kvm_memory_slot *slot = kvm_vcpu_gfn_to_memslot(vcpu, gfn);
        bool async;

        /* Don't expose private memslots to L2. */
        if (is_guest_mode(vcpu) && !kvm_is_visible_memslot(slot)) {
                *pfn = KVM_PFN_NOSLOT;
                *writable = false;
                return false;
        }

        async = false;
        *pfn = __gfn_to_pfn_memslot(slot, gfn, false, &async, write, writable);
        if (!async)
                return false; /* *pfn has correct page already */

        if (!prefault && kvm_can_do_async_pf(vcpu)) {
                trace_kvm_try_async_get_page(cr2_or_gpa, gfn);
                if (kvm_find_async_pf_gfn(vcpu, gfn)) {
                        trace_kvm_async_pf_doublefault(cr2_or_gpa, gfn);
                        kvm_make_request(KVM_REQ_APF_HALT, vcpu);
                        return true;
                } else if (kvm_arch_setup_async_pf(vcpu, cr2_or_gpa, gfn))
                        return true;
        }

        *pfn = __gfn_to_pfn_memslot(slot, gfn, false, NULL, write, writable);
        return false;
}

static int direct_page_fault(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu, gpa_t gpa, u32 error_code,
                             bool prefault, int max_level, bool is_tdp)
{
        bool write = error_code & PFERR_WRITE_MASK;
        bool map_writable;

        gfn_t gfn = gpa >> PAGE_SHIFT;
        unsigned long mmu_seq;
        kvm_pfn_t pfn;
        int r;

        if (page_fault_handle_page_track(vcpu, error_code, gfn))
                return RET_PF_EMULATE;

        r = fast_page_fault(vcpu, gpa, error_code);
        if (r != RET_PF_INVALID)
                return r;

        r = mmu_topup_memory_caches(vcpu, false);
        if (r)
                return r;

        mmu_seq = vcpu->kvm->mmu_notifier_seq;
        smp_rmb();

        if (try_async_pf(vcpu, prefault, gfn, gpa, &pfn, write, &map_writable))
                return RET_PF_RETRY;

        if (handle_abnormal_pfn(vcpu, is_tdp ? 0 : gpa, gfn, pfn, ACC_ALL, &r))
                return r;

        r = RET_PF_RETRY;
        spin_lock(&vcpu->kvm->mmu_lock);
        if (mmu_notifier_retry(vcpu->kvm, mmu_seq))
                goto out_unlock;
        r = make_mmu_pages_available(vcpu);
        if (r)
                goto out_unlock;
        r = __direct_map(vcpu, gpa, error_code, map_writable, max_level, pfn,
                         prefault, is_tdp);

out_unlock:
        spin_unlock(&vcpu->kvm->mmu_lock);
        kvm_release_pfn_clean(pfn);
        return r;
}

static int nonpaging_page_fault(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu, gpa_t gpa,
                                u32 error_code, bool prefault)
{
        pgprintk("%s: gva %lx error %x\n", __func__, gpa, error_code);

        /* This path builds a PAE pagetable, we can map 2mb pages at maximum. */
        return direct_page_fault(vcpu, gpa & PAGE_MASK, error_code, prefault,
                                 PG_LEVEL_2M, false);
}

int kvm_handle_page_fault(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu, u64 error_code,
                                u64 fault_address, char *insn, int insn_len)
{
        int r = 1;
        u32 flags = vcpu->arch.apf.host_apf_flags;

#ifndef CONFIG_X86_64
        /* A 64-bit CR2 should be impossible on 32-bit KVM. */
        if (WARN_ON_ONCE(fault_address >> 32))
                return -EFAULT;
#endif

        vcpu->arch.l1tf_flush_l1d = true;
        if (!flags) {
                trace_kvm_page_fault(fault_address, error_code);

                if (kvm_event_needs_reinjection(vcpu))
                        kvm_mmu_unprotect_page_virt(vcpu, fault_address);
                r = kvm_mmu_page_fault(vcpu, fault_address, error_code, insn,
                                insn_len);
        } else if (flags & KVM_PV_REASON_PAGE_NOT_PRESENT) {
                vcpu->arch.apf.host_apf_flags = 0;
                local_irq_disable();
                kvm_async_pf_task_wait_schedule(fault_address);
                local_irq_enable();
        } else {
                WARN_ONCE(1, "Unexpected host async PF flags: %x\n", flags);
        }

        return r;
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(kvm_handle_page_fault);

int kvm_tdp_page_fault(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu, gpa_t gpa, u32 error_code,
                       bool prefault)
{
        int max_level;

        for (max_level = KVM_MAX_HUGEPAGE_LEVEL;
             max_level > PG_LEVEL_4K;
             max_level--) {
                int page_num = KVM_PAGES_PER_HPAGE(max_level);
                gfn_t base = (gpa >> PAGE_SHIFT) & ~(page_num - 1);

                if (kvm_mtrr_check_gfn_range_consistency(vcpu, base, page_num))
                        break;
        }

        return direct_page_fault(vcpu, gpa, error_code, prefault,
                                 max_level, true);
}

static void nonpaging_init_context(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu,
                                   struct kvm_mmu *context)
{
        context->page_fault = nonpaging_page_fault;
        context->gva_to_gpa = nonpaging_gva_to_gpa;
        context->sync_page = nonpaging_sync_page;
        context->invlpg = NULL;
        context->update_pte = nonpaging_update_pte;
        context->root_level = 0;
        context->shadow_root_level = PT32E_ROOT_LEVEL;
        context->direct_map = true;
        context->nx = false;
}

static inline bool is_root_usable(struct kvm_mmu_root_info *root, gpa_t pgd,
                                  union kvm_mmu_page_role role)
{
        return (role.direct || pgd == root->pgd) &&
               VALID_PAGE(root->hpa) && to_shadow_page(root->hpa) &&
               role.word == to_shadow_page(root->hpa)->role.word;
}

/*
 * Find out if a previously cached root matching the new pgd/role is available.
 * The current root is also inserted into the cache.
 * If a matching root was found, it is assigned to kvm_mmu->root_hpa and true is
 * returned.
 * Otherwise, the LRU root from the cache is assigned to kvm_mmu->root_hpa and
 * false is returned. This root should now be freed by the caller.
 */
static bool cached_root_available(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu, gpa_t new_pgd,
                                  union kvm_mmu_page_role new_role)
{
        uint i;
        struct kvm_mmu_root_info root;
        struct kvm_mmu *mmu = vcpu->arch.mmu;

        root.pgd = mmu->root_pgd;
        root.hpa = mmu->root_hpa;

        if (is_root_usable(&root, new_pgd, new_role))
                return true;

        for (i = 0; i < KVM_MMU_NUM_PREV_ROOTS; i++) {
                swap(root, mmu->prev_roots[i]);

                if (is_root_usable(&root, new_pgd, new_role))
                        break;
        }

        mmu->root_hpa = root.hpa;
        mmu->root_pgd = root.pgd;

        return i < KVM_MMU_NUM_PREV_ROOTS;
}

static bool fast_pgd_switch(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu, gpa_t new_pgd,
                            union kvm_mmu_page_role new_role)
{
        struct kvm_mmu *mmu = vcpu->arch.mmu;

        /*
         * For now, limit the fast switch to 64-bit hosts+VMs in order to avoid
         * having to deal with PDPTEs. We may add support for 32-bit hosts/VMs
         * later if necessary.
         */
        if (mmu->shadow_root_level >= PT64_ROOT_4LEVEL &&
            mmu->root_level >= PT64_ROOT_4LEVEL)
                return cached_root_available(vcpu, new_pgd, new_role);

        return false;
}

static void __kvm_mmu_new_pgd(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu, gpa_t new_pgd,
                              union kvm_mmu_page_role new_role,
                              bool skip_tlb_flush, bool skip_mmu_sync)
{
        if (!fast_pgd_switch(vcpu, new_pgd, new_role)) {
                kvm_mmu_free_roots(vcpu, vcpu->arch.mmu, KVM_MMU_ROOT_CURRENT);
                return;
        }

        /*
         * It's possible that the cached previous root page is obsolete because
         * of a change in the MMU generation number. However, changing the
         * generation number is accompanied by KVM_REQ_MMU_RELOAD, which will
         * free the root set here and allocate a new one.
         */
        kvm_make_request(KVM_REQ_LOAD_MMU_PGD, vcpu);

        if (!skip_mmu_sync || force_flush_and_sync_on_reuse)
                kvm_make_request(KVM_REQ_MMU_SYNC, vcpu);
        if (!skip_tlb_flush || force_flush_and_sync_on_reuse)
                kvm_make_request(KVM_REQ_TLB_FLUSH_CURRENT, vcpu);

        /*
         * The last MMIO access's GVA and GPA are cached in the VCPU. When
         * switching to a new CR3, that GVA->GPA mapping may no longer be
         * valid. So clear any cached MMIO info even when we don't need to sync
         * the shadow page tables.
         */
        vcpu_clear_mmio_info(vcpu, MMIO_GVA_ANY);

        __clear_sp_write_flooding_count(to_shadow_page(vcpu->arch.mmu->root_hpa));
}

void kvm_mmu_new_pgd(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu, gpa_t new_pgd, bool skip_tlb_flush,
                     bool skip_mmu_sync)
{
        __kvm_mmu_new_pgd(vcpu, new_pgd, kvm_mmu_calc_root_page_role(vcpu),
                          skip_tlb_flush, skip_mmu_sync);
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(kvm_mmu_new_pgd);

static unsigned long get_cr3(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu)
{
        return kvm_read_cr3(vcpu);
}

static bool sync_mmio_spte(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu, u64 *sptep, gfn_t gfn,
                           unsigned int access, int *nr_present)
{
        if (unlikely(is_mmio_spte(*sptep))) {
                if (gfn != get_mmio_spte_gfn(*sptep)) {
                        mmu_spte_clear_no_track(sptep);
                        return true;
                }

                (*nr_present)++;
                mark_mmio_spte(vcpu, sptep, gfn, access);
                return true;
        }

        return false;
}

static inline bool is_last_gpte(struct kvm_mmu *mmu,
                                unsigned level, unsigned gpte)
{
        /*
         * The RHS has bit 7 set iff level < mmu->last_nonleaf_level.
         * If it is clear, there are no large pages at this level, so clear
         * PT_PAGE_SIZE_MASK in gpte if that is the case.
         */
        gpte &= level - mmu->last_nonleaf_level;

        /*
         * PG_LEVEL_4K always terminates.  The RHS has bit 7 set
         * iff level <= PG_LEVEL_4K, which for our purpose means
         * level == PG_LEVEL_4K; set PT_PAGE_SIZE_MASK in gpte then.
         */
        gpte |= level - PG_LEVEL_4K - 1;

        return gpte & PT_PAGE_SIZE_MASK;
}

#define PTTYPE_EPT 18 /* arbitrary */
#define PTTYPE PTTYPE_EPT
#include "paging_tmpl.h"
#undef PTTYPE

