[ceph.git] / ceph / src / tools / rados / rados.cc

// -*- mode:C++; tab-width:8; c-basic-offset:2; indent-tabs-mode:t -*-
// vim: ts=8 sw=2 smarttab
/*
 * Ceph - scalable distributed file system
 *
 * Copyright (C) 2004-2006 Sage Weil <sage@newdream.net>
 *
 * This is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
 * modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public
 * License version 2.1, as published by the Free Software
 * Foundation.  See file COPYING.
 *
 */

#include "include/types.h"

#include "include/rados/buffer.h"
#include "include/rados/librados.hpp"
#include "include/rados/rados_types.hpp"

#include "acconfig.h"
#ifdef WITH_LIBRADOSSTRIPER
 #include "include/radosstriper/libradosstriper.hpp"
 using namespace libradosstriper;
#endif

#include "common/config.h"
#include "common/ceph_argparse.h"
#include "global/global_init.h"
#include "common/Cond.h"
#include "common/debug.h"
#include "common/errno.h"
#include "common/Formatter.h"
#include "common/obj_bencher.h"
#include "common/TextTable.h"
#include "include/stringify.h"
#include "mds/inode_backtrace.h"
#include "include/random.h"
#include <iostream>
#include <fstream>

#include <stdlib.h>
#include <time.h>
#include <sstream>
#include <errno.h>
#include <dirent.h>
#include <stdexcept>
#include <climits>
#include <locale>
#include <memory>

#include "cls/lock/cls_lock_client.h"
#include "include/compat.h"
#include "include/util.h"
#include "common/hobject.h"

#include "PoolDump.h"
#include "RadosImport.h"

#include "osd/ECUtil.h"

using namespace librados;
using ceph::util::generate_random_number;

// two steps seem to be necessary to do this right
#define STR(x) _STR(x)
#define _STR(x) #x

void usage(ostream& out)
{
  out <<                                        \
"usage: rados [options] [commands]\n"
"POOL COMMANDS\n"
"   lspools                          list pools\n"
"   cppool <pool-name> <dest-pool>   copy content of a pool\n"
"   purge <pool-name> --yes-i-really-really-mean-it\n"
"                                    remove all objects from pool <pool-name> without removing it\n"
"   df                               show per-pool and total usage\n"
"   ls                               list objects in pool\n\n"
"\n"
"POOL SNAP COMMANDS\n"
"   lssnap                           list snaps\n"
"   mksnap <snap-name>               create snap <snap-name>\n"
"   rmsnap <snap-name>               remove snap <snap-name>\n"
"\n"
"OBJECT COMMANDS\n"
"   get <obj-name> <outfile>         fetch object\n"
"   put <obj-name> <infile> [--offset offset]\n"
"                                    write object with start offset (default:0)\n"
"   append <obj-name> <infile>       append object\n"
"   truncate <obj-name> length       truncate object\n"
"   create <obj-name>                create object\n"
"   rm <obj-name> ...[--force-full]  [force no matter full or not]remove object(s)\n"
"   cp <obj-name> [target-obj]       copy object\n"
"   listxattr <obj-name>\n"
"   getxattr <obj-name> attr\n"
"   setxattr <obj-name> attr val\n"
"   rmxattr <obj-name> attr\n"
"   stat <obj-name>                  stat the named object\n"
"   stat2 <obj-name>                 stat2 the named object (with high precision time)\n"
"   touch <obj-name> [timestamp]     change the named object modification time\n"
"   mapext <obj-name>\n"
"   rollback <obj-name> <snap-name>  roll back object to snap <snap-name>\n"
"\n"
"   listsnaps <obj-name>             list the snapshots of this object\n"
"   bench <seconds> write|seq|rand [-t concurrent_operations] [--no-cleanup] [--run-name run_name] [--no-hints] [--reuse-bench]\n"
"                                    default is 16 concurrent IOs and 4 MB ops\n"
"                                    default is to clean up after write benchmark\n"
"                                    default run-name is 'benchmark_last_metadata'\n"
"   cleanup [--run-name run_name] [--prefix prefix]\n"
"                                    clean up a previous benchmark operation\n"
"                                    default run-name is 'benchmark_last_metadata'\n"
"   load-gen [options]               generate load on the cluster\n"
"   listomapkeys <obj-name>          list the keys in the object map\n"
"   listomapvals <obj-name>          list the keys and vals in the object map \n"
"   getomapval <obj-name> <key> [file] show the value for the specified key\n"
"                                    in the object's object map\n"
"   setomapval <obj-name> <key> <val>\n"
"   rmomapkey <obj-name> <key>\n"
"   clearomap <obj-name> [obj-name2 obj-name3...] clear all the omap keys for the specified objects\n"
"   getomapheader <obj-name> [file]\n"
"   setomapheader <obj-name> <val>\n"
"   watch <obj-name>                 add watcher on this object\n"
"   notify <obj-name> <message>      notify watcher of this object with message\n"
"   listwatchers <obj-name>          list the watchers of this object\n"
"   set-alloc-hint <obj-name> <expected-object-size> <expected-write-size>\n"
"                                    set allocation hint for an object\n"
"   set-redirect <object A> --target-pool <caspool> <target object A> [--with-reference]\n"
"                                    set redirect target\n"
"   set-chunk <object A> <offset> <length> --target-pool <caspool> <target object A> <taget-offset> [--with-reference]\n"
"                                    convert an object to chunked object\n"
"   tier-promote <obj-name>          promote the object to the base tier\n"
"   unset-manifest <obj-name>        unset redirect or chunked object\n"
"   tier-flush <obj-name>            flush the chunked object\n"
"\n"
"IMPORT AND EXPORT\n"
"   export [filename]\n"
"       Serialize pool contents to a file or standard out.\n"
"   import [--dry-run] [--no-overwrite] < filename | - >\n"
"       Load pool contents from a file or standard in\n"
"\n"
"ADVISORY LOCKS\n"
"   lock list <obj-name>\n"
"       List all advisory locks on an object\n"
"   lock get <obj-name> <lock-name> [--lock-cookie locker-cookie] [--lock-tag locker-tag] [--lock-description locker-desc] [--lock-duration locker-dur] [--lock-type locker-type]\n"
"       Try to acquire a lock\n"
"   lock break <obj-name> <lock-name> <locker-name> [--lock-cookie locker-cookie]\n"
"       Try to break a lock acquired by another client\n"
"   lock info <obj-name> <lock-name>\n"
"       Show lock information\n"
"   options:\n"
"       --lock-tag                   Lock tag, all locks operation should use\n"
"                                    the same tag\n"
"       --lock-cookie                Locker cookie\n"
"       --lock-description           Description of lock\n"
"       --lock-duration              Lock duration (in seconds)\n"
"       --lock-type                  Lock type (shared, exclusive)\n"
"\n"
"SCRUB AND REPAIR:\n"
"   list-inconsistent-pg <pool>      list inconsistent PGs in given pool\n"
"   list-inconsistent-obj <pgid>     list inconsistent objects in given PG\n"
"   list-inconsistent-snapset <pgid> list inconsistent snapsets in the given PG\n"
"\n"
"CACHE POOLS: (for testing/development only)\n"
"   cache-flush <obj-name>           flush cache pool object (blocking)\n"
"   cache-try-flush <obj-name>       flush cache pool object (non-blocking)\n"
"   cache-evict <obj-name>           evict cache pool object\n"
"   cache-flush-evict-all            flush+evict all objects\n"
"   cache-try-flush-evict-all        try-flush+evict all objects\n"
"\n"
"GLOBAL OPTIONS:\n"
"   --object_locator object_locator\n"
"        set object_locator for operation\n"
"   -p pool\n"
"   --pool=pool\n"
"        select given pool by name\n"
"   --target-pool=pool\n"
"        select target pool by name\n"
"   --pgid PG id\n"
"        select given PG id\n"
"   -f [--format plain|json|json-pretty]\n"
"   --format=[--format plain|json|json-pretty]\n"
"   -b op_size\n"
"        set the block size for put/get ops and for write benchmarking\n"
"   -O object_size\n"
"        set the object size for put/get ops and for write benchmarking\n"
"   --max-objects\n"
"        set the max number of objects for write benchmarking\n"
"   -s name\n"
"   --snap name\n"
"        select given snap name for (read) IO\n"
"   --create\n"
"        create the pool or directory that was specified\n"
"   -N namespace\n"
"   --namespace=namespace\n"
"        specify the namespace to use for the object\n"
"   --all\n"
"        Use with ls to list objects in all namespaces\n"
"        Put in CEPH_ARGS environment variable to make this the default\n"
"   --default\n"
"        Use with ls to list objects in default namespace\n"
"        Takes precedence over --all in case --all is in environment\n"
"   --target-locator\n"
"        Use with cp to specify the locator of the new object\n"
"   --target-nspace\n"
"        Use with cp to specify the namespace of the new object\n"
#ifdef WITH_LIBRADOSSTRIPER
"   --striper\n"
"        Use radostriper interface rather than pure rados\n"
"        Available for stat, get, put, truncate, rm, ls and \n"
"        all xattr related operations\n"
#endif
"\n"
"BENCH OPTIONS:\n"
"   -t N\n"
"   --concurrent-ios=N\n"
"        Set number of concurrent I/O operations\n"
"   --show-time\n"
"        prefix output with date/time\n"
"   --no-verify\n"
"        do not verify contents of read objects\n"
"   --write-object\n"
"        write contents to the objects\n"
"   --write-omap\n"
"        write contents to the omap\n"
"   --write-xattr\n"
"        write contents to the extended attributes\n"
"\n"
"LOAD GEN OPTIONS:\n"
"   --num-objects                    total number of objects\n"
"   --min-object-size                min object size\n"
"   --max-object-size                max object size\n"
"   --min-op-len                     min io size of operations\n"
"   --max-op-len                     max io size of operations\n"
"   --max-ops                        max number of operations\n"
"   --max-backlog                    max backlog size\n"
"   --read-percent                   percent of operations that are read\n"
"   --target-throughput              target throughput (in bytes)\n"
"   --run-length                     total time (in seconds)\n"
"   --offset-align                   at what boundary to align random op offsets"
"CACHE POOLS OPTIONS:\n"
"   --with-clones                    include clones when doing flush or evict\n"
"OMAP OPTIONS:\n"
"    --omap-key-file file            read the omap key from a file\n";
}

namespace detail {

#ifdef WITH_LIBRADOSSTRIPER
RadosStriper& striper()
{
  static RadosStriper s;
  return s;
}
#endif

int read([[maybe_unused]] IoCtx& io_ctx, const std::string& oid, buffer::list& out_data, const unsigned op_size, const uint64_t offset, [[maybe_unused]] const bool use_striper)
{
#ifdef WITH_LIBRADOSSTRIPER
  if (use_striper)
    return striper().read(oid, &out_data, op_size, offset);
#endif

  return io_ctx.read(oid, out_data, op_size, offset);
}

int write([[maybe_unused]] IoCtx& io_ctx, const std::string& oid, buffer::list& indata, const uint64_t count, const uint64_t offset, [[maybe_unused]] const bool use_striper)
{
 #ifdef WITH_LIBRADOSSTRIPER
  if (use_striper)
    return striper().write(oid, indata, count, offset);
#endif

  return io_ctx.write(oid, indata, count, offset);
}

int write_full([[maybe_unused]] IoCtx& io_ctx, const std::string& oid, bufferlist& indata, [[maybe_unused]] const bool use_striper)
{
#ifdef WITH_LIBRADOSSTRIPER
  if (use_striper)
    return striper().write_full(oid, indata);
#endif

  return io_ctx.write_full(oid, indata);
}

int trunc([[maybe_unused]] IoCtx& io_ctx, const std::string& oid, const uint64_t offset, [[maybe_unused]] const bool use_striper)
{
#ifdef WITH_LIBRADOSSTRIPER
  if (use_striper)
    return striper().trunc(oid, offset);
#endif
 
  return io_ctx.trunc(oid, offset);
}

int append([[maybe_unused]] IoCtx& io_ctx, const std::string& oid, buffer::list& indata, const uint64_t count, [[maybe_unused]] const bool use_striper)
{
#ifdef WITH_LIBRADOSSTRIPER
  if (use_striper)
    return striper().append(oid, indata, count);
#endif

  return io_ctx.append(oid, indata, count); 
}

int setxattr([[maybe_unused]] IoCtx& io_ctx, const std::string& oid, const std::string& attr_name, buffer::list& bl, [[maybe_unused]] const bool use_striper)
{
#ifdef WITH_LIBRADOSSTRIPER
  if (use_striper)
    return striper().setxattr(oid, attr_name.c_str(), bl);
#endif

  return io_ctx.setxattr(oid, attr_name.c_str(), bl);
}

int getxattr([[maybe_unused]] IoCtx& io_ctx, const std::string& oid, const std::string& attr_name, buffer::list& bl, [[maybe_unused]] const bool use_striper)
{
#ifdef WITH_LIBRADOSSTRIPER
  if (use_striper)
    return striper().getxattr(oid, attr_name.c_str(), bl);
#endif

  return io_ctx.getxattr(oid, attr_name.c_str(), bl);
}

int rmxattr([[maybe_unused]] IoCtx& io_ctx, const std::string& oid, const std::string& attr_name, [[maybe_unused]] const bool use_striper)
{
#ifdef WITH_LIBRADOSSTRIPER
  if (use_striper)
    return striper().rmxattr(oid, attr_name.c_str());
#endif

  return io_ctx.rmxattr(oid, attr_name.c_str());
}

int getxattrs([[maybe_unused]] IoCtx& io_ctx, const std::string& oid, std::map<std::string, buffer::list>& attrset, [[maybe_unused]] const bool use_striper)
{
#ifdef WITH_LIBRADOSSTRIPER
  if (use_striper)
    return striper().getxattrs(oid, attrset); 
#endif

  return io_ctx.getxattrs(oid, attrset);
}

int remove([[maybe_unused]] IoCtx& io_ctx, const std::string& oid, const int flags, [[maybe_unused]] const bool use_striper)
{
#ifdef WITH_LIBRADOSSTRIPER
  if (use_striper)
    return striper().remove(oid, flags); 
#endif

  return io_ctx.remove(oid, flags);
}

int remove([[maybe_unused]] IoCtx& io_ctx, const std::string& oid, [[maybe_unused]] const bool use_striper)
{
#ifdef WITH_LIBRADOSSTRIPER
  if (use_striper)
    return striper().remove(oid);
#endif

  return io_ctx.remove(oid);
}

std::string get_oid(librados::NObjectIterator& i, [[maybe_unused]] const bool use_striper)
{
#ifdef WITH_LIBRADOSSTRIPER
  if (use_striper)
    return i->get_oid().substr(0, i->get_oid().length()-17);
#endif

  return i->get_oid();
}

int stat([[maybe_unused]] IoCtx& io_ctx, const std::string& oid, uint64_t& size, time_t& mtime, [[maybe_unused]] const bool use_striper)
{
#ifdef WITH_LIBRADOSSTRIPER
  if (use_striper)
    return striper().stat(oid, &size, &mtime);
#endif

  return io_ctx.stat(oid, &size, &mtime);
}

int stat2([[maybe_unused]] IoCtx& io_ctx, const std::string& oid, uint64_t& size, timespec& mtime, [[maybe_unused]] const bool use_striper)
{
#ifdef WITH_LIBRADOSSTRIPER
  if (use_striper)
    return striper().stat2(oid, &size, &mtime);
#endif

  return io_ctx.stat2(oid, &size, &mtime);
}

void dump_name(Formatter *formatter, const librados::NObjectIterator& i, [[maybe_unused]] const bool use_striper)
{
#ifdef WITH_LIBRADOSSTRIPER
  if (use_striper) {
     formatter->dump_string("name", i->get_oid().substr(0, i->get_oid().length()-17));
     return;
  }
#endif

  formatter->dump_string("name", i->get_oid());
}

} // namespace detail

unsigned default_op_size = 1 << 22;
static const unsigned MAX_OMAP_BYTES_PER_REQUEST = 1 << 10;

