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1 //! Functionality for ordering and comparison.
2 //!
3 //! This module contains various tools for ordering and comparing values. In
4 //! summary:
5 //!
6 //! * [`Eq`] and [`PartialEq`] are traits that allow you to define total and
7 //! partial equality between values, respectively. Implementing them overloads
8 //! the `==` and `!=` operators.
9 //! * [`Ord`] and [`PartialOrd`] are traits that allow you to define total and
10 //! partial orderings between values, respectively. Implementing them overloads
11 //! the `<`, `<=`, `>`, and `>=` operators.
12 //! * [`Ordering`] is an enum returned by the main functions of [`Ord`] and
13 //! [`PartialOrd`], and describes an ordering.
14 //! * [`Reverse`] is a struct that allows you to easily reverse an ordering.
15 //! * [`max`] and [`min`] are functions that build off of [`Ord`] and allow you
16 //! to find the maximum or minimum of two values.
17 //!
18 //! For more details, see the respective documentation of each item in the list.
19 //!
20 //! [`max`]: Ord::max
21 //! [`min`]: Ord::min
22
23 #![stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
24
25 use self::Ordering::*;
26
27 /// Trait for equality comparisons which are [partial equivalence
28 /// relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partial_equivalence_relation).
29 ///
30 /// This trait allows for partial equality, for types that do not have a full
31 /// equivalence relation. For example, in floating point numbers `NaN != NaN`,
32 /// so floating point types implement `PartialEq` but not [`Eq`](Eq).
33 ///
34 /// Formally, the equality must be (for all `a`, `b` and `c`):
35 ///
36 /// - symmetric: `a == b` implies `b == a`; and
37 /// - transitive: `a == b` and `b == c` implies `a == c`.
38 ///
39 /// Note that these requirements mean that the trait itself must be implemented
40 /// symmetrically and transitively: if `T: PartialEq<U>` and `U: PartialEq<V>`
41 /// then `U: PartialEq<T>` and `T: PartialEq<V>`.
42 ///
43 /// ## Derivable
44 ///
45 /// This trait can be used with `#[derive]`. When `derive`d on structs, two
46 /// instances are equal if all fields are equal, and not equal if any fields
47 /// are not equal. When `derive`d on enums, each variant is equal to itself
48 /// and not equal to the other variants.
49 ///
50 /// ## How can I implement `PartialEq`?
51 ///
52 /// `PartialEq` only requires the [`eq`] method to be implemented; [`ne`] is defined
53 /// in terms of it by default. Any manual implementation of [`ne`] *must* respect
54 /// the rule that [`eq`] is a strict inverse of [`ne`]; that is, `!(a == b)` if and
55 /// only if `a != b`.
56 ///
57 /// Implementations of `PartialEq`, [`PartialOrd`], and [`Ord`] *must* agree with
58 /// each other. It's easy to accidentally make them disagree by deriving some
59 /// of the traits and manually implementing others.
60 ///
61 /// An example implementation for a domain in which two books are considered
62 /// the same book if their ISBN matches, even if the formats differ:
63 ///
64 /// ```
65 /// enum BookFormat {
66 /// Paperback,
67 /// Hardback,
68 /// Ebook,
69 /// }
70 ///
71 /// struct Book {
72 /// isbn: i32,
73 /// format: BookFormat,
74 /// }
75 ///
76 /// impl PartialEq for Book {
77 /// fn eq(&self, other: &Self) -> bool {
78 /// self.isbn == other.isbn
79 /// }
80 /// }
81 ///
82 /// let b1 = Book { isbn: 3, format: BookFormat::Paperback };
83 /// let b2 = Book { isbn: 3, format: BookFormat::Ebook };
84 /// let b3 = Book { isbn: 10, format: BookFormat::Paperback };
85 ///
86 /// assert!(b1 == b2);
87 /// assert!(b1 != b3);
88 /// ```
89 ///
90 /// ## How can I compare two different types?
91 ///
92 /// The type you can compare with is controlled by `PartialEq`'s type parameter.
93 /// For example, let's tweak our previous code a bit:
94 ///
95 /// ```
96 /// // The derive implements <BookFormat> == <BookFormat> comparisons
97 /// #[derive(PartialEq)]
98 /// enum BookFormat {
99 /// Paperback,
100 /// Hardback,
101 /// Ebook,
102 /// }
103 ///
104 /// struct Book {
105 /// isbn: i32,
106 /// format: BookFormat,
107 /// }
108 ///
109 /// // Implement <Book> == <BookFormat> comparisons
110 /// impl PartialEq<BookFormat> for Book {
111 /// fn eq(&self, other: &BookFormat) -> bool {
112 /// self.format == *other
113 /// }
114 /// }
115 ///
116 /// // Implement <BookFormat> == <Book> comparisons
117 /// impl PartialEq<Book> for BookFormat {
118 /// fn eq(&self, other: &Book) -> bool {
119 /// *self == other.format
120 /// }
121 /// }
122 ///
123 /// let b1 = Book { isbn: 3, format: BookFormat::Paperback };
124 ///
125 /// assert!(b1 == BookFormat::Paperback);
126 /// assert!(BookFormat::Ebook != b1);
127 /// ```
128 ///
129 /// By changing `impl PartialEq for Book` to `impl PartialEq<BookFormat> for Book`,
130 /// we allow `BookFormat`s to be compared with `Book`s.
