Merge branch 'for-linus' of git://git.open-osd.org/linux-open-osd into next

[mirror_ubuntu-artful-kernel.git] / mm / swap.c

/*
 *  linux/mm/swap.c
 *
 *  Copyright (C) 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994  Linus Torvalds
 */

/*
 * This file contains the default values for the operation of the
 * Linux VM subsystem. Fine-tuning documentation can be found in
 * Documentation/sysctl/vm.txt.
 * Started 18.12.91
 * Swap aging added 23.2.95, Stephen Tweedie.
 * Buffermem limits added 12.3.98, Rik van Riel.
 */

#include <linux/mm.h>
#include <linux/sched.h>
#include <linux/kernel_stat.h>
#include <linux/swap.h>
#include <linux/mman.h>
#include <linux/pagemap.h>
#include <linux/pagevec.h>
#include <linux/init.h>
#include <linux/export.h>
#include <linux/mm_inline.h>
#include <linux/percpu_counter.h>
#include <linux/percpu.h>
#include <linux/cpu.h>
#include <linux/notifier.h>
#include <linux/backing-dev.h>
#include <linux/memcontrol.h>
#include <linux/gfp.h>
#include <linux/uio.h>

#include "internal.h"

#define CREATE_TRACE_POINTS
#include <trace/events/pagemap.h>

/* How many pages do we try to swap or page in/out together? */
int page_cluster;

static DEFINE_PER_CPU(struct pagevec, lru_add_pvec);
static DEFINE_PER_CPU(struct pagevec, lru_rotate_pvecs);
static DEFINE_PER_CPU(struct pagevec, lru_deactivate_pvecs);

/*
 * This path almost never happens for VM activity - pages are normally
 * freed via pagevecs.  But it gets used by networking.
 */
static void __page_cache_release(struct page *page)
{
        if (PageLRU(page)) {
                struct zone *zone = page_zone(page);
                struct lruvec *lruvec;
                unsigned long flags;

                spin_lock_irqsave(&zone->lru_lock, flags);
                lruvec = mem_cgroup_page_lruvec(page, zone);
                VM_BUG_ON_PAGE(!PageLRU(page), page);
                __ClearPageLRU(page);
                del_page_from_lru_list(page, lruvec, page_off_lru(page));
                spin_unlock_irqrestore(&zone->lru_lock, flags);
        }
}

static void __put_single_page(struct page *page)
{
        __page_cache_release(page);
        free_hot_cold_page(page, false);
}

static void __put_compound_page(struct page *page)
{
        compound_page_dtor *dtor;

        __page_cache_release(page);
        dtor = get_compound_page_dtor(page);
        (*dtor)(page);
}

/**
 * Two special cases here: we could avoid taking compound_lock_irqsave
 * and could skip the tail refcounting(in _mapcount).
 *
 * 1. Hugetlbfs page:
 *
 *    PageHeadHuge will remain true until the compound page
 *    is released and enters the buddy allocator, and it could
 *    not be split by __split_huge_page_refcount().
 *
 *    So if we see PageHeadHuge set, and we have the tail page pin,
 *    then we could safely put head page.
 *
 * 2. Slab THP page:
 *
 *    PG_slab is cleared before the slab frees the head page, and
 *    tail pin cannot be the last reference left on the head page,
 *    because the slab code is free to reuse the compound page
 *    after a kfree/kmem_cache_free without having to check if
 *    there's any tail pin left.  In turn all tail pinsmust be always
 *    released while the head is still pinned by the slab code
 *    and so we know PG_slab will be still set too.
 *
 *    So if we see PageSlab set, and we have the tail page pin,
 *    then we could safely put head page.
 */
static __always_inline
void put_unrefcounted_compound_page(struct page *page_head, struct page *page)
{
        /*
         * If @page is a THP tail, we must read the tail page
         * flags after the head page flags. The
         * __split_huge_page_refcount side enforces write memory barriers
         * between clearing PageTail and before the head page
         * can be freed and reallocated.
         */
        smp_rmb();
        if (likely(PageTail(page))) {
                /*
                 * __split_huge_page_refcount cannot race
                 * here, see the comment above this function.
                 */
                VM_BUG_ON_PAGE(!PageHead(page_head), page_head);
                VM_BUG_ON_PAGE(page_mapcount(page) != 0, page);
                if (put_page_testzero(page_head)) {
                        /*
                         * If this is the tail of a slab THP page,
                         * the tail pin must not be the last reference
                         * held on the page, because the PG_slab cannot
                         * be cleared before all tail pins (which skips
                         * the _mapcount tail refcounting) have been
                         * released.
                         *
                         * If this is the tail of a hugetlbfs page,
                         * the tail pin may be the last reference on
                         * the page instead, because PageHeadHuge will
                         * not go away until the compound page enters
                         * the buddy allocator.
                         */
                        VM_BUG_ON_PAGE(PageSlab(page_head), page_head);
                        __put_compound_page(page_head);
                }
        } else
                /*
                 * __split_huge_page_refcount run before us,
                 * @page was a THP tail. The split @page_head
                 * has been freed and reallocated as slab or
                 * hugetlbfs page of smaller order (only
                 * possible if reallocated as slab on x86).
                 */
                if (put_page_testzero(page))
                        __put_single_page(page);
}

