datapath: refactor do_output() to move skb_clone NULL check out of fast path

[mirror_ovs.git] / datapath / actions.c

/*
 * Copyright (c) 2007-2014 Nicira, Inc.
 *
 * This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
 * modify it under the terms of version 2 of the GNU General Public
 * License as published by the Free Software Foundation.
 *
 * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
 * WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
 * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
 * General Public License for more details.
 *
 * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
 * along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
 * Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA
 * 02110-1301, USA
 */

#define pr_fmt(fmt) KBUILD_MODNAME ": " fmt

#include <linux/skbuff.h>
#include <linux/in.h>
#include <linux/ip.h>
#include <linux/openvswitch.h>
#include <linux/sctp.h>
#include <linux/tcp.h>
#include <linux/udp.h>
#include <linux/in6.h>
#include <linux/if_arp.h>
#include <linux/if_vlan.h>
#include <net/ip.h>
#include <net/ipv6.h>
#include <net/checksum.h>
#include <net/dsfield.h>
#include <net/sctp/checksum.h>

#include "datapath.h"
#include "gso.h"
#include "mpls.h"
#include "vlan.h"
#include "vport.h"

static int do_execute_actions(struct datapath *dp, struct sk_buff *skb,
                              const struct nlattr *attr, int len);

static int make_writable(struct sk_buff *skb, int write_len)
{
        if (!skb_cloned(skb) || skb_clone_writable(skb, write_len))
                return 0;

        return pskb_expand_head(skb, 0, 0, GFP_ATOMIC);
}

/* The end of the mac header.
 *
 * For non-MPLS skbs this will correspond to the network header.
 * For MPLS skbs it will be before the network_header as the MPLS
 * label stack lies between the end of the mac header and the network
 * header. That is, for MPLS skbs the end of the mac header
 * is the top of the MPLS label stack.
 */
static unsigned char *mac_header_end(const struct sk_buff *skb)
{
        return skb_mac_header(skb) + skb->mac_len;
}

static int push_mpls(struct sk_buff *skb,
                     const struct ovs_action_push_mpls *mpls)
{
        __be32 *new_mpls_lse;
        struct ethhdr *hdr;

        if (skb_cow_head(skb, MPLS_HLEN) < 0)
                return -ENOMEM;

        skb_push(skb, MPLS_HLEN);
        memmove(skb_mac_header(skb) - MPLS_HLEN, skb_mac_header(skb),
                skb->mac_len);
        skb_reset_mac_header(skb);

        new_mpls_lse = (__be32 *)mac_header_end(skb);
        *new_mpls_lse = mpls->mpls_lse;

        if (skb->ip_summed == CHECKSUM_COMPLETE)
                skb->csum = csum_add(skb->csum, csum_partial(new_mpls_lse,
                                                             MPLS_HLEN, 0));

        hdr = eth_hdr(skb);
        hdr->h_proto = mpls->mpls_ethertype;
        if (!ovs_skb_get_inner_protocol(skb))
                ovs_skb_set_inner_protocol(skb, skb->protocol);
        skb->protocol = mpls->mpls_ethertype;
        return 0;
}

static int pop_mpls(struct sk_buff *skb, const __be16 ethertype)
{
        struct ethhdr *hdr;
        int err;

        err = make_writable(skb, skb->mac_len + MPLS_HLEN);
        if (unlikely(err))
                return err;

        if (skb->ip_summed == CHECKSUM_COMPLETE)
                skb->csum = csum_sub(skb->csum,
                                     csum_partial(mac_header_end(skb),
                                                  MPLS_HLEN, 0));

        memmove(skb_mac_header(skb) + MPLS_HLEN, skb_mac_header(skb),
                skb->mac_len);