131 ///
132 /// A comparison like the one above, which ignores some fields of the struct,
133 /// can be dangerous. It can easily lead to an unintended violation of the
134 /// requirements for a partial equivalence relation. For example, if we kept
135 /// the above implementation of `PartialEq<Book>` for `BookFormat` and added an
136 /// implementation of `PartialEq<Book>` for `Book` (either via a `#[derive]` or
137 /// via the manual implementation from the first example) then the result would
138 /// violate transitivity:
139 ///
140 /// ```should_panic
141 /// #[derive(PartialEq)]
142 /// enum BookFormat {
143 /// Paperback,
144 /// Hardback,
145 /// Ebook,
146 /// }
147 ///
148 /// #[derive(PartialEq)]
149 /// struct Book {
150 /// isbn: i32,
151 /// format: BookFormat,
152 /// }
153 ///
154 /// impl PartialEq<BookFormat> for Book {
155 /// fn eq(&self, other: &BookFormat) -> bool {
156 /// self.format == *other
157 /// }
158 /// }
159 ///
160 /// impl PartialEq<Book> for BookFormat {
161 /// fn eq(&self, other: &Book) -> bool {
162 /// *self == other.format
163 /// }
164 /// }
165 ///
166 /// fn main() {
167 /// let b1 = Book { isbn: 1, format: BookFormat::Paperback };
168 /// let b2 = Book { isbn: 2, format: BookFormat::Paperback };
169 ///
170 /// assert!(b1 == BookFormat::Paperback);
171 /// assert!(BookFormat::Paperback == b2);
172 ///
173 /// // The following should hold by transitivity but doesn't.
174 /// assert!(b1 == b2); // <-- PANICS
175 /// }
176 /// ```
177 ///
178 /// # Examples
179 ///
180 /// ```
181 /// let x: u32 = 0;
182 /// let y: u32 = 1;
183 ///
184 /// assert_eq!(x == y, false);
185 /// assert_eq!(x.eq(&y), false);
186 /// ```
187 ///
188 /// [`eq`]: PartialEq::eq
189 /// [`ne`]: PartialEq::ne
190 #[lang = "eq"]
191 #[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
192 #[doc(alias = "==")]
193 #[doc(alias = "!=")]
194 #[rustc_on_unimplemented(
195 message = "can't compare `{Self}` with `{Rhs}`",
196 label = "no implementation for `{Self} == {Rhs}`"
197 )]
198 pub trait PartialEq<Rhs: ?Sized = Self> {
199 /// This method tests for `self` and `other` values to be equal, and is used
200 /// by `==`.
201 #[must_use]
202 #[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
203 fn eq(&self, other: &Rhs) -> bool;
204
205 /// This method tests for `!=`.
206 #[inline]
207 #[must_use]
208 #[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
209 fn ne(&self, other: &Rhs) -> bool {
210 !self.eq(other)
211 }
212 }
213
214 /// Derive macro generating an impl of the trait `PartialEq`.
215 #[rustc_builtin_macro]
216 #[stable(feature = "builtin_macro_prelude", since = "1.38.0")]
217 #[allow_internal_unstable(core_intrinsics, structural_match)]
218 pub macro PartialEq($item:item) {
219 /* compiler built-in */
220 }
221
222 /// Trait for equality comparisons which are [equivalence relations](
223 /// https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equivalence_relation).
224 ///
225 /// This means, that in addition to `a == b` and `a != b` being strict inverses, the equality must
226 /// be (for all `a`, `b` and `c`):
227 ///
228 /// - reflexive: `a == a`;
229 /// - symmetric: `a == b` implies `b == a`; and
230 /// - transitive: `a == b` and `b == c` implies `a == c`.
231 ///
232 /// This property cannot be checked by the compiler, and therefore `Eq` implies
233 /// [`PartialEq`], and has no extra methods.
234 ///
235 /// ## Derivable
236 ///
237 /// This trait can be used with `#[derive]`. When `derive`d, because `Eq` has
238 /// no extra methods, it is only informing the compiler that this is an
239 /// equivalence relation rather than a partial equivalence relation. Note that
240 /// the `derive` strategy requires all fields are `Eq`, which isn't
241 /// always desired.
242 ///
243 /// ## How can I implement `Eq`?
244 ///
245 /// If you cannot use the `derive` strategy, specify that your type implements
246 /// `Eq`, which has no methods:
247 ///
248 /// ```
249 /// enum BookFormat { Paperback, Hardback, Ebook }
250 /// struct Book {
251 /// isbn: i32,
252 /// format: BookFormat,
253 /// }
254 /// impl PartialEq for Book {
255 /// fn eq(&self, other: &Self) -> bool {
256 /// self.isbn == other.isbn
257 /// }
258 /// }
259 /// impl Eq for Book {}
260 /// ```
261 #[doc(alias = "==")]
262 #[doc(alias = "!=")]
263 #[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
264 pub trait Eq: PartialEq<Self> {
265 // this method is used solely by #[deriving] to assert
266 // that every component of a type implements #[deriving]
267 // itself, the current deriving infrastructure means doing this
268 // assertion without using a method on this trait is nearly
269 // impossible.
270 //
271 // This should never be implemented by hand.
272 #[doc(hidden)]
273 #[inline]
274 #[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
275 fn assert_receiver_is_total_eq(&self) {}
276 }
277
278 /// Derive macro generating an impl of the trait `Eq`.
279 #[rustc_builtin_macro]
280 #[stable(feature = "builtin_macro_prelude", since = "1.38.0")]
281 #[allow_internal_unstable(core_intrinsics, derive_eq, structural_match)]
282 pub macro Eq($item:item) {
283 /* compiler built-in */
284 }
285
286 // FIXME: this struct is used solely by #[derive] to
287 // assert that every component of a type implements Eq.
288 //
289 // This struct should never appear in user code.
290 #[doc(hidden)]
291 #[allow(missing_debug_implementations)]
292 #[unstable(feature = "derive_eq", reason = "deriving hack, should not be public", issue = "none")]
293 pub struct AssertParamIsEq<T: Eq + ?Sized> {
294 _field: crate::marker::PhantomData<T>,
295 }
296
297 /// An `Ordering` is the result of a comparison between two values.
298 ///
299 /// # Examples
300 ///
301 /// ```
302 /// use std::cmp::Ordering;
303 ///
304 /// let result = 1.cmp(&2);
305 /// assert_eq!(Ordering::Less, result);
306 ///
307 /// let result = 1.cmp(&1);
308 /// assert_eq!(Ordering::Equal, result);
309 ///
310 /// let result = 2.cmp(&1);
311 /// assert_eq!(Ordering::Greater, result);
312 /// ```
313 #[derive(Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Debug, Hash)]
314 #[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
315 pub enum Ordering {
316 /// An ordering where a compared value is less than another.
