2 * Memory Migration functionality - linux/mm/migration.c
4 * Copyright (C) 2006 Silicon Graphics, Inc., Christoph Lameter
6 * Page migration was first developed in the context of the memory hotplug
7 * project. The main authors of the migration code are:
9 * IWAMOTO Toshihiro <iwamoto@valinux.co.jp>
10 * Hirokazu Takahashi <taka@valinux.co.jp>
11 * Dave Hansen <haveblue@us.ibm.com>
12 * Christoph Lameter <clameter@sgi.com>
15 #include <linux/migrate.h>
16 #include <linux/module.h>
17 #include <linux/swap.h>
18 #include <linux/pagemap.h>
19 #include <linux/buffer_head.h>
20 #include <linux/mm_inline.h>
21 #include <linux/pagevec.h>
22 #include <linux/rmap.h>
23 #include <linux/topology.h>
24 #include <linux/cpu.h>
25 #include <linux/cpuset.h>
26 #include <linux/swapops.h>
30 /* The maximum number of pages to take off the LRU for migration */
31 #define MIGRATE_CHUNK_SIZE 256
33 #define lru_to_page(_head) (list_entry((_head)->prev, struct page, lru))
36 * Isolate one page from the LRU lists. If successful put it onto
37 * the indicated list with elevated page count.
40 * -EBUSY: page not on LRU list
41 * 0: page removed from LRU list and added to the specified list.
43 int isolate_lru_page(struct page
*page
, struct list_head
*pagelist
)
48 struct zone
*zone
= page_zone(page
);
50 spin_lock_irq(&zone
->lru_lock
);
56 del_page_from_active_list(zone
, page
);
58 del_page_from_inactive_list(zone
, page
);
59 list_add_tail(&page
->lru
, pagelist
);
61 spin_unlock_irq(&zone
->lru_lock
);
67 * migrate_prep() needs to be called after we have compiled the list of pages
68 * to be migrated using isolate_lru_page() but before we begin a series of calls
71 int migrate_prep(void)
73 /* Must have swap device for migration */
74 if (nr_swap_pages
<= 0)
78 * Clear the LRU lists so pages can be isolated.
79 * Note that pages may be moved off the LRU after we have
80 * drained them. Those pages will fail to migrate like other
81 * pages that may be busy.
88 static inline void move_to_lru(struct page
*page
)
91 if (PageActive(page
)) {
93 * lru_cache_add_active checks that
94 * the PG_active bit is off.
96 ClearPageActive(page
);
97 lru_cache_add_active(page
);
105 * Add isolated pages on the list back to the LRU.
107 * returns the number of pages put back.
109 int putback_lru_pages(struct list_head
*l
)
115 list_for_each_entry_safe(page
, page2
, l
, lru
) {
123 * swapout a single page
124 * page is locked upon entry, unlocked on exit
126 static int swap_page(struct page
*page
)
128 struct address_space
*mapping
= page_mapping(page
);
130 if (page_mapped(page
) && mapping
)
131 if (try_to_unmap(page
, 1) != SWAP_SUCCESS
)
134 if (PageDirty(page
)) {
135 /* Page is dirty, try to write it out here */
136 switch(pageout(page
, mapping
)) {
145 ; /* try to free the page below */
149 if (PagePrivate(page
)) {
150 if (!try_to_release_page(page
, GFP_KERNEL
) ||
151 (!mapping
&& page_count(page
) == 1))
155 if (remove_mapping(mapping
, page
)) {
169 * Remove references for a page and establish the new page with the correct
170 * basic settings to be able to stop accesses to the page.
172 int migrate_page_remove_references(struct page
*newpage
,
173 struct page
*page
, int nr_refs
)
175 struct address_space
*mapping
= page_mapping(page
);
176 struct page
**radix_pointer
;
179 * Avoid doing any of the following work if the page count
180 * indicates that the page is in use or truncate has removed
183 if (!mapping
|| page_mapcount(page
) + nr_refs
!= page_count(page
))
187 * Establish swap ptes for anonymous pages or destroy pte
190 * In order to reestablish file backed mappings the fault handlers
191 * will take the radix tree_lock which may then be used to stop
192 * processses from accessing this page until the new page is ready.
194 * A process accessing via a swap pte (an anonymous page) will take a
195 * page_lock on the old page which will block the process until the
196 * migration attempt is complete. At that time the PageSwapCache bit
197 * will be examined. If the page was migrated then the PageSwapCache
198 * bit will be clear and the operation to retrieve the page will be
199 * retried which will find the new page in the radix tree. Then a new
200 * direct mapping may be generated based on the radix tree contents.
202 * If the page was not migrated then the PageSwapCache bit
203 * is still set and the operation may continue.