        __skb_pull(skb, MPLS_HLEN);
        skb_reset_mac_header(skb);

        /* mac_header_end() is used to locate the ethertype
         * field correctly in the presence of VLAN tags.
         */
        hdr = (struct ethhdr *)(mac_header_end(skb) - ETH_HLEN);
        hdr->h_proto = ethertype;
        if (eth_p_mpls(skb->protocol))
                skb->protocol = ethertype;
        return 0;
}

static int set_mpls(struct sk_buff *skb, const __be32 *mpls_lse)
{
        __be32 *stack = (__be32 *)mac_header_end(skb);
        int err;

        err = make_writable(skb, skb->mac_len + MPLS_HLEN);
        if (unlikely(err))
                return err;

        if (skb->ip_summed == CHECKSUM_COMPLETE) {
                __be32 diff[] = { ~(*stack), *mpls_lse };
                skb->csum = ~csum_partial((char *)diff, sizeof(diff),
                                          ~skb->csum);
        }

        *stack = *mpls_lse;

        return 0;
}

/* remove VLAN header from packet and update csum accordingly. */
static int __pop_vlan_tci(struct sk_buff *skb, __be16 *current_tci)
{
        struct vlan_hdr *vhdr;
        int err;

        err = make_writable(skb, VLAN_ETH_HLEN);
        if (unlikely(err))
                return err;

        if (skb->ip_summed == CHECKSUM_COMPLETE)
                skb->csum = csum_sub(skb->csum, csum_partial(skb->data
                                        + (2 * ETH_ALEN), VLAN_HLEN, 0));

        vhdr = (struct vlan_hdr *)(skb->data + ETH_HLEN);
        *current_tci = vhdr->h_vlan_TCI;

        memmove(skb->data + VLAN_HLEN, skb->data, 2 * ETH_ALEN);
        __skb_pull(skb, VLAN_HLEN);

        vlan_set_encap_proto(skb, vhdr);
        skb->mac_header += VLAN_HLEN;
        /* Update mac_len for subsequent MPLS actions */
        skb->mac_len -= VLAN_HLEN;

        return 0;
}

static int pop_vlan(struct sk_buff *skb)
{
        __be16 tci;
        int err;

        if (likely(vlan_tx_tag_present(skb))) {
                vlan_set_tci(skb, 0);
        } else {
                if (unlikely(skb->protocol != htons(ETH_P_8021Q) ||
                             skb->len < VLAN_ETH_HLEN))
                        return 0;

                err = __pop_vlan_tci(skb, &tci);
                if (err)
                        return err;
        }
        /* move next vlan tag to hw accel tag */
        if (likely(skb->protocol != htons(ETH_P_8021Q) ||
                   skb->len < VLAN_ETH_HLEN))
                return 0;

        err = __pop_vlan_tci(skb, &tci);
        if (unlikely(err))
                return err;

        __vlan_hwaccel_put_tag(skb, htons(ETH_P_8021Q), ntohs(tci));
        return 0;
}

static int push_vlan(struct sk_buff *skb, const struct ovs_action_push_vlan *vlan)
{
        if (unlikely(vlan_tx_tag_present(skb))) {
                u16 current_tag;

                /* push down current VLAN tag */
                current_tag = vlan_tx_tag_get(skb);

                if (!__vlan_put_tag(skb, skb->vlan_proto, current_tag))
                        return -ENOMEM;

                /* Update mac_len for subsequent MPLS actions */
                skb->mac_len += VLAN_HLEN;

                if (skb->ip_summed == CHECKSUM_COMPLETE)
                        skb->csum = csum_add(skb->csum, csum_partial(skb->data
                                        + (2 * ETH_ALEN), VLAN_HLEN, 0));

        }
        __vlan_hwaccel_put_tag(skb, vlan->vlan_tpid, ntohs(vlan->vlan_tci) & ~VLAN_TAG_PRESENT);
        return 0;
}

static int set_eth_addr(struct sk_buff *skb,
                        const struct ovs_key_ethernet *eth_key)
{
        int err;
        err = make_writable(skb, ETH_HLEN);
        if (unlikely(err))
                return err;

        skb_postpull_rcsum(skb, eth_hdr(skb), ETH_ALEN * 2);

        ether_addr_copy(eth_hdr(skb)->h_source, eth_key->eth_src);
        ether_addr_copy(eth_hdr(skb)->h_dest, eth_key->eth_dst);

