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1 \input texinfo @c -*- texinfo -*-
2 @c %**start of header
3 @setfilename qemu-tech.info
4
5 @documentlanguage en
6 @documentencoding UTF-8
7
8 @settitle QEMU Internals
9 @exampleindent 0
10 @paragraphindent 0
11 @c %**end of header
12
13 @ifinfo
14 @direntry
15 * QEMU Internals: (qemu-tech). The QEMU Emulator Internals.
16 @end direntry
17 @end ifinfo
18
19 @iftex
20 @titlepage
21 @sp 7
22 @center @titlefont{QEMU Internals}
23 @sp 3
24 @end titlepage
25 @end iftex
26
27 @ifnottex
28 @node Top
29 @top
30
31 @menu
32 * Introduction::
33 * QEMU Internals::
34 * Regression Tests::
35 * Index::
36 @end menu
37 @end ifnottex
38
39 @contents
40
41 @node Introduction
42 @chapter Introduction
43
44 @menu
45 * intro_features:: Features
46 * intro_x86_emulation:: x86 and x86-64 emulation
47 * intro_arm_emulation:: ARM emulation
48 * intro_mips_emulation:: MIPS emulation
49 * intro_ppc_emulation:: PowerPC emulation
50 * intro_sparc_emulation:: Sparc32 and Sparc64 emulation
51 * intro_xtensa_emulation:: Xtensa emulation
52 * intro_other_emulation:: Other CPU emulation
53 @end menu
54
55 @node intro_features
56 @section Features
57
58 QEMU is a FAST! processor emulator using a portable dynamic
59 translator.
60
61 QEMU has two operating modes:
62
63 @itemize @minus
64
65 @item
66 Full system emulation. In this mode (full platform virtualization),
67 QEMU emulates a full system (usually a PC), including a processor and
68 various peripherals. It can be used to launch several different
69 Operating Systems at once without rebooting the host machine or to
70 debug system code.
71
72 @item
73 User mode emulation. In this mode (application level virtualization),
74 QEMU can launch processes compiled for one CPU on another CPU, however
75 the Operating Systems must match. This can be used for example to ease
76 cross-compilation and cross-debugging.
77 @end itemize
78
79 As QEMU requires no host kernel driver to run, it is very safe and
80 easy to use.
81
82 QEMU generic features:
83
84 @itemize
85
86 @item User space only or full system emulation.
87
88 @item Using dynamic translation to native code for reasonable speed.
89
90 @item
91 Working on x86, x86_64 and PowerPC32/64 hosts. Being tested on ARM,
92 HPPA, Sparc32 and Sparc64. Previous versions had some support for
93 Alpha and S390 hosts, but TCG (see below) doesn't support those yet.
94
95 @item Self-modifying code support.
96
97 @item Precise exceptions support.
98
99 @item
100 Floating point library supporting both full software emulation and
101 native host FPU instructions.
102
103 @end itemize
104
105 QEMU user mode emulation features:
106 @itemize
107 @item Generic Linux system call converter, including most ioctls.
108
109 @item clone() emulation using native CPU clone() to use Linux scheduler for threads.
110
111 @item Accurate signal handling by remapping host signals to target signals.
112 @end itemize
113
114 Linux user emulator (Linux host only) can be used to launch the Wine
115 Windows API emulator (@url{http://www.winehq.org}). A BSD user emulator for BSD
116 hosts is under development. It would also be possible to develop a
117 similar user emulator for Solaris.
118
119 QEMU full system emulation features:
120 @itemize
121 @item
122 QEMU uses a full software MMU for maximum portability.
123
124 @item
125 QEMU can optionally use an in-kernel accelerator, like kvm. The accelerators
126 execute some of the guest code natively, while
127 continuing to emulate the rest of the machine.
128
129 @item
130 Various hardware devices can be emulated and in some cases, host
131 devices (e.g. serial and parallel ports, USB, drives) can be used
132 transparently by the guest Operating System. Host device passthrough
133 can be used for talking to external physical peripherals (e.g. a
134 webcam, modem or tape drive).
135
136 @item
137 Symmetric multiprocessing (SMP) even on a host with a single CPU. On a
138 SMP host system, QEMU can use only one CPU fully due to difficulty in
139 implementing atomic memory accesses efficiently.