205 if (try_to_unmap(page
, 1) == SWAP_FAIL
)
206 /* A vma has VM_LOCKED set -> permanent failure */
210 * Give up if we were unable to remove all mappings.
212 if (page_mapcount(page
))
215 write_lock_irq(&mapping
->tree_lock
);
217 radix_pointer
= (struct page
**)radix_tree_lookup_slot(
221 if (!page_mapping(page
) || page_count(page
) != nr_refs
||
222 *radix_pointer
!= page
) {
223 write_unlock_irq(&mapping
->tree_lock
);
228 * Now we know that no one else is looking at the page.
230 * Certain minimal information about a page must be available
231 * in order for other subsystems to properly handle the page if they
232 * find it through the radix tree update before we are finished
236 newpage
->index
= page
->index
;
237 newpage
->mapping
= page
->mapping
;
238 if (PageSwapCache(page
)) {
239 SetPageSwapCache(newpage
);
240 set_page_private(newpage
, page_private(page
));
243 *radix_pointer
= newpage
;
245 write_unlock_irq(&mapping
->tree_lock
);
249 EXPORT_SYMBOL(migrate_page_remove_references
);
252 * Copy the page to its new location
254 void migrate_page_copy(struct page
*newpage
, struct page
*page
)
256 copy_highpage(newpage
, page
);
259 SetPageError(newpage
);
260 if (PageReferenced(page
))
261 SetPageReferenced(newpage
);
262 if (PageUptodate(page
))
263 SetPageUptodate(newpage
);
264 if (PageActive(page
))
265 SetPageActive(newpage
);
266 if (PageChecked(page
))
267 SetPageChecked(newpage
);
268 if (PageMappedToDisk(page
))
269 SetPageMappedToDisk(newpage
);
271 if (PageDirty(page
)) {
272 clear_page_dirty_for_io(page
);
273 set_page_dirty(newpage
);
276 ClearPageSwapCache(page
);
277 ClearPageActive(page
);
278 ClearPagePrivate(page
);
279 set_page_private(page
, 0);
280 page
->mapping
= NULL
;
283 * If any waiters have accumulated on the new page then
286 if (PageWriteback(newpage
))
287 end_page_writeback(newpage
);
289 EXPORT_SYMBOL(migrate_page_copy
);
291 /************************************************************
292 * Migration functions
293 ***********************************************************/
295 /* Always fail migration. Used for mappings that are not movable */
296 int fail_migrate_page(struct page
*newpage
, struct page
*page
)
300 EXPORT_SYMBOL(fail_migrate_page
);
303 * Common logic to directly migrate a single page suitable for
304 * pages that do not use PagePrivate.
306 * Pages are locked upon entry and exit.
308 int migrate_page(struct page
*newpage
, struct page
*page
)
312 BUG_ON(PageWriteback(page
)); /* Writeback must be complete */
314 rc
= migrate_page_remove_references(newpage
, page
, 2);
319 migrate_page_copy(newpage
, page
);
322 * Remove auxiliary swap entries and replace
323 * them with real ptes.
325 * Note that a real pte entry will allow processes that are not
326 * waiting on the page lock to use the new page via the page tables
327 * before the new page is unlocked.
329 remove_from_swap(newpage
);
332 EXPORT_SYMBOL(migrate_page
);
335 * Migration function for pages with buffers. This function can only be used
336 * if the underlying filesystem guarantees that no other references to "page"
339 int buffer_migrate_page(struct page
*newpage
, struct page
*page
)
341 struct address_space
*mapping
= page
->mapping
;
342 struct buffer_head
*bh
, *head
;
348 if (!page_has_buffers(page
))
349 return migrate_page(newpage
, page
);
351 head
= page_buffers(page
);
353 rc
= migrate_page_remove_references(newpage
, page
, 3);
362 bh
= bh
->b_this_page
;
364 } while (bh
!= head
);
366 ClearPagePrivate(page
);
367 set_page_private(newpage
, page_private(page
));
368 set_page_private(page
, 0);
374 set_bh_page(bh
, newpage
, bh_offset(bh
));
375 bh
= bh
->b_this_page
;
377 } while (bh
!= head
);
379 SetPagePrivate(newpage
);
381 migrate_page_copy(newpage
, page
);
387 bh
= bh
->b_this_page
;
389 } while (bh
!= head
);
393 EXPORT_SYMBOL(buffer_migrate_page
);
398 * Two lists are passed to this function. The first list
399 * contains the pages isolated from the LRU to be migrated.
400 * The second list contains new pages that the pages isolated
401 * can be moved to. If the second list is NULL then all
402 * pages are swapped out.
404 * The function returns after 10 attempts or if no pages
405 * are movable anymore because to has become empty
406 * or no retryable pages exist anymore.
408 * Return: Number of pages not migrated when "to" ran empty.