        ovs_skb_postpush_rcsum(skb, eth_hdr(skb), ETH_ALEN * 2);

        return 0;
}

static void set_ip_addr(struct sk_buff *skb, struct iphdr *nh,
                                __be32 *addr, __be32 new_addr)
{
        int transport_len = skb->len - skb_transport_offset(skb);

        if (nh->protocol == IPPROTO_TCP) {
                if (likely(transport_len >= sizeof(struct tcphdr)))
                        inet_proto_csum_replace4(&tcp_hdr(skb)->check, skb,
                                                 *addr, new_addr, 1);
        } else if (nh->protocol == IPPROTO_UDP) {
                if (likely(transport_len >= sizeof(struct udphdr))) {
                        struct udphdr *uh = udp_hdr(skb);

                        if (uh->check || skb->ip_summed == CHECKSUM_PARTIAL) {
                                inet_proto_csum_replace4(&uh->check, skb,
                                                         *addr, new_addr, 1);
                                if (!uh->check)
                                        uh->check = CSUM_MANGLED_0;
                        }
                }
        }

        csum_replace4(&nh->check, *addr, new_addr);
        skb_clear_hash(skb);
        *addr = new_addr;
}

static void update_ipv6_checksum(struct sk_buff *skb, u8 l4_proto,
                                 __be32 addr[4], const __be32 new_addr[4])
{
        int transport_len = skb->len - skb_transport_offset(skb);

        if (l4_proto == IPPROTO_TCP) {
                if (likely(transport_len >= sizeof(struct tcphdr)))
                        inet_proto_csum_replace16(&tcp_hdr(skb)->check, skb,
                                                  addr, new_addr, 1);
        } else if (l4_proto == IPPROTO_UDP) {
                if (likely(transport_len >= sizeof(struct udphdr))) {
                        struct udphdr *uh = udp_hdr(skb);

                        if (uh->check || skb->ip_summed == CHECKSUM_PARTIAL) {
                                inet_proto_csum_replace16(&uh->check, skb,
                                                          addr, new_addr, 1);
                                if (!uh->check)
                                        uh->check = CSUM_MANGLED_0;
                        }
                }
        }
}

static void set_ipv6_addr(struct sk_buff *skb, u8 l4_proto,
                          __be32 addr[4], const __be32 new_addr[4],
                          bool recalculate_csum)
{
        if (recalculate_csum)
                update_ipv6_checksum(skb, l4_proto, addr, new_addr);

        skb_clear_hash(skb);
        memcpy(addr, new_addr, sizeof(__be32[4]));
}

static void set_ipv6_tc(struct ipv6hdr *nh, u8 tc)
{
        nh->priority = tc >> 4;
        nh->flow_lbl[0] = (nh->flow_lbl[0] & 0x0F) | ((tc & 0x0F) << 4);
}

static void set_ipv6_fl(struct ipv6hdr *nh, u32 fl)
{
        nh->flow_lbl[0] = (nh->flow_lbl[0] & 0xF0) | (fl & 0x000F0000) >> 16;
        nh->flow_lbl[1] = (fl & 0x0000FF00) >> 8;
        nh->flow_lbl[2] = fl & 0x000000FF;
}

static void set_ip_ttl(struct sk_buff *skb, struct iphdr *nh, u8 new_ttl)
{
        csum_replace2(&nh->check, htons(nh->ttl << 8), htons(new_ttl << 8));
        nh->ttl = new_ttl;
}

static int set_ipv4(struct sk_buff *skb, const struct ovs_key_ipv4 *ipv4_key)
{
        struct iphdr *nh;
        int err;

        err = make_writable(skb, skb_network_offset(skb) +
                                 sizeof(struct iphdr));
        if (unlikely(err))
                return err;

        nh = ip_hdr(skb);

        if (ipv4_key->ipv4_src != nh->saddr)
                set_ip_addr(skb, nh, &nh->saddr, ipv4_key->ipv4_src);