static __always_inline
void put_refcounted_compound_page(struct page *page_head, struct page *page)
{
        if (likely(page != page_head && get_page_unless_zero(page_head))) {
                unsigned long flags;

                /*
                 * @page_head wasn't a dangling pointer but it may not
                 * be a head page anymore by the time we obtain the
                 * lock. That is ok as long as it can't be freed from
                 * under us.
                 */
                flags = compound_lock_irqsave(page_head);
                if (unlikely(!PageTail(page))) {
                        /* __split_huge_page_refcount run before us */
                        compound_unlock_irqrestore(page_head, flags);
                        if (put_page_testzero(page_head)) {
                                /*
                                 * The @page_head may have been freed
                                 * and reallocated as a compound page
                                 * of smaller order and then freed
                                 * again.  All we know is that it
                                 * cannot have become: a THP page, a
                                 * compound page of higher order, a
                                 * tail page.  That is because we
                                 * still hold the refcount of the
                                 * split THP tail and page_head was
                                 * the THP head before the split.
                                 */
                                if (PageHead(page_head))
                                        __put_compound_page(page_head);
                                else
                                        __put_single_page(page_head);
                        }
out_put_single:
                        if (put_page_testzero(page))
                                __put_single_page(page);
                        return;
                }
                VM_BUG_ON_PAGE(page_head != page->first_page, page);
                /*
                 * We can release the refcount taken by
                 * get_page_unless_zero() now that
                 * __split_huge_page_refcount() is blocked on the
                 * compound_lock.
                 */
                if (put_page_testzero(page_head))
                        VM_BUG_ON_PAGE(1, page_head);
                /* __split_huge_page_refcount will wait now */
                VM_BUG_ON_PAGE(page_mapcount(page) <= 0, page);
                atomic_dec(&page->_mapcount);
                VM_BUG_ON_PAGE(atomic_read(&page_head->_count) <= 0, page_head);
                VM_BUG_ON_PAGE(atomic_read(&page->_count) != 0, page);
                compound_unlock_irqrestore(page_head, flags);

                if (put_page_testzero(page_head)) {
                        if (PageHead(page_head))
                                __put_compound_page(page_head);
                        else
                                __put_single_page(page_head);
                }
        } else {
                /* @page_head is a dangling pointer */
                VM_BUG_ON_PAGE(PageTail(page), page);
                goto out_put_single;
        }
}

static void put_compound_page(struct page *page)
{
        struct page *page_head;

        /*
         * We see the PageCompound set and PageTail not set, so @page maybe:
         *  1. hugetlbfs head page, or
         *  2. THP head page.
         */
        if (likely(!PageTail(page))) {
                if (put_page_testzero(page)) {
                        /*
                         * By the time all refcounts have been released
                         * split_huge_page cannot run anymore from under us.
                         */
                        if (PageHead(page))
                                __put_compound_page(page);
                        else
                                __put_single_page(page);
                }
                return;
        }

        /*
         * We see the PageCompound set and PageTail set, so @page maybe:
         *  1. a tail hugetlbfs page, or
         *  2. a tail THP page, or
         *  3. a split THP page.
         *
         *  Case 3 is possible, as we may race with
         *  __split_huge_page_refcount tearing down a THP page.
         */
        page_head = compound_head_by_tail(page);
        if (!__compound_tail_refcounted(page_head))
                put_unrefcounted_compound_page(page_head, page);
        else
                put_refcounted_compound_page(page_head, page);
}

void put_page(struct page *page)
{
        if (unlikely(PageCompound(page)))
                put_compound_page(page);
        else if (put_page_testzero(page))
                __put_single_page(page);
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(put_page);