#define PTTYPE 64
#include "paging_tmpl.h"
#undef PTTYPE

#define PTTYPE 32
#include "paging_tmpl.h"
#undef PTTYPE

static void
__reset_rsvds_bits_mask(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu,
                        struct rsvd_bits_validate *rsvd_check,
                        int maxphyaddr, int level, bool nx, bool gbpages,
                        bool pse, bool amd)
{
        u64 exb_bit_rsvd = 0;
        u64 gbpages_bit_rsvd = 0;
        u64 nonleaf_bit8_rsvd = 0;

        rsvd_check->bad_mt_xwr = 0;

        if (!nx)
                exb_bit_rsvd = rsvd_bits(63, 63);
        if (!gbpages)
                gbpages_bit_rsvd = rsvd_bits(7, 7);

        /*
         * Non-leaf PML4Es and PDPEs reserve bit 8 (which would be the G bit for
         * leaf entries) on AMD CPUs only.
         */
        if (amd)
                nonleaf_bit8_rsvd = rsvd_bits(8, 8);

        switch (level) {
        case PT32_ROOT_LEVEL:
                /* no rsvd bits for 2 level 4K page table entries */
                rsvd_check->rsvd_bits_mask[0][1] = 0;
                rsvd_check->rsvd_bits_mask[0][0] = 0;
                rsvd_check->rsvd_bits_mask[1][0] =
                        rsvd_check->rsvd_bits_mask[0][0];

                if (!pse) {
                        rsvd_check->rsvd_bits_mask[1][1] = 0;
                        break;
                }

                if (is_cpuid_PSE36())
                        /* 36bits PSE 4MB page */
                        rsvd_check->rsvd_bits_mask[1][1] = rsvd_bits(17, 21);
                else
                        /* 32 bits PSE 4MB page */
                        rsvd_check->rsvd_bits_mask[1][1] = rsvd_bits(13, 21);
                break;
        case PT32E_ROOT_LEVEL:
                rsvd_check->rsvd_bits_mask[0][2] =
                        rsvd_bits(maxphyaddr, 63) |
                        rsvd_bits(5, 8) | rsvd_bits(1, 2);      /* PDPTE */
                rsvd_check->rsvd_bits_mask[0][1] = exb_bit_rsvd |
                        rsvd_bits(maxphyaddr, 62);      /* PDE */
                rsvd_check->rsvd_bits_mask[0][0] = exb_bit_rsvd |
                        rsvd_bits(maxphyaddr, 62);      /* PTE */
                rsvd_check->rsvd_bits_mask[1][1] = exb_bit_rsvd |
                        rsvd_bits(maxphyaddr, 62) |
                        rsvd_bits(13, 20);              /* large page */
                rsvd_check->rsvd_bits_mask[1][0] =
                        rsvd_check->rsvd_bits_mask[0][0];
                break;
        case PT64_ROOT_5LEVEL:
                rsvd_check->rsvd_bits_mask[0][4] = exb_bit_rsvd |
                        nonleaf_bit8_rsvd | rsvd_bits(7, 7) |
                        rsvd_bits(maxphyaddr, 51);
                rsvd_check->rsvd_bits_mask[1][4] =
                        rsvd_check->rsvd_bits_mask[0][4];
                fallthrough;
        case PT64_ROOT_4LEVEL:
                rsvd_check->rsvd_bits_mask[0][3] = exb_bit_rsvd |
                        nonleaf_bit8_rsvd | rsvd_bits(7, 7) |
                        rsvd_bits(maxphyaddr, 51);
                rsvd_check->rsvd_bits_mask[0][2] = exb_bit_rsvd |
                        gbpages_bit_rsvd |
                        rsvd_bits(maxphyaddr, 51);
                rsvd_check->rsvd_bits_mask[0][1] = exb_bit_rsvd |
                        rsvd_bits(maxphyaddr, 51);
                rsvd_check->rsvd_bits_mask[0][0] = exb_bit_rsvd |
                        rsvd_bits(maxphyaddr, 51);
                rsvd_check->rsvd_bits_mask[1][3] =
                        rsvd_check->rsvd_bits_mask[0][3];
                rsvd_check->rsvd_bits_mask[1][2] = exb_bit_rsvd |
                        gbpages_bit_rsvd | rsvd_bits(maxphyaddr, 51) |
                        rsvd_bits(13, 29);
                rsvd_check->rsvd_bits_mask[1][1] = exb_bit_rsvd |
                        rsvd_bits(maxphyaddr, 51) |
                        rsvd_bits(13, 20);              /* large page */
                rsvd_check->rsvd_bits_mask[1][0] =
                        rsvd_check->rsvd_bits_mask[0][0];
                break;
        }
}

static void reset_rsvds_bits_mask(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu,
                                  struct kvm_mmu *context)
{
        __reset_rsvds_bits_mask(vcpu, &context->guest_rsvd_check,
                                cpuid_maxphyaddr(vcpu), context->root_level,
                                context->nx,
                                guest_cpuid_has(vcpu, X86_FEATURE_GBPAGES),
                                is_pse(vcpu),
                                guest_cpuid_is_amd_or_hygon(vcpu));
}

static void
__reset_rsvds_bits_mask_ept(struct rsvd_bits_validate *rsvd_check,
                            int maxphyaddr, bool execonly)
{
        u64 bad_mt_xwr;

        rsvd_check->rsvd_bits_mask[0][4] =
                rsvd_bits(maxphyaddr, 51) | rsvd_bits(3, 7);
        rsvd_check->rsvd_bits_mask[0][3] =
                rsvd_bits(maxphyaddr, 51) | rsvd_bits(3, 7);
        rsvd_check->rsvd_bits_mask[0][2] =
                rsvd_bits(maxphyaddr, 51) | rsvd_bits(3, 6);
        rsvd_check->rsvd_bits_mask[0][1] =
                rsvd_bits(maxphyaddr, 51) | rsvd_bits(3, 6);
        rsvd_check->rsvd_bits_mask[0][0] = rsvd_bits(maxphyaddr, 51);

        /* large page */
        rsvd_check->rsvd_bits_mask[1][4] = rsvd_check->rsvd_bits_mask[0][4];
        rsvd_check->rsvd_bits_mask[1][3] = rsvd_check->rsvd_bits_mask[0][3];
        rsvd_check->rsvd_bits_mask[1][2] =
                rsvd_bits(maxphyaddr, 51) | rsvd_bits(12, 29);
        rsvd_check->rsvd_bits_mask[1][1] =
                rsvd_bits(maxphyaddr, 51) | rsvd_bits(12, 20);
        rsvd_check->rsvd_bits_mask[1][0] = rsvd_check->rsvd_bits_mask[0][0];

        bad_mt_xwr = 0xFFull << (2 * 8);        /* bits 3..5 must not be 2 */
        bad_mt_xwr |= 0xFFull << (3 * 8);       /* bits 3..5 must not be 3 */
        bad_mt_xwr |= 0xFFull << (7 * 8);       /* bits 3..5 must not be 7 */
        bad_mt_xwr |= REPEAT_BYTE(1ull << 2);   /* bits 0..2 must not be 010 */
        bad_mt_xwr |= REPEAT_BYTE(1ull << 6);   /* bits 0..2 must not be 110 */
        if (!execonly) {
                /* bits 0..2 must not be 100 unless VMX capabilities allow it */
                bad_mt_xwr |= REPEAT_BYTE(1ull << 4);
        }
        rsvd_check->bad_mt_xwr = bad_mt_xwr;
}

static void reset_rsvds_bits_mask_ept(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu,
                struct kvm_mmu *context, bool execonly)
{
        __reset_rsvds_bits_mask_ept(&context->guest_rsvd_check,
                                    cpuid_maxphyaddr(vcpu), execonly);
}

/*
 * the page table on host is the shadow page table for the page
 * table in guest or amd nested guest, its mmu features completely
 * follow the features in guest.
 */
void
reset_shadow_zero_bits_mask(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu, struct kvm_mmu *context)
{
        bool uses_nx = context->nx ||
                context->mmu_role.base.smep_andnot_wp;
        struct rsvd_bits_validate *shadow_zero_check;
        int i;

        /*
         * Passing "true" to the last argument is okay; it adds a check
         * on bit 8 of the SPTEs which KVM doesn't use anyway.
         */
        shadow_zero_check = &context->shadow_zero_check;
        __reset_rsvds_bits_mask(vcpu, shadow_zero_check,
                                shadow_phys_bits,
                                context->shadow_root_level, uses_nx,
                                guest_cpuid_has(vcpu, X86_FEATURE_GBPAGES),
                                is_pse(vcpu), true);

        if (!shadow_me_mask)
                return;

        for (i = context->shadow_root_level; --i >= 0;) {
                shadow_zero_check->rsvd_bits_mask[0][i] &= ~shadow_me_mask;
                shadow_zero_check->rsvd_bits_mask[1][i] &= ~shadow_me_mask;
        }

}
EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(reset_shadow_zero_bits_mask);

static inline bool boot_cpu_is_amd(void)
{
        WARN_ON_ONCE(!tdp_enabled);
        return shadow_x_mask == 0;
}

/*
 * the direct page table on host, use as much mmu features as
 * possible, however, kvm currently does not do execution-protection.
 */
static void
reset_tdp_shadow_zero_bits_mask(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu,
                                struct kvm_mmu *context)
{
        struct rsvd_bits_validate *shadow_zero_check;
        int i;

        shadow_zero_check = &context->shadow_zero_check;

        if (boot_cpu_is_amd())
                __reset_rsvds_bits_mask(vcpu, shadow_zero_check,
                                        shadow_phys_bits,
                                        context->shadow_root_level, false,
                                        boot_cpu_has(X86_FEATURE_GBPAGES),
                                        true, true);
        else
                __reset_rsvds_bits_mask_ept(shadow_zero_check,
                                            shadow_phys_bits,
                                            false);

        if (!shadow_me_mask)
                return;

        for (i = context->shadow_root_level; --i >= 0;) {
                shadow_zero_check->rsvd_bits_mask[0][i] &= ~shadow_me_mask;
                shadow_zero_check->rsvd_bits_mask[1][i] &= ~shadow_me_mask;
        }
}

/*
 * as the comments in reset_shadow_zero_bits_mask() except it
 * is the shadow page table for intel nested guest.
 */
static void
reset_ept_shadow_zero_bits_mask(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu,
                                struct kvm_mmu *context, bool execonly)
{
        __reset_rsvds_bits_mask_ept(&context->shadow_zero_check,
                                    shadow_phys_bits, execonly);
}