[[noreturn]] static void usage_exit()
{
  usage(cerr);
  exit(1);
}


template <typename I, typename T>
static int rados_sistrtoll(I &i, T *val) {
  std::string err;
  *val = strict_iecstrtoll(i->second.c_str(), &err);
  if (err != "") {
    cerr << "Invalid value for " << i->first << ": " << err << std::endl;
    return -EINVAL;
  } else {
    return 0;
  }
}


static int dump_data(std::string const &filename, bufferlist const &data)
{
  int fd;
  if (filename == "-") {
    fd = STDOUT_FILENO;
  } else {
    fd = TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(::open(filename.c_str(), O_WRONLY|O_CREAT|O_TRUNC, 0644));
    if (fd < 0) {
      int err = errno;
      cerr << "failed to open file: " << cpp_strerror(err) << std::endl;
      return -err;
    }
  }

  int r = data.write_fd(fd);

  if (fd != 1) {
    VOID_TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(::close(fd));
  }

  return r;
}


static int do_get(IoCtx& io_ctx, const char *objname, const char *outfile, unsigned op_size, [[maybe_unused]] const bool use_striper)
{
  string oid(objname);

  int fd;
  if (strcmp(outfile, "-") == 0) {
    fd = STDOUT_FILENO;
  } else {
    fd = TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(::open(outfile, O_WRONLY|O_CREAT|O_TRUNC, 0644));
    if (fd < 0) {
      int err = errno;
      cerr << "failed to open file: " << cpp_strerror(err) << std::endl;
      return -err;
    }
  }

  uint64_t offset = 0;
  int ret;
  while (true) {
    bufferlist outdata;

    ret = detail::read(io_ctx, oid, outdata, op_size, offset, use_striper);
    if (ret <= 0) {
      goto out;
    }
    ret = outdata.write_fd(fd);
    if (ret < 0) {
      cerr << "error writing to file: " << cpp_strerror(ret) << std::endl;
      goto out;
    }
    if (outdata.length() < op_size)
      break;
    offset += outdata.length();
  }
  ret = 0;

 out:
  if (fd != 1)
    VOID_TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(::close(fd));
  return ret;
}

static int do_copy(IoCtx& io_ctx, const char *objname,
                   IoCtx& target_ctx, const char *target_obj)
{
  uint32_t src_fadvise_flags = LIBRADOS_OP_FLAG_FADVISE_SEQUENTIAL | LIBRADOS_OP_FLAG_FADVISE_NOCACHE;
  uint32_t dest_fadvise_flags = LIBRADOS_OP_FLAG_FADVISE_SEQUENTIAL | LIBRADOS_OP_FLAG_FADVISE_DONTNEED;
  ObjectWriteOperation op;
  op.copy_from(objname, io_ctx, 0, src_fadvise_flags);
  op.set_op_flags2(dest_fadvise_flags);

  return target_ctx.operate(target_obj, &op);
}

static int do_copy_pool(Rados& rados, const char *src_pool, const char *target_pool)
{
  IoCtx src_ctx, target_ctx;
  int ret = rados.ioctx_create(src_pool, src_ctx);
  if (ret < 0) {
    cerr << "cannot open source pool: " << src_pool << std::endl;
    return ret;
  }
  ret = rados.ioctx_create(target_pool, target_ctx);
  if (ret < 0) {
    cerr << "cannot open target pool: " << target_pool << std::endl;
    return ret;
  }
  src_ctx.set_namespace(all_nspaces);
  librados::NObjectIterator i = src_ctx.nobjects_begin();
  librados::NObjectIterator i_end = src_ctx.nobjects_end();
  for (; i != i_end; ++i) {
    string nspace = i->get_nspace();
    string oid = i->get_oid();
    string locator = i->get_locator();

    string target_name = (nspace.size() ? nspace + "/" : "") + oid;
    string src_name = target_name;
    if (locator.size())
        src_name += "(@" + locator + ")";
    cout << src_pool << ":" << src_name  << " => "
         << target_pool << ":" << target_name << std::endl;

    src_ctx.locator_set_key(locator);
    src_ctx.set_namespace(nspace);
    target_ctx.set_namespace(nspace);
    ret = do_copy(src_ctx, oid.c_str(), target_ctx, oid.c_str());
    if (ret < 0) {
      cerr << "error copying object: " << cpp_strerror(errno) << std::endl;
      return ret;
    }
  }

  return 0;
}

static int do_put(IoCtx& io_ctx, 
            const char *objname, const char *infile, int op_size,
            uint64_t obj_offset, bool create_object,
            const bool use_striper)
{
  string oid(objname);
  bool stdio = (strcmp(infile, "-") == 0);
  int ret = 0;
  int fd = STDIN_FILENO;
  if (!stdio)
    fd = open(infile, O_RDONLY);
  if (fd < 0) {
    cerr << "error reading input file " << infile << ": " << cpp_strerror(errno) << std::endl;
    return 1;
  }
  int count = op_size;
  uint64_t offset = obj_offset;
  while (count != 0) {
    bufferlist indata;
    count = indata.read_fd(fd, op_size);
    if (count < 0) {
      ret = -errno;
      cerr << "error reading input file " << infile << ": " << cpp_strerror(ret) << std::endl;
      goto out;
    }
 
    if (count == 0) {
     if (offset == obj_offset) { // in case we have to create an empty object & if obj_offset > 0 do a hole
         ret = detail::write_full(io_ctx, oid, indata, use_striper); // indata is empty

            if (ret < 0) {
                goto out;
            }

            if (offset) {
            ret = detail::trunc(io_ctx, oid, offset, use_striper); // before truncate, object must be existed.

              if (ret < 0) {
                  goto out;
              }
            }
      }
     continue;
    }

    if (0 == offset && create_object)
      ret = detail::write_full(io_ctx, oid, indata, use_striper);
    else
      ret = detail::write(io_ctx, oid, indata, count, offset, use_striper);

    if (ret < 0) {
      goto out;
    }
    offset += count;
  }
  ret = 0;
 out:
  if (fd != STDOUT_FILENO)
    VOID_TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(close(fd));
  return ret;
}

static int do_append(IoCtx& io_ctx, 
                  const char *objname, const char *infile, int op_size,
                  const bool use_striper)
{
  string oid(objname);
  bool stdio = (strcmp(infile, "-") == 0);
  int ret = 0;
  int fd = STDIN_FILENO;
  if (!stdio)
    fd = open(infile, O_RDONLY);
  if (fd < 0) {
    cerr << "error reading input file " << infile << ": " << cpp_strerror(errno) << std::endl;
    return 1;
  }
  int count = op_size;
  while (count != 0) {
    bufferlist indata;
    count = indata.read_fd(fd, op_size);
    if (count < 0) {
      ret = -errno;
      cerr << "error reading input file " << infile << ": " << cpp_strerror(ret) << std::endl;
      goto out;
    }
    ret = detail::append(io_ctx, oid, indata, count, use_striper);

    if (ret < 0) {
      goto out;
    }
  }
  ret = 0;
out:
  if (fd != STDOUT_FILENO)
    VOID_TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(close(fd));
  return ret;
}

class RadosWatchCtx : public librados::WatchCtx2 {
  IoCtx& ioctx;
  string name;
public:
  RadosWatchCtx(IoCtx& io, const char *imgname) : ioctx(io), name(imgname) {}
  ~RadosWatchCtx() override {}
  void handle_notify(uint64_t notify_id,
                     uint64_t cookie,
                     uint64_t notifier_id,
                     bufferlist& bl) override {
    cout << "NOTIFY"
         << " cookie " << cookie
         << " notify_id " << notify_id
         << " from " << notifier_id
         << std::endl;
    bl.hexdump(cout);
    ioctx.notify_ack(name, notify_id, cookie, bl);
  }
  void handle_error(uint64_t cookie, int err) override {
    cout << "ERROR"
         << " cookie " << cookie
         << " err " << cpp_strerror(err)
         << std::endl;
  }
};

static const char alphanum_table[]="ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz0123456789-_";

void gen_rand_alphanumeric(char *dest, int size) /* size should be the required string size + 1 */
{
  const int max = sizeof(alphanum_table) - 2;

  int i;
  for (i=0; i<size - 1; i++) {
    int pos = generate_random_number(0, max);
    dest[i] = alphanum_table[pos];
  }
  dest[i] = '\0';
}

struct obj_info {
  string name;
  size_t len;
};

class LoadGen {
  size_t total_sent;
  size_t total_completed;

  IoCtx io_ctx;
  Rados *rados;

  map<int, obj_info> objs;

  utime_t start_time;

  bool going_down;

public:
  int read_percent;
  int num_objs;
  size_t min_obj_len;
  size_t max_obj_len;
  size_t min_op_len;
  size_t max_op_len;
  size_t max_ops;
  size_t max_backlog;
  size_t target_throughput;
  size_t offset_align = 0;
  int run_length;

  enum {
    OP_READ,
    OP_WRITE,
  };

  struct LoadGenOp {
    int id;
    int type;
    string oid;
    size_t off;
    size_t len;
    bufferlist bl;
    LoadGen *lg;
    librados::AioCompletion *completion;

    LoadGenOp() : id(0), type(0), off(0), len(0), lg(NULL), completion(NULL) {}
    explicit LoadGenOp(LoadGen *_lg) : id(0), type(0), off(0), len(0), lg(_lg), completion(NULL) {}
  };

  int max_op;

  map<int, LoadGenOp *> pending_ops;

  void gen_op(LoadGenOp *op);
  uint64_t gen_next_op();
  void run_op(LoadGenOp *op);

  uint64_t cur_sent_rate() {
    return total_sent / time_passed();
  }

  uint64_t cur_completed_rate() {
    return total_completed / time_passed();
  }

  uint64_t total_expected() {
    return target_throughput * time_passed();
  }

  float time_passed() {
    utime_t now = ceph_clock_now();
    now -= start_time;
    uint64_t ns = now.nsec();
    float total = (float) ns / 1000000000.0;
    total += now.sec();
    return total;
  }

  ceph::mutex lock = ceph::make_mutex("LoadGen");
  ceph::condition_variable cond;

  explicit LoadGen(Rados *_rados) : rados(_rados), going_down(false) {
    read_percent = 80;
    min_obj_len = 1024;
    max_obj_len = 5ull * 1024ull * 1024ull * 1024ull;
    min_op_len = 1024;
    target_throughput = 5 * 1024 * 1024; // B/sec
    max_op_len = 2 * 1024 * 1024;
    max_ops = 16; 
    max_backlog = target_throughput * 2;
    run_length = 60;

    total_sent = 0;
    total_completed = 0;
    num_objs = 200;
    max_op = 0;
  }
  int bootstrap(const char *pool);
  int run();
  void cleanup();

  void io_cb(completion_t c, LoadGenOp *op) {
    std::lock_guard l{lock};

    total_completed += op->len;

    double rate = (double)cur_completed_rate() / (1024 * 1024);
    std::streamsize original_precision = cout.precision();
    cout.precision(3);
    cout << "op " << op->id << " completed, throughput=" << rate  << "MB/sec" << std::endl;
    cout.precision(original_precision);

    map<int, LoadGenOp *>::iterator iter = pending_ops.find(op->id);
    if (iter != pending_ops.end())
      pending_ops.erase(iter);

    if (!going_down)
      op->completion->release();

    delete op;

    cond.notify_all();
  }
};

static void _load_gen_cb(completion_t c, void *param)
{
  LoadGen::LoadGenOp *op = (LoadGen::LoadGenOp *)param;
  op->lg->io_cb(c, op);
}

int LoadGen::bootstrap(const char *pool)
{
  char buf[128];
  int i;

  if (!pool) {
    cerr << "ERROR: pool name was not specified" << std::endl;
    return -EINVAL;
  }

  int ret = rados->ioctx_create(pool, io_ctx);
  if (ret < 0) {
    cerr << "error opening pool " << pool << ": " << cpp_strerror(ret) << std::endl;
    return ret;
  }

  int buf_len = 1;
  bufferptr p = buffer::create(buf_len);
  bufferlist bl;
  memset(p.c_str(), 0, buf_len);
  bl.push_back(p);

  list<librados::AioCompletion *> completions;
  for (i = 0; i < num_objs; i++) {
    obj_info info;
    gen_rand_alphanumeric(buf, 16);
    info.name = "obj-";
    info.name.append(buf);
    info.len = generate_random_number(min_obj_len, max_obj_len);

    // throttle...
    while (completions.size() > max_ops) {
      AioCompletion *c = completions.front();
      c->wait_for_complete();
      ret = c->get_return_value();
      c->release();
      completions.pop_front();
      if (ret < 0) {
        cerr << "aio_write failed" << std::endl;
        return ret;
      }
    }

    librados::AioCompletion *c = rados->aio_create_completion(nullptr, nullptr);
    completions.push_back(c);
    // generate object
    ret = io_ctx.aio_write(info.name, c, bl, buf_len, info.len - buf_len);
    if (ret < 0) {
      cerr << "couldn't write obj: " << info.name << " ret=" << ret << std::endl;
      return ret;
    }
    objs[i] = info;
  }

  list<librados::AioCompletion *>::iterator iter;
  for (iter = completions.begin(); iter != completions.end(); ++iter) {
    AioCompletion *c = *iter;
    c->wait_for_complete();
    ret = c->get_return_value();
    c->release();
    if (ret < 0) { // yes, we leak.
      cerr << "aio_write failed" << std::endl;
      return ret;
    }
  }
  return 0;
}

void LoadGen::run_op(LoadGenOp *op)
{
  op->completion = rados->aio_create_completion(op, _load_gen_cb);

  switch (op->type) {
  case OP_READ:
    io_ctx.aio_read(op->oid, op->completion, &op->bl, op->len, op->off);
    break;
  case OP_WRITE:
    bufferptr p = buffer::create(op->len);
    memset(p.c_str(), 0, op->len);
    op->bl.push_back(p);
    
    io_ctx.aio_write(op->oid, op->completion, op->bl, op->len, op->off);
    break;
  }

  total_sent += op->len;
}

void LoadGen::gen_op(LoadGenOp *op)
{
  int i = generate_random_number<int>(0, objs.size() - 1);
  obj_info& info = objs[i];
  op->oid = info.name;

  size_t len = generate_random_number(min_op_len, max_op_len);
  if (len > info.len)
    len = info.len;
  size_t off = generate_random_number<size_t>(0, info.len);

  if (off + len > info.len)
    off = info.len - len;

  if (offset_align) 
    off = p2align(off, offset_align);

  op->off = off;
  op->len = len;

  i = generate_random_number(1, 100);
  if (i > read_percent)
    op->type = OP_WRITE;
  else
    op->type = OP_READ;

  cout << (op->type == OP_READ ? "READ" : "WRITE") << " : oid=" << op->oid << " off=" << op->off << " len=" << op->len << std::endl;
}

uint64_t LoadGen::gen_next_op()
{
  lock.lock();

  LoadGenOp *op = new LoadGenOp(this);
  gen_op(op);
  op->id = max_op++;
  pending_ops[op->id] = op;

  lock.unlock();

  run_op(op);

  return op->len;
}

int LoadGen::run()
{
  start_time = ceph_clock_now();
  utime_t end_time = start_time;
  end_time += run_length;
  utime_t stamp_time = start_time;
  uint32_t total_sec = 0;

  while (1) {
    {
      std::unique_lock l{lock};
      cond.wait_for(l, 1s);
    }
    utime_t now = ceph_clock_now();

    if (now > end_time)
      break;

    uint64_t expected = total_expected();
    lock.lock();
    uint64_t sent = total_sent;
    uint64_t completed = total_completed;
    lock.unlock();

    if (now - stamp_time >= utime_t(1, 0)) {
      double rate = (double)cur_completed_rate() / (1024 * 1024);
      ++total_sec;
      std::streamsize original_precision = cout.precision();
      cout.precision(3);
      cout << setw(5) << total_sec << ": throughput=" << rate  << "MB/sec" << " pending data=" << sent - completed << std::endl;
      cout.precision(original_precision);
      stamp_time = now; 
    }

    while (sent < expected &&
           sent - completed < max_backlog &&
           pending_ops.size() < max_ops) {
      sent += gen_next_op();
    }
  }

  // get a reference to all pending requests
  vector<librados::AioCompletion *> completions;
  lock.lock();
  going_down = true;
  map<int, LoadGenOp *>::iterator iter;
  for (iter = pending_ops.begin(); iter != pending_ops.end(); ++iter) {
    LoadGenOp *op = iter->second;
    completions.push_back(op->completion);
  }
  lock.unlock();

  cout << "waiting for all operations to complete" << std::endl;