317 #[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
318 Less = -1,
319 /// An ordering where a compared value is equal to another.
320 #[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
321 Equal = 0,
322 /// An ordering where a compared value is greater than another.
323 #[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
324 Greater = 1,
325 }
326
327 impl Ordering {
328 /// Reverses the `Ordering`.
329 ///
330 /// * `Less` becomes `Greater`.
331 /// * `Greater` becomes `Less`.
332 /// * `Equal` becomes `Equal`.
333 ///
334 /// # Examples
335 ///
336 /// Basic behavior:
337 ///
338 /// ```
339 /// use std::cmp::Ordering;
340 ///
341 /// assert_eq!(Ordering::Less.reverse(), Ordering::Greater);
342 /// assert_eq!(Ordering::Equal.reverse(), Ordering::Equal);
343 /// assert_eq!(Ordering::Greater.reverse(), Ordering::Less);
344 /// ```
345 ///
346 /// This method can be used to reverse a comparison:
347 ///
348 /// ```
349 /// let data: &mut [_] = &mut [2, 10, 5, 8];
350 ///
351 /// // sort the array from largest to smallest.
352 /// data.sort_by(|a, b| a.cmp(b).reverse());
353 ///
354 /// let b: &mut [_] = &mut [10, 8, 5, 2];
355 /// assert!(data == b);
356 /// ```
357 #[inline]
358 #[must_use]
359 #[rustc_const_stable(feature = "const_ordering", since = "1.48.0")]
360 #[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
361 pub const fn reverse(self) -> Ordering {
362 match self {
363 Less => Greater,
364 Equal => Equal,
365 Greater => Less,
366 }
367 }
368
369 /// Chains two orderings.
370 ///
371 /// Returns `self` when it's not `Equal`. Otherwise returns `other`.
372 ///
373 /// # Examples
374 ///
375 /// ```
376 /// use std::cmp::Ordering;
377 ///
378 /// let result = Ordering::Equal.then(Ordering::Less);
379 /// assert_eq!(result, Ordering::Less);
380 ///
381 /// let result = Ordering::Less.then(Ordering::Equal);
382 /// assert_eq!(result, Ordering::Less);
383 ///
384 /// let result = Ordering::Less.then(Ordering::Greater);
385 /// assert_eq!(result, Ordering::Less);
386 ///
387 /// let result = Ordering::Equal.then(Ordering::Equal);
388 /// assert_eq!(result, Ordering::Equal);
389 ///
390 /// let x: (i64, i64, i64) = (1, 2, 7);
391 /// let y: (i64, i64, i64) = (1, 5, 3);
392 /// let result = x.0.cmp(&y.0).then(x.1.cmp(&y.1)).then(x.2.cmp(&y.2));
393 ///
394 /// assert_eq!(result, Ordering::Less);
395 /// ```
396 #[inline]
397 #[must_use]
398 #[rustc_const_stable(feature = "const_ordering", since = "1.48.0")]
399 #[stable(feature = "ordering_chaining", since = "1.17.0")]
400 pub const fn then(self, other: Ordering) -> Ordering {
401 match self {
402 Equal => other,
403 _ => self,
404 }
405 }
406
407 /// Chains the ordering with the given function.
408 ///
409 /// Returns `self` when it's not `Equal`. Otherwise calls `f` and returns
410 /// the result.
411 ///
412 /// # Examples
413 ///
414 /// ```
415 /// use std::cmp::Ordering;
416 ///
417 /// let result = Ordering::Equal.then_with(|| Ordering::Less);
418 /// assert_eq!(result, Ordering::Less);
419 ///
420 /// let result = Ordering::Less.then_with(|| Ordering::Equal);
421 /// assert_eq!(result, Ordering::Less);
422 ///
423 /// let result = Ordering::Less.then_with(|| Ordering::Greater);
424 /// assert_eq!(result, Ordering::Less);
425 ///
426 /// let result = Ordering::Equal.then_with(|| Ordering::Equal);
427 /// assert_eq!(result, Ordering::Equal);
428 ///
429 /// let x: (i64, i64, i64) = (1, 2, 7);
430 /// let y: (i64, i64, i64) = (1, 5, 3);
431 /// let result = x.0.cmp(&y.0).then_with(|| x.1.cmp(&y.1)).then_with(|| x.2.cmp(&y.2));
432 ///
433 /// assert_eq!(result, Ordering::Less);
434 /// ```
435 #[inline]
436 #[must_use]
437 #[stable(feature = "ordering_chaining", since = "1.17.0")]
438 pub fn then_with<F: FnOnce() -> Ordering>(self, f: F) -> Ordering {
439 match self {
440 Equal => f(),
441 _ => self,
442 }
443 }
444 }
445
446 /// A helper struct for reverse ordering.
447 ///
448 /// This struct is a helper to be used with functions like [`Vec::sort_by_key`] and
449 /// can be used to reverse order a part of a key.
450 ///
451 /// [`Vec::sort_by_key`]: ../../std/vec/struct.Vec.html#method.sort_by_key
452 ///
453 /// # Examples
454 ///
455 /// ```
456 /// use std::cmp::Reverse;
457 ///
458 /// let mut v = vec![1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6];
459 /// v.sort_by_key(|&num| (num > 3, Reverse(num)));
460 /// assert_eq!(v, vec![3, 2, 1, 6, 5, 4]);
461 /// ```
462 #[derive(PartialEq, Eq, Debug, Copy, Clone, Default, Hash)]
463 #[stable(feature = "reverse_cmp_key", since = "1.19.0")]
464 pub struct Reverse<T>(#[stable(feature = "reverse_cmp_key", since = "1.19.0")] pub T);
465
466 #[stable(feature = "reverse_cmp_key", since = "1.19.0")]
467 impl<T: PartialOrd> PartialOrd for Reverse<T> {
468 #[inline]
469 fn partial_cmp(&self, other: &Reverse<T>) -> Option<Ordering> {
470 other.0.partial_cmp(&self.0)
471 }
472
473 #[inline]
474 fn lt(&self, other: &Self) -> bool {
475 other.0 < self.0
476 }
477 #[inline]
478 fn le(&self, other: &Self) -> bool {
479 other.0 <= self.0
480 }
481 #[inline]
482 fn gt(&self, other: &Self) -> bool {
483 other.0 > self.0
484 }
485 #[inline]
486 fn ge(&self, other: &Self) -> bool {
487 other.0 >= self.0
488 }
489 }
490
491 #[stable(feature = "reverse_cmp_key", since = "1.19.0")]
492 impl<T: Ord> Ord for Reverse<T> {
493 #[inline]
494 fn cmp(&self, other: &Reverse<T>) -> Ordering {
495 other.0.cmp(&self.0)
496 }
497 }
498
499 /// Trait for types that form a [total order](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Total_order).