        if (ipv4_key->ipv4_dst != nh->daddr)
                set_ip_addr(skb, nh, &nh->daddr, ipv4_key->ipv4_dst);

        if (ipv4_key->ipv4_tos != nh->tos)
                ipv4_change_dsfield(nh, 0, ipv4_key->ipv4_tos);

        if (ipv4_key->ipv4_ttl != nh->ttl)
                set_ip_ttl(skb, nh, ipv4_key->ipv4_ttl);

        return 0;
}

static int set_ipv6(struct sk_buff *skb, const struct ovs_key_ipv6 *ipv6_key)
{
        struct ipv6hdr *nh;
        int err;
        __be32 *saddr;
        __be32 *daddr;

        err = make_writable(skb, skb_network_offset(skb) +
                            sizeof(struct ipv6hdr));
        if (unlikely(err))
                return err;

        nh = ipv6_hdr(skb);
        saddr = (__be32 *)&nh->saddr;
        daddr = (__be32 *)&nh->daddr;

        if (memcmp(ipv6_key->ipv6_src, saddr, sizeof(ipv6_key->ipv6_src)))
                set_ipv6_addr(skb, ipv6_key->ipv6_proto, saddr,
                              ipv6_key->ipv6_src, true);

        if (memcmp(ipv6_key->ipv6_dst, daddr, sizeof(ipv6_key->ipv6_dst))) {
                unsigned int offset = 0;
                int flags = OVS_IP6T_FH_F_SKIP_RH;
                bool recalc_csum = true;

                if (ipv6_ext_hdr(nh->nexthdr))
                        recalc_csum = ipv6_find_hdr(skb, &offset,
                                                    NEXTHDR_ROUTING, NULL,
                                                    &flags) != NEXTHDR_ROUTING;

                set_ipv6_addr(skb, ipv6_key->ipv6_proto, daddr,
                              ipv6_key->ipv6_dst, recalc_csum);
        }

        set_ipv6_tc(nh, ipv6_key->ipv6_tclass);
        set_ipv6_fl(nh, ntohl(ipv6_key->ipv6_label));
        nh->hop_limit = ipv6_key->ipv6_hlimit;

        return 0;
}

/* Must follow make_writable() since that can move the skb data. */
static void set_tp_port(struct sk_buff *skb, __be16 *port,
                         __be16 new_port, __sum16 *check)
{
        inet_proto_csum_replace2(check, skb, *port, new_port, 0);
        *port = new_port;
        skb_clear_hash(skb);
}

static void set_udp_port(struct sk_buff *skb, __be16 *port, __be16 new_port)
{
        struct udphdr *uh = udp_hdr(skb);

        if (uh->check && skb->ip_summed != CHECKSUM_PARTIAL) {
                set_tp_port(skb, port, new_port, &uh->check);

                if (!uh->check)
                        uh->check = CSUM_MANGLED_0;
        } else {
                *port = new_port;
                skb_clear_hash(skb);
        }
}

static int set_udp(struct sk_buff *skb, const struct ovs_key_udp *udp_port_key)
{
        struct udphdr *uh;
        int err;

        err = make_writable(skb, skb_transport_offset(skb) +
                                 sizeof(struct udphdr));
        if (unlikely(err))
                return err;

        uh = udp_hdr(skb);
        if (udp_port_key->udp_src != uh->source)
                set_udp_port(skb, &uh->source, udp_port_key->udp_src);

        if (udp_port_key->udp_dst != uh->dest)
                set_udp_port(skb, &uh->dest, udp_port_key->udp_dst);

        return 0;
}

static int set_tcp(struct sk_buff *skb, const struct ovs_key_tcp *tcp_port_key)
{
        struct tcphdr *th;
        int err;

        err = make_writable(skb, skb_transport_offset(skb) +
                                 sizeof(struct tcphdr));
        if (unlikely(err))
                return err;

        th = tcp_hdr(skb);
        if (tcp_port_key->tcp_src != th->source)
                set_tp_port(skb, &th->source, tcp_port_key->tcp_src, &th->check);

