src/librustc/ty/wf.rs

   1 // Copyright 2012-2013 The Rust Project Developers. See the COPYRIGHT
   2 // file at the top-level directory of this distribution and at
   3 // http://rust-lang.org/COPYRIGHT.
   4 //
   5 // Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 <LICENSE-APACHE or
   6 // http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0> or the MIT license
   7 // <LICENSE-MIT or http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT>, at your
   8 // option. This file may not be copied, modified, or distributed
   9 // except according to those terms.
  10
  11 use hir::def_id::DefId;
  12 use infer::InferCtxt;
  13 use ty::outlives::Component;
  14 use ty::subst::Substs;
  15 use traits;
  16 use ty::{self, ToPredicate, Ty, TyCtxt, TypeFoldable};
  17 use std::iter::once;
  18 use syntax::ast;
  19 use syntax_pos::Span;
  20 use util::common::ErrorReported;
  21
  22 /// Returns the set of obligations needed to make `ty` well-formed.
  23 /// If `ty` contains unresolved inference variables, this may include
  24 /// further WF obligations. However, if `ty` IS an unresolved
  25 /// inference variable, returns `None`, because we are not able to
  26 /// make any progress at all. This is to prevent "livelock" where we
  27 /// say "$0 is WF if $0 is WF".
  28 pub fn obligations<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx>(infcx: &InferCtxt<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx>,
  29                                    body_id: ast::NodeId,
  30                                    ty: Ty<'tcx>,
  31                                    span: Span)
  32                                    -> Option<Vec<traits::PredicateObligation<'tcx>>>
  33 {
  34     let mut wf = WfPredicates { infcx: infcx,
  35                                 body_id: body_id,
  36                                 span: span,
  37                                 out: vec![] };
  38     if wf.compute(ty) {
  39         debug!("wf::obligations({:?}, body_id={:?}) = {:?}", ty, body_id, wf.out);
  40         let result = wf.normalize();
  41         debug!("wf::obligations({:?}, body_id={:?}) ~~> {:?}", ty, body_id, result);
  42         Some(result)
  43     } else {
  44         None // no progress made, return None
  45     }
  46 }
  47
  48 /// Returns the obligations that make this trait reference
  49 /// well-formed.  For example, if there is a trait `Set` defined like
  50 /// `trait Set<K:Eq>`, then the trait reference `Foo: Set<Bar>` is WF
  51 /// if `Bar: Eq`.
  52 pub fn trait_obligations<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx>(infcx: &InferCtxt<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx>,
  53                                          body_id: ast::NodeId,
  54                                          trait_ref: &ty::TraitRef<'tcx>,
  55                                          span: Span)
  56                                          -> Vec<traits::PredicateObligation<'tcx>>
  57 {
  58     let mut wf = WfPredicates { infcx: infcx, body_id: body_id, span: span, out: vec![] };
  59     wf.compute_trait_ref(trait_ref);
  60     wf.normalize()
  61 }
  62
  63 pub fn predicate_obligations<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx>(infcx: &InferCtxt<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx>,
  64                                              body_id: ast::NodeId,
  65                                              predicate: &ty::Predicate<'tcx>,
  66                                              span: Span)
  67                                              -> Vec<traits::PredicateObligation<'tcx>>
  68 {
  69     let mut wf = WfPredicates { infcx: infcx, body_id: body_id, span: span, out: vec![] };
  70
  71     // (*) ok to skip binders, because wf code is prepared for it
  72     match *predicate {
  73         ty::Predicate::Trait(ref t) => {
  74             wf.compute_trait_ref(&t.skip_binder().trait_ref); // (*)
  75         }
  76         ty::Predicate::Equate(ref t) => {
  77             wf.compute(t.skip_binder().0);
  78             wf.compute(t.skip_binder().1);
  79         }
  80         ty::Predicate::RegionOutlives(..) => {
  81         }
  82         ty::Predicate::TypeOutlives(ref t) => {
  83             wf.compute(t.skip_binder().0);
  84         }
  85         ty::Predicate::Projection(ref t) => {
  86             let t = t.skip_binder(); // (*)
  87             wf.compute_projection(t.projection_ty);
  88             wf.compute(t.ty);
  89         }
  90         ty::Predicate::WellFormed(t) => {
  91             wf.compute(t);
  92         }
  93         ty::Predicate::ObjectSafe(_) => {
  94         }
  95         ty::Predicate::ClosureKind(..) => {
  96         }
  97     }
  98
  99     wf.normalize()
 100 }
 101
 102 /// Implied bounds are region relationships that we deduce
 103 /// automatically.  The idea is that (e.g.) a caller must check that a
 104 /// function's argument types are well-formed immediately before
 105 /// calling that fn, and hence the *callee* can assume that its
 106 /// argument types are well-formed. This may imply certain relationships
 107 /// between generic parameters. For example:
 108 ///
 109 ///     fn foo<'a,T>(x: &'a T)
 110 ///
 111 /// can only be called with a `'a` and `T` such that `&'a T` is WF.