#define BYTE_MASK(access) \
        ((1 & (access) ? 2 : 0) | \
         (2 & (access) ? 4 : 0) | \
         (3 & (access) ? 8 : 0) | \
         (4 & (access) ? 16 : 0) | \
         (5 & (access) ? 32 : 0) | \
         (6 & (access) ? 64 : 0) | \
         (7 & (access) ? 128 : 0))


static void update_permission_bitmask(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu,
                                      struct kvm_mmu *mmu, bool ept)
{
        unsigned byte;

        const u8 x = BYTE_MASK(ACC_EXEC_MASK);
        const u8 w = BYTE_MASK(ACC_WRITE_MASK);
        const u8 u = BYTE_MASK(ACC_USER_MASK);

        bool cr4_smep = kvm_read_cr4_bits(vcpu, X86_CR4_SMEP) != 0;
        bool cr4_smap = kvm_read_cr4_bits(vcpu, X86_CR4_SMAP) != 0;
        bool cr0_wp = is_write_protection(vcpu);

        for (byte = 0; byte < ARRAY_SIZE(mmu->permissions); ++byte) {
                unsigned pfec = byte << 1;

                /*
                 * Each "*f" variable has a 1 bit for each UWX value
                 * that causes a fault with the given PFEC.
                 */

                /* Faults from writes to non-writable pages */
                u8 wf = (pfec & PFERR_WRITE_MASK) ? (u8)~w : 0;
                /* Faults from user mode accesses to supervisor pages */
                u8 uf = (pfec & PFERR_USER_MASK) ? (u8)~u : 0;
                /* Faults from fetches of non-executable pages*/
                u8 ff = (pfec & PFERR_FETCH_MASK) ? (u8)~x : 0;
                /* Faults from kernel mode fetches of user pages */
                u8 smepf = 0;
                /* Faults from kernel mode accesses of user pages */
                u8 smapf = 0;

                if (!ept) {
                        /* Faults from kernel mode accesses to user pages */
                        u8 kf = (pfec & PFERR_USER_MASK) ? 0 : u;

                        /* Not really needed: !nx will cause pte.nx to fault */
                        if (!mmu->nx)
                                ff = 0;

                        /* Allow supervisor writes if !cr0.wp */
                        if (!cr0_wp)
                                wf = (pfec & PFERR_USER_MASK) ? wf : 0;

                        /* Disallow supervisor fetches of user code if cr4.smep */
                        if (cr4_smep)
                                smepf = (pfec & PFERR_FETCH_MASK) ? kf : 0;

                        /*
                         * SMAP:kernel-mode data accesses from user-mode
                         * mappings should fault. A fault is considered
                         * as a SMAP violation if all of the following
                         * conditions are true:
                         *   - X86_CR4_SMAP is set in CR4
                         *   - A user page is accessed
                         *   - The access is not a fetch
                         *   - Page fault in kernel mode
                         *   - if CPL = 3 or X86_EFLAGS_AC is clear
                         *
                         * Here, we cover the first three conditions.
                         * The fourth is computed dynamically in permission_fault();
                         * PFERR_RSVD_MASK bit will be set in PFEC if the access is
                         * *not* subject to SMAP restrictions.
                         */
                        if (cr4_smap)
                                smapf = (pfec & (PFERR_RSVD_MASK|PFERR_FETCH_MASK)) ? 0 : kf;
                }

                mmu->permissions[byte] = ff | uf | wf | smepf | smapf;
        }
}

/*
* PKU is an additional mechanism by which the paging controls access to
* user-mode addresses based on the value in the PKRU register.  Protection
* key violations are reported through a bit in the page fault error code.
* Unlike other bits of the error code, the PK bit is not known at the
* call site of e.g. gva_to_gpa; it must be computed directly in
* permission_fault based on two bits of PKRU, on some machine state (CR4,
* CR0, EFER, CPL), and on other bits of the error code and the page tables.
*
* In particular the following conditions come from the error code, the
* page tables and the machine state:
* - PK is always zero unless CR4.PKE=1 and EFER.LMA=1
* - PK is always zero if RSVD=1 (reserved bit set) or F=1 (instruction fetch)
* - PK is always zero if U=0 in the page tables
* - PKRU.WD is ignored if CR0.WP=0 and the access is a supervisor access.
*
* The PKRU bitmask caches the result of these four conditions.  The error
* code (minus the P bit) and the page table's U bit form an index into the
* PKRU bitmask.  Two bits of the PKRU bitmask are then extracted and ANDed
* with the two bits of the PKRU register corresponding to the protection key.
* For the first three conditions above the bits will be 00, thus masking
* away both AD and WD.  For all reads or if the last condition holds, WD
* only will be masked away.
*/
static void update_pkru_bitmask(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu, struct kvm_mmu *mmu,
                                bool ept)
{
        unsigned bit;
        bool wp;

        if (ept) {
                mmu->pkru_mask = 0;
                return;
        }

        /* PKEY is enabled only if CR4.PKE and EFER.LMA are both set. */
        if (!kvm_read_cr4_bits(vcpu, X86_CR4_PKE) || !is_long_mode(vcpu)) {
                mmu->pkru_mask = 0;
                return;
        }

        wp = is_write_protection(vcpu);

        for (bit = 0; bit < ARRAY_SIZE(mmu->permissions); ++bit) {
                unsigned pfec, pkey_bits;
                bool check_pkey, check_write, ff, uf, wf, pte_user;

                pfec = bit << 1;
                ff = pfec & PFERR_FETCH_MASK;
                uf = pfec & PFERR_USER_MASK;
                wf = pfec & PFERR_WRITE_MASK;

                /* PFEC.RSVD is replaced by ACC_USER_MASK. */
                pte_user = pfec & PFERR_RSVD_MASK;

                /*
                 * Only need to check the access which is not an
                 * instruction fetch and is to a user page.
                 */
                check_pkey = (!ff && pte_user);
                /*
                 * write access is controlled by PKRU if it is a
                 * user access or CR0.WP = 1.
                 */
                check_write = check_pkey && wf && (uf || wp);

                /* PKRU.AD stops both read and write access. */
                pkey_bits = !!check_pkey;
                /* PKRU.WD stops write access. */
                pkey_bits |= (!!check_write) << 1;

                mmu->pkru_mask |= (pkey_bits & 3) << pfec;
        }
}

static void update_last_nonleaf_level(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu, struct kvm_mmu *mmu)
{
        unsigned root_level = mmu->root_level;

        mmu->last_nonleaf_level = root_level;
        if (root_level == PT32_ROOT_LEVEL && is_pse(vcpu))
                mmu->last_nonleaf_level++;
}

static void paging64_init_context_common(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu,
                                         struct kvm_mmu *context,
                                         int level)
{
        context->nx = is_nx(vcpu);
        context->root_level = level;

        reset_rsvds_bits_mask(vcpu, context);
        update_permission_bitmask(vcpu, context, false);
        update_pkru_bitmask(vcpu, context, false);
        update_last_nonleaf_level(vcpu, context);

        MMU_WARN_ON(!is_pae(vcpu));
        context->page_fault = paging64_page_fault;
        context->gva_to_gpa = paging64_gva_to_gpa;
        context->sync_page = paging64_sync_page;
        context->invlpg = paging64_invlpg;
        context->update_pte = paging64_update_pte;
        context->shadow_root_level = level;
        context->direct_map = false;
}

static void paging64_init_context(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu,
                                  struct kvm_mmu *context)
{
        int root_level = is_la57_mode(vcpu) ?
                         PT64_ROOT_5LEVEL : PT64_ROOT_4LEVEL;

        paging64_init_context_common(vcpu, context, root_level);
}

static void paging32_init_context(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu,
                                  struct kvm_mmu *context)
{
        context->nx = false;
        context->root_level = PT32_ROOT_LEVEL;

        reset_rsvds_bits_mask(vcpu, context);
        update_permission_bitmask(vcpu, context, false);
        update_pkru_bitmask(vcpu, context, false);
        update_last_nonleaf_level(vcpu, context);

        context->page_fault = paging32_page_fault;
        context->gva_to_gpa = paging32_gva_to_gpa;
        context->sync_page = paging32_sync_page;
        context->invlpg = paging32_invlpg;
        context->update_pte = paging32_update_pte;
        context->shadow_root_level = PT32E_ROOT_LEVEL;
        context->direct_map = false;
}

static void paging32E_init_context(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu,
                                   struct kvm_mmu *context)
{
        paging64_init_context_common(vcpu, context, PT32E_ROOT_LEVEL);
}

static union kvm_mmu_extended_role kvm_calc_mmu_role_ext(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu)
{
        union kvm_mmu_extended_role ext = {0};

        ext.cr0_pg = !!is_paging(vcpu);
        ext.cr4_pae = !!is_pae(vcpu);
        ext.cr4_smep = !!kvm_read_cr4_bits(vcpu, X86_CR4_SMEP);
        ext.cr4_smap = !!kvm_read_cr4_bits(vcpu, X86_CR4_SMAP);
        ext.cr4_pse = !!is_pse(vcpu);
        ext.cr4_pke = !!kvm_read_cr4_bits(vcpu, X86_CR4_PKE);
        ext.maxphyaddr = cpuid_maxphyaddr(vcpu);

        ext.valid = 1;

        return ext;
}

static union kvm_mmu_role kvm_calc_mmu_role_common(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu,
                                                   bool base_only)
{
        union kvm_mmu_role role = {0};

        role.base.access = ACC_ALL;
        role.base.nxe = !!is_nx(vcpu);
        role.base.cr0_wp = is_write_protection(vcpu);
        role.base.smm = is_smm(vcpu);
        role.base.guest_mode = is_guest_mode(vcpu);

        if (base_only)
                return role;

        role.ext = kvm_calc_mmu_role_ext(vcpu);

        return role;
}

static inline int kvm_mmu_get_tdp_level(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu)
{
        /* Use 5-level TDP if and only if it's useful/necessary. */
        if (max_tdp_level == 5 && cpuid_maxphyaddr(vcpu) <= 48)
                return 4;

        return max_tdp_level;
}

static union kvm_mmu_role
kvm_calc_tdp_mmu_root_page_role(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu, bool base_only)
{
        union kvm_mmu_role role = kvm_calc_mmu_role_common(vcpu, base_only);

        role.base.ad_disabled = (shadow_accessed_mask == 0);
        role.base.level = kvm_mmu_get_tdp_level(vcpu);
        role.base.direct = true;
        role.base.gpte_is_8_bytes = true;

        return role;
}

static void init_kvm_tdp_mmu(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu)
{
        struct kvm_mmu *context = &vcpu->arch.root_mmu;
        union kvm_mmu_role new_role =
                kvm_calc_tdp_mmu_root_page_role(vcpu, false);

        if (new_role.as_u64 == context->mmu_role.as_u64)
                return;

        context->mmu_role.as_u64 = new_role.as_u64;
        context->page_fault = kvm_tdp_page_fault;
        context->sync_page = nonpaging_sync_page;
        context->invlpg = NULL;
        context->update_pte = nonpaging_update_pte;
        context->shadow_root_level = kvm_mmu_get_tdp_level(vcpu);
        context->direct_map = true;
        context->get_guest_pgd = get_cr3;
        context->get_pdptr = kvm_pdptr_read;
        context->inject_page_fault = kvm_inject_page_fault;