        if (tcp_port_key->tcp_dst != th->dest)
                set_tp_port(skb, &th->dest, tcp_port_key->tcp_dst, &th->check);

        return 0;
}

static int set_sctp(struct sk_buff *skb,
                     const struct ovs_key_sctp *sctp_port_key)
{
        struct sctphdr *sh;
        int err;
        unsigned int sctphoff = skb_transport_offset(skb);

        err = make_writable(skb, sctphoff + sizeof(struct sctphdr));
        if (unlikely(err))
                return err;

        sh = sctp_hdr(skb);
        if (sctp_port_key->sctp_src != sh->source ||
            sctp_port_key->sctp_dst != sh->dest) {
                __le32 old_correct_csum, new_csum, old_csum;

                old_csum = sh->checksum;
                old_correct_csum = sctp_compute_cksum(skb, sctphoff);

                sh->source = sctp_port_key->sctp_src;
                sh->dest = sctp_port_key->sctp_dst;

                new_csum = sctp_compute_cksum(skb, sctphoff);

                /* Carry any checksum errors through. */
                sh->checksum = old_csum ^ old_correct_csum ^ new_csum;

                skb_clear_hash(skb);
        }

        return 0;
}

static void do_output(struct datapath *dp, struct sk_buff *skb, int out_port)
{
        struct vport *vport = ovs_vport_rcu(dp, out_port);

        if (likely(vport))
                ovs_vport_send(vport, skb);
        else
                kfree_skb(skb);
}

static int output_userspace(struct datapath *dp, struct sk_buff *skb,
                            const struct nlattr *attr)
{
        struct dp_upcall_info upcall;
        const struct nlattr *a;
        int rem;

        BUG_ON(!OVS_CB(skb)->pkt_key);

        upcall.cmd = OVS_PACKET_CMD_ACTION;
        upcall.key = OVS_CB(skb)->pkt_key;
        upcall.userdata = NULL;
        upcall.portid = 0;

        for (a = nla_data(attr), rem = nla_len(attr); rem > 0;
                 a = nla_next(a, &rem)) {
                switch (nla_type(a)) {
                case OVS_USERSPACE_ATTR_USERDATA:
                        upcall.userdata = a;
                        break;

                case OVS_USERSPACE_ATTR_PID:
                        upcall.portid = nla_get_u32(a);
                        break;
                }
        }

        return ovs_dp_upcall(dp, skb, &upcall);
}

static bool last_action(const struct nlattr *a, int rem)
{
        return a->nla_len == rem;
}

static int sample(struct datapath *dp, struct sk_buff *skb,
                  const struct nlattr *attr)
{
        const struct nlattr *acts_list = NULL;
        const struct nlattr *a;
        struct sk_buff *sample_skb;
        int rem;

        for (a = nla_data(attr), rem = nla_len(attr); rem > 0;
                 a = nla_next(a, &rem)) {
                switch (nla_type(a)) {
                case OVS_SAMPLE_ATTR_PROBABILITY:
                        if (prandom_u32() >= nla_get_u32(a))
                                return 0;
                        break;

                case OVS_SAMPLE_ATTR_ACTIONS:
                        acts_list = a;
                        break;
                }
        }

        rem = nla_len(acts_list);
        a = nla_data(acts_list);

        /* Actions list is either empty or only contains a single user-space
         * action, the latter being a special case as it is the only known
         * usage of the sample action.
         * In these special cases don't clone the skb as there are no
         * side-effects in the nested actions.
         * Otherwise, clone in case the nested actions have side effects. */
        if (likely(rem == 0 ||
                   (nla_type(a) == OVS_ACTION_ATTR_USERSPACE &&
                    last_action(a, rem)))) {
                sample_skb = skb;
                skb_get(skb);
        } else {
                sample_skb = skb_clone(skb, GFP_ATOMIC);
                if (!sample_skb)
                        /* Skip the sample action when out of memory. */
                        return 0;
        }