410 int migrate_pages(struct list_head
*from
, struct list_head
*to
,
411 struct list_head
*moved
, struct list_head
*failed
)
418 int swapwrite
= current
->flags
& PF_SWAPWRITE
;
422 current
->flags
|= PF_SWAPWRITE
;
427 list_for_each_entry_safe(page
, page2
, from
, lru
) {
428 struct page
*newpage
= NULL
;
429 struct address_space
*mapping
;
434 if (page_count(page
) == 1)
435 /* page was freed from under us. So we are done. */
438 if (to
&& list_empty(to
))
442 * Skip locked pages during the first two passes to give the
443 * functions holding the lock time to release the page. Later we
444 * use lock_page() to have a higher chance of acquiring the
451 if (TestSetPageLocked(page
))
455 * Only wait on writeback if we have already done a pass where
456 * we we may have triggered writeouts for lots of pages.
459 wait_on_page_writeback(page
);
461 if (PageWriteback(page
))
466 * Anonymous pages must have swap cache references otherwise
467 * the information contained in the page maps cannot be
470 if (PageAnon(page
) && !PageSwapCache(page
)) {
471 if (!add_to_swap(page
, GFP_KERNEL
)) {
478 rc
= swap_page(page
);
482 newpage
= lru_to_page(to
);
486 * Pages are properly locked and writeback is complete.
487 * Try to migrate the page.
489 mapping
= page_mapping(page
);
493 if (mapping
->a_ops
->migratepage
) {
495 * Most pages have a mapping and most filesystems
496 * should provide a migration function. Anonymous
497 * pages are part of swap space which also has its
498 * own migration function. This is the most common
499 * path for page migration.
501 rc
= mapping
->a_ops
->migratepage(newpage
, page
);
505 /* Make sure the dirty bit is up to date */
506 if (try_to_unmap(page
, 1) == SWAP_FAIL
) {
511 if (page_mapcount(page
)) {
517 * Default handling if a filesystem does not provide
518 * a migration function. We can only migrate clean
519 * pages so try to write out any dirty pages first.
521 if (PageDirty(page
)) {
522 switch (pageout(page
, mapping
)) {
528 unlock_page(newpage
);
532 ; /* try to migrate the page below */
537 * Buffers are managed in a filesystem specific way.
538 * We must have no buffers or drop them.
540 if (!page_has_buffers(page
) ||
541 try_to_release_page(page
, GFP_KERNEL
)) {
542 rc
= migrate_page(newpage
, page
);
547 * On early passes with mapped pages simply
548 * retry. There may be a lock held for some
549 * buffers that may go away. Later
554 * Persistently unable to drop buffers..... As a
555 * measure of last resort we fall back to
558 unlock_page(newpage
);
560 rc
= swap_page(page
);
565 unlock_page(newpage
);
574 /* Permanent failure */
575 list_move(&page
->lru
, failed
);
579 /* Successful migration. Return page to LRU */
580 move_to_lru(newpage
);
582 list_move(&page
->lru
, moved
);
585 if (retry
&& pass
++ < 10)
589 current
->flags
&= ~PF_SWAPWRITE
;
591 return nr_failed
+ retry
;
595 * Migrate the list 'pagelist' of pages to a certain destination.
597 * Specify destination with either non-NULL vma or dest_node >= 0
598 * Return the number of pages not migrated or error code
600 int migrate_pages_to(struct list_head
*pagelist
,
601 struct vm_area_struct
*vma
, int dest
)
607 unsigned long offset
= 0;
614 list_for_each(p
, pagelist
) {
617 * The address passed to alloc_page_vma is used to
618 * generate the proper interleave behavior. We fake
619 * the address here by an increasing offset in order
620 * to get the proper distribution of pages.
622 * No decision has been made as to which page
623 * a certain old page is moved to so we cannot
624 * specify the correct address.
626 page
= alloc_page_vma(GFP_HIGHUSER
, vma
,
627 offset
+ vma
->vm_start
);
631 page
= alloc_pages_node(dest
, GFP_HIGHUSER
, 0);
637 list_add_tail(&page
->lru
, &newlist
);
639 if (nr_pages
> MIGRATE_CHUNK_SIZE
)
642 err
= migrate_pages(pagelist
, &newlist
, &moved
, &failed
);
644 putback_lru_pages(&moved
); /* Call release pages instead ?? */
646 if (err
>= 0 && list_empty(&newlist
) && !list_empty(pagelist
))
649 /* Return leftover allocated pages */
650 while (!list_empty(&newlist
)) {
651 page
= list_entry(newlist
.next
, struct page
, lru
);
652 list_del(&page
->lru
);
655 list_splice(&failed
, pagelist
);
659 /* Calculate number of leftover pages */
661 list_for_each(p
, pagelist
)