        if (!is_paging(vcpu)) {
                context->nx = false;
                context->gva_to_gpa = nonpaging_gva_to_gpa;
                context->root_level = 0;
        } else if (is_long_mode(vcpu)) {
                context->nx = is_nx(vcpu);
                context->root_level = is_la57_mode(vcpu) ?
                                PT64_ROOT_5LEVEL : PT64_ROOT_4LEVEL;
                reset_rsvds_bits_mask(vcpu, context);
                context->gva_to_gpa = paging64_gva_to_gpa;
        } else if (is_pae(vcpu)) {
                context->nx = is_nx(vcpu);
                context->root_level = PT32E_ROOT_LEVEL;
                reset_rsvds_bits_mask(vcpu, context);
                context->gva_to_gpa = paging64_gva_to_gpa;
        } else {
                context->nx = false;
                context->root_level = PT32_ROOT_LEVEL;
                reset_rsvds_bits_mask(vcpu, context);
                context->gva_to_gpa = paging32_gva_to_gpa;
        }

        update_permission_bitmask(vcpu, context, false);
        update_pkru_bitmask(vcpu, context, false);
        update_last_nonleaf_level(vcpu, context);
        reset_tdp_shadow_zero_bits_mask(vcpu, context);
}

static union kvm_mmu_role
kvm_calc_shadow_root_page_role_common(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu, bool base_only)
{
        union kvm_mmu_role role = kvm_calc_mmu_role_common(vcpu, base_only);

        role.base.smep_andnot_wp = role.ext.cr4_smep &&
                !is_write_protection(vcpu);
        role.base.smap_andnot_wp = role.ext.cr4_smap &&
                !is_write_protection(vcpu);
        role.base.gpte_is_8_bytes = !!is_pae(vcpu);

        return role;
}

static union kvm_mmu_role
kvm_calc_shadow_mmu_root_page_role(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu, bool base_only)
{
        union kvm_mmu_role role =
                kvm_calc_shadow_root_page_role_common(vcpu, base_only);

        role.base.direct = !is_paging(vcpu);

        if (!is_long_mode(vcpu))
                role.base.level = PT32E_ROOT_LEVEL;
        else if (is_la57_mode(vcpu))
                role.base.level = PT64_ROOT_5LEVEL;
        else
                role.base.level = PT64_ROOT_4LEVEL;

        return role;
}

static void shadow_mmu_init_context(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu, struct kvm_mmu *context,
                                    u32 cr0, u32 cr4, u32 efer,
                                    union kvm_mmu_role new_role)
{
        if (!(cr0 & X86_CR0_PG))
                nonpaging_init_context(vcpu, context);
        else if (efer & EFER_LMA)
                paging64_init_context(vcpu, context);
        else if (cr4 & X86_CR4_PAE)
                paging32E_init_context(vcpu, context);
        else
                paging32_init_context(vcpu, context);

        context->mmu_role.as_u64 = new_role.as_u64;
        reset_shadow_zero_bits_mask(vcpu, context);
}

static void kvm_init_shadow_mmu(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu, u32 cr0, u32 cr4, u32 efer)
{
        struct kvm_mmu *context = &vcpu->arch.root_mmu;
        union kvm_mmu_role new_role =
                kvm_calc_shadow_mmu_root_page_role(vcpu, false);

        if (new_role.as_u64 != context->mmu_role.as_u64)
                shadow_mmu_init_context(vcpu, context, cr0, cr4, efer, new_role);
}

static union kvm_mmu_role
kvm_calc_shadow_npt_root_page_role(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu)
{
        union kvm_mmu_role role =
                kvm_calc_shadow_root_page_role_common(vcpu, false);

        role.base.direct = false;
        role.base.level = kvm_mmu_get_tdp_level(vcpu);

        return role;
}

void kvm_init_shadow_npt_mmu(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu, u32 cr0, u32 cr4, u32 efer,
                             gpa_t nested_cr3)
{
        struct kvm_mmu *context = &vcpu->arch.guest_mmu;
        union kvm_mmu_role new_role = kvm_calc_shadow_npt_root_page_role(vcpu);

        context->shadow_root_level = new_role.base.level;

        __kvm_mmu_new_pgd(vcpu, nested_cr3, new_role.base, false, false);

        if (new_role.as_u64 != context->mmu_role.as_u64)
                shadow_mmu_init_context(vcpu, context, cr0, cr4, efer, new_role);
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(kvm_init_shadow_npt_mmu);

static union kvm_mmu_role
kvm_calc_shadow_ept_root_page_role(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu, bool accessed_dirty,
                                   bool execonly, u8 level)
{
        union kvm_mmu_role role = {0};

        /* SMM flag is inherited from root_mmu */
        role.base.smm = vcpu->arch.root_mmu.mmu_role.base.smm;

        role.base.level = level;
        role.base.gpte_is_8_bytes = true;
        role.base.direct = false;
        role.base.ad_disabled = !accessed_dirty;
        role.base.guest_mode = true;
        role.base.access = ACC_ALL;

        /*
         * WP=1 and NOT_WP=1 is an impossible combination, use WP and the
         * SMAP variation to denote shadow EPT entries.
         */
        role.base.cr0_wp = true;
        role.base.smap_andnot_wp = true;

        role.ext = kvm_calc_mmu_role_ext(vcpu);
        role.ext.execonly = execonly;

        return role;
}

void kvm_init_shadow_ept_mmu(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu, bool execonly,
                             bool accessed_dirty, gpa_t new_eptp)
{
        struct kvm_mmu *context = &vcpu->arch.guest_mmu;
        u8 level = vmx_eptp_page_walk_level(new_eptp);
        union kvm_mmu_role new_role =
                kvm_calc_shadow_ept_root_page_role(vcpu, accessed_dirty,
                                                   execonly, level);

        __kvm_mmu_new_pgd(vcpu, new_eptp, new_role.base, true, true);

        if (new_role.as_u64 == context->mmu_role.as_u64)
                return;

        context->shadow_root_level = level;

        context->nx = true;
        context->ept_ad = accessed_dirty;
        context->page_fault = ept_page_fault;
        context->gva_to_gpa = ept_gva_to_gpa;
        context->sync_page = ept_sync_page;
        context->invlpg = ept_invlpg;
        context->update_pte = ept_update_pte;
        context->root_level = level;
        context->direct_map = false;
        context->mmu_role.as_u64 = new_role.as_u64;

        update_permission_bitmask(vcpu, context, true);
        update_pkru_bitmask(vcpu, context, true);
        update_last_nonleaf_level(vcpu, context);
        reset_rsvds_bits_mask_ept(vcpu, context, execonly);
        reset_ept_shadow_zero_bits_mask(vcpu, context, execonly);
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(kvm_init_shadow_ept_mmu);

static void init_kvm_softmmu(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu)
{
        struct kvm_mmu *context = &vcpu->arch.root_mmu;

        kvm_init_shadow_mmu(vcpu,
                            kvm_read_cr0_bits(vcpu, X86_CR0_PG),
                            kvm_read_cr4_bits(vcpu, X86_CR4_PAE),
                            vcpu->arch.efer);

        context->get_guest_pgd     = get_cr3;
        context->get_pdptr         = kvm_pdptr_read;
        context->inject_page_fault = kvm_inject_page_fault;
}

static void init_kvm_nested_mmu(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu)
{
        union kvm_mmu_role new_role = kvm_calc_mmu_role_common(vcpu, false);
        struct kvm_mmu *g_context = &vcpu->arch.nested_mmu;

        if (new_role.as_u64 == g_context->mmu_role.as_u64)
                return;

        g_context->mmu_role.as_u64 = new_role.as_u64;
        g_context->get_guest_pgd     = get_cr3;
        g_context->get_pdptr         = kvm_pdptr_read;
        g_context->inject_page_fault = kvm_inject_page_fault;

        /*
         * L2 page tables are never shadowed, so there is no need to sync
         * SPTEs.
         */
        g_context->invlpg            = NULL;

        /*
         * Note that arch.mmu->gva_to_gpa translates l2_gpa to l1_gpa using
         * L1's nested page tables (e.g. EPT12). The nested translation
         * of l2_gva to l1_gpa is done by arch.nested_mmu.gva_to_gpa using
         * L2's page tables as the first level of translation and L1's
         * nested page tables as the second level of translation. Basically
         * the gva_to_gpa functions between mmu and nested_mmu are swapped.
         */
        if (!is_paging(vcpu)) {
                g_context->nx = false;
                g_context->root_level = 0;
                g_context->gva_to_gpa = nonpaging_gva_to_gpa_nested;
        } else if (is_long_mode(vcpu)) {
                g_context->nx = is_nx(vcpu);
                g_context->root_level = is_la57_mode(vcpu) ?
                                        PT64_ROOT_5LEVEL : PT64_ROOT_4LEVEL;
                reset_rsvds_bits_mask(vcpu, g_context);
                g_context->gva_to_gpa = paging64_gva_to_gpa_nested;
        } else if (is_pae(vcpu)) {
                g_context->nx = is_nx(vcpu);
                g_context->root_level = PT32E_ROOT_LEVEL;
                reset_rsvds_bits_mask(vcpu, g_context);
                g_context->gva_to_gpa = paging64_gva_to_gpa_nested;
        } else {
                g_context->nx = false;
                g_context->root_level = PT32_ROOT_LEVEL;
                reset_rsvds_bits_mask(vcpu, g_context);
                g_context->gva_to_gpa = paging32_gva_to_gpa_nested;
        }

        update_permission_bitmask(vcpu, g_context, false);
        update_pkru_bitmask(vcpu, g_context, false);
        update_last_nonleaf_level(vcpu, g_context);
}

void kvm_init_mmu(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu, bool reset_roots)
{
        if (reset_roots) {
                uint i;

                vcpu->arch.mmu->root_hpa = INVALID_PAGE;

                for (i = 0; i < KVM_MMU_NUM_PREV_ROOTS; i++)
                        vcpu->arch.mmu->prev_roots[i] = KVM_MMU_ROOT_INFO_INVALID;
        }

        if (mmu_is_nested(vcpu))
                init_kvm_nested_mmu(vcpu);
        else if (tdp_enabled)
                init_kvm_tdp_mmu(vcpu);
        else
                init_kvm_softmmu(vcpu);
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(kvm_init_mmu);

static union kvm_mmu_page_role
kvm_mmu_calc_root_page_role(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu)
{
        union kvm_mmu_role role;

        if (tdp_enabled)
                role = kvm_calc_tdp_mmu_root_page_role(vcpu, true);
        else
                role = kvm_calc_shadow_mmu_root_page_role(vcpu, true);

        return role.base;
}

void kvm_mmu_reset_context(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu)
{
        kvm_mmu_unload(vcpu);
        kvm_init_mmu(vcpu, true);
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(kvm_mmu_reset_context);

int kvm_mmu_load(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu)
{
        int r;

        r = mmu_topup_memory_caches(vcpu, !vcpu->arch.mmu->direct_map);
        if (r)
                goto out;
        r = mmu_alloc_roots(vcpu);
        kvm_mmu_sync_roots(vcpu);
        if (r)
                goto out;
        kvm_mmu_load_pgd(vcpu);
        kvm_x86_ops.tlb_flush_current(vcpu);
out:
        return r;
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(kvm_mmu_load);

void kvm_mmu_unload(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu)
{
        kvm_mmu_free_roots(vcpu, &vcpu->arch.root_mmu, KVM_MMU_ROOTS_ALL);
        WARN_ON(VALID_PAGE(vcpu->arch.root_mmu.root_hpa));
        kvm_mmu_free_roots(vcpu, &vcpu->arch.guest_mmu, KVM_MMU_ROOTS_ALL);
        WARN_ON(VALID_PAGE(vcpu->arch.guest_mmu.root_hpa));
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(kvm_mmu_unload);

static void mmu_pte_write_new_pte(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu,
                                  struct kvm_mmu_page *sp, u64 *spte,
                                  const void *new)
{
        if (sp->role.level != PG_LEVEL_4K) {
                ++vcpu->kvm->stat.mmu_pde_zapped;
                return;
        }