  // now wait on all the pending requests
  for (vector<librados::AioCompletion *>::iterator citer = completions.begin(); citer != completions.end(); ++citer) {
    librados::AioCompletion *c = *citer;
    c->wait_for_complete();
    c->release();
  }

  return 0;
}

void LoadGen::cleanup()
{
  cout << "cleaning up objects" << std::endl;
  map<int, obj_info>::iterator iter;
  for (iter = objs.begin(); iter != objs.end(); ++iter) {
    obj_info& info = iter->second;
    int ret = io_ctx.remove(info.name);
    if (ret < 0)
      cerr << "couldn't remove obj: " << info.name << " ret=" << ret << std::endl;
  }
}

enum OpWriteDest {
  OP_WRITE_DEST_OBJ = 2 << 0,
  OP_WRITE_DEST_OMAP = 2 << 1,
  OP_WRITE_DEST_XATTR = 2 << 2,
};

class RadosBencher : public ObjBencher {
  librados::AioCompletion **completions;
  librados::Rados& rados;
  librados::IoCtx& io_ctx;
  librados::NObjectIterator oi;
  bool iterator_valid;
  OpWriteDest write_destination;

protected:
  int completions_init(int concurrentios) override {
    completions = new librados::AioCompletion *[concurrentios];
    return 0;
  }
  void completions_done() override {
    delete[] completions;
    completions = NULL;
  }
  int create_completion(int slot, void (*cb)(void *, void*), void *arg) override {
    completions[slot] = rados.aio_create_completion((void *) arg, cb);

    if (!completions[slot])
      return -EINVAL;

    return 0;
  }
  void release_completion(int slot) override {
    completions[slot]->release();
    completions[slot] = 0;
  }

  int aio_read(const std::string& oid, int slot, bufferlist *pbl, size_t len,
               size_t offset) override {
    return io_ctx.aio_read(oid, completions[slot], pbl, len, offset);
  }

  int aio_write(const std::string& oid, int slot, bufferlist& bl, size_t len,
                size_t offset) override {
    librados::ObjectWriteOperation op;

    if (write_destination & OP_WRITE_DEST_OBJ) {
      if (data.hints)
        op.set_alloc_hint2(data.object_size, data.op_size,
                           ALLOC_HINT_FLAG_SEQUENTIAL_WRITE |
                           ALLOC_HINT_FLAG_SEQUENTIAL_READ |
                           ALLOC_HINT_FLAG_APPEND_ONLY |
                           ALLOC_HINT_FLAG_IMMUTABLE);
      op.write(offset, bl);
    }

    if (write_destination & OP_WRITE_DEST_OMAP) {
      std::map<std::string, librados::bufferlist> omap;
      omap[string("bench-omap-key-") + stringify(offset)] = bl;
      op.omap_set(omap);
    }

    if (write_destination & OP_WRITE_DEST_XATTR) {
      char key[80];
      snprintf(key, sizeof(key), "bench-xattr-key-%d", (int)offset);
      op.setxattr(key, bl);
    }

    return io_ctx.aio_operate(oid, completions[slot], &op);
  }

  int aio_remove(const std::string& oid, int slot) override {
    return io_ctx.aio_remove(oid, completions[slot]);
  }

  int sync_read(const std::string& oid, bufferlist& bl, size_t len) override {
    return io_ctx.read(oid, bl, len, 0);
  }
  int sync_write(const std::string& oid, bufferlist& bl, size_t len) override {
    return io_ctx.write_full(oid, bl);
  }

  int sync_remove(const std::string& oid) override {
    return io_ctx.remove(oid);
  }

  bool completion_is_done(int slot) override {
    return completions[slot] && completions[slot]->is_complete();
  }

  int completion_wait(int slot) override {
    return completions[slot]->wait_for_complete_and_cb();
  }
  int completion_ret(int slot) override {
    return completions[slot]->get_return_value();
  }

  bool get_objects(std::list<Object>* objects, int num) override {
    int count = 0;

    if (!iterator_valid) {
      oi = io_ctx.nobjects_begin();
      iterator_valid = true;
    }

    librados::NObjectIterator ei = io_ctx.nobjects_end();

    if (oi == ei) {
      iterator_valid = false;
      return false;
    }

    objects->clear();
    for ( ; oi != ei && count < num; ++oi) {
      Object obj(oi->get_oid(), oi->get_nspace());
      objects->push_back(obj);
      ++count;
    }

    return true;
  }

  void set_namespace( const std::string& ns) override {
    io_ctx.set_namespace(ns);
  }

public:
  RadosBencher(CephContext *cct_, librados::Rados& _r, librados::IoCtx& _i)
    : ObjBencher(cct_), completions(NULL), rados(_r), io_ctx(_i), iterator_valid(false), write_destination(OP_WRITE_DEST_OBJ) {}
  ~RadosBencher() override { }

  void set_write_destination(OpWriteDest dest) {
    write_destination = dest;
  }
};

static int do_lock_cmd(std::vector<const char*> &nargs,
                       const std::map < std::string, std::string > &opts,
                       IoCtx *ioctx,
                       Formatter *formatter)
{
  if (nargs.size() < 3)
    usage_exit();

  string cmd(nargs[1]);
  string oid(nargs[2]);

  string lock_tag;
  string lock_cookie;
  string lock_description;
  int lock_duration = 0;
  ClsLockType lock_type = LOCK_EXCLUSIVE;

  map<string, string>::const_iterator i;
  i = opts.find("lock-tag");
  if (i != opts.end()) {
    lock_tag = i->second;
  }
  i = opts.find("lock-cookie");
  if (i != opts.end()) {
    lock_cookie = i->second;
  }
  i = opts.find("lock-description");
  if (i != opts.end()) {
    lock_description = i->second;
  }
  i = opts.find("lock-duration");
  if (i != opts.end()) {
    if (rados_sistrtoll(i, &lock_duration)) {
      return -EINVAL;
    }
  }
  i = opts.find("lock-type");
  if (i != opts.end()) {
    const string& type_str = i->second;
    if (type_str.compare("exclusive") == 0) {
      lock_type = LOCK_EXCLUSIVE;
    } else if (type_str.compare("shared") == 0) {
      lock_type = LOCK_SHARED;
    } else {
      cerr << "unknown lock type was specified, aborting" << std::endl;
      return -EINVAL;
    }
  }

  if (cmd.compare("list") == 0) {
    list<string> locks;
    int ret = rados::cls::lock::list_locks(ioctx, oid, &locks);
    if (ret < 0) {
      cerr << "ERROR: rados_list_locks(): " << cpp_strerror(ret) << std::endl;
      return ret;
    }

    formatter->open_object_section("object");
    formatter->dump_string("objname", oid);
    formatter->open_array_section("locks");
    list<string>::iterator iter;
    for (iter = locks.begin(); iter != locks.end(); ++iter) {
      formatter->open_object_section("lock");
      formatter->dump_string("name", *iter);
      formatter->close_section();
    }
    formatter->close_section();
    formatter->close_section();
    formatter->flush(cout);
    return 0;
  }

  if (nargs.size() < 4)
    usage_exit();

  string lock_name(nargs[3]);

  if (cmd.compare("info") == 0) {
    map<rados::cls::lock::locker_id_t, rados::cls::lock::locker_info_t> lockers;
    ClsLockType type = LOCK_NONE;
    string tag;
    int ret = rados::cls::lock::get_lock_info(ioctx, oid, lock_name, &lockers, &type, &tag);
    if (ret < 0) {
      cerr << "ERROR: rados_lock_get_lock_info(): " << cpp_strerror(ret) << std::endl;
      return ret;
    }

    formatter->open_object_section("lock");
    formatter->dump_string("name", lock_name);
    formatter->dump_string("type", cls_lock_type_str(type));
    formatter->dump_string("tag", tag);
    formatter->open_array_section("lockers");
    map<rados::cls::lock::locker_id_t, rados::cls::lock::locker_info_t>::iterator iter;
    for (iter = lockers.begin(); iter != lockers.end(); ++iter) {
      const rados::cls::lock::locker_id_t& id = iter->first;
      const rados::cls::lock::locker_info_t& info = iter->second;
      formatter->open_object_section("locker");
      formatter->dump_stream("name") << id.locker;
      formatter->dump_string("cookie", id.cookie);
      formatter->dump_string("description", info.description);
      formatter->dump_stream("expiration") << info.expiration;
      formatter->dump_stream("addr") << info.addr.get_legacy_str();
      formatter->close_section();
    }
    formatter->close_section();
    formatter->close_section();
    formatter->flush(cout);
    
    return ret;
  } else if (cmd.compare("get") == 0) {
    rados::cls::lock::Lock l(lock_name);
    l.set_cookie(lock_cookie);
    l.set_tag(lock_tag);
    l.set_duration(utime_t(lock_duration, 0));
    l.set_description(lock_description);
    int ret;
    switch (lock_type) {
    case LOCK_SHARED:
      ret = l.lock_shared(ioctx, oid);
      break;
    default:
      ret = l.lock_exclusive(ioctx, oid);
    }
    if (ret < 0) {
      cerr << "ERROR: failed locking: " << cpp_strerror(ret) << std::endl;
      return ret;
    }

    return ret;
  }

  if (nargs.size() < 5)
    usage_exit();

  if (cmd.compare("break") == 0) {
    string locker(nargs[4]);
    rados::cls::lock::Lock l(lock_name);
    l.set_cookie(lock_cookie);
    l.set_tag(lock_tag);
    entity_name_t name;
    if (!name.parse(locker)) {
      cerr << "ERROR: failed to parse locker name (" << locker << ")" << std::endl;
      return -EINVAL;
    }
    int ret = l.break_lock(ioctx, oid, name);
    if (ret < 0) {
      cerr << "ERROR: failed breaking lock: " << cpp_strerror(ret) << std::endl;
      return ret;
    }
  } else {
    usage_exit();
  }

  return 0;
}

static int do_cache_flush(IoCtx& io_ctx, string oid)
{
  ObjectReadOperation op;
  op.cache_flush();
  librados::AioCompletion *completion =
    librados::Rados::aio_create_completion();
  io_ctx.aio_operate(oid.c_str(), completion, &op,
                     librados::OPERATION_IGNORE_CACHE |
                     librados::OPERATION_IGNORE_OVERLAY,
                     NULL);
  completion->wait_for_complete();
  int r = completion->get_return_value();
  completion->release();
  return r;
}

static int do_cache_try_flush(IoCtx& io_ctx, string oid)
{
  ObjectReadOperation op;
  op.cache_try_flush();
  librados::AioCompletion *completion =
    librados::Rados::aio_create_completion();
  io_ctx.aio_operate(oid.c_str(), completion, &op,
                     librados::OPERATION_IGNORE_CACHE |
                     librados::OPERATION_IGNORE_OVERLAY |
                     librados::OPERATION_SKIPRWLOCKS,
                     NULL);
  completion->wait_for_complete();
  int r = completion->get_return_value();
  completion->release();
  return r;
}

static int do_cache_evict(IoCtx& io_ctx, string oid)
{
  ObjectReadOperation op;
  op.cache_evict();
  librados::AioCompletion *completion =
    librados::Rados::aio_create_completion();
  io_ctx.aio_operate(oid.c_str(), completion, &op,
                     librados::OPERATION_IGNORE_CACHE |
                     librados::OPERATION_IGNORE_OVERLAY |
                     librados::OPERATION_SKIPRWLOCKS,
                     NULL);
  completion->wait_for_complete();
  int r = completion->get_return_value();
  completion->release();
  return r;
}

static int do_cache_flush_evict_all(IoCtx& io_ctx, bool blocking)
{
  int errors = 0;
  io_ctx.set_namespace(all_nspaces);
  try {
    librados::NObjectIterator i = io_ctx.nobjects_begin();
    librados::NObjectIterator i_end = io_ctx.nobjects_end();
    for (; i != i_end; ++i) {
      int r;
      cout << i->get_nspace() << "\t" << i->get_oid() << "\t" << i->get_locator() << std::endl;
      if (i->get_locator().size()) {
        io_ctx.locator_set_key(i->get_locator());
      } else {
        io_ctx.locator_set_key(string());
      }
      io_ctx.set_namespace(i->get_nspace());
      snap_set_t ls;
      io_ctx.snap_set_read(LIBRADOS_SNAP_DIR);
      r = io_ctx.list_snaps(i->get_oid(), &ls);
      if (r < 0) {
        cerr << "error listing snap shots " << i->get_nspace() << "/" << i->get_oid() << ": "
             << cpp_strerror(r) << std::endl;
        ++errors;
        continue;
      }
      std::vector<clone_info_t>::iterator ci = ls.clones.begin();
      // no snapshots
      if (ci == ls.clones.end()) {
        io_ctx.snap_set_read(CEPH_NOSNAP);
        if (blocking)
          r = do_cache_flush(io_ctx, i->get_oid());
        else
          r = do_cache_try_flush(io_ctx, i->get_oid());
        if (r < 0) {
          cerr << "failed to flush " << i->get_nspace() << "/" << i->get_oid() << ": "
               << cpp_strerror(r) << std::endl;
          ++errors;
          continue;
        }
        r = do_cache_evict(io_ctx, i->get_oid());
        if (r < 0) {
          cerr << "failed to evict " << i->get_nspace() << "/" << i->get_oid() << ": "
               << cpp_strerror(r) << std::endl;
          ++errors;
          continue;
        }
      } else {
      // has snapshots
        for (std::vector<clone_info_t>::iterator ci = ls.clones.begin();
             ci != ls.clones.end(); ++ci) {
          io_ctx.snap_set_read(ci->cloneid);
          if (blocking)
            r = do_cache_flush(io_ctx, i->get_oid());
          else
            r = do_cache_try_flush(io_ctx, i->get_oid());
          if (r < 0) {
            cerr << "failed to flush " << i->get_nspace() << "/" << i->get_oid() << ": "
                 << cpp_strerror(r) << std::endl;
            ++errors;
            break;
          }
          r = do_cache_evict(io_ctx, i->get_oid());
          if (r < 0) {
            cerr << "failed to evict " << i->get_nspace() << "/" << i->get_oid() << ": "
                 << cpp_strerror(r) << std::endl;
            ++errors;
            break;
          }
        }
      }
    }
  }
  catch (const std::exception& e) {
    cerr << e.what() << std::endl;
    return -1;
  }
  return errors ? -1 : 0;
}

static int do_get_inconsistent_pg_cmd(const std::vector<const char*> &nargs,
                                      Rados& rados,
                                      Formatter& formatter)
{
  if (nargs.size() < 2) {
    usage_exit();
  }
  int64_t pool_id = rados.pool_lookup(nargs[1]);
  if (pool_id < 0) {
    cerr << "pool \"" << nargs[1] << "\" not found" << std::endl;
    return (int)pool_id;
  }
  std::vector<PlacementGroup> pgs;
  int ret = rados.get_inconsistent_pgs(pool_id, &pgs);
  if (ret) {
    return ret;
  }
  formatter.open_array_section("pgs");
  for (auto& pg : pgs) {
    formatter.dump_stream("pg") << pg;
  }
  formatter.close_section();
  formatter.flush(cout);
  cout << std::endl;
  return 0;
}

static void dump_errors(const err_t &err, Formatter &f, const char *name)
{
  f.open_array_section(name);
  if (err.has_shard_missing())
    f.dump_string("error", "missing");
  if (err.has_stat_error())
    f.dump_string("error", "stat_error");
  if (err.has_read_error())
    f.dump_string("error", "read_error");
  if (err.has_data_digest_mismatch_info())
    f.dump_string("error", "data_digest_mismatch_info");
  if (err.has_omap_digest_mismatch_info())
    f.dump_string("error", "omap_digest_mismatch_info");
  if (err.has_size_mismatch_info())
    f.dump_string("error", "size_mismatch_info");
  if (err.has_ec_hash_error())
    f.dump_string("error", "ec_hash_error");
  if (err.has_ec_size_error())
    f.dump_string("error", "ec_size_error");
  if (err.has_info_missing())
    f.dump_string("error", "info_missing");
  if (err.has_info_corrupted())
    f.dump_string("error", "info_corrupted");
  if (err.has_obj_size_info_mismatch())
    f.dump_string("error", "obj_size_info_mismatch");
  if (err.has_snapset_missing())
    f.dump_string("error", "snapset_missing");
  if (err.has_snapset_corrupted())
    f.dump_string("error", "snapset_corrupted");
  if (err.has_hinfo_missing())
    f.dump_string("error", "hinfo_missing");
  if (err.has_hinfo_corrupted())
    f.dump_string("error", "hinfo_corrupted");
  f.close_section();
}

static void dump_shard(const shard_info_t& shard,
                       const inconsistent_obj_t& inc,
                       Formatter &f)
{
  dump_errors(shard, f, "errors");

  if (shard.has_shard_missing())
    return;

  if (!shard.has_stat_error())
    f.dump_unsigned("size", shard.size);
  if (shard.omap_digest_present) {
    f.dump_format("omap_digest", "0x%08x", shard.omap_digest);
  }
  if (shard.data_digest_present) {
    f.dump_format("data_digest", "0x%08x", shard.data_digest);
  }

  if ((inc.union_shards.has_info_missing()
     || inc.union_shards.has_info_corrupted()
     || inc.has_object_info_inconsistency()
     || shard.has_obj_size_info_mismatch()) &&
        !shard.has_info_missing()) {
    map<std::string, ceph::bufferlist>::iterator k = (const_cast<shard_info_t&>(shard)).attrs.find(OI_ATTR);
    ceph_assert(k != shard.attrs.end()); // Can't be missing
    if (!shard.has_info_corrupted()) {
      object_info_t oi;
      bufferlist bl;
      auto bliter = k->second.cbegin();
      decode(oi, bliter);  // Can't be corrupted
      f.open_object_section("object_info");
      oi.dump(&f);
      f.close_section();
    } else {
      bool b64;
      f.dump_string("object_info", cleanbin(k->second, b64));
    }
  }
  if ((inc.union_shards.has_snapset_missing()
       || inc.union_shards.has_snapset_corrupted()
       || inc.has_snapset_inconsistency()) &&
       !shard.has_snapset_missing()) {
    map<std::string, ceph::bufferlist>::iterator k = (const_cast<shard_info_t&>(shard)).attrs.find(SS_ATTR);
    ceph_assert(k != shard.attrs.end()); // Can't be missing
    if (!shard.has_snapset_corrupted()) {
      SnapSet ss;
      bufferlist bl;
      auto bliter = k->second.cbegin();
      decode(ss, bliter);  // Can't be corrupted
      f.open_object_section("snapset");
      ss.dump(&f);
      f.close_section();
    } else {
      bool b64;
      f.dump_string("snapset", cleanbin(k->second, b64));
    }
  }
  if ((inc.union_shards.has_hinfo_missing()
       || inc.union_shards.has_hinfo_corrupted()
       || inc.has_hinfo_inconsistency()) &&
       !shard.has_hinfo_missing()) {
    map<std::string, ceph::bufferlist>::iterator k = (const_cast<shard_info_t&>(shard)).attrs.find(ECUtil::get_hinfo_key());
    ceph_assert(k != shard.attrs.end()); // Can't be missing
    if (!shard.has_hinfo_corrupted()) {
      ECUtil::HashInfo hi;
      bufferlist bl;
      auto bliter = k->second.cbegin();
      decode(hi, bliter);  // Can't be corrupted
      f.open_object_section("hashinfo");
      hi.dump(&f);
      f.close_section();
    } else {
      bool b64;
      f.dump_string("hashinfo", cleanbin(k->second, b64));
    }
  }
  if (inc.has_attr_name_mismatch() || inc.has_attr_value_mismatch()) {
    f.open_array_section("attrs");
    for (auto kv : shard.attrs) {
      // System attribute handled above
      if (kv.first == OI_ATTR || kv.first[0] != '_')
        continue;
      f.open_object_section("attr");
      // Skip leading underscore since only giving user attrs
      f.dump_string("name", kv.first.substr(1));
      bool b64;
      f.dump_string("value", cleanbin(kv.second, b64));
      f.dump_bool("Base64", b64);
      f.close_section();
    }
    f.close_section();
  }
}