/*
 * This function is exported but must not be called by anything other
 * than get_page(). It implements the slow path of get_page().
 */
bool __get_page_tail(struct page *page)
{
        /*
         * This takes care of get_page() if run on a tail page
         * returned by one of the get_user_pages/follow_page variants.
         * get_user_pages/follow_page itself doesn't need the compound
         * lock because it runs __get_page_tail_foll() under the
         * proper PT lock that already serializes against
         * split_huge_page().
         */
        unsigned long flags;
        bool got;
        struct page *page_head = compound_head(page);

        /* Ref to put_compound_page() comment. */
        if (!__compound_tail_refcounted(page_head)) {
                smp_rmb();
                if (likely(PageTail(page))) {
                        /*
                         * This is a hugetlbfs page or a slab
                         * page. __split_huge_page_refcount
                         * cannot race here.
                         */
                        VM_BUG_ON_PAGE(!PageHead(page_head), page_head);
                        __get_page_tail_foll(page, true);
                        return true;
                } else {
                        /*
                         * __split_huge_page_refcount run
                         * before us, "page" was a THP
                         * tail. The split page_head has been
                         * freed and reallocated as slab or
                         * hugetlbfs page of smaller order
                         * (only possible if reallocated as
                         * slab on x86).
                         */
                        return false;
                }
        }

        got = false;
        if (likely(page != page_head && get_page_unless_zero(page_head))) {
                /*
                 * page_head wasn't a dangling pointer but it
                 * may not be a head page anymore by the time
                 * we obtain the lock. That is ok as long as it
                 * can't be freed from under us.
                 */
                flags = compound_lock_irqsave(page_head);
                /* here __split_huge_page_refcount won't run anymore */
                if (likely(PageTail(page))) {
                        __get_page_tail_foll(page, false);
                        got = true;
                }
                compound_unlock_irqrestore(page_head, flags);
                if (unlikely(!got))
                        put_page(page_head);
        }
        return got;
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(__get_page_tail);

/**
 * put_pages_list() - release a list of pages
 * @pages: list of pages threaded on page->lru
 *
 * Release a list of pages which are strung together on page.lru.  Currently
 * used by read_cache_pages() and related error recovery code.
 */
void put_pages_list(struct list_head *pages)
{
        while (!list_empty(pages)) {
                struct page *victim;

                victim = list_entry(pages->prev, struct page, lru);
                list_del(&victim->lru);
                page_cache_release(victim);
        }
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(put_pages_list);

/*
 * get_kernel_pages() - pin kernel pages in memory
 * @kiov:       An array of struct kvec structures
 * @nr_segs:    number of segments to pin
 * @write:      pinning for read/write, currently ignored
 * @pages:      array that receives pointers to the pages pinned.
 *              Should be at least nr_segs long.
 *
 * Returns number of pages pinned. This may be fewer than the number
 * requested. If nr_pages is 0 or negative, returns 0. If no pages
 * were pinned, returns -errno. Each page returned must be released
 * with a put_page() call when it is finished with.
 */
int get_kernel_pages(const struct kvec *kiov, int nr_segs, int write,
                struct page **pages)
{
        int seg;

        for (seg = 0; seg < nr_segs; seg++) {
                if (WARN_ON(kiov[seg].iov_len != PAGE_SIZE))
                        return seg;

                pages[seg] = kmap_to_page(kiov[seg].iov_base);
                page_cache_get(pages[seg]);
        }

        return seg;
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(get_kernel_pages);

/*
 * get_kernel_page() - pin a kernel page in memory
 * @start:      starting kernel address
 * @write:      pinning for read/write, currently ignored
 * @pages:      array that receives pointer to the page pinned.
 *              Must be at least nr_segs long.
 *
 * Returns 1 if page is pinned. If the page was not pinned, returns
 * -errno. The page returned must be released with a put_page() call
 * when it is finished with.
 */
int get_kernel_page(unsigned long start, int write, struct page **pages)
{
        const struct kvec kiov = {
                .iov_base = (void *)start,
                .iov_len = PAGE_SIZE
        };

        return get_kernel_pages(&kiov, 1, write, pages);
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(get_kernel_page);

static void pagevec_lru_move_fn(struct pagevec *pvec,
        void (*move_fn)(struct page *page, struct lruvec *lruvec, void *arg),
        void *arg)
{
        int i;
        struct zone *zone = NULL;
        struct lruvec *lruvec;
        unsigned long flags = 0;

        for (i = 0; i < pagevec_count(pvec); i++) {
                struct page *page = pvec->pages[i];
                struct zone *pagezone = page_zone(page);

                if (pagezone != zone) {
                        if (zone)
                                spin_unlock_irqrestore(&zone->lru_lock, flags);
                        zone = pagezone;
                        spin_lock_irqsave(&zone->lru_lock, flags);
                }