        /* Note that do_execute_actions() never consumes skb.
         * In the case where skb has been cloned above it is the clone that
         * is consumed.  Otherwise the skb_get(skb) call prevents
         * consumption by do_execute_actions(). Thus, it is safe to simply
         * return the error code and let the caller (also
         * do_execute_actions()) free skb on error. */
        return do_execute_actions(dp, sample_skb, a, rem);
}

static void execute_hash(struct sk_buff *skb, const struct nlattr *attr)
{
        struct sw_flow_key *key = OVS_CB(skb)->pkt_key;
        struct ovs_action_hash *hash_act = nla_data(attr);
        u32 hash = 0;

        /* OVS_HASH_ALG_L4 is the only possible hash algorithm.  */
        hash = skb_get_hash(skb);
        hash = jhash_1word(hash, hash_act->hash_basis);
        if (!hash)
                hash = 0x1;

        key->ovs_flow_hash = hash;
}

static int execute_set_action(struct sk_buff *skb,
                                 const struct nlattr *nested_attr)
{
        int err = 0;

        switch (nla_type(nested_attr)) {
        case OVS_KEY_ATTR_PRIORITY:
                skb->priority = nla_get_u32(nested_attr);
                break;

        case OVS_KEY_ATTR_SKB_MARK:
                skb->mark = nla_get_u32(nested_attr);
                break;

        case OVS_KEY_ATTR_TUNNEL_INFO:
                OVS_CB(skb)->tun_info = nla_data(nested_attr);
                break;

        case OVS_KEY_ATTR_ETHERNET:
                err = set_eth_addr(skb, nla_data(nested_attr));
                break;

        case OVS_KEY_ATTR_IPV4:
                err = set_ipv4(skb, nla_data(nested_attr));
                break;

        case OVS_KEY_ATTR_IPV6:
                err = set_ipv6(skb, nla_data(nested_attr));
                break;

        case OVS_KEY_ATTR_TCP:
                err = set_tcp(skb, nla_data(nested_attr));
                break;

        case OVS_KEY_ATTR_UDP:
                err = set_udp(skb, nla_data(nested_attr));
                break;

        case OVS_KEY_ATTR_SCTP:
                err = set_sctp(skb, nla_data(nested_attr));
                break;

        case OVS_KEY_ATTR_MPLS:
                err = set_mpls(skb, nla_data(nested_attr));
                break;
        }

        return err;
}

static int execute_recirc(struct datapath *dp, struct sk_buff *skb,
                                 const struct nlattr *a)
{
        struct sw_flow_key recirc_key;
        const struct vport *p = OVS_CB(skb)->input_vport;
        uint32_t hash = OVS_CB(skb)->pkt_key->ovs_flow_hash;
        int err;

        err = ovs_flow_extract(skb, p->port_no, &recirc_key);
        if (err) {
                kfree_skb(skb);
                return err;
        }

        recirc_key.ovs_flow_hash = hash;
        recirc_key.recirc_id = nla_get_u32(a);

        ovs_dp_process_packet_with_key(skb, &recirc_key, true);

        return 0;
}

/* Execute a list of actions against 'skb'. */
static int do_execute_actions(struct datapath *dp, struct sk_buff *skb,
                        const struct nlattr *attr, int len)
{
        /* Every output action needs a separate clone of 'skb', but the common
         * case is just a single output action, so that doing a clone and
         * then freeing the original skbuff is wasteful.  So the following code
         * is slightly obscure just to avoid that. */
        int prev_port = -1;
        const struct nlattr *a;
        int rem;

        for (a = attr, rem = len; rem > 0;
             a = nla_next(a, &rem)) {
                int err = 0;

                if (unlikely(prev_port != -1)) {
                        struct sk_buff *out_skb = skb_clone(skb, GFP_ATOMIC);

                        if (out_skb)
                                do_output(dp, out_skb, prev_port);