static void dump_obj_errors(const obj_err_t &err, Formatter &f)
{
  f.open_array_section("errors");
  if (err.has_object_info_inconsistency())
    f.dump_string("error", "object_info_inconsistency");
  if (err.has_data_digest_mismatch())
    f.dump_string("error", "data_digest_mismatch");
  if (err.has_omap_digest_mismatch())
    f.dump_string("error", "omap_digest_mismatch");
  if (err.has_size_mismatch())
    f.dump_string("error", "size_mismatch");
  if (err.has_attr_value_mismatch())
    f.dump_string("error", "attr_value_mismatch");
  if (err.has_attr_name_mismatch())
    f.dump_string("error", "attr_name_mismatch");
  if (err.has_snapset_inconsistency())
    f.dump_string("error", "snapset_inconsistency");
  if (err.has_hinfo_inconsistency())
    f.dump_string("error", "hinfo_inconsistency");
  if (err.has_size_too_large())
    f.dump_string("error", "size_too_large");
  f.close_section();
}

static void dump_object_id(const object_id_t& object,
                        Formatter &f)
{
  f.dump_string("name", object.name);
  f.dump_string("nspace", object.nspace);
  f.dump_string("locator", object.locator);
  switch (object.snap) {
  case CEPH_NOSNAP:
    f.dump_string("snap", "head");
    break;
  case CEPH_SNAPDIR:
    f.dump_string("snap", "snapdir");
    break;
  default:
    f.dump_unsigned("snap", object.snap);
    break;
  }
}

static void dump_inconsistent(const inconsistent_obj_t& inc,
                              Formatter &f)
{
  f.open_object_section("object");
  dump_object_id(inc.object, f);
  f.dump_unsigned("version", inc.version);
  f.close_section();

  dump_obj_errors(inc, f);
  dump_errors(inc.union_shards, f, "union_shard_errors");
  for (const auto& shard_info : inc.shards) {
    shard_info_t shard = const_cast<shard_info_t&>(shard_info.second);
    if (shard.selected_oi) {
      object_info_t oi;
      bufferlist bl;
      auto k = shard.attrs.find(OI_ATTR);
      ceph_assert(k != shard.attrs.end()); // Can't be missing
      auto bliter = k->second.cbegin();
      decode(oi, bliter);  // Can't be corrupted
      f.open_object_section("selected_object_info");
      oi.dump(&f);
      f.close_section();
      break;
    }
  }
  f.open_array_section("shards");
  for (const auto& shard_info : inc.shards) {
    f.open_object_section("shard");
    auto& osd_shard = shard_info.first;
    f.dump_int("osd", osd_shard.osd);
    f.dump_bool("primary", shard_info.second.primary);
    auto shard = osd_shard.shard;
    if (shard != shard_id_t::NO_SHARD)
      f.dump_unsigned("shard", shard);
    dump_shard(shard_info.second, inc, f);
    f.close_section();
  }
  f.close_section();
}

static void dump_inconsistent(const inconsistent_snapset_t& inc,
                              Formatter &f)
{
  dump_object_id(inc.object, f);

  if (inc.ss_bl.length()) {
    SnapSet ss;
    bufferlist bl = inc.ss_bl;
    auto bliter = bl.cbegin();
    decode(ss, bliter);  // Can't be corrupted
    f.open_object_section("snapset");
    ss.dump(&f);
    f.close_section();
  }
  f.open_array_section("errors");
  if (inc.snapset_missing())
    f.dump_string("error", "snapset_missing");
  if (inc.snapset_corrupted())
    f.dump_string("error", "snapset_corrupted");
  if (inc.info_missing())
    f.dump_string("error", "info_missing");
  if (inc.info_corrupted())
    f.dump_string("error", "info_corrupted");
  if (inc.snapset_error())
    f.dump_string("error", "snapset_error");
  if (inc.headless())
    f.dump_string("error", "headless");
  if (inc.size_mismatch())
    f.dump_string("error", "size_mismatch");
  if (inc.extra_clones())
    f.dump_string("error", "extra_clones");
  if (inc.clone_missing())
    f.dump_string("error", "clone_missing");
  f.close_section();

  if (inc.extra_clones()) {
    f.open_array_section("extra clones");
    for (auto snap : inc.clones) {
      f.dump_unsigned("snap", snap);
    }
    f.close_section();
  }

  if (inc.clone_missing()) {
    f.open_array_section("missing");
    for (auto snap : inc.missing) {
      f.dump_unsigned("snap", snap);
    }
    f.close_section();
  }
}

// dispatch the call by type
static int do_get_inconsistent(Rados& rados,
                               const PlacementGroup& pg,
                               const librados::object_id_t &start,
                               unsigned max_return,
                               AioCompletion *c,
                               std::vector<inconsistent_obj_t>* objs,
                               uint32_t* interval)
{
  return rados.get_inconsistent_objects(pg, start, max_return, c,
                                        objs, interval);
}

static int do_get_inconsistent(Rados& rados,
                               const PlacementGroup& pg,
                               const librados::object_id_t &start,
                               unsigned max_return,
                               AioCompletion *c,
                               std::vector<inconsistent_snapset_t>* snapsets,
                               uint32_t* interval)
{
  return rados.get_inconsistent_snapsets(pg, start, max_return, c,
                                         snapsets, interval);
}

template <typename T>
static int do_get_inconsistent_cmd(const std::vector<const char*> &nargs,
                                   Rados& rados,
                                   Formatter& formatter)
{
  if (nargs.size() < 2) {
    usage_exit();
  }
  PlacementGroup pg;
  int ret = 0;
  ret = pg.parse(nargs[1]);
  if (!ret) {
    cerr << "bad pg: " << nargs[1] << std::endl;
    return ret;
  }
  uint32_t interval = 0, first_interval = 0;
  const unsigned max_item_num = 32;
  bool opened = false;
  for (librados::object_id_t start;;) {
    std::vector<T> items;
    auto completion = librados::Rados::aio_create_completion();
    ret = do_get_inconsistent(rados, pg, start, max_item_num, completion,
                              &items, &interval);
    completion->wait_for_complete();
    ret = completion->get_return_value();
    completion->release();
    if (ret < 0) {
      if (ret == -EAGAIN)
        cerr << "interval#" << interval << " expired." << std::endl;
      else if (ret == -ENOENT)
        cerr << "No scrub information available for pg " << pg << std::endl;
      break;
    }
    // It must be the same interval every time.  EAGAIN would
    // occur if interval changes.
    ceph_assert(start.name.empty() || first_interval == interval);
    if (start.name.empty()) {
      first_interval = interval;
      formatter.open_object_section("info");
      formatter.dump_int("epoch", interval);
      formatter.open_array_section("inconsistents");
      opened = true;
    }
    for (auto& inc : items) {
      formatter.open_object_section("inconsistent");
      dump_inconsistent(inc, formatter);
      formatter.close_section();
    }
    if (items.size() < max_item_num) {
      formatter.close_section();
      break;
    }
    if (!items.empty()) {
      start = items.back().object;
    }
    items.clear();
  }
  if (opened) {
    formatter.close_section();
    formatter.flush(cout);
  }
  return ret;
}

/**********************************************

**********************************************/
static int rados_tool_common(const std::map < std::string, std::string > &opts,
                             std::vector<const char*> &nargs)
{
  int ret;
  bool create_pool = false;
  const char *pool_name = NULL;
  const char *target_pool_name = NULL;
  string oloc, target_oloc, nspace, target_nspace;
  int concurrent_ios = 16;
  unsigned op_size = default_op_size;
  unsigned object_size = 0;
  unsigned max_objects = 0;
  uint64_t obj_offset = 0;
  bool obj_offset_specified = false;
  bool block_size_specified = false;
  int bench_write_dest = 0;
  bool cleanup = true;
  bool hints = true; // for rados bench
  bool reuse_bench = false;
  bool no_verify = false;
  bool use_striper = false;
  bool with_clones = false;
  const char *snapname = NULL;
  snap_t snapid = CEPH_NOSNAP;
  std::map<std::string, std::string>::const_iterator i;

  uint64_t offset_align = 0;
  uint64_t min_obj_len = 0;
  uint64_t max_obj_len = 0;
  uint64_t min_op_len = 0;
  uint64_t max_op_len = 0;
  uint64_t max_ops = 0;
  uint64_t max_backlog = 0;
  uint64_t target_throughput = 0;
  int64_t read_percent = -1;
  uint64_t num_objs = 0;
  int run_length = 0;

  bool show_time = false;
  bool wildcard = false;

  std::string run_name;
  std::string prefix;
  bool forcefull = false;
  unique_ptr<Formatter> formatter = nullptr;
  bool pretty_format = false;
  const char *output = NULL;
  bool omap_key_valid = false;
  std::string omap_key;
  std::string omap_key_pretty;
  bool with_reference = false;

  Rados rados;
  IoCtx io_ctx;

  i = opts.find("create");
  if (i != opts.end()) {
    create_pool = true;
  }
  i = opts.find("pool");
  if (i != opts.end()) {
    pool_name = i->second.c_str();
  }
  i = opts.find("target_pool");
  if (i != opts.end()) {
    target_pool_name = i->second.c_str();
  }
  i = opts.find("object_locator");
  if (i != opts.end()) {
    oloc = i->second;
  }
  i = opts.find("target_locator");
  if (i != opts.end()) {
    target_oloc = i->second;
  }
  i = opts.find("target_nspace");
  if (i != opts.end()) {
    target_nspace = i->second;
  }
  i = opts.find("concurrent-ios");
  if (i != opts.end()) {
    if (rados_sistrtoll(i, &concurrent_ios)) {
      return -EINVAL;
    }
  }
  i = opts.find("run-name");
  if (i != opts.end()) {
    run_name = i->second;
  }

  i = opts.find("force-full");
  if (i != opts.end()) {
    forcefull = true;
  }
  i = opts.find("prefix");
  if (i != opts.end()) {
    prefix = i->second;
  }
  i = opts.find("block-size");
  if (i != opts.end()) {
    if (rados_sistrtoll(i, &op_size)) {
      return -EINVAL;
    }
    block_size_specified = true;
  }
  i = opts.find("object-size");
  if (i != opts.end()) {
    if (rados_sistrtoll(i, &object_size)) {
      return -EINVAL;
    }
    block_size_specified = true;
  }
  i = opts.find("max-objects");
  if (i != opts.end()) {
    if (rados_sistrtoll(i, &max_objects)) {
      return -EINVAL;
    }
  }
  i = opts.find("offset");
  if (i != opts.end()) {
    if (rados_sistrtoll(i, &obj_offset)) {
      return -EINVAL;
    }
    obj_offset_specified = true;
  }
  i = opts.find("snap");
  if (i != opts.end()) {
    snapname = i->second.c_str();
  }
  i = opts.find("snapid");
  if (i != opts.end()) {
    if (rados_sistrtoll(i, &snapid)) {
      return -EINVAL;
    }
  }
  i = opts.find("min-object-size");
  if (i != opts.end()) {
    if (rados_sistrtoll(i, &min_obj_len)) {
      return -EINVAL;
    }
  }
  i = opts.find("max-object-size");
  if (i != opts.end()) {
    if (rados_sistrtoll(i, &max_obj_len)) {
      return -EINVAL;
    }
  }
  i = opts.find("min-op-len");
  if (i != opts.end()) {
    if (rados_sistrtoll(i, &min_op_len)) {
      return -EINVAL;
    }
  }
  i = opts.find("max-op-len");
  if (i != opts.end()) {
    if (rados_sistrtoll(i, &max_op_len)) {
      return -EINVAL;
    }
  }
  i = opts.find("max-ops");
  if (i != opts.end()) {
    if (rados_sistrtoll(i, &max_ops)) {
      return -EINVAL;
    }
  }
  i = opts.find("max-backlog");
  if (i != opts.end()) {
    if (rados_sistrtoll(i, &max_backlog)) {
      return -EINVAL;
    }
  }
  i = opts.find("target-throughput");
  if (i != opts.end()) {
    if (rados_sistrtoll(i, &target_throughput)) {
      return -EINVAL;
    }
  }
  i = opts.find("read-percent");
  if (i != opts.end()) {
    if (rados_sistrtoll(i, &read_percent)) {
      return -EINVAL;
    }
  }
  i = opts.find("num-objects");
  if (i != opts.end()) {
    if (rados_sistrtoll(i, &num_objs)) {
      return -EINVAL;
    }
  }
  i = opts.find("run-length");
  if (i != opts.end()) {
    if (rados_sistrtoll(i, &run_length)) {
      return -EINVAL;
    }
  }
  i = opts.find("show-time");
  if (i != opts.end()) {
    show_time = true;
  }
  i = opts.find("no-cleanup");
  if (i != opts.end()) {
    cleanup = false;
  }
  i = opts.find("no-hints");
  if (i != opts.end()) {
    hints = false;
  }
  i = opts.find("reuse-bench");
  if (i != opts.end()) {
    reuse_bench = true;
  }
  i = opts.find("pretty-format");
  if (i != opts.end()) {
    pretty_format = true;
  }
  i = opts.find("format");
  if (i != opts.end()) {
    const char *format = i->second.c_str();
    formatter.reset(Formatter::create(format));
    if (!formatter) {
      cerr << "unrecognized format: " << format << std::endl;
      return -EINVAL;
    }
  }
  i = opts.find("namespace");
  if (i != opts.end()) {
    nspace = i->second;
  }
  i = opts.find("no-verify");
  if (i != opts.end()) {
    no_verify = true;
  }
  i = opts.find("output");
  if (i != opts.end()) {
    output = i->second.c_str();
  }
  i = opts.find("write-dest-obj");
  if (i != opts.end()) {
    bench_write_dest |= static_cast<int>(OP_WRITE_DEST_OBJ);
  }
  i = opts.find("write-dest-omap");
  if (i != opts.end()) {
    bench_write_dest |= static_cast<int>(OP_WRITE_DEST_OMAP);
  }
  i = opts.find("write-dest-xattr");
  if (i != opts.end()) {
    bench_write_dest |= static_cast<int>(OP_WRITE_DEST_XATTR);
  }
  i = opts.find("with-clones");
  if (i != opts.end()) {
    with_clones = true;
  }
  i = opts.find("omap-key-file");
  if (i != opts.end()) {
    string err;
    bufferlist indata;
    ret = indata.read_file(i->second.c_str(), &err);
    if (ret < 0) {
      cerr << err << std::endl;
      return 1;
    }

    omap_key_valid = true;
    omap_key = std::string(indata.c_str(), indata.length());
    omap_key_pretty = omap_key;
    if (std::find_if_not(omap_key.begin(), omap_key.end(),
                         (int (*)(int))isprint) != omap_key.end()) {
        omap_key_pretty = "(binary key)";
    }
  }
  i = opts.find("offset_align");
  if (i != opts.end()) {
    if (rados_sistrtoll(i, &offset_align)) {
      return -EINVAL;
    }
  }
  i = opts.find("with-reference");
  if (i != opts.end()) {
    with_reference = true;
  }

  // open rados
  ret = rados.init_with_context(g_ceph_context);
  if (ret < 0) {
     cerr << "couldn't initialize rados: " << cpp_strerror(ret) << std::endl;
     return 1;
  }

  ret = rados.connect();
  if (ret) {
     cerr << "couldn't connect to cluster: " << cpp_strerror(ret) << std::endl;
     return 1;
  }

  if (create_pool && !pool_name) {
    cerr << "--create-pool requested but pool_name was not specified!" << std::endl;
    usage(cerr);
    return 1;
  }

  if (create_pool) {
    ret = rados.pool_create(pool_name);
    if (ret < 0) {
      cerr << "error creating pool " << pool_name << ": "
           << cpp_strerror(ret) << std::endl;
      return 1;
    }
  }

  i = opts.find("pgid");
  boost::optional<pg_t> pgid(i != opts.end(), pg_t());
  if (pgid && (!pgid->parse(i->second.c_str()) || (pool_name && rados.pool_lookup(pool_name) != pgid->pool()))) {
    cerr << "invalid pgid" << std::endl;
    return 1;
  }