140
141 @end itemize
142
143 @node intro_x86_emulation
144 @section x86 and x86-64 emulation
145
146 QEMU x86 target features:
147
148 @itemize
149
150 @item The virtual x86 CPU supports 16 bit and 32 bit addressing with segmentation.
151 LDT/GDT and IDT are emulated. VM86 mode is also supported to run
152 DOSEMU. There is some support for MMX/3DNow!, SSE, SSE2, SSE3, SSSE3,
153 and SSE4 as well as x86-64 SVM.
154
155 @item Support of host page sizes bigger than 4KB in user mode emulation.
156
157 @item QEMU can emulate itself on x86.
158
159 @item An extensive Linux x86 CPU test program is included @file{tests/test-i386}.
160 It can be used to test other x86 virtual CPUs.
161
162 @end itemize
163
164 Current QEMU limitations:
165
166 @itemize
167
168 @item Limited x86-64 support.
169
170 @item IPC syscalls are missing.
171
172 @item The x86 segment limits and access rights are not tested at every
173 memory access (yet). Hopefully, very few OSes seem to rely on that for
174 normal use.
175
176 @end itemize
177
178 @node intro_arm_emulation
179 @section ARM emulation
180
181 @itemize
182
183 @item Full ARM 7 user emulation.
184
185 @item NWFPE FPU support included in user Linux emulation.
186
187 @item Can run most ARM Linux binaries.
188
189 @end itemize
190
191 @node intro_mips_emulation
192 @section MIPS emulation
193
194 @itemize
195
196 @item The system emulation allows full MIPS32/MIPS64 Release 2 emulation,
197 including privileged instructions, FPU and MMU, in both little and big
198 endian modes.
199
200 @item The Linux userland emulation can run many 32 bit MIPS Linux binaries.
201
202 @end itemize
203
204 Current QEMU limitations:
205
206 @itemize
207
208 @item Self-modifying code is not always handled correctly.
209
210 @item 64 bit userland emulation is not implemented.
211
212 @item The system emulation is not complete enough to run real firmware.
213
214 @item The watchpoint debug facility is not implemented.
215
216 @end itemize
217
218 @node intro_ppc_emulation
219 @section PowerPC emulation
220
221 @itemize
222
223 @item Full PowerPC 32 bit emulation, including privileged instructions,
224 FPU and MMU.
225
226 @item Can run most PowerPC Linux binaries.
227
228 @end itemize
229
230 @node intro_sparc_emulation
231 @section Sparc32 and Sparc64 emulation
232
233 @itemize
234
235 @item Full SPARC V8 emulation, including privileged
236 instructions, FPU and MMU. SPARC V9 emulation includes most privileged
237 and VIS instructions, FPU and I/D MMU. Alignment is fully enforced.
238
239 @item Can run most 32-bit SPARC Linux binaries, SPARC32PLUS Linux binaries and
240 some 64-bit SPARC Linux binaries.
241
242 @end itemize
243
244 Current QEMU limitations:
245
246 @itemize
247
248 @item IPC syscalls are missing.
249
250 @item Floating point exception support is buggy.
251
252 @item Atomic instructions are not correctly implemented.
253
254 @item There are still some problems with Sparc64 emulators.
255
256 @end itemize
257
258 @node intro_xtensa_emulation
259 @section Xtensa emulation
260
261 @itemize
262
263 @item Core Xtensa ISA emulation, including most options: code density,
264 loop, extended L32R, 16- and 32-bit multiplication, 32-bit division,
265 MAC16, miscellaneous operations, boolean, FP coprocessor, coprocessor
266 context, debug, multiprocessor synchronization,
267 conditional store, exceptions, relocatable vectors, unaligned exception,
268 interrupts (including high priority and timer), hardware alignment,
269 region protection, region translation, MMU, windowed registers, thread
270 pointer, processor ID.
271
272 @item Not implemented options: data/instruction cache (including cache
273 prefetch and locking), XLMI, processor interface. Also options not
274 covered by the core ISA (e.g. FLIX, wide branches) are not implemented.
275
276 @item Can run most Xtensa Linux binaries.