500 ///
501 /// An order is a total order if it is (for all `a`, `b` and `c`):
502 ///
503 /// - total and asymmetric: exactly one of `a < b`, `a == b` or `a > b` is true; and
504 /// - transitive, `a < b` and `b < c` implies `a < c`. The same must hold for both `==` and `>`.
505 ///
506 /// ## Derivable
507 ///
508 /// This trait can be used with `#[derive]`. When `derive`d on structs, it will produce a
509 /// lexicographic ordering based on the top-to-bottom declaration order of the struct's members.
510 /// When `derive`d on enums, variants are ordered by their top-to-bottom discriminant order.
511 ///
512 /// ## How can I implement `Ord`?
513 ///
514 /// `Ord` requires that the type also be [`PartialOrd`] and [`Eq`] (which requires [`PartialEq`]).
515 ///
516 /// Then you must define an implementation for [`cmp`]. You may find it useful to use
517 /// [`cmp`] on your type's fields.
518 ///
519 /// Implementations of [`PartialEq`], [`PartialOrd`], and `Ord` *must*
520 /// agree with each other. That is, `a.cmp(b) == Ordering::Equal` if
521 /// and only if `a == b` and `Some(a.cmp(b)) == a.partial_cmp(b)` for
522 /// all `a` and `b`. It's easy to accidentally make them disagree by
523 /// deriving some of the traits and manually implementing others.
524 ///
525 /// Here's an example where you want to sort people by height only, disregarding `id`
526 /// and `name`:
527 ///
528 /// ```
529 /// use std::cmp::Ordering;
530 ///
531 /// #[derive(Eq)]
532 /// struct Person {
533 /// id: u32,
534 /// name: String,
535 /// height: u32,
536 /// }
537 ///
538 /// impl Ord for Person {
539 /// fn cmp(&self, other: &Self) -> Ordering {
540 /// self.height.cmp(&other.height)
541 /// }
542 /// }
543 ///
544 /// impl PartialOrd for Person {
545 /// fn partial_cmp(&self, other: &Self) -> Option<Ordering> {
546 /// Some(self.cmp(other))
547 /// }
548 /// }
549 ///
550 /// impl PartialEq for Person {
551 /// fn eq(&self, other: &Self) -> bool {
552 /// self.height == other.height
553 /// }
554 /// }
555 /// ```
556 ///
557 /// [`cmp`]: Ord::cmp
558 #[doc(alias = "<")]
559 #[doc(alias = ">")]
560 #[doc(alias = "<=")]
561 #[doc(alias = ">=")]
562 #[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
563 pub trait Ord: Eq + PartialOrd<Self> {
564 /// This method returns an [`Ordering`] between `self` and `other`.
565 ///
566 /// By convention, `self.cmp(&other)` returns the ordering matching the expression
567 /// `self <operator> other` if true.
568 ///
569 /// # Examples
570 ///
571 /// ```
572 /// use std::cmp::Ordering;
573 ///
574 /// assert_eq!(5.cmp(&10), Ordering::Less);
575 /// assert_eq!(10.cmp(&5), Ordering::Greater);
576 /// assert_eq!(5.cmp(&5), Ordering::Equal);
577 /// ```
578 #[must_use]
579 #[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
580 fn cmp(&self, other: &Self) -> Ordering;
581
582 /// Compares and returns the maximum of two values.
583 ///
584 /// Returns the second argument if the comparison determines them to be equal.
585 ///
586 /// # Examples
587 ///
588 /// ```
589 /// assert_eq!(2, 1.max(2));
590 /// assert_eq!(2, 2.max(2));
591 /// ```
592 #[stable(feature = "ord_max_min", since = "1.21.0")]
593 #[inline]
594 #[must_use]
595 fn max(self, other: Self) -> Self
596 where
597 Self: Sized,
598 {
599 max_by(self, other, Ord::cmp)
600 }
601
602 /// Compares and returns the minimum of two values.
603 ///
604 /// Returns the first argument if the comparison determines them to be equal.
605 ///
606 /// # Examples
607 ///
608 /// ```
609 /// assert_eq!(1, 1.min(2));
610 /// assert_eq!(2, 2.min(2));
611 /// ```
612 #[stable(feature = "ord_max_min", since = "1.21.0")]
613 #[inline]
614 #[must_use]
615 fn min(self, other: Self) -> Self
616 where
617 Self: Sized,
618 {
619 min_by(self, other, Ord::cmp)
620 }
621
622 /// Restrict a value to a certain interval.
623 ///
624 /// Returns `max` if `self` is greater than `max`, and `min` if `self` is
625 /// less than `min`. Otherwise this returns `self`.
626 ///
627 /// # Panics
628 ///
629 /// Panics if `min > max`.
630 ///
631 /// # Examples
632 ///
633 /// ```
634 /// #![feature(clamp)]
635 ///
636 /// assert!((-3).clamp(-2, 1) == -2);
637 /// assert!(0.clamp(-2, 1) == 0);
638 /// assert!(2.clamp(-2, 1) == 1);
639 /// ```
640 #[must_use]
641 #[unstable(feature = "clamp", issue = "44095")]
642 fn clamp(self, min: Self, max: Self) -> Self
643 where
644 Self: Sized,
645 {
646 assert!(min <= max);
647 if self < min {
648 min
649 } else if self > max {
650 max
651 } else {
652 self
653 }
654 }
655 }
656
657 /// Derive macro generating an impl of the trait `Ord`.