                lruvec = mem_cgroup_page_lruvec(page, zone);
                (*move_fn)(page, lruvec, arg);
        }
        if (zone)
                spin_unlock_irqrestore(&zone->lru_lock, flags);
        release_pages(pvec->pages, pvec->nr, pvec->cold);
        pagevec_reinit(pvec);
}

static void pagevec_move_tail_fn(struct page *page, struct lruvec *lruvec,
                                 void *arg)
{
        int *pgmoved = arg;

        if (PageLRU(page) && !PageActive(page) && !PageUnevictable(page)) {
                enum lru_list lru = page_lru_base_type(page);
                list_move_tail(&page->lru, &lruvec->lists[lru]);
                (*pgmoved)++;
        }
}

/*
 * pagevec_move_tail() must be called with IRQ disabled.
 * Otherwise this may cause nasty races.
 */
static void pagevec_move_tail(struct pagevec *pvec)
{
        int pgmoved = 0;

        pagevec_lru_move_fn(pvec, pagevec_move_tail_fn, &pgmoved);
        __count_vm_events(PGROTATED, pgmoved);
}

/*
 * Writeback is about to end against a page which has been marked for immediate
 * reclaim.  If it still appears to be reclaimable, move it to the tail of the
 * inactive list.
 */
void rotate_reclaimable_page(struct page *page)
{
        if (!PageLocked(page) && !PageDirty(page) && !PageActive(page) &&
            !PageUnevictable(page) && PageLRU(page)) {
                struct pagevec *pvec;
                unsigned long flags;

                page_cache_get(page);
                local_irq_save(flags);
                pvec = this_cpu_ptr(&lru_rotate_pvecs);
                if (!pagevec_add(pvec, page))
                        pagevec_move_tail(pvec);
                local_irq_restore(flags);
        }
}

static void update_page_reclaim_stat(struct lruvec *lruvec,
                                     int file, int rotated)
{
        struct zone_reclaim_stat *reclaim_stat = &lruvec->reclaim_stat;

        reclaim_stat->recent_scanned[file]++;
        if (rotated)
                reclaim_stat->recent_rotated[file]++;
}

static void __activate_page(struct page *page, struct lruvec *lruvec,
                            void *arg)
{
        if (PageLRU(page) && !PageActive(page) && !PageUnevictable(page)) {
                int file = page_is_file_cache(page);
                int lru = page_lru_base_type(page);

                del_page_from_lru_list(page, lruvec, lru);
                SetPageActive(page);
                lru += LRU_ACTIVE;
                add_page_to_lru_list(page, lruvec, lru);
                trace_mm_lru_activate(page, page_to_pfn(page));

                __count_vm_event(PGACTIVATE);
                update_page_reclaim_stat(lruvec, file, 1);
        }
}

#ifdef CONFIG_SMP
static DEFINE_PER_CPU(struct pagevec, activate_page_pvecs);

static void activate_page_drain(int cpu)
{
        struct pagevec *pvec = &per_cpu(activate_page_pvecs, cpu);

        if (pagevec_count(pvec))
                pagevec_lru_move_fn(pvec, __activate_page, NULL);
}

static bool need_activate_page_drain(int cpu)
{
        return pagevec_count(&per_cpu(activate_page_pvecs, cpu)) != 0;
}

void activate_page(struct page *page)
{
        if (PageLRU(page) && !PageActive(page) && !PageUnevictable(page)) {
                struct pagevec *pvec = &get_cpu_var(activate_page_pvecs);

                page_cache_get(page);
                if (!pagevec_add(pvec, page))
                        pagevec_lru_move_fn(pvec, __activate_page, NULL);
                put_cpu_var(activate_page_pvecs);
        }
}

#else
static inline void activate_page_drain(int cpu)
{
}

static bool need_activate_page_drain(int cpu)
{
        return false;
}

void activate_page(struct page *page)
{
        struct zone *zone = page_zone(page);

        spin_lock_irq(&zone->lru_lock);
        __activate_page(page, mem_cgroup_page_lruvec(page, zone), NULL);
        spin_unlock_irq(&zone->lru_lock);
}
#endif

static void __lru_cache_activate_page(struct page *page)
{
        struct pagevec *pvec = &get_cpu_var(lru_add_pvec);
        int i;