277
278 @item New core configuration that requires no additional instructions
279 may be created from overlay with minimal amount of hand-written code.
280
281 @end itemize
282
283 @node intro_other_emulation
284 @section Other CPU emulation
285
286 In addition to the above, QEMU supports emulation of other CPUs with
287 varying levels of success. These are:
288
289 @itemize
290
291 @item
292 Alpha
293 @item
294 CRIS
295 @item
296 M68k
297 @item
298 SH4
299 @end itemize
300
301 @node QEMU Internals
302 @chapter QEMU Internals
303
304 @menu
305 * QEMU compared to other emulators::
306 * Portable dynamic translation::
307 * Condition code optimisations::
308 * CPU state optimisations::
309 * Translation cache::
310 * Direct block chaining::
311 * Self-modifying code and translated code invalidation::
312 * Exception support::
313 * MMU emulation::
314 * Device emulation::
315 * Hardware interrupts::
316 * User emulation specific details::
317 * Bibliography::
318 @end menu
319
320 @node QEMU compared to other emulators
321 @section QEMU compared to other emulators
322
323 Like bochs [3], QEMU emulates an x86 CPU. But QEMU is much faster than
324 bochs as it uses dynamic compilation. Bochs is closely tied to x86 PC
325 emulation while QEMU can emulate several processors.
326
327 Like Valgrind [2], QEMU does user space emulation and dynamic
328 translation. Valgrind is mainly a memory debugger while QEMU has no
329 support for it (QEMU could be used to detect out of bound memory
330 accesses as Valgrind, but it has no support to track uninitialised data
331 as Valgrind does). The Valgrind dynamic translator generates better code
332 than QEMU (in particular it does register allocation) but it is closely
333 tied to an x86 host and target and has no support for precise exceptions
334 and system emulation.
335
336 EM86 [4] is the closest project to user space QEMU (and QEMU still uses
337 some of its code, in particular the ELF file loader). EM86 was limited
338 to an alpha host and used a proprietary and slow interpreter (the
339 interpreter part of the FX!32 Digital Win32 code translator [5]).
340
341 TWIN [6] is a Windows API emulator like Wine. It is less accurate than
342 Wine but includes a protected mode x86 interpreter to launch x86 Windows
343 executables. Such an approach has greater potential because most of the
344 Windows API is executed natively but it is far more difficult to develop
345 because all the data structures and function parameters exchanged
346 between the API and the x86 code must be converted.
347
348 User mode Linux [7] was the only solution before QEMU to launch a
349 Linux kernel as a process while not needing any host kernel
350 patches. However, user mode Linux requires heavy kernel patches while
351 QEMU accepts unpatched Linux kernels. The price to pay is that QEMU is
352 slower.
353
354 The Plex86 [8] PC virtualizer is done in the same spirit as the now
355 obsolete qemu-fast system emulator. It requires a patched Linux kernel
356 to work (you cannot launch the same kernel on your PC), but the
357 patches are really small. As it is a PC virtualizer (no emulation is
358 done except for some privileged instructions), it has the potential of
359 being faster than QEMU. The downside is that a complicated (and
360 potentially unsafe) host kernel patch is needed.
361
362 The commercial PC Virtualizers (VMWare [9], VirtualPC [10], TwoOStwo
363 [11]) are faster than QEMU, but they all need specific, proprietary
364 and potentially unsafe host drivers. Moreover, they are unable to
365 provide cycle exact simulation as an emulator can.
366
367 VirtualBox [12], Xen [13] and KVM [14] are based on QEMU. QEMU-SystemC
368 [15] uses QEMU to simulate a system where some hardware devices are
369 developed in SystemC.
370
371 @node Portable dynamic translation
372 @section Portable dynamic translation
373
374 QEMU is a dynamic translator. When it first encounters a piece of code,
375 it converts it to the host instruction set. Usually dynamic translators
376 are very complicated and highly CPU dependent. QEMU uses some tricks
377 which make it relatively easily portable and simple while achieving good
378 performances.