658 #[rustc_builtin_macro]
659 #[stable(feature = "builtin_macro_prelude", since = "1.38.0")]
660 #[allow_internal_unstable(core_intrinsics)]
661 pub macro Ord($item:item) {
662 /* compiler built-in */
663 }
664
665 #[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
666 impl Eq for Ordering {}
667
668 #[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
669 impl Ord for Ordering {
670 #[inline]
671 fn cmp(&self, other: &Ordering) -> Ordering {
672 (*self as i32).cmp(&(*other as i32))
673 }
674 }
675
676 #[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
677 impl PartialOrd for Ordering {
678 #[inline]
679 fn partial_cmp(&self, other: &Ordering) -> Option<Ordering> {
680 (*self as i32).partial_cmp(&(*other as i32))
681 }
682 }
683
684 /// Trait for values that can be compared for a sort-order.
685 ///
686 /// The comparison must satisfy, for all `a`, `b` and `c`:
687 ///
688 /// - asymmetry: if `a < b` then `!(a > b)`, as well as `a > b` implying `!(a < b)`; and
689 /// - transitivity: `a < b` and `b < c` implies `a < c`. The same must hold for both `==` and `>`.
690 ///
691 /// Note that these requirements mean that the trait itself must be implemented symmetrically and
692 /// transitively: if `T: PartialOrd<U>` and `U: PartialOrd<V>` then `U: PartialOrd<T>` and `T:
693 /// PartialOrd<V>`.
694 ///
695 /// ## Derivable
696 ///
697 /// This trait can be used with `#[derive]`. When `derive`d on structs, it will produce a
698 /// lexicographic ordering based on the top-to-bottom declaration order of the struct's members.
699 /// When `derive`d on enums, variants are ordered by their top-to-bottom discriminant order.
700 ///
701 /// ## How can I implement `PartialOrd`?
702 ///
703 /// `PartialOrd` only requires implementation of the [`partial_cmp`] method, with the others
704 /// generated from default implementations.
705 ///
706 /// However it remains possible to implement the others separately for types which do not have a
707 /// total order. For example, for floating point numbers, `NaN < 0 == false` and `NaN >= 0 ==
708 /// false` (cf. IEEE 754-2008 section 5.11).
709 ///
710 /// `PartialOrd` requires your type to be [`PartialEq`].
711 ///
712 /// Implementations of [`PartialEq`], `PartialOrd`, and [`Ord`] *must* agree with each other. It's
713 /// easy to accidentally make them disagree by deriving some of the traits and manually
714 /// implementing others.
715 ///
716 /// If your type is [`Ord`], you can implement [`partial_cmp`] by using [`cmp`]:
717 ///
718 /// ```
719 /// use std::cmp::Ordering;
720 ///
721 /// #[derive(Eq)]
722 /// struct Person {
723 /// id: u32,
724 /// name: String,
725 /// height: u32,
726 /// }
727 ///
728 /// impl PartialOrd for Person {
729 /// fn partial_cmp(&self, other: &Self) -> Option<Ordering> {
730 /// Some(self.cmp(other))
731 /// }
732 /// }
733 ///
734 /// impl Ord for Person {
735 /// fn cmp(&self, other: &Self) -> Ordering {
736 /// self.height.cmp(&other.height)
737 /// }
738 /// }
739 ///
740 /// impl PartialEq for Person {
741 /// fn eq(&self, other: &Self) -> bool {
742 /// self.height == other.height
743 /// }
744 /// }
745 /// ```
746 ///
747 /// You may also find it useful to use [`partial_cmp`] on your type's fields. Here
748 /// is an example of `Person` types who have a floating-point `height` field that
749 /// is the only field to be used for sorting:
750 ///
751 /// ```
752 /// use std::cmp::Ordering;
753 ///
754 /// struct Person {
755 /// id: u32,
756 /// name: String,
757 /// height: f64,
758 /// }
759 ///
760 /// impl PartialOrd for Person {
761 /// fn partial_cmp(&self, other: &Self) -> Option<Ordering> {
762 /// self.height.partial_cmp(&other.height)
763 /// }
764 /// }
765 ///
766 /// impl PartialEq for Person {
767 /// fn eq(&self, other: &Self) -> bool {
768 /// self.height == other.height
769 /// }
770 /// }
771 /// ```
772 ///
773 /// # Examples
774 ///
775 /// ```
776 /// let x : u32 = 0;
777 /// let y : u32 = 1;
778 ///
779 /// assert_eq!(x < y, true);
780 /// assert_eq!(x.lt(&y), true);
781 /// ```
782 ///
783 /// [`partial_cmp`]: PartialOrd::partial_cmp
784 /// [`cmp`]: Ord::cmp
785 #[lang = "partial_ord"]
786 #[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
787 #[doc(alias = ">")]
788 #[doc(alias = "<")]
789 #[doc(alias = "<=")]
790 #[doc(alias = ">=")]
791 #[rustc_on_unimplemented(
792 message = "can't compare `{Self}` with `{Rhs}`",
793 label = "no implementation for `{Self} < {Rhs}` and `{Self} > {Rhs}`"
794 )]
795 pub trait PartialOrd<Rhs: ?Sized = Self>: PartialEq<Rhs> {
796 /// This method returns an ordering between `self` and `other` values if one exists.
797 ///
798 /// # Examples
799 ///
800 /// ```
801 /// use std::cmp::Ordering;
802 ///
803 /// let result = 1.0.partial_cmp(&2.0);
804 /// assert_eq!(result, Some(Ordering::Less));
805 ///
806 /// let result = 1.0.partial_cmp(&1.0);
807 /// assert_eq!(result, Some(Ordering::Equal));
808 ///
809 /// let result = 2.0.partial_cmp(&1.0);
810 /// assert_eq!(result, Some(Ordering::Greater));
811 /// ```
812 ///
813 /// When comparison is impossible:
814 ///
815 /// ```
816 /// let result = f64::NAN.partial_cmp(&1.0);
817 /// assert_eq!(result, None);
818 /// ```
819 #[must_use]
820 #[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
821 fn partial_cmp(&self, other: &Rhs) -> Option<Ordering>;
822
823 /// This method tests less than (for `self` and `other`) and is used by the `<` operator.