  // open io context.
  if (pool_name || pgid) {
    ret = pool_name ? rados.ioctx_create(pool_name, io_ctx) : rados.ioctx_create2(pgid->pool(), io_ctx);
    if (ret < 0) {
      cerr << "error opening pool "
           << (pool_name ? pool_name : std::string("with id ") + std::to_string(pgid->pool())) << ": "
           << cpp_strerror(ret) << std::endl;
      return 1;
    }

   // align op_size
   {
      bool requires;
      ret = io_ctx.pool_requires_alignment2(&requires);
      if (ret < 0) {
        cerr << "error checking pool alignment requirement"
          << cpp_strerror(ret) << std::endl;
        return 1;
      }

      if (requires) {
        uint64_t align = 0;
        ret = io_ctx.pool_required_alignment2(&align);
        if (ret < 0) {
          cerr << "error getting pool alignment"
            << cpp_strerror(ret) << std::endl;
          return 1;
        }

        const uint64_t prev_op_size = op_size;
        op_size = uint64_t((op_size + align - 1) / align) * align;
        // Warn: if user specified and it was rounded
        if (prev_op_size != default_op_size && prev_op_size != op_size)
          cerr << "INFO: op_size has been rounded to " << op_size << std::endl;
      }
    }

#ifdef WITH_LIBRADOSSTRIPER
    // create striper interface
    if (opts.find("striper") != opts.end()) {
      // Note that this call does a tricky thing by reaching into a "singleton". We count
      // on this happening only once:
      ret = RadosStriper::striper_create(io_ctx, &detail::striper());
      if (0 != ret) {
          cerr << "error opening pool " << pool_name << " with striper interface: "
               << cpp_strerror(ret) << std::endl;
              return 1;
      }
      use_striper = true;
    }
#endif // USE_LIBRADOSSTRIPER
  }

  // snapname?
  if (snapname) {
    if (!pool_name) {
      cerr << "pool name must be specified with --snap" << std::endl;
      return 1;
    }
    ret = io_ctx.snap_lookup(snapname, &snapid);
    if (ret < 0) {
      cerr << "error looking up snap '" << snapname << "': " << cpp_strerror(ret) << std::endl;
      return 1;
    }
  }
  if (oloc.size()) {
    if (!pool_name) {
      cerr << "pool name must be specified with --object_locator" << std::endl;
      return 1;
    }
    io_ctx.locator_set_key(oloc);
  }
  // Use namespace from command line if specified
  if (opts.find("namespace") != opts.end()) {
    if (!pool_name) {
      cerr << "pool name must be specified with --namespace" << std::endl;
      return 1;
    }
    io_ctx.set_namespace(nspace);
  // Use wildcard if --all specified and --default NOT specified
  } else if (opts.find("all") != opts.end() && opts.find("default") == opts.end()) {
    // Only the ls should ever set namespace to special value
    wildcard = true;
  }
  if (snapid != CEPH_NOSNAP) {
    if (!pool_name) {
      cerr << "pool name must be specified with --snapid" << std::endl;
      return 1;
    }
    string name;
    ret = io_ctx.snap_get_name(snapid, &name);
    if (ret < 0) {
      cerr << "snapid " << snapid << " doesn't exist in pool "
           << io_ctx.get_pool_name() << std::endl;
      return 1;
    }
    io_ctx.snap_set_read(snapid);
    cout << "selected snap " << snapid << " '" << name << "'" << std::endl;
  }

  ceph_assert(!nargs.empty());

  // list pools?
  if (strcmp(nargs[0], "lspools") == 0) {
    list<string> vec;
    ret = rados.pool_list(vec);
    if (ret < 0) {
      cerr << "error listing pools: " << cpp_strerror(ret) << std::endl;
      return 1;
    }
    for (list<string>::iterator i = vec.begin(); i != vec.end(); ++i)
      cout << *i << std::endl;
  }
  else if (strcmp(nargs[0], "df") == 0) {
    // pools
    list<string> vec;

    if (!pool_name) {
      ret = rados.pool_list(vec);
      if (ret < 0) {
        cerr << "error listing pools: " << cpp_strerror(ret) << std::endl;
        return 1;
      }
    } else {
      vec.push_back(pool_name);
    }

    map<string,librados::pool_stat_t> stats;
    ret = rados.get_pool_stats(vec, stats);
    if (ret < 0) {
      cerr << "error fetching pool stats: " << cpp_strerror(ret) << std::endl;
      return 1;
    }

    TextTable tab;

    if (!formatter) {
      tab.define_column("POOL_NAME", TextTable::LEFT, TextTable::LEFT);
      tab.define_column("USED", TextTable::RIGHT, TextTable::RIGHT);
      tab.define_column("OBJECTS", TextTable::RIGHT, TextTable::RIGHT);
      tab.define_column("CLONES", TextTable::RIGHT, TextTable::RIGHT);
      tab.define_column("COPIES", TextTable::RIGHT, TextTable::RIGHT);
      tab.define_column("MISSING_ON_PRIMARY", TextTable::RIGHT, TextTable::RIGHT);
      tab.define_column("UNFOUND", TextTable::RIGHT, TextTable::RIGHT);
      tab.define_column("DEGRADED", TextTable::RIGHT, TextTable::RIGHT);
      tab.define_column("RD_OPS", TextTable::RIGHT, TextTable::RIGHT);
      tab.define_column("RD", TextTable::RIGHT, TextTable::RIGHT);
      tab.define_column("WR_OPS", TextTable::RIGHT, TextTable::RIGHT);
      tab.define_column("WR", TextTable::RIGHT, TextTable::RIGHT);
      tab.define_column("USED COMPR", TextTable::RIGHT, TextTable::RIGHT);
      tab.define_column("UNDER COMPR", TextTable::RIGHT, TextTable::RIGHT);
    } else {
      formatter->open_object_section("stats");
      formatter->open_array_section("pools");
    }
    for (map<string,librados::pool_stat_t>::iterator i = stats.begin();
         i != stats.end();
         ++i) {
      const char *pool_name = i->first.c_str();
      librados::pool_stat_t& s = i->second;
      if (!formatter) {
        tab << pool_name
            << byte_u_t(s.num_bytes)
            << s.num_objects
            << s.num_object_clones
            << s.num_object_copies
            << s.num_objects_missing_on_primary
            << s.num_objects_unfound
            << s.num_objects_degraded
            << s.num_rd
            << byte_u_t(s.num_rd_kb << 10)
            << s.num_wr
            << byte_u_t(s.num_wr_kb << 10)
            << byte_u_t(s.compressed_bytes_alloc)
            << byte_u_t(s.compressed_bytes_orig)
            << TextTable::endrow;
      } else {
        formatter->open_object_section("pool");
        int64_t pool_id = rados.pool_lookup(pool_name);
        formatter->dump_string("name", pool_name);
        if (pool_id >= 0)
          formatter->dump_int("id", pool_id);
        else
          cerr << "ERROR: lookup_pg_pool_name for name=" << pool_name
               << " returned " << pool_id << std::endl;
        formatter->dump_int("size_bytes",s.num_bytes);
        formatter->dump_int("size_kb", s.num_kb);
        formatter->dump_int("num_objects", s.num_objects);
        formatter->dump_int("num_object_clones", s.num_object_clones);
        formatter->dump_int("num_object_copies", s.num_object_copies);
        formatter->dump_int("num_objects_missing_on_primary", s.num_objects_missing_on_primary);
        formatter->dump_int("num_objects_unfound", s.num_objects_unfound);
        formatter->dump_int("num_objects_degraded", s.num_objects_degraded);
        formatter->dump_int("read_ops", s.num_rd);
        formatter->dump_int("read_bytes", s.num_rd_kb * 1024ull);
        formatter->dump_int("write_ops", s.num_wr);
        formatter->dump_int("write_bytes", s.num_wr_kb * 1024ull);
        formatter->dump_int("compress_bytes_used", s.compressed_bytes_alloc);
        formatter->dump_int("compress_under_bytes", s.compressed_bytes_orig);
        formatter->close_section();
      }
    }

    if (!formatter) {
      cout << tab;
    }

    // total
    cluster_stat_t tstats;
    ret = rados.cluster_stat(tstats);
    if (ret < 0) {
      cerr << "error getting total cluster usage: " << cpp_strerror(ret) << std::endl;
      return 1;
    }
    if (!formatter) {
      cout << std::endl;
      cout << "total_objects    " << tstats.num_objects
           << std::endl;
      cout << "total_used       " << byte_u_t(tstats.kb_used << 10)
           << std::endl;
      cout << "total_avail      " << byte_u_t(tstats.kb_avail << 10)
           << std::endl;
      cout << "total_space      " << byte_u_t(tstats.kb << 10)
           << std::endl;
    } else {
      formatter->close_section();
      formatter->dump_int("total_objects", tstats.num_objects);
      formatter->dump_int("total_used", tstats.kb_used);
      formatter->dump_int("total_avail", tstats.kb_avail);
      formatter->dump_int("total_space", tstats.kb);
      formatter->close_section();
      formatter->flush(cout);
    }
  }

  else if (strcmp(nargs[0], "ls") == 0) {
    if (!pool_name && !pgid) {
      cerr << "either pool name or pg id needs to be specified" << std::endl;
      return 1;
    }

    if (wildcard) {
      io_ctx.set_namespace(all_nspaces);
    }
    bool use_stdout = (!output && (nargs.size() < 2 || (strcmp(nargs[1], "-") == 0)));
    if (!use_stdout && !output) {
      cerr << "Please use --output to specify the output file name" << std::endl;
      return 1;
    }

    ostream *outstream;
    if (use_stdout) {
      outstream = &cout;
    } else {
      outstream = new ofstream(output);
    }

    {
      if (formatter) {
        formatter->open_array_section("objects");
      }
      try {
        librados::NObjectIterator i = pgid ? io_ctx.nobjects_begin(pgid->ps()) : io_ctx.nobjects_begin();
        const librados::NObjectIterator i_end = io_ctx.nobjects_end();
        for (; i != i_end; ++i) {
#ifdef WITH_LIBRADOSSTRIPER
          if (use_striper) {
            // in case of --striper option, we only list striped
            // objects, so we only display the first object of
            // each, without its suffix '.000...000'
            size_t l = i->get_oid().length();
            if (l <= 17 ||
                (0 != i->get_oid().compare(l-17, 17,".0000000000000000"))) {
              continue;
            }
          }
#endif // WITH_LIBRADOSSTRIPER
          if (pgid) {
            uint32_t ps;
            if (io_ctx.get_object_pg_hash_position2(i->get_oid(), &ps) || pgid->ps() != ps) {
              break;
            }
          }
          if (!formatter) {
            // Only include namespace in output when wildcard specified
            if (wildcard) {
              *outstream << i->get_nspace() << "\t";
            }
            *outstream << detail::get_oid(i, use_striper);
            if (i->get_locator().size()) {
              *outstream << "\t" << i->get_locator();
            }
            *outstream << std::endl;
          } else {
            formatter->open_object_section("object");
            formatter->dump_string("namespace", i->get_nspace());

            detail::dump_name(formatter.get(), i, use_striper);

            if (i->get_locator().size()) {
              formatter->dump_string("locator", i->get_locator());
            }
            formatter->close_section(); //object

            constexpr int TARGET_BYTES_PER_FLUSH = 4096;
            if (formatter->get_len() >= TARGET_BYTES_PER_FLUSH) {
              formatter->flush(*outstream);
            }
          }
        }
      }
      catch (const std::exception& e) {
        cerr << e.what() << std::endl;
        return 1;
      }
    }
    if (formatter) {
      formatter->close_section(); //objects
      formatter->flush(*outstream);
      if (pretty_format) {
        *outstream << std::endl;
      }
      formatter->flush(*outstream);
    }
    if (!stdout) {
      delete outstream;
    }
  }
  else if (strcmp(nargs[0], "mapext") == 0) {
    if (!pool_name || nargs.size() < 2) {
      usage(cerr);
      return 1;
    }
    string oid(nargs[1]);
    std::map<uint64_t,uint64_t> m;
    ret = io_ctx.mapext(oid, 0, -1, m);
    if (ret < 0) {
      cerr << "mapext error on " << pool_name << "/" << oid << ": " << cpp_strerror(ret) << std::endl;
      return 1;
    }
    std::map<uint64_t,uint64_t>::iterator iter;
    for (iter = m.begin(); iter != m.end(); ++iter) {
      cout << hex << iter->first << "\t" << iter->second << dec << std::endl;
    }
  }
  else if (strcmp(nargs[0], "stat") == 0) {
    if (!pool_name || nargs.size() < 2) {
      usage(cerr);
      return 1;
    }
    string oid(nargs[1]);
    uint64_t size;
    time_t mtime;

    ret = detail::stat(io_ctx, oid, size, mtime, use_striper);

    if (ret < 0) {
      cerr << " error stat-ing " << pool_name << "/" << oid << ": "
           << cpp_strerror(ret) << std::endl;
      return 1;
    } else {
      utime_t t(mtime, 0);
      cout << pool_name << "/" << oid
           << " mtime " << t << ", size " << size << std::endl;
    }
  }
  else if (strcmp(nargs[0], "stat2") == 0) {
    if (!pool_name || nargs.size() < 2) {
      usage(cerr);
      return 1;
    }
    string oid(nargs[1]);
    uint64_t size;
    struct timespec mtime;

    ret = detail::stat2(io_ctx, oid, size, mtime, use_striper);

    if (ret < 0) {
      cerr << " error stat-ing " << pool_name << "/" << oid << ": "
           << cpp_strerror(ret) << std::endl;
      return 1;
    } else {
      utime_t t(mtime);
      cout << pool_name << "/" << oid
           << " mtime " << t << ", size " << size << std::endl;
    }
  } 
  else if (strcmp(nargs[0], "touch") == 0) {
    if (!pool_name || nargs.size() < 2) {
      usage(cerr);
      return 1;
    }
    string oid(nargs[1]);
    time_t timestamp = time(NULL);
    if (nargs.size() > 2) {
      char* endptr = NULL;
      timestamp = static_cast<time_t>(strtoll(nargs[2], &endptr, 10));
      if (*endptr) {
        cerr << "Invalid value for timestamp: '" << nargs[2] << "'" << std::endl;
        ret = -EINVAL;
        return 1;
      }
    }
    
    ObjectWriteOperation op;
    op.create(false);
    op.mtime(&timestamp);
    ret = io_ctx.operate(oid, &op);
    if (ret < 0) {
      cerr << " error touch-ing " << pool_name << "/" << oid << ": "
           << cpp_strerror(ret) << std::endl;
      return 1;
    }
  }
  else if (strcmp(nargs[0], "get") == 0) {
    if (!pool_name || nargs.size() < 3) {
      usage(cerr);
      return 1;
    }
    ret = do_get(io_ctx, nargs[1], nargs[2], op_size, use_striper);
    if (ret < 0) {
      cerr << "error getting " << pool_name << "/" << nargs[1] << ": " << cpp_strerror(ret) << std::endl;
      return 1;
    }
  }
  else if (strcmp(nargs[0], "put") == 0) {
    if (!pool_name || nargs.size() < 3) {
      usage(cerr);
      return 1;
    }
    bool create_object = !obj_offset_specified;
    ret = do_put(io_ctx, nargs[1], nargs[2], op_size, obj_offset, create_object, use_striper);
    if (ret < 0) {
      cerr << "error putting " << pool_name << "/" << nargs[1] << ": " << cpp_strerror(ret) << std::endl;
      return 1;
    }
  }
  else if (strcmp(nargs[0], "append") == 0) {
    if (!pool_name || nargs.size() < 3) {
      usage(cerr);
      return 1;
    }
    ret = do_append(io_ctx, nargs[1], nargs[2], op_size, use_striper);
    if (ret < 0) {
      cerr << "error appending " << pool_name << "/" << nargs[1] << ": " << cpp_strerror(ret) << std::endl;
      return 1;
    }
  }
  else if (strcmp(nargs[0], "truncate") == 0) {
    if (!pool_name || nargs.size() < 3) {
      usage(cerr);
      return 1;
    }

    string oid(nargs[1]);
    char* endptr = NULL;
    long size = strtoll(nargs[2], &endptr, 10);
    if (*endptr) {
      cerr << "Invalid value for size: '" << nargs[2] << "'" << std::endl;
      ret = -EINVAL;
      return 1;
    }
    if (size < 0) {
      cerr << "error, cannot truncate to negative value" << std::endl;
      usage(cerr);
      return 1;
    }

    ret = detail::trunc(io_ctx, oid, size, use_striper);

    if (ret < 0) {
      cerr << "error truncating oid "
           << oid << " to " << size << ": "
           << cpp_strerror(ret) << std::endl;
    } else {
      ret = 0;
    }
  }
  else if (strcmp(nargs[0], "setxattr") == 0) {
    if (!pool_name || nargs.size() < 3 || nargs.size() > 4) {
      usage(cerr);
      return 1;
    }