379
380 After the release of version 0.9.1, QEMU switched to a new method of
381 generating code, Tiny Code Generator or TCG. TCG relaxes the
382 dependency on the exact version of the compiler used. The basic idea
383 is to split every target instruction into a couple of RISC-like TCG
384 ops (see @code{target-i386/translate.c}). Some optimizations can be
385 performed at this stage, including liveness analysis and trivial
386 constant expression evaluation. TCG ops are then implemented in the
387 host CPU back end, also known as TCG target (see
388 @code{tcg/i386/tcg-target.c}). For more information, please take a
389 look at @code{tcg/README}.
390
391 @node Condition code optimisations
392 @section Condition code optimisations
393
394 Lazy evaluation of CPU condition codes (@code{EFLAGS} register on x86)
395 is important for CPUs where every instruction sets the condition
396 codes. It tends to be less important on conventional RISC systems
397 where condition codes are only updated when explicitly requested. On
398 Sparc64, costly update of both 32 and 64 bit condition codes can be
399 avoided with lazy evaluation.
400
401 Instead of computing the condition codes after each x86 instruction,
402 QEMU just stores one operand (called @code{CC_SRC}), the result
403 (called @code{CC_DST}) and the type of operation (called
404 @code{CC_OP}). When the condition codes are needed, the condition
405 codes can be calculated using this information. In addition, an
406 optimized calculation can be performed for some instruction types like
407 conditional branches.
408
409 @code{CC_OP} is almost never explicitly set in the generated code
410 because it is known at translation time.
411
412 The lazy condition code evaluation is used on x86, m68k, cris and
413 Sparc. ARM uses a simplified variant for the N and Z flags.
414
415 @node CPU state optimisations
416 @section CPU state optimisations
417
418 The target CPUs have many internal states which change the way it
419 evaluates instructions. In order to achieve a good speed, the
420 translation phase considers that some state information of the virtual
421 CPU cannot change in it. The state is recorded in the Translation
422 Block (TB). If the state changes (e.g. privilege level), a new TB will
423 be generated and the previous TB won't be used anymore until the state
424 matches the state recorded in the previous TB. For example, if the SS,
425 DS and ES segments have a zero base, then the translator does not even
426 generate an addition for the segment base.
427
428 [The FPU stack pointer register is not handled that way yet].
429
430 @node Translation cache
431 @section Translation cache
432
433 A 32 MByte cache holds the most recently used translations. For
434 simplicity, it is completely flushed when it is full. A translation unit
435 contains just a single basic block (a block of x86 instructions
436 terminated by a jump or by a virtual CPU state change which the
437 translator cannot deduce statically).
438
439 @node Direct block chaining
440 @section Direct block chaining
441
442 After each translated basic block is executed, QEMU uses the simulated
443 Program Counter (PC) and other cpu state informations (such as the CS
444 segment base value) to find the next basic block.
445
446 In order to accelerate the most common cases where the new simulated PC
447 is known, QEMU can patch a basic block so that it jumps directly to the
448 next one.
449
450 The most portable code uses an indirect jump. An indirect jump makes
451 it easier to make the jump target modification atomic. On some host
452 architectures (such as x86 or PowerPC), the @code{JUMP} opcode is
453 directly patched so that the block chaining has no overhead.
454
455 @node Self-modifying code and translated code invalidation
456 @section Self-modifying code and translated code invalidation
457
458 Self-modifying code is a special challenge in x86 emulation because no
459 instruction cache invalidation is signaled by the application when code
460 is modified.
461
462 When translated code is generated for a basic block, the corresponding
463 host page is write protected if it is not already read-only. Then, if
464 a write access is done to the page, Linux raises a SEGV signal. QEMU
465 then invalidates all the translated code in the page and enables write
466 accesses to the page.
467
468 Correct translated code invalidation is done efficiently by maintaining
469 a linked list of every translated block contained in a given page. Other
470 linked lists are also maintained to undo direct block chaining.
471
472 On RISC targets, correctly written software uses memory barriers and
473 cache flushes, so some of the protection above would not be
474 necessary. However, QEMU still requires that the generated code always
475 matches the target instructions in memory in order to handle
476 exceptions correctly.
477
478 @node Exception support
479 @section Exception support
480
481 longjmp() is used when an exception such as division by zero is
482 encountered.
483
484 The host SIGSEGV and SIGBUS signal handlers are used to get invalid
485 memory accesses. The simulated program counter is found by
486 retranslating the corresponding basic block and by looking where the
487 host program counter was at the exception point.