        ++vcpu->kvm->stat.mmu_pte_updated;
        vcpu->arch.mmu->update_pte(vcpu, sp, spte, new);
}

static bool need_remote_flush(u64 old, u64 new)
{
        if (!is_shadow_present_pte(old))
                return false;
        if (!is_shadow_present_pte(new))
                return true;
        if ((old ^ new) & PT64_BASE_ADDR_MASK)
                return true;
        old ^= shadow_nx_mask;
        new ^= shadow_nx_mask;
        return (old & ~new & PT64_PERM_MASK) != 0;
}

static u64 mmu_pte_write_fetch_gpte(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu, gpa_t *gpa,
                                    int *bytes)
{
        u64 gentry = 0;
        int r;

        /*
         * Assume that the pte write on a page table of the same type
         * as the current vcpu paging mode since we update the sptes only
         * when they have the same mode.
         */
        if (is_pae(vcpu) && *bytes == 4) {
                /* Handle a 32-bit guest writing two halves of a 64-bit gpte */
                *gpa &= ~(gpa_t)7;
                *bytes = 8;
        }

        if (*bytes == 4 || *bytes == 8) {
                r = kvm_vcpu_read_guest_atomic(vcpu, *gpa, &gentry, *bytes);
                if (r)
                        gentry = 0;
        }

        return gentry;
}

/*
 * If we're seeing too many writes to a page, it may no longer be a page table,
 * or we may be forking, in which case it is better to unmap the page.
 */
static bool detect_write_flooding(struct kvm_mmu_page *sp)
{
        /*
         * Skip write-flooding detected for the sp whose level is 1, because
         * it can become unsync, then the guest page is not write-protected.
         */
        if (sp->role.level == PG_LEVEL_4K)
                return false;

        atomic_inc(&sp->write_flooding_count);
        return atomic_read(&sp->write_flooding_count) >= 3;
}

/*
 * Misaligned accesses are too much trouble to fix up; also, they usually
 * indicate a page is not used as a page table.
 */
static bool detect_write_misaligned(struct kvm_mmu_page *sp, gpa_t gpa,
                                    int bytes)
{
        unsigned offset, pte_size, misaligned;

        pgprintk("misaligned: gpa %llx bytes %d role %x\n",
                 gpa, bytes, sp->role.word);

        offset = offset_in_page(gpa);
        pte_size = sp->role.gpte_is_8_bytes ? 8 : 4;

        /*
         * Sometimes, the OS only writes the last one bytes to update status
         * bits, for example, in linux, andb instruction is used in clear_bit().
         */
        if (!(offset & (pte_size - 1)) && bytes == 1)
                return false;

        misaligned = (offset ^ (offset + bytes - 1)) & ~(pte_size - 1);
        misaligned |= bytes < 4;

        return misaligned;
}

static u64 *get_written_sptes(struct kvm_mmu_page *sp, gpa_t gpa, int *nspte)
{
        unsigned page_offset, quadrant;
        u64 *spte;
        int level;

        page_offset = offset_in_page(gpa);
        level = sp->role.level;
        *nspte = 1;
        if (!sp->role.gpte_is_8_bytes) {
                page_offset <<= 1;      /* 32->64 */
                /*
                 * A 32-bit pde maps 4MB while the shadow pdes map
                 * only 2MB.  So we need to double the offset again
                 * and zap two pdes instead of one.
                 */
                if (level == PT32_ROOT_LEVEL) {
                        page_offset &= ~7; /* kill rounding error */
                        page_offset <<= 1;
                        *nspte = 2;
                }
                quadrant = page_offset >> PAGE_SHIFT;
                page_offset &= ~PAGE_MASK;
                if (quadrant != sp->role.quadrant)
                        return NULL;
        }

        spte = &sp->spt[page_offset / sizeof(*spte)];
        return spte;
}

/*
 * Ignore various flags when determining if a SPTE can be immediately
 * overwritten for the current MMU.
 *  - level: explicitly checked in mmu_pte_write_new_pte(), and will never
 *    match the current MMU role, as MMU's level tracks the root level.
 *  - access: updated based on the new guest PTE
 *  - quadrant: handled by get_written_sptes()
 *  - invalid: always false (loop only walks valid shadow pages)
 */
static const union kvm_mmu_page_role role_ign = {
        .level = 0xf,
        .access = 0x7,
        .quadrant = 0x3,
        .invalid = 0x1,
};

static void kvm_mmu_pte_write(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu, gpa_t gpa,
                              const u8 *new, int bytes,
                              struct kvm_page_track_notifier_node *node)
{
        gfn_t gfn = gpa >> PAGE_SHIFT;
        struct kvm_mmu_page *sp;
        LIST_HEAD(invalid_list);
        u64 entry, gentry, *spte;
        int npte;
        bool remote_flush, local_flush;

        /*
         * If we don't have indirect shadow pages, it means no page is
         * write-protected, so we can exit simply.
         */
        if (!READ_ONCE(vcpu->kvm->arch.indirect_shadow_pages))
                return;

        remote_flush = local_flush = false;

        pgprintk("%s: gpa %llx bytes %d\n", __func__, gpa, bytes);

        /*
         * No need to care whether allocation memory is successful
         * or not since pte prefetch is skiped if it does not have
         * enough objects in the cache.
         */
        mmu_topup_memory_caches(vcpu, true);

        spin_lock(&vcpu->kvm->mmu_lock);

        gentry = mmu_pte_write_fetch_gpte(vcpu, &gpa, &bytes);

        ++vcpu->kvm->stat.mmu_pte_write;
        kvm_mmu_audit(vcpu, AUDIT_PRE_PTE_WRITE);

        for_each_gfn_indirect_valid_sp(vcpu->kvm, sp, gfn) {
                if (detect_write_misaligned(sp, gpa, bytes) ||
                      detect_write_flooding(sp)) {
                        kvm_mmu_prepare_zap_page(vcpu->kvm, sp, &invalid_list);
                        ++vcpu->kvm->stat.mmu_flooded;
                        continue;
                }

                spte = get_written_sptes(sp, gpa, &npte);
                if (!spte)
                        continue;

                local_flush = true;
                while (npte--) {
                        u32 base_role = vcpu->arch.mmu->mmu_role.base.word;

                        entry = *spte;
                        mmu_page_zap_pte(vcpu->kvm, sp, spte, NULL);
                        if (gentry &&
                            !((sp->role.word ^ base_role) & ~role_ign.word) &&
                            rmap_can_add(vcpu))
                                mmu_pte_write_new_pte(vcpu, sp, spte, &gentry);
                        if (need_remote_flush(entry, *spte))
                                remote_flush = true;
                        ++spte;
                }
        }
        kvm_mmu_flush_or_zap(vcpu, &invalid_list, remote_flush, local_flush);
        kvm_mmu_audit(vcpu, AUDIT_POST_PTE_WRITE);
        spin_unlock(&vcpu->kvm->mmu_lock);
}

int kvm_mmu_unprotect_page_virt(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu, gva_t gva)
{
        gpa_t gpa;
        int r;

        if (vcpu->arch.mmu->direct_map)
                return 0;

        gpa = kvm_mmu_gva_to_gpa_read(vcpu, gva, NULL);

        r = kvm_mmu_unprotect_page(vcpu->kvm, gpa >> PAGE_SHIFT);

        return r;
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(kvm_mmu_unprotect_page_virt);

int kvm_mmu_page_fault(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu, gpa_t cr2_or_gpa, u64 error_code,
                       void *insn, int insn_len)
{
        int r, emulation_type = EMULTYPE_PF;
        bool direct = vcpu->arch.mmu->direct_map;

        if (WARN_ON(!VALID_PAGE(vcpu->arch.mmu->root_hpa)))
                return RET_PF_RETRY;

        r = RET_PF_INVALID;
        if (unlikely(error_code & PFERR_RSVD_MASK)) {
                r = handle_mmio_page_fault(vcpu, cr2_or_gpa, direct);
                if (r == RET_PF_EMULATE)
                        goto emulate;
        }

        if (r == RET_PF_INVALID) {
                r = kvm_mmu_do_page_fault(vcpu, cr2_or_gpa,
                                          lower_32_bits(error_code), false);
                if (WARN_ON_ONCE(r == RET_PF_INVALID))
                        return -EIO;
        }

        if (r < 0)
                return r;
        if (r != RET_PF_EMULATE)
                return 1;

        /*
         * Before emulating the instruction, check if the error code
         * was due to a RO violation while translating the guest page.
         * This can occur when using nested virtualization with nested
         * paging in both guests. If true, we simply unprotect the page
         * and resume the guest.
         */
        if (vcpu->arch.mmu->direct_map &&
            (error_code & PFERR_NESTED_GUEST_PAGE) == PFERR_NESTED_GUEST_PAGE) {
                kvm_mmu_unprotect_page(vcpu->kvm, gpa_to_gfn(cr2_or_gpa));
                return 1;
        }

        /*
         * vcpu->arch.mmu.page_fault returned RET_PF_EMULATE, but we can still
         * optimistically try to just unprotect the page and let the processor
         * re-execute the instruction that caused the page fault.  Do not allow
         * retrying MMIO emulation, as it's not only pointless but could also
         * cause us to enter an infinite loop because the processor will keep
         * faulting on the non-existent MMIO address.  Retrying an instruction
         * from a nested guest is also pointless and dangerous as we are only
         * explicitly shadowing L1's page tables, i.e. unprotecting something
         * for L1 isn't going to magically fix whatever issue cause L2 to fail.
         */
        if (!mmio_info_in_cache(vcpu, cr2_or_gpa, direct) && !is_guest_mode(vcpu))
                emulation_type |= EMULTYPE_ALLOW_RETRY_PF;
emulate:
        return x86_emulate_instruction(vcpu, cr2_or_gpa, emulation_type, insn,
                                       insn_len);
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(kvm_mmu_page_fault);

void kvm_mmu_invalidate_gva(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu, struct kvm_mmu *mmu,
                            gva_t gva, hpa_t root_hpa)
{
        int i;