824 ///
825 /// # Examples
826 ///
827 /// ```
828 /// let result = 1.0 < 2.0;
829 /// assert_eq!(result, true);
830 ///
831 /// let result = 2.0 < 1.0;
832 /// assert_eq!(result, false);
833 /// ```
834 #[inline]
835 #[must_use]
836 #[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
837 fn lt(&self, other: &Rhs) -> bool {
838 matches!(self.partial_cmp(other), Some(Less))
839 }
840
841 /// This method tests less than or equal to (for `self` and `other`) and is used by the `<=`
842 /// operator.
843 ///
844 /// # Examples
845 ///
846 /// ```
847 /// let result = 1.0 <= 2.0;
848 /// assert_eq!(result, true);
849 ///
850 /// let result = 2.0 <= 2.0;
851 /// assert_eq!(result, true);
852 /// ```
853 #[inline]
854 #[must_use]
855 #[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
856 fn le(&self, other: &Rhs) -> bool {
857 matches!(self.partial_cmp(other), Some(Less | Equal))
858 }
859
860 /// This method tests greater than (for `self` and `other`) and is used by the `>` operator.
861 ///
862 /// # Examples
863 ///
864 /// ```
865 /// let result = 1.0 > 2.0;
866 /// assert_eq!(result, false);
867 ///
868 /// let result = 2.0 > 2.0;
869 /// assert_eq!(result, false);
870 /// ```
871 #[inline]
872 #[must_use]
873 #[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
874 fn gt(&self, other: &Rhs) -> bool {
875 matches!(self.partial_cmp(other), Some(Greater))
876 }
877
878 /// This method tests greater than or equal to (for `self` and `other`) and is used by the `>=`
879 /// operator.
880 ///
881 /// # Examples
882 ///
883 /// ```
884 /// let result = 2.0 >= 1.0;
885 /// assert_eq!(result, true);
886 ///
887 /// let result = 2.0 >= 2.0;
888 /// assert_eq!(result, true);
889 /// ```
890 #[inline]
891 #[must_use]
892 #[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
893 fn ge(&self, other: &Rhs) -> bool {
894 matches!(self.partial_cmp(other), Some(Greater | Equal))
895 }
896 }
897
898 /// Derive macro generating an impl of the trait `PartialOrd`.
899 #[rustc_builtin_macro]
900 #[stable(feature = "builtin_macro_prelude", since = "1.38.0")]
901 #[allow_internal_unstable(core_intrinsics)]
902 pub macro PartialOrd($item:item) {
903 /* compiler built-in */
904 }
905
906 /// Compares and returns the minimum of two values.
907 ///
908 /// Returns the first argument if the comparison determines them to be equal.
909 ///
910 /// Internally uses an alias to [`Ord::min`].
911 ///
912 /// # Examples
913 ///
914 /// ```
915 /// use std::cmp;
916 ///
917 /// assert_eq!(1, cmp::min(1, 2));
918 /// assert_eq!(2, cmp::min(2, 2));
919 /// ```
920 #[inline]
921 #[must_use]
922 #[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
923 pub fn min<T: Ord>(v1: T, v2: T) -> T {
924 v1.min(v2)
925 }
926
927 /// Returns the minimum of two values with respect to the specified comparison function.
928 ///
929 /// Returns the first argument if the comparison determines them to be equal.
930 ///
931 /// # Examples
932 ///
933 /// ```
934 /// #![feature(cmp_min_max_by)]
935 ///
936 /// use std::cmp;
937 ///
938 /// assert_eq!(cmp::min_by(-2, 1, |x: &i32, y: &i32| x.abs().cmp(&y.abs())), 1);
939 /// assert_eq!(cmp::min_by(-2, 2, |x: &i32, y: &i32| x.abs().cmp(&y.abs())), -2);
940 /// ```
941 #[inline]
942 #[must_use]
943 #[unstable(feature = "cmp_min_max_by", issue = "64460")]
944 pub fn min_by<T, F: FnOnce(&T, &T) -> Ordering>(v1: T, v2: T, compare: F) -> T {
945 match compare(&v1, &v2) {
946 Ordering::Less | Ordering::Equal => v1,
947 Ordering::Greater => v2,
948 }
949 }
950
951 /// Returns the element that gives the minimum value from the specified function.
952 ///
953 /// Returns the first argument if the comparison determines them to be equal.
954 ///
955 /// # Examples
956 ///
957 /// ```
958 /// #![feature(cmp_min_max_by)]
959 ///
960 /// use std::cmp;
961 ///
962 /// assert_eq!(cmp::min_by_key(-2, 1, |x: &i32| x.abs()), 1);
963 /// assert_eq!(cmp::min_by_key(-2, 2, |x: &i32| x.abs()), -2);
964 /// ```
965 #[inline]
966 #[must_use]
967 #[unstable(feature = "cmp_min_max_by", issue = "64460")]
968 pub fn min_by_key<T, F: FnMut(&T) -> K, K: Ord>(v1: T, v2: T, mut f: F) -> T {
969 min_by(v1, v2, |v1, v2| f(v1).cmp(&f(v2)))
970 }
971
972 /// Compares and returns the maximum of two values.
973 ///
974 /// Returns the second argument if the comparison determines them to be equal.
975 ///
976 /// Internally uses an alias to [`Ord::max`].
977 ///
978 /// # Examples
979 ///
980 /// ```
981 /// use std::cmp;
982 ///
983 /// assert_eq!(2, cmp::max(1, 2));
984 /// assert_eq!(2, cmp::max(2, 2));
985 /// ```
986 #[inline]
987 #[must_use]
988 #[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
989 pub fn max<T: Ord>(v1: T, v2: T) -> T {
990 v1.max(v2)
991 }
992
993 /// Returns the maximum of two values with respect to the specified comparison function.
994 ///
995 /// Returns the second argument if the comparison determines them to be equal.