    string oid(nargs[1]);
    string attr_name(nargs[2]);
    bufferlist bl;
    if (nargs.size() == 4) {
      string attr_val(nargs[3]);
      bl.append(attr_val.c_str(), attr_val.length());
    } else {
      do {
        ret = bl.read_fd(STDIN_FILENO, 1024); // from stdin
        if (ret < 0)
          return 1;
      } while (ret > 0);
    }

    ret = detail::setxattr(io_ctx, oid, attr_name, bl, use_striper);

    if (ret < 0) {
      cerr << "error setting xattr " << pool_name << "/" << oid << "/" << attr_name << ": " << cpp_strerror(ret) << std::endl;
      return 1;
    }
    else
      ret = 0;
  }
  else if (strcmp(nargs[0], "getxattr") == 0) {
    if (!pool_name || nargs.size() < 3) {
      usage(cerr);
      return 1;
    }

    string oid(nargs[1]);
    string attr_name(nargs[2]);

    bufferlist bl;
    ret = detail::getxattr(io_ctx, oid, attr_name, bl, use_striper);

    if (ret < 0) {
      cerr << "error getting xattr " << pool_name << "/" << oid << "/" << attr_name << ": " << cpp_strerror(ret) << std::endl;
      return 1;
    }
    else
      ret = 0;
    string s(bl.c_str(), bl.length());
    cout << s;
  } else if (strcmp(nargs[0], "rmxattr") == 0) {
    if (!pool_name || nargs.size() < 3) {
      usage(cerr);
      return 1;
    }

    string oid(nargs[1]);
    string attr_name(nargs[2]);

    ret = detail::rmxattr(io_ctx, oid, attr_name, use_striper);

    if (ret < 0) {
      cerr << "error removing xattr " << pool_name << "/" << oid << "/" << attr_name << ": " << cpp_strerror(ret) << std::endl;
      return 1;
    }
  } else if (strcmp(nargs[0], "listxattr") == 0) {
    if (!pool_name || nargs.size() < 2) {
      usage(cerr);
      return 1;
    }

    string oid(nargs[1]);
    bufferlist bl;
    map<std::string, bufferlist> attrset;

    ret = detail::getxattrs(io_ctx, oid, attrset, use_striper);

    if (ret < 0) {
      cerr << "error getting xattr set " << pool_name << "/" << oid << ": " << cpp_strerror(ret) << std::endl;
      return 1;
    }

    for (map<std::string, bufferlist>::iterator iter = attrset.begin();
         iter != attrset.end(); ++iter) {
      cout << iter->first << std::endl;
    }
  } else if (strcmp(nargs[0], "getomapheader") == 0) {
    if (!pool_name || nargs.size() < 2) {
      usage(cerr);
      return 1;
    }

    string oid(nargs[1]);
    string outfile;
    if (nargs.size() >= 3) {
      outfile = nargs[2];
    }

    bufferlist header;
    ret = io_ctx.omap_get_header(oid, &header);
    if (ret < 0) {
      cerr << "error getting omap header " << pool_name << "/" << oid
           << ": " << cpp_strerror(ret) << std::endl;
      return 1;
    } else {
      if (!outfile.empty()) {
        cerr << "Writing to " << outfile << std::endl;
        dump_data(outfile, header);
      } else {
        cout << "header (" << header.length() << " bytes) :\n";
        header.hexdump(cout);
        cout << std::endl;
      }
      ret = 0;
    }
  } else if (strcmp(nargs[0], "setomapheader") == 0) {
    if (!pool_name || nargs.size() < 3) {
      usage(cerr);
      return 1;
    }

    string oid(nargs[1]);
    string val(nargs[2]);

    bufferlist bl;
    bl.append(val);

    ret = io_ctx.omap_set_header(oid, bl);
    if (ret < 0) {
      cerr << "error setting omap value " << pool_name << "/" << oid
           << ": " << cpp_strerror(ret) << std::endl;
      return 1;
    } else {
      ret = 0;
    }
  } else if (strcmp(nargs[0], "setomapval") == 0) {
    uint32_t min_args = (omap_key_valid ? 2 : 3);
    if (!pool_name || nargs.size() < min_args || nargs.size() > min_args + 1) {
      usage(cerr);
      return 1;
    }

    string oid(nargs[1]);
    if (!omap_key_valid) {
      omap_key = nargs[2];
      omap_key_pretty = omap_key;
    }

    bufferlist bl;
    if (nargs.size() > min_args) {
      string val(nargs[min_args]);
      bl.append(val);
    } else {
      do {
        ret = bl.read_fd(STDIN_FILENO, 1024); // from stdin
        if (ret < 0) {
          return 1;
        }
      } while (ret > 0);
    }

    map<string, bufferlist> values;
    values[omap_key] = bl;

    ret = io_ctx.omap_set(oid, values);
    if (ret < 0) {
      cerr << "error setting omap value " << pool_name << "/" << oid << "/"
           << omap_key_pretty << ": " << cpp_strerror(ret) << std::endl;
      return 1;
    } else {
      ret = 0;
    }
  } else if (strcmp(nargs[0], "getomapval") == 0) {
    uint32_t min_args = (omap_key_valid ? 2 : 3);
    if (!pool_name || nargs.size() < min_args || nargs.size() > min_args + 1) {
      usage(cerr);
      return 1;
    }

    string oid(nargs[1]);
    if (!omap_key_valid) {
      omap_key = nargs[2];
      omap_key_pretty = omap_key;
    }

    set<string> keys;
    keys.insert(omap_key);

    std::string outfile;
    if (nargs.size() > min_args) {
      outfile = nargs[min_args];
    }

    map<string, bufferlist> values;
    ret = io_ctx.omap_get_vals_by_keys(oid, keys, &values);
    if (ret < 0) {
      cerr << "error getting omap value " << pool_name << "/" << oid << "/"
           << omap_key_pretty << ": " << cpp_strerror(ret) << std::endl;
      return 1;
    } else {
      ret = 0;
    }

    if (values.size() && values.begin()->first == omap_key) {
      if (!outfile.empty()) {
        cerr << "Writing to " << outfile << std::endl;
        dump_data(outfile, values.begin()->second);
      } else {
        cout << "value (" << values.begin()->second.length() << " bytes) :\n";
        values.begin()->second.hexdump(cout);
        cout << std::endl;
      }
      ret = 0;
    } else {
      cout << "No such key: " << pool_name << "/" << oid << "/"
           << omap_key_pretty << std::endl;
      return 1;
    }
  } else if (strcmp(nargs[0], "rmomapkey") == 0) {
    uint32_t num_args = (omap_key_valid ? 2 : 3);
    if (!pool_name || nargs.size() != num_args) {
      usage(cerr);
      return 1;
    }

    string oid(nargs[1]);
    if (!omap_key_valid) {
      omap_key = nargs[2];
      omap_key_pretty = omap_key;
    }
    set<string> keys;
    keys.insert(omap_key);

    ret = io_ctx.omap_rm_keys(oid, keys);
    if (ret < 0) {
      cerr << "error removing omap key " << pool_name << "/" << oid << "/"
           << omap_key_pretty << ": " << cpp_strerror(ret) << std::endl;
      return 1;
    } else {
      ret = 0;
    }
  } else if (strcmp(nargs[0], "clearomap") == 0) {
    if (!pool_name || nargs.size() < 2) {
      usage(cerr);
      return 1;
    }

    for (unsigned i=1; i < nargs.size(); i++){
      string oid(nargs[i]);
      ret = io_ctx.omap_clear(oid);
      if (ret < 0) {
        cerr << "error clearing omap keys " << pool_name << "/" << oid << "/"
             << cpp_strerror(ret) << std::endl;
        return 1;
      }
    }
    ret = 0;
  } else if (strcmp(nargs[0], "listomapvals") == 0) {
    if (!pool_name || nargs.size() < 2) {
      usage(cerr);
      return 1;
    }

    string oid(nargs[1]);
    string last_read = "";
    do {
      map<string, bufferlist> values;
      ret = io_ctx.omap_get_vals(oid, last_read, MAX_OMAP_BYTES_PER_REQUEST, &values);
      if (ret < 0) {
        cerr << "error getting omap keys " << pool_name << "/" << oid << ": "
             << cpp_strerror(ret) << std::endl;
        return 1;
      }
      ret = values.size();
      for (map<string, bufferlist>::const_iterator it = values.begin();
           it != values.end(); ++it) {
        last_read = it->first;
        // dump key in hex if it contains nonprintable characters
        if (std::count_if(it->first.begin(), it->first.end(),
            (int (*)(int))isprint) < (int)it->first.length()) {
          cout << "key (" << it->first.length() << " bytes):\n";
          bufferlist keybl;
          keybl.append(it->first);
          keybl.hexdump(cout);
        } else {
          cout << it->first;
        }
        cout << std::endl;
        cout << "value (" << it->second.length() << " bytes) :\n";
        it->second.hexdump(cout);
        cout << std::endl;
      }
    } while (ret == MAX_OMAP_BYTES_PER_REQUEST);
    ret = 0;
  }
  else if (strcmp(nargs[0], "cp") == 0) {
    if (!pool_name) {
      usage(cerr);
      return 1;
    }

    if (nargs.size() < 2 || nargs.size() > 3) {
      usage(cerr);
      return 1;
    }

    const char *target = target_pool_name;
    if (!target)
      target = pool_name;

    const char *target_obj;
    if (nargs.size() < 3) {
      if (strcmp(target, pool_name) == 0) {
        cerr << "cannot copy object into itself" << std::endl;
        return 1;
      }
      target_obj = nargs[1];
    } else {
      target_obj = nargs[2];
    }

    // open io context.
    IoCtx target_ctx;
    ret = rados.ioctx_create(target, target_ctx);
    if (ret < 0) {
      cerr << "error opening target pool " << target << ": "
           << cpp_strerror(ret) << std::endl;
      return 1;
    }
    if (target_oloc.size()) {
      target_ctx.locator_set_key(target_oloc);
    }
    if (target_nspace.size()) {
      target_ctx.set_namespace(target_nspace);
    }

    ret = do_copy(io_ctx, nargs[1], target_ctx, target_obj);
    if (ret < 0) {
      cerr << "error copying " << pool_name << "/" << nargs[1] << " => " << target << "/" << target_obj << ": " << cpp_strerror(ret) << std::endl;
      return 1;
    }
  } else if (strcmp(nargs[0], "rm") == 0) {
    if (!pool_name || nargs.size() < 2) {
      usage(cerr);
      return 1;
    }
    vector<const char *>::iterator iter = nargs.begin();
    ++iter;
    for (; iter != nargs.end(); ++iter) {
      const string & oid = *iter;

    if (forcefull) {
        ret = detail::remove(io_ctx, oid, (CEPH_OSD_FLAG_FULL_FORCE |
                             CEPH_OSD_FLAG_FULL_TRY), use_striper);
    } else {
        ret = detail::remove(io_ctx, oid, use_striper);
    }

    if (ret < 0) {
        string name = (nspace.size() ? nspace + "/" : "" ) + oid;
        cerr << "error removing " << pool_name << ">" << name << ": " << cpp_strerror(ret) << std::endl;
        return 1;
      }
    }
  }
  else if (strcmp(nargs[0], "create") == 0) {
    if (!pool_name || nargs.size() < 2) {
      usage(cerr);
      return 1;
    }
    string oid(nargs[1]);
    ret = io_ctx.create(oid, true);
    if (ret < 0) {
      cerr << "error creating " << pool_name << "/" << oid << ": " << cpp_strerror(ret) << std::endl;
      return 1;
    }
  }
  else if (strcmp(nargs[0], "cppool") == 0) {
    bool force = nargs.size() == 4 && !strcmp(nargs[3], "--yes-i-really-mean-it");
    if (nargs.size() != 3 && !(nargs.size() == 4 && force)) {
      usage(cerr);
      return 1;
    }
    const char *src_pool = nargs[1];
    const char *target_pool = nargs[2];

    if (strcmp(src_pool, target_pool) == 0) {
      cerr << "cannot copy pool into itself" << std::endl;
      return 1;
    }

    cerr << "WARNING: pool copy does not preserve user_version, which some "
         << "    apps may rely on." << std::endl;

    if (rados.get_pool_is_selfmanaged_snaps_mode(src_pool)) {
      cerr << "WARNING: pool " << src_pool << " has selfmanaged snaps, which are not preserved\n"
           << "    by the cppool operation.  This will break any snapshot user."
           << std::endl;
      if (!force) {
        cerr << "    If you insist on making a broken copy, you can pass\n"
             << "    --yes-i-really-mean-it to proceed anyway."
             << std::endl;
        exit(1);
      }
    }

    ret = do_copy_pool(rados, src_pool, target_pool);
    if (ret < 0) {
      cerr << "error copying pool " << src_pool << " => " << target_pool << ": "
           << cpp_strerror(ret) << std::endl;
      return 1;
    }
    cout << "successfully copied pool " << nargs[1] << std::endl;
  }
  else if (strcmp(nargs[0], "purge") == 0) {
    if (nargs.size() < 2) {
      usage(cerr);
      return 1;
    }
    if (nargs.size() < 3 ||
        strcmp(nargs[2], "--yes-i-really-really-mean-it") != 0) {
      cerr << "WARNING:\n"
           << "  This will PERMANENTLY DESTROY all objects from a pool with no way back.\n"
           << "  To confirm, follow pool with --yes-i-really-really-mean-it" << std::endl;
      return 1;
    }
    ret = rados.ioctx_create(nargs[1], io_ctx);
    if (ret < 0) {
      cerr << "error pool " << nargs[1] << ": "
           << cpp_strerror(ret) << std::endl;
      return 1;
    }
    io_ctx.set_namespace(all_nspaces);
    io_ctx.set_pool_full_try();
    RadosBencher bencher(g_ceph_context, rados, io_ctx);
    ret = bencher.clean_up_slow("", concurrent_ios);
    if (ret >= 0) {
      cout << "successfully purged pool " << nargs[1] << std::endl;
    } else { //error
      cerr << "pool " << nargs[1] << " could not be purged" << std::endl;
      cerr << "Check your monitor configuration - `mon allow pool delete` is set to false by default,"
     << " change it to true to allow deletion of pools" << std::endl;
    }
  }
  else if (strcmp(nargs[0], "lssnap") == 0) {
    if (!pool_name || nargs.size() != 1) {
      usage(cerr);
      return 1;
    }

    vector<snap_t> snaps;
    io_ctx.snap_list(&snaps);
    for (vector<snap_t>::iterator i = snaps.begin();
         i != snaps.end();
         ++i) {
      string s;
      time_t t;
      if (io_ctx.snap_get_name(*i, &s) < 0)
        continue;
      if (io_ctx.snap_get_stamp(*i, &t) < 0)
        continue;
      struct tm bdt;
      localtime_r(&t, &bdt);
      cout << *i << "\t" << s << "\t";

      std::ios_base::fmtflags original_flags = cout.flags();
      cout.setf(std::ios::right);
      cout.fill('0');
      cout << std::setw(4) << (bdt.tm_year+1900)
           << '.' << std::setw(2) << (bdt.tm_mon+1)
           << '.' << std::setw(2) << bdt.tm_mday
           << ' '
           << std::setw(2) << bdt.tm_hour
           << ':' << std::setw(2) << bdt.tm_min
           << ':' << std::setw(2) << bdt.tm_sec
           << std::endl;
      cout.flags(original_flags);
    }
    cout << snaps.size() << " snaps" << std::endl;
  }

  else if (strcmp(nargs[0], "mksnap") == 0) {
    if (!pool_name || nargs.size() < 2) {
      usage(cerr);
      return 1;
    }

    if (rados.get_pool_is_selfmanaged_snaps_mode(pool_name)) {
      cerr << "can't create snapshot: pool " << pool_name
           << " is in selfmanaged snaps mode" << std::endl;
      return 1;
    }

    ret = io_ctx.snap_create(nargs[1]);
    if (ret < 0) {
      cerr << "error creating pool " << pool_name << " snapshot " << nargs[1]
           << ": " << cpp_strerror(ret) << std::endl;
      return 1;
    }
    cout << "created pool " << pool_name << " snap " << nargs[1] << std::endl;
  }

  else if (strcmp(nargs[0], "rmsnap") == 0) {
    if (!pool_name || nargs.size() < 2) {
      usage(cerr);
      return 1;
    }

    ret = io_ctx.snap_remove(nargs[1]);
    if (ret < 0) {
      cerr << "error removing pool " << pool_name << " snapshot " << nargs[1]
           << ": " << cpp_strerror(ret) << std::endl;
      return 1;
    }
    cout << "removed pool " << pool_name << " snap " << nargs[1] << std::endl;
  }

  else if (strcmp(nargs[0], "rollback") == 0) {
    if (!pool_name || nargs.size() < 3) {
      usage(cerr);
      return 1;
    }