        /* It's actually a GPA for vcpu->arch.guest_mmu.  */
        if (mmu != &vcpu->arch.guest_mmu) {
                /* INVLPG on a non-canonical address is a NOP according to the SDM.  */
                if (is_noncanonical_address(gva, vcpu))
                        return;

                kvm_x86_ops.tlb_flush_gva(vcpu, gva);
        }

        if (!mmu->invlpg)
                return;

        if (root_hpa == INVALID_PAGE) {
                mmu->invlpg(vcpu, gva, mmu->root_hpa);

                /*
                 * INVLPG is required to invalidate any global mappings for the VA,
                 * irrespective of PCID. Since it would take us roughly similar amount
                 * of work to determine whether any of the prev_root mappings of the VA
                 * is marked global, or to just sync it blindly, so we might as well
                 * just always sync it.
                 *
                 * Mappings not reachable via the current cr3 or the prev_roots will be
                 * synced when switching to that cr3, so nothing needs to be done here
                 * for them.
                 */
                for (i = 0; i < KVM_MMU_NUM_PREV_ROOTS; i++)
                        if (VALID_PAGE(mmu->prev_roots[i].hpa))
                                mmu->invlpg(vcpu, gva, mmu->prev_roots[i].hpa);
        } else {
                mmu->invlpg(vcpu, gva, root_hpa);
        }
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(kvm_mmu_invalidate_gva);

void kvm_mmu_invlpg(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu, gva_t gva)
{
        kvm_mmu_invalidate_gva(vcpu, vcpu->arch.mmu, gva, INVALID_PAGE);
        ++vcpu->stat.invlpg;
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(kvm_mmu_invlpg);


void kvm_mmu_invpcid_gva(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu, gva_t gva, unsigned long pcid)
{
        struct kvm_mmu *mmu = vcpu->arch.mmu;
        bool tlb_flush = false;
        uint i;

        if (pcid == kvm_get_active_pcid(vcpu)) {
                mmu->invlpg(vcpu, gva, mmu->root_hpa);
                tlb_flush = true;
        }

        for (i = 0; i < KVM_MMU_NUM_PREV_ROOTS; i++) {
                if (VALID_PAGE(mmu->prev_roots[i].hpa) &&
                    pcid == kvm_get_pcid(vcpu, mmu->prev_roots[i].pgd)) {
                        mmu->invlpg(vcpu, gva, mmu->prev_roots[i].hpa);
                        tlb_flush = true;
                }
        }

        if (tlb_flush)
                kvm_x86_ops.tlb_flush_gva(vcpu, gva);

        ++vcpu->stat.invlpg;

        /*
         * Mappings not reachable via the current cr3 or the prev_roots will be
         * synced when switching to that cr3, so nothing needs to be done here
         * for them.
         */
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(kvm_mmu_invpcid_gva);

void kvm_configure_mmu(bool enable_tdp, int tdp_max_root_level,
                       int tdp_huge_page_level)
{
        tdp_enabled = enable_tdp;
        max_tdp_level = tdp_max_root_level;

        /*
         * max_huge_page_level reflects KVM's MMU capabilities irrespective
         * of kernel support, e.g. KVM may be capable of using 1GB pages when
         * the kernel is not.  But, KVM never creates a page size greater than
         * what is used by the kernel for any given HVA, i.e. the kernel's
         * capabilities are ultimately consulted by kvm_mmu_hugepage_adjust().
         */
        if (tdp_enabled)
                max_huge_page_level = tdp_huge_page_level;
        else if (boot_cpu_has(X86_FEATURE_GBPAGES))
                max_huge_page_level = PG_LEVEL_1G;
        else
                max_huge_page_level = PG_LEVEL_2M;
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(kvm_configure_mmu);

/* The return value indicates if tlb flush on all vcpus is needed. */
typedef bool (*slot_level_handler) (struct kvm *kvm, struct kvm_rmap_head *rmap_head);

/* The caller should hold mmu-lock before calling this function. */
static __always_inline bool
slot_handle_level_range(struct kvm *kvm, struct kvm_memory_slot *memslot,
                        slot_level_handler fn, int start_level, int end_level,
                        gfn_t start_gfn, gfn_t end_gfn, bool lock_flush_tlb)
{
        struct slot_rmap_walk_iterator iterator;
        bool flush = false;

        for_each_slot_rmap_range(memslot, start_level, end_level, start_gfn,
                        end_gfn, &iterator) {
                if (iterator.rmap)
                        flush |= fn(kvm, iterator.rmap);

                if (need_resched() || spin_needbreak(&kvm->mmu_lock)) {
                        if (flush && lock_flush_tlb) {
                                kvm_flush_remote_tlbs_with_address(kvm,
                                                start_gfn,
                                                iterator.gfn - start_gfn + 1);
                                flush = false;
                        }
                        cond_resched_lock(&kvm->mmu_lock);
                }
        }

        if (flush && lock_flush_tlb) {
                kvm_flush_remote_tlbs_with_address(kvm, start_gfn,
                                                   end_gfn - start_gfn + 1);
                flush = false;
        }

        return flush;
}

static __always_inline bool
slot_handle_level(struct kvm *kvm, struct kvm_memory_slot *memslot,
                  slot_level_handler fn, int start_level, int end_level,
                  bool lock_flush_tlb)
{
        return slot_handle_level_range(kvm, memslot, fn, start_level,
                        end_level, memslot->base_gfn,
                        memslot->base_gfn + memslot->npages - 1,
                        lock_flush_tlb);
}

static __always_inline bool
slot_handle_all_level(struct kvm *kvm, struct kvm_memory_slot *memslot,
                      slot_level_handler fn, bool lock_flush_tlb)
{
        return slot_handle_level(kvm, memslot, fn, PG_LEVEL_4K,
                                 KVM_MAX_HUGEPAGE_LEVEL, lock_flush_tlb);
}

static __always_inline bool
slot_handle_large_level(struct kvm *kvm, struct kvm_memory_slot *memslot,
                        slot_level_handler fn, bool lock_flush_tlb)
{
        return slot_handle_level(kvm, memslot, fn, PG_LEVEL_4K + 1,
                                 KVM_MAX_HUGEPAGE_LEVEL, lock_flush_tlb);
}

static __always_inline bool
slot_handle_leaf(struct kvm *kvm, struct kvm_memory_slot *memslot,
                 slot_level_handler fn, bool lock_flush_tlb)
{
        return slot_handle_level(kvm, memslot, fn, PG_LEVEL_4K,
                                 PG_LEVEL_4K, lock_flush_tlb);
}

static void free_mmu_pages(struct kvm_mmu *mmu)
{
        free_page((unsigned long)mmu->pae_root);
        free_page((unsigned long)mmu->lm_root);
}

static int __kvm_mmu_create(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu, struct kvm_mmu *mmu)
{
        struct page *page;
        int i;

        mmu->root_hpa = INVALID_PAGE;
        mmu->root_pgd = 0;
        mmu->translate_gpa = translate_gpa;
        for (i = 0; i < KVM_MMU_NUM_PREV_ROOTS; i++)
                mmu->prev_roots[i] = KVM_MMU_ROOT_INFO_INVALID;

        /*
         * When using PAE paging, the four PDPTEs are treated as 'root' pages,
         * while the PDP table is a per-vCPU construct that's allocated at MMU
         * creation.  When emulating 32-bit mode, cr3 is only 32 bits even on
         * x86_64.  Therefore we need to allocate the PDP table in the first
         * 4GB of memory, which happens to fit the DMA32 zone.  Except for
         * SVM's 32-bit NPT support, TDP paging doesn't use PAE paging and can
         * skip allocating the PDP table.
         */
        if (tdp_enabled && kvm_mmu_get_tdp_level(vcpu) > PT32E_ROOT_LEVEL)
                return 0;

        page = alloc_page(GFP_KERNEL_ACCOUNT | __GFP_DMA32);
        if (!page)
                return -ENOMEM;

        mmu->pae_root = page_address(page);
        for (i = 0; i < 4; ++i)
                mmu->pae_root[i] = INVALID_PAGE;

        return 0;
}

int kvm_mmu_create(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu)
{
        int ret;

        vcpu->arch.mmu_pte_list_desc_cache.kmem_cache = pte_list_desc_cache;
        vcpu->arch.mmu_pte_list_desc_cache.gfp_zero = __GFP_ZERO;

        vcpu->arch.mmu_page_header_cache.kmem_cache = mmu_page_header_cache;
        vcpu->arch.mmu_page_header_cache.gfp_zero = __GFP_ZERO;

        vcpu->arch.mmu_shadow_page_cache.gfp_zero = __GFP_ZERO;

        vcpu->arch.mmu = &vcpu->arch.root_mmu;
        vcpu->arch.walk_mmu = &vcpu->arch.root_mmu;

        vcpu->arch.nested_mmu.translate_gpa = translate_nested_gpa;

        ret = __kvm_mmu_create(vcpu, &vcpu->arch.guest_mmu);
        if (ret)
                return ret;

        ret = __kvm_mmu_create(vcpu, &vcpu->arch.root_mmu);
        if (ret)
                goto fail_allocate_root;

        return ret;
 fail_allocate_root:
        free_mmu_pages(&vcpu->arch.guest_mmu);
        return ret;
}

#define BATCH_ZAP_PAGES 10
static void kvm_zap_obsolete_pages(struct kvm *kvm)
{
        struct kvm_mmu_page *sp, *node;
        int nr_zapped, batch = 0;

restart:
        list_for_each_entry_safe_reverse(sp, node,
              &kvm->arch.active_mmu_pages, link) {
                /*
                 * No obsolete valid page exists before a newly created page
                 * since active_mmu_pages is a FIFO list.
                 */
                if (!is_obsolete_sp(kvm, sp))
                        break;

                /*
                 * Invalid pages should never land back on the list of active
                 * pages.  Skip the bogus page, otherwise we'll get stuck in an
                 * infinite loop if the page gets put back on the list (again).
                 */
                if (WARN_ON(sp->role.invalid))
                        continue;

                /*
                 * No need to flush the TLB since we're only zapping shadow
                 * pages with an obsolete generation number and all vCPUS have
                 * loaded a new root, i.e. the shadow pages being zapped cannot
                 * be in active use by the guest.
                 */
                if (batch >= BATCH_ZAP_PAGES &&
                    cond_resched_lock(&kvm->mmu_lock)) {
                        batch = 0;
                        goto restart;
                }

                if (__kvm_mmu_prepare_zap_page(kvm, sp,
                                &kvm->arch.zapped_obsolete_pages, &nr_zapped)) {
                        batch += nr_zapped;
                        goto restart;
                }
        }

        /*
         * Trigger a remote TLB flush before freeing the page tables to ensure
         * KVM is not in the middle of a lockless shadow page table walk, which
         * may reference the pages.
         */
        kvm_mmu_commit_zap_page(kvm, &kvm->arch.zapped_obsolete_pages);
}