        /*
         * Search backwards on the optimistic assumption that the page being
         * activated has just been added to this pagevec. Note that only
         * the local pagevec is examined as a !PageLRU page could be in the
         * process of being released, reclaimed, migrated or on a remote
         * pagevec that is currently being drained. Furthermore, marking
         * a remote pagevec's page PageActive potentially hits a race where
         * a page is marked PageActive just after it is added to the inactive
         * list causing accounting errors and BUG_ON checks to trigger.
         */
        for (i = pagevec_count(pvec) - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
                struct page *pagevec_page = pvec->pages[i];

                if (pagevec_page == page) {
                        SetPageActive(page);
                        break;
                }
        }

        put_cpu_var(lru_add_pvec);
}

/*
 * Mark a page as having seen activity.
 *
 * inactive,unreferenced        ->      inactive,referenced
 * inactive,referenced          ->      active,unreferenced
 * active,unreferenced          ->      active,referenced
 */
void mark_page_accessed(struct page *page)
{
        if (!PageActive(page) && !PageUnevictable(page) &&
                        PageReferenced(page)) {

                /*
                 * If the page is on the LRU, queue it for activation via
                 * activate_page_pvecs. Otherwise, assume the page is on a
                 * pagevec, mark it active and it'll be moved to the active
                 * LRU on the next drain.
                 */
                if (PageLRU(page))
                        activate_page(page);
                else
                        __lru_cache_activate_page(page);
                ClearPageReferenced(page);
                if (page_is_file_cache(page))
                        workingset_activation(page);
        } else if (!PageReferenced(page)) {
                SetPageReferenced(page);
        }
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(mark_page_accessed);

/*
 * Used to mark_page_accessed(page) that is not visible yet and when it is
 * still safe to use non-atomic ops
 */
void init_page_accessed(struct page *page)
{
        if (!PageReferenced(page))
                __SetPageReferenced(page);
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(init_page_accessed);

static void __lru_cache_add(struct page *page)
{
        struct pagevec *pvec = &get_cpu_var(lru_add_pvec);

        page_cache_get(page);
        if (!pagevec_space(pvec))
                __pagevec_lru_add(pvec);
        pagevec_add(pvec, page);
        put_cpu_var(lru_add_pvec);
}

/**
 * lru_cache_add: add a page to the page lists
 * @page: the page to add
 */
void lru_cache_add_anon(struct page *page)
{
        if (PageActive(page))
                ClearPageActive(page);
        __lru_cache_add(page);
}

void lru_cache_add_file(struct page *page)
{
        if (PageActive(page))
                ClearPageActive(page);
        __lru_cache_add(page);
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(lru_cache_add_file);

/**
 * lru_cache_add - add a page to a page list
 * @page: the page to be added to the LRU.
 *
 * Queue the page for addition to the LRU via pagevec. The decision on whether
 * to add the page to the [in]active [file|anon] list is deferred until the
 * pagevec is drained. This gives a chance for the caller of lru_cache_add()
 * have the page added to the active list using mark_page_accessed().
 */
void lru_cache_add(struct page *page)
{
        VM_BUG_ON_PAGE(PageActive(page) && PageUnevictable(page), page);
        VM_BUG_ON_PAGE(PageLRU(page), page);
        __lru_cache_add(page);
}

/**
 * add_page_to_unevictable_list - add a page to the unevictable list
 * @page:  the page to be added to the unevictable list
 *
 * Add page directly to its zone's unevictable list.  To avoid races with
 * tasks that might be making the page evictable, through eg. munlock,
 * munmap or exit, while it's not on the lru, we want to add the page
 * while it's locked or otherwise "invisible" to other tasks.  This is
 * difficult to do when using the pagevec cache, so bypass that.
 */
void add_page_to_unevictable_list(struct page *page)
{
        struct zone *zone = page_zone(page);
        struct lruvec *lruvec;

        spin_lock_irq(&zone->lru_lock);
        lruvec = mem_cgroup_page_lruvec(page, zone);
        ClearPageActive(page);
        SetPageUnevictable(page);
        SetPageLRU(page);
        add_page_to_lru_list(page, lruvec, LRU_UNEVICTABLE);
        spin_unlock_irq(&zone->lru_lock);
}

/*
 * If the page can not be invalidated, it is moved to the
 * inactive list to speed up its reclaim.  It is moved to the
 * head of the list, rather than the tail, to give the flusher
 * threads some time to write it out, as this is much more
 * effective than the single-page writeout from reclaim.
 *
 * If the page isn't page_mapped and dirty/writeback, the page
 * could reclaim asap using PG_reclaim.
 *
 * 1. active, mapped page -> none
 * 2. active, dirty/writeback page -> inactive, head, PG_reclaim
 * 3. inactive, mapped page -> none
 * 4. inactive, dirty/writeback page -> inactive, head, PG_reclaim
 * 5. inactive, clean -> inactive, tail
 * 6. Others -> none
 *
 * In 4, why it moves inactive's head, the VM expects the page would
 * be write it out by flusher threads as this is much more effective
 * than the single-page writeout from reclaim.
 */
static void lru_deactivate_fn(struct page *page, struct lruvec *lruvec,
                              void *arg)
{
        int lru, file;
        bool active;

        if (!PageLRU(page))
                return;

        if (PageUnevictable(page))
                return;