996 ///
997 /// # Examples
998 ///
999 /// ```
1000 /// #![feature(cmp_min_max_by)]
1001 ///
1002 /// use std::cmp;
1003 ///
1004 /// assert_eq!(cmp::max_by(-2, 1, |x: &i32, y: &i32| x.abs().cmp(&y.abs())), -2);
1005 /// assert_eq!(cmp::max_by(-2, 2, |x: &i32, y: &i32| x.abs().cmp(&y.abs())), 2);
1006 /// ```
1007 #[inline]
1008 #[must_use]
1009 #[unstable(feature = "cmp_min_max_by", issue = "64460")]
1010 pub fn max_by<T, F: FnOnce(&T, &T) -> Ordering>(v1: T, v2: T, compare: F) -> T {
1011 match compare(&v1, &v2) {
1012 Ordering::Less | Ordering::Equal => v2,
1013 Ordering::Greater => v1,
1014 }
1015 }
1016
1017 /// Returns the element that gives the maximum value from the specified function.
1018 ///
1019 /// Returns the second argument if the comparison determines them to be equal.
1020 ///
1021 /// # Examples
1022 ///
1023 /// ```
1024 /// #![feature(cmp_min_max_by)]
1025 ///
1026 /// use std::cmp;
1027 ///
1028 /// assert_eq!(cmp::max_by_key(-2, 1, |x: &i32| x.abs()), -2);
1029 /// assert_eq!(cmp::max_by_key(-2, 2, |x: &i32| x.abs()), 2);
1030 /// ```
1031 #[inline]
1032 #[must_use]
1033 #[unstable(feature = "cmp_min_max_by", issue = "64460")]
1034 pub fn max_by_key<T, F: FnMut(&T) -> K, K: Ord>(v1: T, v2: T, mut f: F) -> T {
1035 max_by(v1, v2, |v1, v2| f(v1).cmp(&f(v2)))
1036 }
1037
1038 // Implementation of PartialEq, Eq, PartialOrd and Ord for primitive types
1039 mod impls {
1040 use crate::cmp::Ordering::{self, Equal, Greater, Less};
1041 use crate::hint::unreachable_unchecked;
1042
1043 macro_rules! partial_eq_impl {
1044 ($($t:ty)*) => ($(
1045 #[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
1046 impl PartialEq for $t {
1047 #[inline]
1048 fn eq(&self, other: &$t) -> bool { (*self) == (*other) }
1049 #[inline]
1050 fn ne(&self, other: &$t) -> bool { (*self) != (*other) }
1051 }
1052 )*)
1053 }
1054
1055 #[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
1056 impl PartialEq for () {
1057 #[inline]
1058 fn eq(&self, _other: &()) -> bool {
1059 true
1060 }
1061 #[inline]
1062 fn ne(&self, _other: &()) -> bool {
1063 false
1064 }
1065 }
1066
1067 partial_eq_impl! {
1068 bool char usize u8 u16 u32 u64 u128 isize i8 i16 i32 i64 i128 f32 f64
1069 }
1070
1071 macro_rules! eq_impl {
1072 ($($t:ty)*) => ($(
1073 #[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
1074 impl Eq for $t {}
1075 )*)
1076 }
1077
1078 eq_impl! { () bool char usize u8 u16 u32 u64 u128 isize i8 i16 i32 i64 i128 }
1079
1080 macro_rules! partial_ord_impl {
1081 ($($t:ty)*) => ($(
1082 #[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
1083 impl PartialOrd for $t {
1084 #[inline]
1085 fn partial_cmp(&self, other: &$t) -> Option<Ordering> {
1086 match (self <= other, self >= other) {
1087 (false, false) => None,
1088 (false, true) => Some(Greater),
1089 (true, false) => Some(Less),
1090 (true, true) => Some(Equal),
1091 }
1092 }
1093 #[inline]
1094 fn lt(&self, other: &$t) -> bool { (*self) < (*other) }
1095 #[inline]
1096 fn le(&self, other: &$t) -> bool { (*self) <= (*other) }
1097 #[inline]
1098 fn ge(&self, other: &$t) -> bool { (*self) >= (*other) }
1099 #[inline]
1100 fn gt(&self, other: &$t) -> bool { (*self) > (*other) }
1101 }
1102 )*)
1103 }
1104
1105 #[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
1106 impl PartialOrd for () {
1107 #[inline]
1108 fn partial_cmp(&self, _: &()) -> Option<Ordering> {
1109 Some(Equal)
1110 }
1111 }
1112
1113 #[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
1114 impl PartialOrd for bool {
1115 #[inline]
1116 fn partial_cmp(&self, other: &bool) -> Option<Ordering> {
1117 (*self as u8).partial_cmp(&(*other as u8))
1118 }
1119 }
1120
1121 partial_ord_impl! { f32 f64 }
1122
1123 macro_rules! ord_impl {
1124 ($($t:ty)*) => ($(
1125 #[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
1126 impl PartialOrd for $t {
1127 #[inline]
1128 fn partial_cmp(&self, other: &$t) -> Option<Ordering> {
1129 Some(self.cmp(other))
1130 }
1131 #[inline]
1132 fn lt(&self, other: &$t) -> bool { (*self) < (*other) }
1133 #[inline]
1134 fn le(&self, other: &$t) -> bool { (*self) <= (*other) }
1135 #[inline]
1136 fn ge(&self, other: &$t) -> bool { (*self) >= (*other) }
1137 #[inline]
1138 fn gt(&self, other: &$t) -> bool { (*self) > (*other) }
1139 }
1140
1141 #[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
1142 impl Ord for $t {
1143 #[inline]
1144 fn cmp(&self, other: &$t) -> Ordering {
1145 // The order here is important to generate more optimal assembly.
1146 // See <https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/issues/63758> for more info.
1147 if *self < *other { Less }
1148 else if *self == *other { Equal }
1149 else { Greater }
1150 }
1151 }
1152 )*)
1153 }
1154
1155 #[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
1156 impl Ord for () {
1157 #[inline]
1158 fn cmp(&self, _other: &()) -> Ordering {
1159 Equal
1160 }
1161 }
1162
1163 #[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
1164 impl Ord for bool {
1165 #[inline]
1166 fn cmp(&self, other: &bool) -> Ordering {
1167 // Casting to i8's and converting the difference to an Ordering generates
1168 // more optimal assembly.