/*
 * Fast invalidate all shadow pages and use lock-break technique
 * to zap obsolete pages.
 *
 * It's required when memslot is being deleted or VM is being
 * destroyed, in these cases, we should ensure that KVM MMU does
 * not use any resource of the being-deleted slot or all slots
 * after calling the function.
 */
static void kvm_mmu_zap_all_fast(struct kvm *kvm)
{
        lockdep_assert_held(&kvm->slots_lock);

        spin_lock(&kvm->mmu_lock);
        trace_kvm_mmu_zap_all_fast(kvm);

        /*
         * Toggle mmu_valid_gen between '0' and '1'.  Because slots_lock is
         * held for the entire duration of zapping obsolete pages, it's
         * impossible for there to be multiple invalid generations associated
         * with *valid* shadow pages at any given time, i.e. there is exactly
         * one valid generation and (at most) one invalid generation.
         */
        kvm->arch.mmu_valid_gen = kvm->arch.mmu_valid_gen ? 0 : 1;

        /*
         * Notify all vcpus to reload its shadow page table and flush TLB.
         * Then all vcpus will switch to new shadow page table with the new
         * mmu_valid_gen.
         *
         * Note: we need to do this under the protection of mmu_lock,
         * otherwise, vcpu would purge shadow page but miss tlb flush.
         */
        kvm_reload_remote_mmus(kvm);

        kvm_zap_obsolete_pages(kvm);
        spin_unlock(&kvm->mmu_lock);
}

static bool kvm_has_zapped_obsolete_pages(struct kvm *kvm)
{
        return unlikely(!list_empty_careful(&kvm->arch.zapped_obsolete_pages));
}

static void kvm_mmu_invalidate_zap_pages_in_memslot(struct kvm *kvm,
                        struct kvm_memory_slot *slot,
                        struct kvm_page_track_notifier_node *node)
{
        kvm_mmu_zap_all_fast(kvm);
}

void kvm_mmu_init_vm(struct kvm *kvm)
{
        struct kvm_page_track_notifier_node *node = &kvm->arch.mmu_sp_tracker;

        node->track_write = kvm_mmu_pte_write;
        node->track_flush_slot = kvm_mmu_invalidate_zap_pages_in_memslot;
        kvm_page_track_register_notifier(kvm, node);
}

void kvm_mmu_uninit_vm(struct kvm *kvm)
{
        struct kvm_page_track_notifier_node *node = &kvm->arch.mmu_sp_tracker;

        kvm_page_track_unregister_notifier(kvm, node);
}

void kvm_zap_gfn_range(struct kvm *kvm, gfn_t gfn_start, gfn_t gfn_end)
{
        struct kvm_memslots *slots;
        struct kvm_memory_slot *memslot;
        int i;

        spin_lock(&kvm->mmu_lock);
        for (i = 0; i < KVM_ADDRESS_SPACE_NUM; i++) {
                slots = __kvm_memslots(kvm, i);
                kvm_for_each_memslot(memslot, slots) {
                        gfn_t start, end;

                        start = max(gfn_start, memslot->base_gfn);
                        end = min(gfn_end, memslot->base_gfn + memslot->npages);
                        if (start >= end)
                                continue;

                        slot_handle_level_range(kvm, memslot, kvm_zap_rmapp,
                                                PG_LEVEL_4K,
                                                KVM_MAX_HUGEPAGE_LEVEL,
                                                start, end - 1, true);
                }
        }

        spin_unlock(&kvm->mmu_lock);
}

static bool slot_rmap_write_protect(struct kvm *kvm,
                                    struct kvm_rmap_head *rmap_head)
{
        return __rmap_write_protect(kvm, rmap_head, false);
}

void kvm_mmu_slot_remove_write_access(struct kvm *kvm,
                                      struct kvm_memory_slot *memslot,
                                      int start_level)
{
        bool flush;

        spin_lock(&kvm->mmu_lock);
        flush = slot_handle_level(kvm, memslot, slot_rmap_write_protect,
                                start_level, KVM_MAX_HUGEPAGE_LEVEL, false);
        spin_unlock(&kvm->mmu_lock);

        /*
         * We can flush all the TLBs out of the mmu lock without TLB
         * corruption since we just change the spte from writable to
         * readonly so that we only need to care the case of changing
         * spte from present to present (changing the spte from present
         * to nonpresent will flush all the TLBs immediately), in other
         * words, the only case we care is mmu_spte_update() where we
         * have checked SPTE_HOST_WRITEABLE | SPTE_MMU_WRITEABLE
         * instead of PT_WRITABLE_MASK, that means it does not depend
         * on PT_WRITABLE_MASK anymore.
         */
        if (flush)
                kvm_arch_flush_remote_tlbs_memslot(kvm, memslot);
}

static bool kvm_mmu_zap_collapsible_spte(struct kvm *kvm,
                                         struct kvm_rmap_head *rmap_head)
{
        u64 *sptep;
        struct rmap_iterator iter;
        int need_tlb_flush = 0;
        kvm_pfn_t pfn;
        struct kvm_mmu_page *sp;

restart:
        for_each_rmap_spte(rmap_head, &iter, sptep) {
                sp = sptep_to_sp(sptep);
                pfn = spte_to_pfn(*sptep);

                /*
                 * We cannot do huge page mapping for indirect shadow pages,
                 * which are found on the last rmap (level = 1) when not using
                 * tdp; such shadow pages are synced with the page table in
                 * the guest, and the guest page table is using 4K page size
                 * mapping if the indirect sp has level = 1.
                 */
                if (sp->role.direct && !kvm_is_reserved_pfn(pfn) &&
                    (kvm_is_zone_device_pfn(pfn) ||
                     PageCompound(pfn_to_page(pfn)))) {
                        pte_list_remove(rmap_head, sptep);

                        if (kvm_available_flush_tlb_with_range())
                                kvm_flush_remote_tlbs_with_address(kvm, sp->gfn,
                                        KVM_PAGES_PER_HPAGE(sp->role.level));
                        else
                                need_tlb_flush = 1;

                        goto restart;
                }
        }

        return need_tlb_flush;
}

void kvm_mmu_zap_collapsible_sptes(struct kvm *kvm,
                                   const struct kvm_memory_slot *memslot)
{
        /* FIXME: const-ify all uses of struct kvm_memory_slot.  */
        spin_lock(&kvm->mmu_lock);
        slot_handle_leaf(kvm, (struct kvm_memory_slot *)memslot,
                         kvm_mmu_zap_collapsible_spte, true);
        spin_unlock(&kvm->mmu_lock);
}

void kvm_arch_flush_remote_tlbs_memslot(struct kvm *kvm,
                                        struct kvm_memory_slot *memslot)
{
        /*
         * All current use cases for flushing the TLBs for a specific memslot
         * are related to dirty logging, and do the TLB flush out of mmu_lock.
         * The interaction between the various operations on memslot must be
         * serialized by slots_locks to ensure the TLB flush from one operation
         * is observed by any other operation on the same memslot.
         */
        lockdep_assert_held(&kvm->slots_lock);
        kvm_flush_remote_tlbs_with_address(kvm, memslot->base_gfn,
                                           memslot->npages);
}

void kvm_mmu_slot_leaf_clear_dirty(struct kvm *kvm,
                                   struct kvm_memory_slot *memslot)
{
        bool flush;

        spin_lock(&kvm->mmu_lock);
        flush = slot_handle_leaf(kvm, memslot, __rmap_clear_dirty, false);
        spin_unlock(&kvm->mmu_lock);

        /*
         * It's also safe to flush TLBs out of mmu lock here as currently this
         * function is only used for dirty logging, in which case flushing TLB
         * out of mmu lock also guarantees no dirty pages will be lost in
         * dirty_bitmap.
         */
        if (flush)
                kvm_arch_flush_remote_tlbs_memslot(kvm, memslot);
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(kvm_mmu_slot_leaf_clear_dirty);

void kvm_mmu_slot_largepage_remove_write_access(struct kvm *kvm,
                                        struct kvm_memory_slot *memslot)
{
        bool flush;

        spin_lock(&kvm->mmu_lock);
        flush = slot_handle_large_level(kvm, memslot, slot_rmap_write_protect,
                                        false);
        spin_unlock(&kvm->mmu_lock);

        if (flush)
                kvm_arch_flush_remote_tlbs_memslot(kvm, memslot);
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(kvm_mmu_slot_largepage_remove_write_access);

void kvm_mmu_slot_set_dirty(struct kvm *kvm,
                            struct kvm_memory_slot *memslot)
{
        bool flush;

        spin_lock(&kvm->mmu_lock);
        flush = slot_handle_all_level(kvm, memslot, __rmap_set_dirty, false);
        spin_unlock(&kvm->mmu_lock);

        if (flush)
                kvm_arch_flush_remote_tlbs_memslot(kvm, memslot);
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(kvm_mmu_slot_set_dirty);

void kvm_mmu_zap_all(struct kvm *kvm)
{
        struct kvm_mmu_page *sp, *node;
        LIST_HEAD(invalid_list);
        int ign;

        spin_lock(&kvm->mmu_lock);
restart:
        list_for_each_entry_safe(sp, node, &kvm->arch.active_mmu_pages, link) {
                if (WARN_ON(sp->role.invalid))
                        continue;
                if (__kvm_mmu_prepare_zap_page(kvm, sp, &invalid_list, &ign))
                        goto restart;
                if (cond_resched_lock(&kvm->mmu_lock))
                        goto restart;
        }

        kvm_mmu_commit_zap_page(kvm, &invalid_list);
        spin_unlock(&kvm->mmu_lock);
}

void kvm_mmu_invalidate_mmio_sptes(struct kvm *kvm, u64 gen)
{
        WARN_ON(gen & KVM_MEMSLOT_GEN_UPDATE_IN_PROGRESS);

        gen &= MMIO_SPTE_GEN_MASK;

        /*
         * Generation numbers are incremented in multiples of the number of
         * address spaces in order to provide unique generations across all
         * address spaces.  Strip what is effectively the address space
         * modifier prior to checking for a wrap of the MMIO generation so
         * that a wrap in any address space is detected.
         */
        gen &= ~((u64)KVM_ADDRESS_SPACE_NUM - 1);

        /*
         * The very rare case: if the MMIO generation number has wrapped,
         * zap all shadow pages.
         */
        if (unlikely(gen == 0)) {
                kvm_debug_ratelimited("kvm: zapping shadow pages for mmio generation wraparound\n");
                kvm_mmu_zap_all_fast(kvm);
        }
}

static unsigned long
mmu_shrink_scan(struct shrinker *shrink, struct shrink_control *sc)
{
        struct kvm *kvm;
        int nr_to_scan = sc->nr_to_scan;
        unsigned long freed = 0;

        mutex_lock(&kvm_lock);

        list_for_each_entry(kvm, &vm_list, vm_list) {
                int idx;
                LIST_HEAD(invalid_list);