    ret = io_ctx.snap_rollback(nargs[1], nargs[2]);
    if (ret < 0) {
      cerr << "error rolling back pool " << pool_name << " to snapshot " << nargs[1]
           << cpp_strerror(ret) << std::endl;
      return 1;
    }
    cout << "rolled back pool " << pool_name
         << " to snapshot " << nargs[2] << std::endl;
  }
  else if (strcmp(nargs[0], "bench") == 0) {
    if (!pool_name || nargs.size() < 3) {
      usage(cerr);
      return 1;
    }
    char* endptr = NULL;
    int seconds = strtol(nargs[1], &endptr, 10);
    if (*endptr) {
      cerr << "Invalid value for seconds: '" << nargs[1] << "'" << std::endl;
      return 1;
    }
    int operation = 0;
    if (strcmp(nargs[2], "write") == 0)
      operation = OP_WRITE;
    else if (strcmp(nargs[2], "seq") == 0)
      operation = OP_SEQ_READ;
    else if (strcmp(nargs[2], "rand") == 0)
      operation = OP_RAND_READ;
    else {
      usage(cerr);
      return 1;
    }
    if (operation != OP_WRITE) {
      if (block_size_specified) {
        cerr << "-b|--block_size option can be used only with 'write' bench test"
             << std::endl;
        return 1;
      }
      if (bench_write_dest != 0) {
        cerr << "--write-object, --write-omap and --write-xattr options can "
                "only be used with the 'write' bench test"
             << std::endl;
        return 1;
      }
    }
    else if (bench_write_dest == 0) {
      bench_write_dest = OP_WRITE_DEST_OBJ;
    }

    if (!formatter && output) {
      cerr << "-o|--output option can only be used with '--format' option"
           << std::endl;
      return 1;
    }
    RadosBencher bencher(g_ceph_context, rados, io_ctx);
    bencher.set_show_time(show_time);
    bencher.set_write_destination(static_cast<OpWriteDest>(bench_write_dest));

    ostream *outstream = NULL;
    if (formatter) {
      bencher.set_formatter(formatter.get());
      if (output)
        outstream = new ofstream(output);
      else
        outstream = &cout;
      bencher.set_outstream(*outstream);
    }
    if (!object_size)
      object_size = op_size;
    else if (object_size < op_size)
      op_size = object_size;
    cout << "hints = " << (int)hints << std::endl;
    ret = bencher.aio_bench(operation, seconds,
                            concurrent_ios, op_size, object_size,
                            max_objects, cleanup, hints, run_name, reuse_bench, no_verify);
    if (ret != 0)
      cerr << "error during benchmark: " << cpp_strerror(ret) << std::endl;
    if (formatter && output)
      delete outstream;
  }
  else if (strcmp(nargs[0], "cleanup") == 0) {
    if (!pool_name) {
      usage(cerr);
      return 1;
    }
    if (wildcard)
      io_ctx.set_namespace(all_nspaces);
    RadosBencher bencher(g_ceph_context, rados, io_ctx);
    ret = bencher.clean_up(prefix, concurrent_ios, run_name);
    if (ret != 0)
      cerr << "error during cleanup: " << cpp_strerror(ret) << std::endl;
  }
  else if (strcmp(nargs[0], "watch") == 0) {
    if (!pool_name || nargs.size() < 2) {
      usage(cerr);
      return 1;
    }
    string oid(nargs[1]);
    RadosWatchCtx ctx(io_ctx, oid.c_str());
    uint64_t cookie;
    ret = io_ctx.watch2(oid, &cookie, &ctx);
    if (ret != 0)
      cerr << "error calling watch: " << cpp_strerror(ret) << std::endl;
    else {
      cout << "press enter to exit..." << std::endl;
      getchar();
      io_ctx.unwatch2(cookie);
      rados.watch_flush();
    }
  }
  else if (strcmp(nargs[0], "notify") == 0) {
    if (!pool_name || nargs.size() < 3) {
      usage(cerr);
      return 1;
    }
    string oid(nargs[1]);
    string msg(nargs[2]);
    bufferlist bl, replybl;
    encode(msg, bl);
    ret = io_ctx.notify2(oid, bl, 10000, &replybl);
    if (ret != 0)
      cerr << "error calling notify: " << cpp_strerror(ret) << std::endl;
    if (replybl.length()) {
      map<pair<uint64_t,uint64_t>,bufferlist> rm;
      set<pair<uint64_t,uint64_t> > missed;
      auto p = replybl.cbegin();
      decode(rm, p);
      decode(missed, p);
      for (map<pair<uint64_t,uint64_t>,bufferlist>::iterator p = rm.begin();
           p != rm.end();
           ++p) {
        cout << "reply client." << p->first.first
             << " cookie " << p->first.second
             << " : " << p->second.length() << " bytes" << std::endl;
        if (p->second.length())
          p->second.hexdump(cout);
      }
      for (multiset<pair<uint64_t,uint64_t> >::iterator p = missed.begin();
           p != missed.end(); ++p) {
        cout << "timeout client." << p->first
             << " cookie " << p->second << std::endl;
      }
    }
  } else if (strcmp(nargs[0], "set-alloc-hint") == 0) {
    if (!pool_name || nargs.size() < 4) {
      usage(cerr);
      return 1;
    }
    string err;
    string oid(nargs[1]);
    uint64_t expected_object_size = strict_strtoll(nargs[2], 10, &err);
    if (!err.empty()) {
      cerr << "couldn't parse expected_object_size: " << err << std::endl;
      usage(cerr);
      return 1;
    }
    uint64_t expected_write_size = strict_strtoll(nargs[3], 10, &err);
    if (!err.empty()) {
      cerr << "couldn't parse expected_write_size: " << err << std::endl;
      usage(cerr);
      return 1;
    }
    ret = io_ctx.set_alloc_hint(oid, expected_object_size, expected_write_size);
    if (ret < 0) {
      cerr << "error setting alloc-hint " << pool_name << "/" << oid << ": "
           << cpp_strerror(ret) << std::endl;
      return 1;
    }
  } else if (strcmp(nargs[0], "load-gen") == 0) {
    if (!pool_name) {
      cerr << "error: must specify pool" << std::endl;
      usage(cerr);
      return 1;
    }
    LoadGen lg(&rados);
    if (min_obj_len)
      lg.min_obj_len = min_obj_len;
    if (max_obj_len)
      lg.max_obj_len = max_obj_len;
    if (min_op_len)
      lg.min_op_len = min_op_len;
    if (max_op_len)
      lg.max_op_len = max_op_len;
    if (max_ops)
      lg.max_ops = max_ops;
    if (max_backlog)
      lg.max_backlog = max_backlog;
    if (target_throughput)
      lg.target_throughput = target_throughput;
    if (read_percent >= 0)
      lg.read_percent = read_percent;
    if (num_objs)
      lg.num_objs = num_objs;
    if (run_length)
      lg.run_length = run_length;
    if (offset_align)
      lg.offset_align = offset_align;

    cout << "run length " << run_length << " seconds" << std::endl;
    cout << "preparing " << lg.num_objs << " objects" << std::endl;
    ret = lg.bootstrap(pool_name);
    if (ret < 0) {
      cerr << "load-gen bootstrap failed" << std::endl;
      return 1;
    }
    cout << "load-gen will run " << lg.run_length << " seconds" << std::endl;
    lg.run();
    lg.cleanup();
  } else if (strcmp(nargs[0], "listomapkeys") == 0) {
    if (!pool_name || nargs.size() < 2) {
      usage(cerr);
      return 1;
    }

    string last_read;
    bool more = true;
    do {
      set<string> out_keys;
      ret = io_ctx.omap_get_keys2(nargs[1], last_read, MAX_OMAP_BYTES_PER_REQUEST, &out_keys, &more);
      if (ret < 0) {
        cerr << "error getting omap key set " << pool_name << "/"
             << nargs[1] << ": "  << cpp_strerror(ret) << std::endl;
        return 1;
      }

      for (auto &key : out_keys) {
        cout << key << std::endl;
        last_read = std::move(key);
      }
    } while (more);
  } else if (strcmp(nargs[0], "lock") == 0) {
    if (!pool_name) {
      usage(cerr);
      return 1;
    }

    if (!formatter) {
      formatter = std::make_unique<JSONFormatter>(pretty_format);
    }
    ret = do_lock_cmd(nargs, opts, &io_ctx, formatter.get());
  } else if (strcmp(nargs[0], "listwatchers") == 0) {
    if (!pool_name || nargs.size() < 2) {
      usage(cerr);
      return 1;
    }

    string oid(nargs[1]);
    std::list<obj_watch_t> lw;

    ret = io_ctx.list_watchers(oid, &lw);
    if (ret < 0) {
      cerr << "error listing watchers " << pool_name << "/" << oid << ": " << cpp_strerror(ret) << std::endl;
      return 1;
    }
    else
      ret = 0;
    
    for (std::list<obj_watch_t>::iterator i = lw.begin(); i != lw.end(); ++i) {
      cout << "watcher=" << i->addr << " client." << i->watcher_id << " cookie=" << i->cookie << std::endl;
    }
  } else if (strcmp(nargs[0], "listsnaps") == 0) {
    if (!pool_name || nargs.size() < 2) {
      usage(cerr);
      return 1;
    }

    string oid(nargs[1]);
    snap_set_t ls;

    io_ctx.snap_set_read(LIBRADOS_SNAP_DIR);
    ret = io_ctx.list_snaps(oid, &ls);
    if (ret < 0) {
      cerr << "error listing snap shots " << pool_name << "/" << oid << ": " << cpp_strerror(ret) << std::endl;
      return 1;
    }
    else
      ret = 0;

    map<snap_t,string> snamemap;
    if (formatter || pretty_format) {
      vector<snap_t> snaps;
      io_ctx.snap_list(&snaps);
      for (vector<snap_t>::iterator i = snaps.begin();
          i != snaps.end(); ++i) {
        string s;
        if (io_ctx.snap_get_name(*i, &s) < 0)
          continue;
        snamemap.insert(pair<snap_t,string>(*i, s));
      }
    }

    if (formatter) {
      formatter->open_object_section("object");
      formatter->dump_string("name", oid);
      formatter->open_array_section("clones");
    } else {
      cout << oid << ":" << std::endl;
      cout << "cloneid  snaps   size    overlap" << std::endl;
    }

    for (std::vector<clone_info_t>::iterator ci = ls.clones.begin();
          ci != ls.clones.end(); ++ci) {

      if (formatter) formatter->open_object_section("clone");

      if (ci->cloneid == librados::SNAP_HEAD) {
        if (formatter)
          formatter->dump_string("id", "head");
        else
          cout << "head";
      } else {
        if (formatter)
          formatter->dump_unsigned("id", ci->cloneid);
        else
          cout << ci->cloneid;
      }

      if (formatter)
        formatter->open_array_section("snapshots");
      else
        cout << "\t";

      if (!formatter && ci->snaps.empty()) {
        cout << "-";
      }
      for (std::vector<snap_t>::const_iterator snapindex = ci->snaps.begin();
          snapindex != ci->snaps.end(); ++snapindex) {

        map<snap_t,string>::iterator si;

        if (formatter || pretty_format) si = snamemap.find(*snapindex);

        if (formatter) {
          formatter->open_object_section("snapshot");
          formatter->dump_unsigned("id", *snapindex);
          if (si != snamemap.end())
            formatter->dump_string("name", si->second);
          formatter->close_section(); //snapshot
        } else {
          if (snapindex != ci->snaps.begin()) cout << ",";
          if (!pretty_format || (si == snamemap.end()))
            cout << *snapindex;
          else
            cout << si->second << "(" << *snapindex << ")";
        }
      }

      if (formatter) {
        formatter->close_section();     //Snapshots
        formatter->dump_unsigned("size", ci->size);
      } else {
        cout << "\t" << ci->size;
      }

      if (ci->cloneid != librados::SNAP_HEAD) {
        if (formatter)
          formatter->open_array_section("overlaps");
        else
          cout << "\t[";

        for (std::vector< std::pair<uint64_t,uint64_t> >::iterator ovi = ci->overlap.begin();
            ovi != ci->overlap.end(); ++ovi) {
          if (formatter) {
            formatter->open_object_section("section");
            formatter->dump_unsigned("start", ovi->first);
            formatter->dump_unsigned("length", ovi->second);
            formatter->close_section(); //section
          } else {
            if (ovi != ci->overlap.begin()) cout << ",";
            cout << ovi->first << "~" << ovi->second;
          }
        }
        if (formatter)
          formatter->close_section(); //overlaps
        else
          cout << "]" << std::endl;
      }
      if (formatter) formatter->close_section(); //clone
    }
    if (formatter) {
      formatter->close_section(); //clones
      formatter->close_section(); //object
      formatter->flush(cout);
    } else {
      cout << std::endl;
    }
  } else if (strcmp(nargs[0], "list-inconsistent-pg") == 0) {
    if (!formatter) {
      formatter = std::make_unique<JSONFormatter>(pretty_format);
    }
    ret = do_get_inconsistent_pg_cmd(nargs, rados, *formatter);
  } else if (strcmp(nargs[0], "list-inconsistent-obj") == 0) {
    if (!formatter) {
      formatter = std::make_unique<JSONFormatter>(pretty_format);
    }
    ret = do_get_inconsistent_cmd<inconsistent_obj_t>(nargs, rados, *formatter);
  } else if (strcmp(nargs[0], "list-inconsistent-snapset") == 0) {
    if (!formatter) {
      formatter = std::make_unique<JSONFormatter>(pretty_format);
    }
    ret = do_get_inconsistent_cmd<inconsistent_snapset_t>(nargs, rados, *formatter);
  } else if (strcmp(nargs[0], "cache-flush") == 0) {
    if (!pool_name || nargs.size() < 2) {
      usage(cerr);
      return 1;
    }
    string oid(nargs[1]);
    if (with_clones) {
      snap_set_t ls;
      io_ctx.snap_set_read(LIBRADOS_SNAP_DIR);
      ret = io_ctx.list_snaps(oid, &ls);
      if (ret < 0) {
        cerr << "error listing snapshots " << pool_name << "/" << oid << ": "
             << cpp_strerror(ret) << std::endl;
        return 1;
      }
      for (std::vector<clone_info_t>::iterator ci = ls.clones.begin();
           ci != ls.clones.end(); ++ci) {
        if (snapid != CEPH_NOSNAP && ci->cloneid > snapid)
          break;
        io_ctx.snap_set_read(ci->cloneid);
        ret = do_cache_flush(io_ctx, oid);
        if (ret < 0) {
          cerr << "error from cache-flush " << oid << ": "
               << cpp_strerror(ret) << std::endl;
          return 1;
        }
      }
    } else {
      ret = do_cache_flush(io_ctx, oid);
      if (ret < 0) {
        cerr << "error from cache-flush " << oid << ": "
             << cpp_strerror(ret) << std::endl;
        return 1;
      }
    }
  } else if (strcmp(nargs[0], "cache-try-flush") == 0) {
    if (!pool_name || nargs.size() < 2) {
      usage(cerr);
      return 1;
    }
    string oid(nargs[1]);
    if (with_clones) {
      snap_set_t ls;
      io_ctx.snap_set_read(LIBRADOS_SNAP_DIR);
      ret = io_ctx.list_snaps(oid, &ls);
      if (ret < 0) {
        cerr << "error listing snapshots " << pool_name << "/" << oid << ": "
             << cpp_strerror(ret) << std::endl;
        return 1;
      }
      for (std::vector<clone_info_t>::iterator ci = ls.clones.begin();
           ci != ls.clones.end(); ++ci) {
        if (snapid != CEPH_NOSNAP && ci->cloneid > snapid)
          break;
        io_ctx.snap_set_read(ci->cloneid);
        ret = do_cache_try_flush(io_ctx, oid);
        if (ret < 0) {
          cerr << "error from cache-flush " << oid << ": "
               << cpp_strerror(ret) << std::endl;
          return 1;
        }
      }
    } else {
      ret = do_cache_try_flush(io_ctx, oid);
      if (ret < 0) {
        cerr << "error from cache-flush " << oid << ": "
             << cpp_strerror(ret) << std::endl;
        return 1;
      }
    }
  } else if (strcmp(nargs[0], "cache-evict") == 0) {
    if (!pool_name || nargs.size() < 2) {
      usage(cerr);
      return 1;
    }
    string oid(nargs[1]);
    if (with_clones) {
      snap_set_t ls;
      io_ctx.snap_set_read(LIBRADOS_SNAP_DIR);
      ret = io_ctx.list_snaps(oid, &ls);
      if (ret < 0) {
        cerr << "error listing snapshots " << pool_name << "/" << oid << ": "
             << cpp_strerror(ret) << std::endl;
        return 1;
      }
      for (std::vector<clone_info_t>::iterator ci = ls.clones.begin();
           ci != ls.clones.end(); ++ci) {
        if (snapid != CEPH_NOSNAP && ci->cloneid > snapid)
          break;
        io_ctx.snap_set_read(ci->cloneid);
        ret = do_cache_evict(io_ctx, oid);
        if (ret < 0) {
          cerr << "error from cache-flush " << oid << ": "
               << cpp_strerror(ret) << std::endl;
          return 1;
        }
      }
    } else {
      ret = do_cache_evict(io_ctx, oid);
      if (ret < 0) {
        cerr << "error from cache-flush " << oid << ": "
             << cpp_strerror(ret) << std::endl;
        return 1;
      }
    }
  } else if (strcmp(nargs[0], "cache-flush-evict-all") == 0) {
    if (!pool_name) {
      usage(cerr);
      return 1;
    }
    ret = do_cache_flush_evict_all(io_ctx, true);
    if (ret < 0) {
      cerr << "cache-flush-evict-all finished with errors" << std::endl;
      return 1;
    }
  } else if (strcmp(nargs[0], "cache-try-flush-evict-all") == 0) {
    if (!pool_name) {
      usage(cerr);
      return 1;
    }
    ret = do_cache_flush_evict_all(io_ctx, false);
    if (ret < 0) {
      cerr << "cache-try-flush-evict-all finished with errors" << std::endl;
      return 1;
    }
  } else if (strcmp(nargs[0], "set-redirect") == 0) {
    if (!pool_name) {
      usage(cerr);
      return 1;
    }

    const char *target = target_pool_name;
    if (!target)
      target = pool_name;

    const char *target_obj;
    if (nargs.size() < 3) {
      if (strcmp(target, pool_name) == 0) {
        cerr << "cannot copy object into itself" << std::endl;
            return 1;
      }
      target_obj = nargs[1];
    } else {
      target_obj = nargs[2];
    }