        /* Some processes are using the page */
        if (page_mapped(page))
                return;

        active = PageActive(page);
        file = page_is_file_cache(page);
        lru = page_lru_base_type(page);

        del_page_from_lru_list(page, lruvec, lru + active);
        ClearPageActive(page);
        ClearPageReferenced(page);
        add_page_to_lru_list(page, lruvec, lru);

        if (PageWriteback(page) || PageDirty(page)) {
                /*
                 * PG_reclaim could be raced with end_page_writeback
                 * It can make readahead confusing.  But race window
                 * is _really_ small and  it's non-critical problem.
                 */
                SetPageReclaim(page);
        } else {
                /*
                 * The page's writeback ends up during pagevec
                 * We moves tha page into tail of inactive.
                 */
                list_move_tail(&page->lru, &lruvec->lists[lru]);
                __count_vm_event(PGROTATED);
        }

        if (active)
                __count_vm_event(PGDEACTIVATE);
        update_page_reclaim_stat(lruvec, file, 0);
}

/*
 * Drain pages out of the cpu's pagevecs.
 * Either "cpu" is the current CPU, and preemption has already been
 * disabled; or "cpu" is being hot-unplugged, and is already dead.
 */
void lru_add_drain_cpu(int cpu)
{
        struct pagevec *pvec = &per_cpu(lru_add_pvec, cpu);

        if (pagevec_count(pvec))
                __pagevec_lru_add(pvec);

        pvec = &per_cpu(lru_rotate_pvecs, cpu);
        if (pagevec_count(pvec)) {
                unsigned long flags;

                /* No harm done if a racing interrupt already did this */
                local_irq_save(flags);
                pagevec_move_tail(pvec);
                local_irq_restore(flags);
        }

        pvec = &per_cpu(lru_deactivate_pvecs, cpu);
        if (pagevec_count(pvec))
                pagevec_lru_move_fn(pvec, lru_deactivate_fn, NULL);

        activate_page_drain(cpu);
}

/**
 * deactivate_page - forcefully deactivate a page
 * @page: page to deactivate
 *
 * This function hints the VM that @page is a good reclaim candidate,
 * for example if its invalidation fails due to the page being dirty
 * or under writeback.
 */
void deactivate_page(struct page *page)
{
        /*
         * In a workload with many unevictable page such as mprotect, unevictable
         * page deactivation for accelerating reclaim is pointless.
         */
        if (PageUnevictable(page))
                return;

        if (likely(get_page_unless_zero(page))) {
                struct pagevec *pvec = &get_cpu_var(lru_deactivate_pvecs);

                if (!pagevec_add(pvec, page))
                        pagevec_lru_move_fn(pvec, lru_deactivate_fn, NULL);
                put_cpu_var(lru_deactivate_pvecs);
        }
}

void lru_add_drain(void)
{
        lru_add_drain_cpu(get_cpu());
        put_cpu();
}

static void lru_add_drain_per_cpu(struct work_struct *dummy)
{
        lru_add_drain();
}

static DEFINE_PER_CPU(struct work_struct, lru_add_drain_work);

void lru_add_drain_all(void)
{
        static DEFINE_MUTEX(lock);
        static struct cpumask has_work;
        int cpu;

        mutex_lock(&lock);
        get_online_cpus();
        cpumask_clear(&has_work);

        for_each_online_cpu(cpu) {
                struct work_struct *work = &per_cpu(lru_add_drain_work, cpu);

                if (pagevec_count(&per_cpu(lru_add_pvec, cpu)) ||
                    pagevec_count(&per_cpu(lru_rotate_pvecs, cpu)) ||
                    pagevec_count(&per_cpu(lru_deactivate_pvecs, cpu)) ||
                    need_activate_page_drain(cpu)) {
                        INIT_WORK(work, lru_add_drain_per_cpu);
                        schedule_work_on(cpu, work);
                        cpumask_set_cpu(cpu, &has_work);
                }
        }

        for_each_cpu(cpu, &has_work)
                flush_work(&per_cpu(lru_add_drain_work, cpu));