                /*
                 * Never scan more than sc->nr_to_scan VM instances.
                 * Will not hit this condition practically since we do not try
                 * to shrink more than one VM and it is very unlikely to see
                 * !n_used_mmu_pages so many times.
                 */
                if (!nr_to_scan--)
                        break;
                /*
                 * n_used_mmu_pages is accessed without holding kvm->mmu_lock
                 * here. We may skip a VM instance errorneosly, but we do not
                 * want to shrink a VM that only started to populate its MMU
                 * anyway.
                 */
                if (!kvm->arch.n_used_mmu_pages &&
                    !kvm_has_zapped_obsolete_pages(kvm))
                        continue;

                idx = srcu_read_lock(&kvm->srcu);
                spin_lock(&kvm->mmu_lock);

                if (kvm_has_zapped_obsolete_pages(kvm)) {
                        kvm_mmu_commit_zap_page(kvm,
                              &kvm->arch.zapped_obsolete_pages);
                        goto unlock;
                }

                freed = kvm_mmu_zap_oldest_mmu_pages(kvm, sc->nr_to_scan);

unlock:
                spin_unlock(&kvm->mmu_lock);
                srcu_read_unlock(&kvm->srcu, idx);

                /*
                 * unfair on small ones
                 * per-vm shrinkers cry out
                 * sadness comes quickly
                 */
                list_move_tail(&kvm->vm_list, &vm_list);
                break;
        }

        mutex_unlock(&kvm_lock);
        return freed;
}

static unsigned long
mmu_shrink_count(struct shrinker *shrink, struct shrink_control *sc)
{
        return percpu_counter_read_positive(&kvm_total_used_mmu_pages);
}

static struct shrinker mmu_shrinker = {
        .count_objects = mmu_shrink_count,
        .scan_objects = mmu_shrink_scan,
        .seeks = DEFAULT_SEEKS * 10,
};

static void mmu_destroy_caches(void)
{
        kmem_cache_destroy(pte_list_desc_cache);
        kmem_cache_destroy(mmu_page_header_cache);
}

static void kvm_set_mmio_spte_mask(void)
{
        u64 mask;

        /*
         * Set a reserved PA bit in MMIO SPTEs to generate page faults with
         * PFEC.RSVD=1 on MMIO accesses.  64-bit PTEs (PAE, x86-64, and EPT
         * paging) support a maximum of 52 bits of PA, i.e. if the CPU supports
         * 52-bit physical addresses then there are no reserved PA bits in the
         * PTEs and so the reserved PA approach must be disabled.
         */
        if (shadow_phys_bits < 52)
                mask = BIT_ULL(51) | PT_PRESENT_MASK;
        else
                mask = 0;

        kvm_mmu_set_mmio_spte_mask(mask, ACC_WRITE_MASK | ACC_USER_MASK);
}

static bool get_nx_auto_mode(void)
{
        /* Return true when CPU has the bug, and mitigations are ON */
        return boot_cpu_has_bug(X86_BUG_ITLB_MULTIHIT) && !cpu_mitigations_off();
}

static void __set_nx_huge_pages(bool val)
{
        nx_huge_pages = itlb_multihit_kvm_mitigation = val;
}

static int set_nx_huge_pages(const char *val, const struct kernel_param *kp)
{
        bool old_val = nx_huge_pages;
        bool new_val;

        /* In "auto" mode deploy workaround only if CPU has the bug. */
        if (sysfs_streq(val, "off"))
                new_val = 0;
        else if (sysfs_streq(val, "force"))
                new_val = 1;
        else if (sysfs_streq(val, "auto"))
                new_val = get_nx_auto_mode();
        else if (strtobool(val, &new_val) < 0)
                return -EINVAL;

        __set_nx_huge_pages(new_val);

        if (new_val != old_val) {
                struct kvm *kvm;

                mutex_lock(&kvm_lock);

                list_for_each_entry(kvm, &vm_list, vm_list) {
                        mutex_lock(&kvm->slots_lock);
                        kvm_mmu_zap_all_fast(kvm);
                        mutex_unlock(&kvm->slots_lock);

                        wake_up_process(kvm->arch.nx_lpage_recovery_thread);
                }
                mutex_unlock(&kvm_lock);
        }

        return 0;
}

int kvm_mmu_module_init(void)
{
        int ret = -ENOMEM;

        if (nx_huge_pages == -1)
                __set_nx_huge_pages(get_nx_auto_mode());

        /*
         * MMU roles use union aliasing which is, generally speaking, an
         * undefined behavior. However, we supposedly know how compilers behave
         * and the current status quo is unlikely to change. Guardians below are
         * supposed to let us know if the assumption becomes false.
         */
        BUILD_BUG_ON(sizeof(union kvm_mmu_page_role) != sizeof(u32));
        BUILD_BUG_ON(sizeof(union kvm_mmu_extended_role) != sizeof(u32));
        BUILD_BUG_ON(sizeof(union kvm_mmu_role) != sizeof(u64));

        kvm_mmu_reset_all_pte_masks();

        kvm_set_mmio_spte_mask();

        pte_list_desc_cache = kmem_cache_create("pte_list_desc",
                                            sizeof(struct pte_list_desc),
                                            0, SLAB_ACCOUNT, NULL);
        if (!pte_list_desc_cache)
                goto out;

        mmu_page_header_cache = kmem_cache_create("kvm_mmu_page_header",
                                                  sizeof(struct kvm_mmu_page),
                                                  0, SLAB_ACCOUNT, NULL);
        if (!mmu_page_header_cache)
                goto out;

        if (percpu_counter_init(&kvm_total_used_mmu_pages, 0, GFP_KERNEL))
                goto out;

        ret = register_shrinker(&mmu_shrinker);
        if (ret)
                goto out;

        return 0;

out:
        mmu_destroy_caches();
        return ret;
}

/*
 * Calculate mmu pages needed for kvm.
 */
unsigned long kvm_mmu_calculate_default_mmu_pages(struct kvm *kvm)
{
        unsigned long nr_mmu_pages;
        unsigned long nr_pages = 0;
        struct kvm_memslots *slots;
        struct kvm_memory_slot *memslot;
        int i;

        for (i = 0; i < KVM_ADDRESS_SPACE_NUM; i++) {
                slots = __kvm_memslots(kvm, i);

                kvm_for_each_memslot(memslot, slots)
                        nr_pages += memslot->npages;
        }

        nr_mmu_pages = nr_pages * KVM_PERMILLE_MMU_PAGES / 1000;
        nr_mmu_pages = max(nr_mmu_pages, KVM_MIN_ALLOC_MMU_PAGES);

        return nr_mmu_pages;
}

void kvm_mmu_destroy(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu)
{
        kvm_mmu_unload(vcpu);
        free_mmu_pages(&vcpu->arch.root_mmu);
        free_mmu_pages(&vcpu->arch.guest_mmu);
        mmu_free_memory_caches(vcpu);
}

void kvm_mmu_module_exit(void)
{
        mmu_destroy_caches();
        percpu_counter_destroy(&kvm_total_used_mmu_pages);
        unregister_shrinker(&mmu_shrinker);
        mmu_audit_disable();
}

static int set_nx_huge_pages_recovery_ratio(const char *val, const struct kernel_param *kp)
{
        unsigned int old_val;
        int err;

        old_val = nx_huge_pages_recovery_ratio;
        err = param_set_uint(val, kp);
        if (err)
                return err;

        if (READ_ONCE(nx_huge_pages) &&
            !old_val && nx_huge_pages_recovery_ratio) {
                struct kvm *kvm;

                mutex_lock(&kvm_lock);

                list_for_each_entry(kvm, &vm_list, vm_list)
                        wake_up_process(kvm->arch.nx_lpage_recovery_thread);

                mutex_unlock(&kvm_lock);
        }

        return err;
}

static void kvm_recover_nx_lpages(struct kvm *kvm)
{
        int rcu_idx;
        struct kvm_mmu_page *sp;
        unsigned int ratio;
        LIST_HEAD(invalid_list);
        ulong to_zap;

        rcu_idx = srcu_read_lock(&kvm->srcu);
        spin_lock(&kvm->mmu_lock);

        ratio = READ_ONCE(nx_huge_pages_recovery_ratio);
        to_zap = ratio ? DIV_ROUND_UP(kvm->stat.nx_lpage_splits, ratio) : 0;
        for ( ; to_zap; --to_zap) {
                if (list_empty(&kvm->arch.lpage_disallowed_mmu_pages))
                        break;

                /*
                 * We use a separate list instead of just using active_mmu_pages
                 * because the number of lpage_disallowed pages is expected to
                 * be relatively small compared to the total.
                 */
                sp = list_first_entry(&kvm->arch.lpage_disallowed_mmu_pages,
                                      struct kvm_mmu_page,
                                      lpage_disallowed_link);
                WARN_ON_ONCE(!sp->lpage_disallowed);
                kvm_mmu_prepare_zap_page(kvm, sp, &invalid_list);
                WARN_ON_ONCE(sp->lpage_disallowed);

                if (need_resched() || spin_needbreak(&kvm->mmu_lock)) {
                        kvm_mmu_commit_zap_page(kvm, &invalid_list);
                        cond_resched_lock(&kvm->mmu_lock);
                }
        }
        kvm_mmu_commit_zap_page(kvm, &invalid_list);

        spin_unlock(&kvm->mmu_lock);
        srcu_read_unlock(&kvm->srcu, rcu_idx);
}

static long get_nx_lpage_recovery_timeout(u64 start_time)
{
        return READ_ONCE(nx_huge_pages) && READ_ONCE(nx_huge_pages_recovery_ratio)
                ? start_time + 60 * HZ - get_jiffies_64()
                : MAX_SCHEDULE_TIMEOUT;
}

static int kvm_nx_lpage_recovery_worker(struct kvm *kvm, uintptr_t data)
{
        u64 start_time;
        long remaining_time;

        while (true) {
                start_time = get_jiffies_64();
                remaining_time = get_nx_lpage_recovery_timeout(start_time);

                set_current_state(TASK_INTERRUPTIBLE);
                while (!kthread_should_stop() && remaining_time > 0) {
                        schedule_timeout(remaining_time);
                        remaining_time = get_nx_lpage_recovery_timeout(start_time);
                        set_current_state(TASK_INTERRUPTIBLE);
                }

                set_current_state(TASK_RUNNING);

                if (kthread_should_stop())
                        return 0;

                kvm_recover_nx_lpages(kvm);
        }
}

int kvm_mmu_post_init_vm(struct kvm *kvm)
{
        int err;

        err = kvm_vm_create_worker_thread(kvm, kvm_nx_lpage_recovery_worker, 0,
                                          "kvm-nx-lpage-recovery",
                                          &kvm->arch.nx_lpage_recovery_thread);
        if (!err)
                kthread_unpark(kvm->arch.nx_lpage_recovery_thread);

        return err;
}

void kvm_mmu_pre_destroy_vm(struct kvm *kvm)
{
        if (kvm->arch.nx_lpage_recovery_thread)
                kthread_stop(kvm->arch.nx_lpage_recovery_thread);
}