    IoCtx target_ctx;
    ret = rados.ioctx_create(target, target_ctx);
    if (target_oloc.size()) {
      target_ctx.locator_set_key(target_oloc);
    }
    if (target_nspace.size()) {
      target_ctx.set_namespace(target_nspace);
    }

    ObjectWriteOperation op;
    if (with_reference) {
      op.set_redirect(target_obj, target_ctx, 0, CEPH_OSD_OP_FLAG_WITH_REFERENCE);
    } else {
      op.set_redirect(target_obj, target_ctx, 0);
    }
    ret = io_ctx.operate(nargs[1], &op);
    if (ret < 0) {
      cerr << "error set-redirect " << pool_name << "/" << nargs[1] << " => " << target << "/" << target_obj << ": " << cpp_strerror(ret) << std::endl;
      return 1;
    }
  } else if (strcmp(nargs[0], "set-chunk") == 0) {
    if (!pool_name) {
      usage(cerr);
      return 1;
    }

    const char *target = target_pool_name;
    if (!target)
      target = pool_name;

    uint64_t offset;
    uint64_t length;
    uint64_t tgt_offset;
    string tgt_oid;
    if (nargs.size() < 6) {
      usage(cerr);
      return 1;
    } else {
      char* endptr = NULL;
      offset = strtoull(nargs[2], &endptr, 10);
      if (*endptr) {
        cerr << "Invalid value for size: '" << nargs[2] << "'" << std::endl;
        return 1;
      }
      length = strtoull(nargs[3], &endptr, 10);
      if (*endptr) {
        cerr << "Invalid value for size: '" << nargs[2] << "'" << std::endl;
        return 1;
      }
      tgt_oid = string(nargs[4]);
      tgt_offset = strtoull(nargs[5], &endptr, 10);
      if (*endptr) {
        cerr << "Invalid value for size: '" << nargs[2] << "'" << std::endl;
        return 1;
      }
    }

    IoCtx target_ctx;
    ret = rados.ioctx_create(target, target_ctx);
    ObjectWriteOperation op;
    if (with_reference) {
      op.set_chunk(offset, length, target_ctx, tgt_oid, tgt_offset, CEPH_OSD_OP_FLAG_WITH_REFERENCE);
    } else {
      op.set_chunk(offset, length, target_ctx, tgt_oid, tgt_offset);
    }
    ret = io_ctx.operate(nargs[1], &op);
    if (ret < 0) {
      cerr << "error set-chunk " << pool_name << "/" << nargs[1] << " " << " offset " << offset
            << " length " << length << " target_pool " << target 
            << "tgt_offset: " << tgt_offset << " : " << cpp_strerror(ret) << std::endl;
      return 1;
    }
  } else if (strcmp(nargs[0], "tier-promote") == 0) {
    if (!pool_name || nargs.size() < 2) {
      usage(cerr);
      return 1;
    }
    string oid(nargs[1]);

    ObjectWriteOperation op;
    op.tier_promote();
    ret = io_ctx.operate(oid, &op);
    if (ret < 0) {
      cerr << "error tier-promote " << pool_name << "/" << oid << " : " 
           << cpp_strerror(ret) << std::endl;
      return 1;
    }
  } else if (strcmp(nargs[0], "unset-manifest") == 0) {
    if (!pool_name || nargs.size() < 2) {
      usage(cerr);
      return 1;
    }
    string oid(nargs[1]);

    ObjectWriteOperation op;
    op.unset_manifest();
    ret = io_ctx.operate(oid, &op);
    if (ret < 0) {
      cerr << "error unset-manifest " << pool_name << "/" << oid << " : " 
           << cpp_strerror(ret) << std::endl;
      return 1;
    }
  } else if (strcmp(nargs[0], "tier-flush") == 0) {
    if (!pool_name || nargs.size() < 2) {
      usage(cerr);
      return 1;
    }
    string oid(nargs[1]);

    ObjectWriteOperation op;
    op.tier_flush();
    ret = io_ctx.operate(oid, &op);
    if (ret < 0) {
      cerr << "error tier-flush " << pool_name << "/" << oid << " : " 
           << cpp_strerror(ret) << std::endl;
      return 1;
    }
  } else if (strcmp(nargs[0], "export") == 0) {
    // export [filename]
    if (!pool_name || nargs.size() > 2) {
      usage(cerr);
      return 1;
    }

    int file_fd;
    if (nargs.size() < 2 || std::string(nargs[1]) == "-") {
      file_fd = STDOUT_FILENO;
    } else {
      file_fd = open(nargs[1], O_WRONLY|O_CREAT|O_TRUNC, 0666);
      if (file_fd < 0) {
        cerr << "Error opening '" << nargs[1] << "': "
          << cpp_strerror(file_fd) << std::endl;
        return 1;
      }
    }

    ret = PoolDump(file_fd).dump(&io_ctx);

    if (file_fd != STDIN_FILENO) {
      VOID_TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(::close(file_fd));
    }

    if (ret < 0) {
      cerr << "error from export: "
           << cpp_strerror(ret) << std::endl;
      return 1;
    }
  } else if (strcmp(nargs[0], "import") == 0) {
    // import [--no-overwrite] [--dry-run] <filename | - >
    if (!pool_name || nargs.size() > 4 || nargs.size() < 2) {
      usage(cerr);
      return 1;
    }

    // Last arg is the filename
    std::string const filename = nargs[nargs.size() - 1];

    // All other args may be flags
    bool dry_run = false;
    bool no_overwrite = false;
    for (unsigned i = 1; i < nargs.size() - 1; ++i) {
      std::string arg(nargs[i]);
      
      if (arg == std::string("--no-overwrite")) {
        no_overwrite = true;
      } else if (arg == std::string("--dry-run")) {
        dry_run = true;
      } else {
        std::cerr << "Invalid argument '" << arg << "'" << std::endl;
        return 1;
      }
    }

    int file_fd;
    if (filename == "-") {
      file_fd = STDIN_FILENO;
    } else {
      file_fd = open(filename.c_str(), O_RDONLY);
      if (file_fd < 0) {
        cerr << "Error opening '" << filename << "': "
          << cpp_strerror(file_fd) << std::endl;
        return 1;
      }
    }

    ret = RadosImport(file_fd, 0, dry_run).import(io_ctx, no_overwrite);

    if (file_fd != STDIN_FILENO) {
      VOID_TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(::close(file_fd));
    }

    if (ret < 0) {
      cerr << "error from import: "
           << cpp_strerror(ret) << std::endl;
      return 1;
    }
  } else {
    cerr << "unrecognized command " << nargs[0] << "; -h or --help for usage" << std::endl;
    ret = -EINVAL;
  }

  if (ret < 0)
    cerr << "error " << (-ret) << ": " << cpp_strerror(ret) << std::endl;

  return (ret < 0) ? 1 : 0;
}

int main(int argc, const char **argv)
{
  vector<const char*> args;
  argv_to_vec(argc, argv, args);
  if (args.empty()) {
    cerr << argv[0] << ": -h or --help for usage" << std::endl;
    exit(1);
  }
  if (ceph_argparse_need_usage(args)) {
    usage(cout);
    exit(0);
  }

  std::map < std::string, std::string > opts;
  std::string val;

  // Necessary to support usage of -f for formatting,
  // since global_init will remove the -f using ceph
  // argparse procedures.
  for (auto j = args.begin(); j != args.end(); ++j) {
    if (strcmp(*j, "--") == 0) {
      break;
    } else if ((j+1) == args.end()) {
      // This can't be a formatting call (no format arg)
      break; 
    } else if (strcmp(*j, "-f") == 0) {
      val = *(j+1);
      unique_ptr<Formatter> formatter(Formatter::create(val.c_str()));
      
      if (formatter) {
        j = args.erase(j);
        opts["format"] = val;
        
        j = args.erase(j);
        break;
      }
    }
  }

  auto cct = global_init(NULL, args, CEPH_ENTITY_TYPE_CLIENT,
                             CODE_ENVIRONMENT_UTILITY, 0);
  common_init_finish(g_ceph_context);

  std::vector<const char*>::iterator i;
  for (i = args.begin(); i != args.end(); ) {
    if (ceph_argparse_double_dash(args, i)) {
      break;
    } else if (ceph_argparse_flag(args, i, "--force-full", (char*)NULL)) {
      opts["force-full"] = "true";
    } else if (ceph_argparse_flag(args, i, "-d", "--delete-after", (char*)NULL)) {
      opts["delete-after"] = "true";
    } else if (ceph_argparse_flag(args, i, "-C", "--create", "--create-pool",
                                  (char*)NULL)) {
      opts["create"] = "true";
    } else if (ceph_argparse_flag(args, i, "--pretty-format", (char*)NULL)) {
      opts["pretty-format"] = "true";
    } else if (ceph_argparse_flag(args, i, "--show-time", (char*)NULL)) {
      opts["show-time"] = "true";
    } else if (ceph_argparse_flag(args, i, "--no-cleanup", (char*)NULL)) {
      opts["no-cleanup"] = "true";
    } else if (ceph_argparse_flag(args, i, "--no-hints", (char*)NULL)) {
      opts["no-hints"] = "true";
    } else if (ceph_argparse_flag(args, i, "--reuse-bench", (char*)NULL)) {
      opts["reuse-bench"] = "true";
    } else if (ceph_argparse_flag(args, i, "--no-verify", (char*)NULL)) {
      opts["no-verify"] = "true";
    } else if (ceph_argparse_witharg(args, i, &val, "--run-name", (char*)NULL)) {
      opts["run-name"] = val;
    } else if (ceph_argparse_witharg(args, i, &val, "--prefix", (char*)NULL)) {
      opts["prefix"] = val;
    } else if (ceph_argparse_witharg(args, i, &val, "-p", "--pool", (char*)NULL)) {
      opts["pool"] = val;
    } else if (ceph_argparse_witharg(args, i, &val, "--target-pool", (char*)NULL)) {
      opts["target_pool"] = val;
    } else if (ceph_argparse_witharg(args, i, &val, "--object-locator" , (char *)NULL)) {
      opts["object_locator"] = val;
    } else if (ceph_argparse_witharg(args, i, &val, "--target-locator" , (char *)NULL)) {
      opts["target_locator"] = val;
    } else if (ceph_argparse_witharg(args, i, &val, "--target-nspace" , (char *)NULL)) {
      opts["target_nspace"] = val;
#ifdef WITH_LIBRADOSSTRIPER
    } else if (ceph_argparse_flag(args, i, "--striper" , (char *)NULL)) {
      opts["striper"] = "true";
#endif
    } else if (ceph_argparse_witharg(args, i, &val, "-t", "--concurrent-ios", (char*)NULL)) {
      opts["concurrent-ios"] = val;
    } else if (ceph_argparse_witharg(args, i, &val, "--block-size", (char*)NULL)) {
      opts["block-size"] = val;
    } else if (ceph_argparse_witharg(args, i, &val, "-b", (char*)NULL)) {
      opts["block-size"] = val;
    } else if (ceph_argparse_witharg(args, i, &val, "--object-size", (char*)NULL)) {
      opts["object-size"] = val;
    } else if (ceph_argparse_witharg(args, i, &val, "--max-objects", (char*)NULL)) {
      opts["max-objects"] = val;
    } else if (ceph_argparse_witharg(args, i, &val, "--offset", (char*)NULL)) {
      opts["offset"] = val;
    } else if (ceph_argparse_witharg(args, i, &val, "-O", (char*)NULL)) {
      opts["object-size"] = val;
    } else if (ceph_argparse_witharg(args, i, &val, "-s", "--snap", (char*)NULL)) {
      opts["snap"] = val;
    } else if (ceph_argparse_witharg(args, i, &val, "-S", "--snapid", (char*)NULL)) {
      opts["snapid"] = val;
    } else if (ceph_argparse_witharg(args, i, &val, "--min-object-size", (char*)NULL)) {
      opts["min-object-size"] = val;
    } else if (ceph_argparse_witharg(args, i, &val, "--max-object-size", (char*)NULL)) {
      opts["max-object-size"] = val;
    } else if (ceph_argparse_witharg(args, i, &val, "--min-op-len", (char*)NULL)) {
      opts["min-op-len"] = val;
    } else if (ceph_argparse_witharg(args, i, &val, "--max-op-len", (char*)NULL)) {
      opts["max-op-len"] = val;
    } else if (ceph_argparse_witharg(args, i, &val, "--max-ops", (char*)NULL)) {
      opts["max-ops"] = val;
    } else if (ceph_argparse_witharg(args, i, &val, "--max-backlog", (char*)NULL)) {
      opts["max-backlog"] = val;
    } else if (ceph_argparse_witharg(args, i, &val, "--target-throughput", (char*)NULL)) {
      opts["target-throughput"] = val;
    } else if (ceph_argparse_witharg(args, i, &val, "--offset-align", (char*)NULL)) {
      opts["offset_align"] = val;
    } else if (ceph_argparse_witharg(args, i, &val, "--read-percent", (char*)NULL)) {
      opts["read-percent"] = val;
    } else if (ceph_argparse_witharg(args, i, &val, "--num-objects", (char*)NULL)) {
      opts["num-objects"] = val;
    } else if (ceph_argparse_witharg(args, i, &val, "--run-length", (char*)NULL)) {
      opts["run-length"] = val;
    } else if (ceph_argparse_witharg(args, i, &val, "--workers", (char*)NULL)) {
      opts["workers"] = val;
    } else if (ceph_argparse_witharg(args, i, &val, "-f", "--format", (char*)NULL)) {
      opts["format"] = val;
    } else if (ceph_argparse_witharg(args, i, &val, "--lock-tag", (char*)NULL)) {
      opts["lock-tag"] = val;
    } else if (ceph_argparse_witharg(args, i, &val, "--lock-cookie", (char*)NULL)) {
      opts["lock-cookie"] = val;
    } else if (ceph_argparse_witharg(args, i, &val, "--lock-description", (char*)NULL)) {
      opts["lock-description"] = val;
    } else if (ceph_argparse_witharg(args, i, &val, "--lock-duration", (char*)NULL)) {
      opts["lock-duration"] = val;
    } else if (ceph_argparse_witharg(args, i, &val, "--lock-type", (char*)NULL)) {
      opts["lock-type"] = val;
    } else if (ceph_argparse_witharg(args, i, &val, "-N", "--namespace", (char*)NULL)) {
      opts["namespace"] = val;
    } else if (ceph_argparse_flag(args, i, "--all", (char*)NULL)) {
      opts["all"] = "true";
    } else if (ceph_argparse_flag(args, i, "--default", (char*)NULL)) {
      opts["default"] = "true";
    } else if (ceph_argparse_witharg(args, i, &val, "-o", "--output", (char*)NULL)) {
      opts["output"] = val;
    } else if (ceph_argparse_flag(args, i, "--write-omap", (char*)NULL)) {
      opts["write-dest-omap"] = "true";
    } else if (ceph_argparse_flag(args, i, "--write-object", (char*)NULL)) {
      opts["write-dest-obj"] = "true";
    } else if (ceph_argparse_flag(args, i, "--write-xattr", (char*)NULL)) {
      opts["write-dest-xattr"] = "true";
    } else if (ceph_argparse_flag(args, i, "--with-clones", (char*)NULL)) {
      opts["with-clones"] = "true";
    } else if (ceph_argparse_witharg(args, i, &val, "--omap-key-file", (char*)NULL)) {
      opts["omap-key-file"] = val;
    } else if (ceph_argparse_flag(args, i, "--with-reference", (char*)NULL)) {
      opts["with-reference"] = "true";
    } else if (ceph_argparse_witharg(args, i, &val, "--pgid", (char*)NULL)) {
      opts["pgid"] = val;
    } else {
      if (val[0] == '-')
        usage_exit();
      ++i;
    }
  }

  if (args.empty()) {
    cerr << "rados: you must give an action. Try --help" << std::endl;
    return 1;
  }

  return rados_tool_common(opts, args);
}