                        prev_port = -1;
                }

                switch (nla_type(a)) {
                case OVS_ACTION_ATTR_OUTPUT:
                        prev_port = nla_get_u32(a);
                        break;

                case OVS_ACTION_ATTR_USERSPACE:
                        output_userspace(dp, skb, a);
                        break;

                case OVS_ACTION_ATTR_HASH:
                        execute_hash(skb, a);
                        break;

                case OVS_ACTION_ATTR_PUSH_MPLS:
                        err = push_mpls(skb, nla_data(a));
                        break;

                case OVS_ACTION_ATTR_POP_MPLS:
                        err = pop_mpls(skb, nla_get_be16(a));
                        break;

                case OVS_ACTION_ATTR_PUSH_VLAN:
                        err = push_vlan(skb, nla_data(a));
                        if (unlikely(err)) /* skb already freed. */
                                return err;
                        break;

                case OVS_ACTION_ATTR_POP_VLAN:
                        err = pop_vlan(skb);
                        break;

                case OVS_ACTION_ATTR_RECIRC: {
                        struct sk_buff *recirc_skb;

                        if (last_action(a, rem))
                                return execute_recirc(dp, skb, a);

                        /* Recirc action is the not the last action
                         * of the action list. */
                        recirc_skb = skb_clone(skb, GFP_ATOMIC);

                        /* Skip the recirc action when out of memory, but
                         * continue on with the rest of the action list. */
                        if (recirc_skb)
                                err = execute_recirc(dp, recirc_skb, a);

                        break;
                }

                case OVS_ACTION_ATTR_SET:
                        err = execute_set_action(skb, nla_data(a));
                        break;

                case OVS_ACTION_ATTR_SAMPLE:
                        err = sample(dp, skb, a);
                        break;
                }

                if (unlikely(err)) {
                        kfree_skb(skb);
                        return err;
                }
        }

        if (prev_port != -1)
                do_output(dp, skb, prev_port);
        else
                consume_skb(skb);

        return 0;
}

/* We limit the number of times that we pass into execute_actions()
 * to avoid blowing out the stack in the event that we have a loop.
 *
 * Each loop adds some (estimated) cost to the kernel stack.
 * The loop terminates when the max cost is exceeded.
 * */
#define RECIRC_STACK_COST 1
#define DEFAULT_STACK_COST 4
/* Allow up to 4 regular services, and up to 3 recirculations */
#define MAX_STACK_COST (DEFAULT_STACK_COST * 4 + RECIRC_STACK_COST * 3)

struct loop_counter {
        u8 stack_cost;          /* loop stack cost. */
        bool looping;           /* Loop detected? */
};

static DEFINE_PER_CPU(struct loop_counter, loop_counters);

static int loop_suppress(struct datapath *dp, struct sw_flow_actions *actions)
{
        if (net_ratelimit())
                pr_warn("%s: flow loop detected, dropping\n",
                                ovs_dp_name(dp));
        actions->actions_len = 0;
        return -ELOOP;
}

/* Execute a list of actions against 'skb'. */
int ovs_execute_actions(struct datapath *dp, struct sk_buff *skb, bool recirc)
{
        struct sw_flow_actions *acts = rcu_dereference(OVS_CB(skb)->flow->sf_acts);
        const u8 stack_cost = recirc ? RECIRC_STACK_COST : DEFAULT_STACK_COST;
        struct loop_counter *loop;
        int error;

        /* Check whether we've looped too much. */
        loop = &__get_cpu_var(loop_counters);
        loop->stack_cost += stack_cost;
        if (unlikely(loop->stack_cost > MAX_STACK_COST))
                loop->looping = true;
        if (unlikely(loop->looping)) {
                error = loop_suppress(dp, acts);
                kfree_skb(skb);
                goto out_loop;
        }

        OVS_CB(skb)->tun_info = NULL;
        error = do_execute_actions(dp, skb, acts->actions, acts->actions_len);

        /* Check whether sub-actions looped too much. */
        if (unlikely(loop->looping))
                error = loop_suppress(dp, acts);

out_loop:
        /* Decrement loop stack cost. */
        loop->stack_cost -= stack_cost;
        if (!loop->stack_cost)
                loop->looping = false;

        return error;
}