1169 // See <https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/issues/66780> for more info.
1170 match (*self as i8) - (*other as i8) {
1171 -1 => Less,
1172 0 => Equal,
1173 1 => Greater,
1174 // SAFETY: bool as i8 returns 0 or 1, so the difference can't be anything else
1175 _ => unsafe { unreachable_unchecked() },
1176 }
1177 }
1178 }
1179
1180 ord_impl! { char usize u8 u16 u32 u64 u128 isize i8 i16 i32 i64 i128 }
1181
1182 #[unstable(feature = "never_type", issue = "35121")]
1183 impl PartialEq for ! {
1184 fn eq(&self, _: &!) -> bool {
1185 *self
1186 }
1187 }
1188
1189 #[unstable(feature = "never_type", issue = "35121")]
1190 impl Eq for ! {}
1191
1192 #[unstable(feature = "never_type", issue = "35121")]
1193 impl PartialOrd for ! {
1194 fn partial_cmp(&self, _: &!) -> Option<Ordering> {
1195 *self
1196 }
1197 }
1198
1199 #[unstable(feature = "never_type", issue = "35121")]
1200 impl Ord for ! {
1201 fn cmp(&self, _: &!) -> Ordering {
1202 *self
1203 }
1204 }
1205
1206 // & pointers
1207
1208 #[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
1209 impl<A: ?Sized, B: ?Sized> PartialEq<&B> for &A
1210 where
1211 A: PartialEq<B>,
1212 {
1213 #[inline]
1214 fn eq(&self, other: &&B) -> bool {
1215 PartialEq::eq(*self, *other)
1216 }
1217 #[inline]
1218 fn ne(&self, other: &&B) -> bool {
1219 PartialEq::ne(*self, *other)
1220 }
1221 }
1222 #[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
1223 impl<A: ?Sized, B: ?Sized> PartialOrd<&B> for &A
1224 where
1225 A: PartialOrd<B>,
1226 {
1227 #[inline]
1228 fn partial_cmp(&self, other: &&B) -> Option<Ordering> {
1229 PartialOrd::partial_cmp(*self, *other)
1230 }
1231 #[inline]
1232 fn lt(&self, other: &&B) -> bool {
1233 PartialOrd::lt(*self, *other)
1234 }
1235 #[inline]
1236 fn le(&self, other: &&B) -> bool {
1237 PartialOrd::le(*self, *other)
1238 }
1239 #[inline]
1240 fn gt(&self, other: &&B) -> bool {
1241 PartialOrd::gt(*self, *other)
1242 }
1243 #[inline]
1244 fn ge(&self, other: &&B) -> bool {
1245 PartialOrd::ge(*self, *other)
1246 }
1247 }
1248 #[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
1249 impl<A: ?Sized> Ord for &A
1250 where
1251 A: Ord,
1252 {
1253 #[inline]
1254 fn cmp(&self, other: &Self) -> Ordering {
1255 Ord::cmp(*self, *other)
1256 }
1257 }
1258 #[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
1259 impl<A: ?Sized> Eq for &A where A: Eq {}
1260
1261 // &mut pointers
1262
1263 #[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
1264 impl<A: ?Sized, B: ?Sized> PartialEq<&mut B> for &mut A
1265 where
1266 A: PartialEq<B>,
1267 {
1268 #[inline]
1269 fn eq(&self, other: &&mut B) -> bool {
1270 PartialEq::eq(*self, *other)
1271 }
1272 #[inline]
1273 fn ne(&self, other: &&mut B) -> bool {
1274 PartialEq::ne(*self, *other)
1275 }
1276 }
1277 #[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
1278 impl<A: ?Sized, B: ?Sized> PartialOrd<&mut B> for &mut A
1279 where
1280 A: PartialOrd<B>,
1281 {
1282 #[inline]
1283 fn partial_cmp(&self, other: &&mut B) -> Option<Ordering> {
1284 PartialOrd::partial_cmp(*self, *other)
1285 }
1286 #[inline]
1287 fn lt(&self, other: &&mut B) -> bool {
1288 PartialOrd::lt(*self, *other)
1289 }
1290 #[inline]
1291 fn le(&self, other: &&mut B) -> bool {
1292 PartialOrd::le(*self, *other)
1293 }
1294 #[inline]
1295 fn gt(&self, other: &&mut B) -> bool {
1296 PartialOrd::gt(*self, *other)
1297 }
1298 #[inline]
1299 fn ge(&self, other: &&mut B) -> bool {
1300 PartialOrd::ge(*self, *other)
1301 }
1302 }
1303 #[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
1304 impl<A: ?Sized> Ord for &mut A
1305 where
1306 A: Ord,
1307 {
1308 #[inline]
1309 fn cmp(&self, other: &Self) -> Ordering {
1310 Ord::cmp(*self, *other)
1311 }
1312 }
1313 #[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
1314 impl<A: ?Sized> Eq for &mut A where A: Eq {}
1315
1316 #[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
1317 impl<A: ?Sized, B: ?Sized> PartialEq<&mut B> for &A
1318 where
1319 A: PartialEq<B>,
1320 {
1321 #[inline]
1322 fn eq(&self, other: &&mut B) -> bool {
1323 PartialEq::eq(*self, *other)
1324 }
1325 #[inline]
1326 fn ne(&self, other: &&mut B) -> bool {
1327 PartialEq::ne(*self, *other)
1328 }
1329 }
1330
1331 #[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
1332 impl<A: ?Sized, B: ?Sized> PartialEq<&B> for &mut A
1333 where
1334 A: PartialEq<B>,
1335 {
1336 #[inline]
1337 fn eq(&self, other: &&B) -> bool {
1338 PartialEq::eq(*self, *other)
1339 }
1340 #[inline]
1341 fn ne(&self, other: &&B) -> bool {
1342 PartialEq::ne(*self, *other)
1343 }
1344 }
1345 }