 112 /// For `&'a T` to be WF, `T: 'a` must hold. So we can assume `T: 'a`.
 113 #[derive(Debug)]
 114 pub enum ImpliedBound<'tcx> {
 115     RegionSubRegion(&'tcx ty::Region, &'tcx ty::Region),
 116     RegionSubParam(&'tcx ty::Region, ty::ParamTy),
 117     RegionSubProjection(&'tcx ty::Region, ty::ProjectionTy<'tcx>),
 118 }
 119
 120 /// Compute the implied bounds that a callee/impl can assume based on
 121 /// the fact that caller/projector has ensured that `ty` is WF.  See
 122 /// the `ImpliedBound` type for more details.
 123 pub fn implied_bounds<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx>(
 124     infcx: &'a InferCtxt<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx>,
 125     body_id: ast::NodeId,
 126     ty: Ty<'tcx>,
 127     span: Span)
 128     -> Vec<ImpliedBound<'tcx>>
 129 {
 130     // Sometimes when we ask what it takes for T: WF, we get back that
 131     // U: WF is required; in that case, we push U onto this stack and
 132     // process it next. Currently (at least) these resulting
 133     // predicates are always guaranteed to be a subset of the original
 134     // type, so we need not fear non-termination.
 135     let mut wf_types = vec![ty];
 136
 137     let mut implied_bounds = vec![];
 138
 139     while let Some(ty) = wf_types.pop() {
 140         // Compute the obligations for `ty` to be well-formed. If `ty` is
 141         // an unresolved inference variable, just substituted an empty set
 142         // -- because the return type here is going to be things we *add*
 143         // to the environment, it's always ok for this set to be smaller
 144         // than the ultimate set. (Note: normally there won't be
 145         // unresolved inference variables here anyway, but there might be
 146         // during typeck under some circumstances.)
 147         let obligations = obligations(infcx, body_id, ty, span).unwrap_or(vec![]);
 148
 149         // From the full set of obligations, just filter down to the
 150         // region relationships.
 151         implied_bounds.extend(
 152             obligations
 153             .into_iter()
 154             .flat_map(|obligation| {
 155                 assert!(!obligation.has_escaping_regions());
 156                 match obligation.predicate {
 157                     ty::Predicate::Trait(..) |
 158                     ty::Predicate::Equate(..) |
 159                     ty::Predicate::Projection(..) |
 160                     ty::Predicate::ClosureKind(..) |
 161                     ty::Predicate::ObjectSafe(..) =>
 162                         vec![],
 163
 164                     ty::Predicate::WellFormed(subty) => {
 165                         wf_types.push(subty);
 166                         vec![]
 167                     }
 168
 169                     ty::Predicate::RegionOutlives(ref data) =>
 170                         match infcx.tcx.no_late_bound_regions(data) {
 171                             None =>
 172                                 vec![],
 173                             Some(ty::OutlivesPredicate(r_a, r_b)) =>
 174                                 vec![ImpliedBound::RegionSubRegion(r_b, r_a)],
 175                         },
 176
 177                     ty::Predicate::TypeOutlives(ref data) =>
 178                         match infcx.tcx.no_late_bound_regions(data) {
 179                             None => vec![],
 180                             Some(ty::OutlivesPredicate(ty_a, r_b)) => {
 181                                 let components = infcx.outlives_components(ty_a);
 182                                 implied_bounds_from_components(r_b, components)
 183                             }
 184                         },
 185                 }}));
 186     }
 187
 188     implied_bounds
 189 }
 190
 191 /// When we have an implied bound that `T: 'a`, we can further break
 192 /// this down to determine what relationships would have to hold for
 193 /// `T: 'a` to hold. We get to assume that the caller has validated
 194 /// those relationships.