488
489 The virtual CPU cannot retrieve the exact @code{EFLAGS} register because
490 in some cases it is not computed because of condition code
491 optimisations. It is not a big concern because the emulated code can
492 still be restarted in any cases.
493
494 @node MMU emulation
495 @section MMU emulation
496
497 For system emulation QEMU supports a soft MMU. In that mode, the MMU
498 virtual to physical address translation is done at every memory
499 access. QEMU uses an address translation cache to speed up the
500 translation.
501
502 In order to avoid flushing the translated code each time the MMU
503 mappings change, QEMU uses a physically indexed translation cache. It
504 means that each basic block is indexed with its physical address.
505
506 When MMU mappings change, only the chaining of the basic blocks is
507 reset (i.e. a basic block can no longer jump directly to another one).
508
509 @node Device emulation
510 @section Device emulation
511
512 Systems emulated by QEMU are organized by boards. At initialization
513 phase, each board instantiates a number of CPUs, devices, RAM and
514 ROM. Each device in turn can assign I/O ports or memory areas (for
515 MMIO) to its handlers. When the emulation starts, an access to the
516 ports or MMIO memory areas assigned to the device causes the
517 corresponding handler to be called.
518
519 RAM and ROM are handled more optimally, only the offset to the host
520 memory needs to be added to the guest address.
521
522 The video RAM of VGA and other display cards is special: it can be
523 read or written directly like RAM, but write accesses cause the memory
524 to be marked with VGA_DIRTY flag as well.
525
526 QEMU supports some device classes like serial and parallel ports, USB,
527 drives and network devices, by providing APIs for easier connection to
528 the generic, higher level implementations. The API hides the
529 implementation details from the devices, like native device use or
530 advanced block device formats like QCOW.
531
532 Usually the devices implement a reset method and register support for
533 saving and loading of the device state. The devices can also use
534 timers, especially together with the use of bottom halves (BHs).
535
536 @node Hardware interrupts
537 @section Hardware interrupts
538
539 In order to be faster, QEMU does not check at every basic block if a
540 hardware interrupt is pending. Instead, the user must asynchronously
541 call a specific function to tell that an interrupt is pending. This
542 function resets the chaining of the currently executing basic
543 block. It ensures that the execution will return soon in the main loop
544 of the CPU emulator. Then the main loop can test if the interrupt is
545 pending and handle it.
546
547 @node User emulation specific details
548 @section User emulation specific details
549
550 @subsection Linux system call translation
551
552 QEMU includes a generic system call translator for Linux. It means that
553 the parameters of the system calls can be converted to fix the
554 endianness and 32/64 bit issues. The IOCTLs are converted with a generic
555 type description system (see @file{ioctls.h} and @file{thunk.c}).
556
557 QEMU supports host CPUs which have pages bigger than 4KB. It records all
558 the mappings the process does and try to emulated the @code{mmap()}
559 system calls in cases where the host @code{mmap()} call would fail
560 because of bad page alignment.
561
562 @subsection Linux signals
563
564 Normal and real-time signals are queued along with their information
565 (@code{siginfo_t}) as it is done in the Linux kernel. Then an interrupt
566 request is done to the virtual CPU. When it is interrupted, one queued
567 signal is handled by generating a stack frame in the virtual CPU as the
568 Linux kernel does. The @code{sigreturn()} system call is emulated to return
569 from the virtual signal handler.
570
571 Some signals (such as SIGALRM) directly come from the host. Other
572 signals are synthesized from the virtual CPU exceptions such as SIGFPE
573 when a division by zero is done (see @code{main.c:cpu_loop()}).
574
575 The blocked signal mask is still handled by the host Linux kernel so
576 that most signal system calls can be redirected directly to the host
577 Linux kernel. Only the @code{sigaction()} and @code{sigreturn()} system
578 calls need to be fully emulated (see @file{signal.c}).
579
580 @subsection clone() system call and threads
581
582 The Linux clone() system call is usually used to create a thread. QEMU
583 uses the host clone() system call so that real host threads are created
584 for each emulated thread. One virtual CPU instance is created for each
585 thread.