        put_online_cpus();
        mutex_unlock(&lock);
}

/*
 * Batched page_cache_release().  Decrement the reference count on all the
 * passed pages.  If it fell to zero then remove the page from the LRU and
 * free it.
 *
 * Avoid taking zone->lru_lock if possible, but if it is taken, retain it
 * for the remainder of the operation.
 *
 * The locking in this function is against shrink_inactive_list(): we recheck
 * the page count inside the lock to see whether shrink_inactive_list()
 * grabbed the page via the LRU.  If it did, give up: shrink_inactive_list()
 * will free it.
 */
void release_pages(struct page **pages, int nr, bool cold)
{
        int i;
        LIST_HEAD(pages_to_free);
        struct zone *zone = NULL;
        struct lruvec *lruvec;
        unsigned long uninitialized_var(flags);

        for (i = 0; i < nr; i++) {
                struct page *page = pages[i];

                if (unlikely(PageCompound(page))) {
                        if (zone) {
                                spin_unlock_irqrestore(&zone->lru_lock, flags);
                                zone = NULL;
                        }
                        put_compound_page(page);
                        continue;
                }

                if (!put_page_testzero(page))
                        continue;

                if (PageLRU(page)) {
                        struct zone *pagezone = page_zone(page);

                        if (pagezone != zone) {
                                if (zone)
                                        spin_unlock_irqrestore(&zone->lru_lock,
                                                                        flags);
                                zone = pagezone;
                                spin_lock_irqsave(&zone->lru_lock, flags);
                        }

                        lruvec = mem_cgroup_page_lruvec(page, zone);
                        VM_BUG_ON_PAGE(!PageLRU(page), page);
                        __ClearPageLRU(page);
                        del_page_from_lru_list(page, lruvec, page_off_lru(page));
                }

                /* Clear Active bit in case of parallel mark_page_accessed */
                __ClearPageActive(page);

                list_add(&page->lru, &pages_to_free);
        }
        if (zone)
                spin_unlock_irqrestore(&zone->lru_lock, flags);

        free_hot_cold_page_list(&pages_to_free, cold);
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(release_pages);

/*
 * The pages which we're about to release may be in the deferred lru-addition
 * queues.  That would prevent them from really being freed right now.  That's
 * OK from a correctness point of view but is inefficient - those pages may be
 * cache-warm and we want to give them back to the page allocator ASAP.
 *
 * So __pagevec_release() will drain those queues here.  __pagevec_lru_add()
 * and __pagevec_lru_add_active() call release_pages() directly to avoid
 * mutual recursion.
 */
void __pagevec_release(struct pagevec *pvec)
{
        lru_add_drain();
        release_pages(pvec->pages, pagevec_count(pvec), pvec->cold);
        pagevec_reinit(pvec);
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(__pagevec_release);

#ifdef CONFIG_TRANSPARENT_HUGEPAGE
/* used by __split_huge_page_refcount() */
void lru_add_page_tail(struct page *page, struct page *page_tail,
                       struct lruvec *lruvec, struct list_head *list)
{
        const int file = 0;

        VM_BUG_ON_PAGE(!PageHead(page), page);
        VM_BUG_ON_PAGE(PageCompound(page_tail), page);
        VM_BUG_ON_PAGE(PageLRU(page_tail), page);
        VM_BUG_ON(NR_CPUS != 1 &&
                  !spin_is_locked(&lruvec_zone(lruvec)->lru_lock));

        if (!list)
                SetPageLRU(page_tail);

        if (likely(PageLRU(page)))
                list_add_tail(&page_tail->lru, &page->lru);
        else if (list) {
                /* page reclaim is reclaiming a huge page */
                get_page(page_tail);
                list_add_tail(&page_tail->lru, list);
        } else {
                struct list_head *list_head;
                /*
                 * Head page has not yet been counted, as an hpage,
                 * so we must account for each subpage individually.
                 *
                 * Use the standard add function to put page_tail on the list,
                 * but then correct its position so they all end up in order.
                 */
                add_page_to_lru_list(page_tail, lruvec, page_lru(page_tail));
                list_head = page_tail->lru.prev;
                list_move_tail(&page_tail->lru, list_head);
        }

        if (!PageUnevictable(page))
                update_page_reclaim_stat(lruvec, file, PageActive(page_tail));
}
#endif /* CONFIG_TRANSPARENT_HUGEPAGE */

static void __pagevec_lru_add_fn(struct page *page, struct lruvec *lruvec,
                                 void *arg)
{
        int file = page_is_file_cache(page);
        int active = PageActive(page);
        enum lru_list lru = page_lru(page);