 195 fn implied_bounds_from_components<'tcx>(sub_region: &'tcx ty::Region,
 196                                         sup_components: Vec<Component<'tcx>>)
 197                                         -> Vec<ImpliedBound<'tcx>>
 198 {
 199     sup_components
 200         .into_iter()
 201         .flat_map(|component| {
 202             match component {
 203                 Component::Region(r) =>
 204                     vec!(ImpliedBound::RegionSubRegion(sub_region, r)),
 205                 Component::Param(p) =>
 206                     vec!(ImpliedBound::RegionSubParam(sub_region, p)),
 207                 Component::Projection(p) =>
 208                     vec!(ImpliedBound::RegionSubProjection(sub_region, p)),
 209                 Component::EscapingProjection(_) =>
 210                     // If the projection has escaping regions, don't
 211                     // try to infer any implied bounds even for its
 212                     // free components. This is conservative, because
 213                     // the caller will still have to prove that those
 214                     // free components outlive `sub_region`. But the
 215                     // idea is that the WAY that the caller proves
 216                     // that may change in the future and we want to
 217                     // give ourselves room to get smarter here.
 218                     vec!(),
 219                 Component::UnresolvedInferenceVariable(..) =>
 220                     vec!(),
 221             }
 222         })
 223         .collect()
 224 }
 225
 226 struct WfPredicates<'a, 'gcx: 'a+'tcx, 'tcx: 'a> {
 227     infcx: &'a InferCtxt<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx>,
 228     body_id: ast::NodeId,
 229     span: Span,
 230     out: Vec<traits::PredicateObligation<'tcx>>,
 231 }
 232
 233 impl<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx> WfPredicates<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx> {
 234     fn cause(&mut self, code: traits::ObligationCauseCode<'tcx>) -> traits::ObligationCause<'tcx> {
 235         traits::ObligationCause::new(self.span, self.body_id, code)
 236     }
 237
 238     fn normalize(&mut self) -> Vec<traits::PredicateObligation<'tcx>> {
 239         let cause = self.cause(traits::MiscObligation);
 240         let infcx = &mut self.infcx;
 241         self.out.iter()
 242                 .inspect(|pred| assert!(!pred.has_escaping_regions()))
 243                 .flat_map(|pred| {
 244                     let mut selcx = traits::SelectionContext::new(infcx);
 245                     let pred = traits::normalize(&mut selcx, cause.clone(), pred);
 246                     once(pred.value).chain(pred.obligations)
 247                 })
 248                 .collect()
 249     }
 250
 251     /// Pushes the obligations required for `trait_ref` to be WF into
 252     /// `self.out`.
 253     fn compute_trait_ref(&mut self, trait_ref: &ty::TraitRef<'tcx>) {
 254         let obligations = self.nominal_obligations(trait_ref.def_id, trait_ref.substs);
 255         self.out.extend(obligations);
 256
 257         let cause = self.cause(traits::MiscObligation);
 258         self.out.extend(
 259             trait_ref.substs.types()
 260                             .filter(|ty| !ty.has_escaping_regions())
 261                             .map(|ty| traits::Obligation::new(cause.clone(),
 262                                                               ty::Predicate::WellFormed(ty))));
 263     }
 264
 265     /// Pushes the obligations required for `trait_ref::Item` to be WF
 266     /// into `self.out`.
 267     fn compute_projection(&mut self, data: ty::ProjectionTy<'tcx>) {
 268         // A projection is well-formed if (a) the trait ref itself is
 269         // WF and (b) the trait-ref holds.  (It may also be
 270         // normalizable and be WF that way.)