586
587 The virtual x86 CPU atomic operations are emulated with a global lock so
588 that their semantic is preserved.
589
590 Note that currently there are still some locking issues in QEMU. In
591 particular, the translated cache flush is not protected yet against
592 reentrancy.
593
594 @subsection Self-virtualization
595
596 QEMU was conceived so that ultimately it can emulate itself. Although
597 it is not very useful, it is an important test to show the power of the
598 emulator.
599
600 Achieving self-virtualization is not easy because there may be address
601 space conflicts. QEMU user emulators solve this problem by being an
602 executable ELF shared object as the ld-linux.so ELF interpreter. That
603 way, it can be relocated at load time.
604
605 @node Bibliography
606 @section Bibliography
607
608 @table @asis
609
610 @item [1]
611 @url{http://citeseer.nj.nec.com/piumarta98optimizing.html}, Optimizing
612 direct threaded code by selective inlining (1998) by Ian Piumarta, Fabio
613 Riccardi.
614
615 @item [2]
616 @url{http://developer.kde.org/~sewardj/}, Valgrind, an open-source
617 memory debugger for x86-GNU/Linux, by Julian Seward.
618
619 @item [3]
620 @url{http://bochs.sourceforge.net/}, the Bochs IA-32 Emulator Project,
621 by Kevin Lawton et al.
622
623 @item [4]
624 @url{http://www.cs.rose-hulman.edu/~donaldlf/em86/index.html}, the EM86
625 x86 emulator on Alpha-Linux.
626
627 @item [5]
628 @url{http://www.usenix.org/publications/library/proceedings/usenix-nt97/@/full_papers/chernoff/chernoff.pdf},
629 DIGITAL FX!32: Running 32-Bit x86 Applications on Alpha NT, by Anton
630 Chernoff and Ray Hookway.
631
632 @item [6]
633 @url{http://www.willows.com/}, Windows API library emulation from
634 Willows Software.
635
636 @item [7]
637 @url{http://user-mode-linux.sourceforge.net/},
638 The User-mode Linux Kernel.
639
640 @item [8]
641 @url{http://www.plex86.org/},
642 The new Plex86 project.
643
644 @item [9]
645 @url{http://www.vmware.com/},
646 The VMWare PC virtualizer.
647
648 @item [10]
649 @url{http://www.microsoft.com/windowsxp/virtualpc/},
650 The VirtualPC PC virtualizer.
651
652 @item [11]
653 @url{http://www.twoostwo.org/},
654 The TwoOStwo PC virtualizer.
655
656 @item [12]
657 @url{http://virtualbox.org/},
658 The VirtualBox PC virtualizer.
659
660 @item [13]
661 @url{http://www.xen.org/},
662 The Xen hypervisor.
663
664 @item [14]
665 @url{http://kvm.qumranet.com/kvmwiki/Front_Page},
666 Kernel Based Virtual Machine (KVM).
667
668 @item [15]
669 @url{http://www.greensocs.com/projects/QEMUSystemC},
670 QEMU-SystemC, a hardware co-simulator.
671
672 @end table
673
674 @node Regression Tests
675 @chapter Regression Tests
676
677 In the directory @file{tests/}, various interesting testing programs
678 are available. They are used for regression testing.
679
680 @menu
681 * test-i386::
682 * linux-test::
683 @end menu
684
685 @node test-i386
686 @section @file{test-i386}
687
688 This program executes most of the 16 bit and 32 bit x86 instructions and
689 generates a text output. It can be compared with the output obtained with
690 a real CPU or another emulator. The target @code{make test} runs this
691 program and a @code{diff} on the generated output.
692
693 The Linux system call @code{modify_ldt()} is used to create x86 selectors
694 to test some 16 bit addressing and 32 bit with segmentation cases.
695
696 The Linux system call @code{vm86()} is used to test vm86 emulation.
697
698 Various exceptions are raised to test most of the x86 user space
699 exception reporting.
700
701 @node linux-test
702 @section @file{linux-test}
703
704 This program tests various Linux system calls. It is used to verify
705 that the system call parameters are correctly converted between target
706 and host CPUs.
707
708 @node Index
709 @chapter Index
710 @printindex cp
711
712 @bye