        VM_BUG_ON_PAGE(PageLRU(page), page);

        SetPageLRU(page);
        add_page_to_lru_list(page, lruvec, lru);
        update_page_reclaim_stat(lruvec, file, active);
        trace_mm_lru_insertion(page, page_to_pfn(page), lru, trace_pagemap_flags(page));
}

/*
 * Add the passed pages to the LRU, then drop the caller's refcount
 * on them.  Reinitialises the caller's pagevec.
 */
void __pagevec_lru_add(struct pagevec *pvec)
{
        pagevec_lru_move_fn(pvec, __pagevec_lru_add_fn, NULL);
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(__pagevec_lru_add);

/**
 * pagevec_lookup_entries - gang pagecache lookup
 * @pvec:       Where the resulting entries are placed
 * @mapping:    The address_space to search
 * @start:      The starting entry index
 * @nr_entries: The maximum number of entries
 * @indices:    The cache indices corresponding to the entries in @pvec
 *
 * pagevec_lookup_entries() will search for and return a group of up
 * to @nr_entries pages and shadow entries in the mapping.  All
 * entries are placed in @pvec.  pagevec_lookup_entries() takes a
 * reference against actual pages in @pvec.
 *
 * The search returns a group of mapping-contiguous entries with
 * ascending indexes.  There may be holes in the indices due to
 * not-present entries.
 *
 * pagevec_lookup_entries() returns the number of entries which were
 * found.
 */
unsigned pagevec_lookup_entries(struct pagevec *pvec,
                                struct address_space *mapping,
                                pgoff_t start, unsigned nr_pages,
                                pgoff_t *indices)
{
        pvec->nr = find_get_entries(mapping, start, nr_pages,
                                    pvec->pages, indices);
        return pagevec_count(pvec);
}

/**
 * pagevec_remove_exceptionals - pagevec exceptionals pruning
 * @pvec:       The pagevec to prune
 *
 * pagevec_lookup_entries() fills both pages and exceptional radix
 * tree entries into the pagevec.  This function prunes all
 * exceptionals from @pvec without leaving holes, so that it can be
 * passed on to page-only pagevec operations.
 */
void pagevec_remove_exceptionals(struct pagevec *pvec)
{
        int i, j;

        for (i = 0, j = 0; i < pagevec_count(pvec); i++) {
                struct page *page = pvec->pages[i];
                if (!radix_tree_exceptional_entry(page))
                        pvec->pages[j++] = page;
        }
        pvec->nr = j;
}

/**
 * pagevec_lookup - gang pagecache lookup
 * @pvec:       Where the resulting pages are placed
 * @mapping:    The address_space to search
 * @start:      The starting page index
 * @nr_pages:   The maximum number of pages
 *
 * pagevec_lookup() will search for and return a group of up to @nr_pages pages
 * in the mapping.  The pages are placed in @pvec.  pagevec_lookup() takes a
 * reference against the pages in @pvec.
 *
 * The search returns a group of mapping-contiguous pages with ascending
 * indexes.  There may be holes in the indices due to not-present pages.
 *
 * pagevec_lookup() returns the number of pages which were found.
 */
unsigned pagevec_lookup(struct pagevec *pvec, struct address_space *mapping,
                pgoff_t start, unsigned nr_pages)
{
        pvec->nr = find_get_pages(mapping, start, nr_pages, pvec->pages);
        return pagevec_count(pvec);
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(pagevec_lookup);

unsigned pagevec_lookup_tag(struct pagevec *pvec, struct address_space *mapping,
                pgoff_t *index, int tag, unsigned nr_pages)
{
        pvec->nr = find_get_pages_tag(mapping, index, tag,
                                        nr_pages, pvec->pages);
        return pagevec_count(pvec);
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(pagevec_lookup_tag);

/*
 * Perform any setup for the swap system
 */
void __init swap_setup(void)
{
        unsigned long megs = totalram_pages >> (20 - PAGE_SHIFT);
#ifdef CONFIG_SWAP
        int i;

        if (bdi_init(swapper_spaces[0].backing_dev_info))
                panic("Failed to init swap bdi");
        for (i = 0; i < MAX_SWAPFILES; i++) {
                spin_lock_init(&swapper_spaces[i].tree_lock);
                INIT_LIST_HEAD(&swapper_spaces[i].i_mmap_nonlinear);
        }
#endif

        /* Use a smaller cluster for small-memory machines */
        if (megs < 16)
                page_cluster = 2;
        else
                page_cluster = 3;
        /*
         * Right now other parts of the system means that we
         * _really_ don't want to cluster much more
         */
}