 271
 272         self.compute_trait_ref(&data.trait_ref);
 273
 274         if !data.has_escaping_regions() {
 275             let predicate = data.trait_ref.to_predicate();
 276             let cause = self.cause(traits::ProjectionWf(data));
 277             self.out.push(traits::Obligation::new(cause, predicate));
 278         }
 279     }
 280
 281     fn require_sized(&mut self, subty: Ty<'tcx>, cause: traits::ObligationCauseCode<'tcx>) {
 282         if !subty.has_escaping_regions() {
 283             let cause = self.cause(cause);
 284             match self.infcx.tcx.trait_ref_for_builtin_bound(ty::BoundSized, subty) {
 285                 Ok(trait_ref) => {
 286                     self.out.push(
 287                         traits::Obligation::new(cause,
 288                                                 trait_ref.to_predicate()));
 289                 }
 290                 Err(ErrorReported) => { }
 291             }
 292         }
 293     }
 294
 295     /// Push new obligations into `out`. Returns true if it was able
 296     /// to generate all the predicates needed to validate that `ty0`
 297     /// is WF. Returns false if `ty0` is an unresolved type variable,
 298     /// in which case we are not able to simplify at all.
 299     fn compute(&mut self, ty0: Ty<'tcx>) -> bool {
 300         let tcx = self.infcx.tcx;
 301         let mut subtys = ty0.walk();
 302         while let Some(ty) = subtys.next() {
 303             match ty.sty {
 304                 ty::TyBool |
 305                 ty::TyChar |
 306                 ty::TyInt(..) |
 307                 ty::TyUint(..) |
 308                 ty::TyFloat(..) |
 309                 ty::TyError |
 310                 ty::TyStr |
 311                 ty::TyNever |
 312                 ty::TyParam(_) => {
 313                     // WfScalar, WfParameter, etc
 314                 }
 315
 316                 ty::TySlice(subty) |
 317                 ty::TyArray(subty, _) => {
 318                     self.require_sized(subty, traits::SliceOrArrayElem);
 319                 }
 320
 321                 ty::TyTuple(ref tys) => {
 322                     if let Some((_last, rest)) = tys.split_last() {
 323                         for elem in rest {
 324                             self.require_sized(elem, traits::TupleElem);
 325                         }
 326                     }
 327                 }
 328
 329                 ty::TyBox(_) |
 330                 ty::TyRawPtr(_) => {
 331                     // simple cases that are WF if their type args are WF
 332                 }
 333
 334                 ty::TyProjection(data) => {
 335                     subtys.skip_current_subtree(); // subtree handled by compute_projection
 336                     self.compute_projection(data);
 337                 }
 338
 339                 ty::TyAdt(def, substs) => {
 340                     // WfNominalType
 341                     let obligations = self.nominal_obligations(def.did, substs);
 342                     self.out.extend(obligations);
 343                 }
 344
 345                 ty::TyRef(r, mt) => {
 346                     // WfReference
 347                     if !r.has_escaping_regions() && !mt.ty.has_escaping_regions() {
 348                         let cause = self.cause(traits::ReferenceOutlivesReferent(ty));
 349                         self.out.push(
 350                             traits::Obligation::new(
 351                                 cause,
 352                                 ty::Predicate::TypeOutlives(
 353                                     ty::Binder(
 354                                         ty::OutlivesPredicate(mt.ty, r)))));
 355                     }
 356                 }
 357
 358                 ty::TyClosure(..) => {
 359                     // the types in a closure are always the types of
 360                     // local variables (or possibly references to local
 361                     // variables), we'll walk those.
 362                     //
 363                     // (Though, local variables are probably not
 364                     // needed, as they are separately checked w/r/t
 365                     // WFedness.)
 366                 }
 367
 368                 ty::TyFnDef(..) | ty::TyFnPtr(_) => {
 369                     // let the loop iterate into the argument/return
 370                     // types appearing in the fn signature
 371                 }
 372
 373                 ty::TyAnon(..) => {
 374                     // all of the requirements on type parameters
 375                     // should've been checked by the instantiation
 376                     // of whatever returned this exact `impl Trait`.
 377                 }
 378
 379                 ty::TyTrait(ref data) => {
 380                     // WfObject
 381                     //
 382                     // Here, we defer WF checking due to higher-ranked
 383                     // regions. This is perhaps not ideal.
 384                     self.from_object_ty(ty, data);
 385
 386                     // FIXME(#27579) RFC also considers adding trait
 387                     // obligations that don't refer to Self and
 388                     // checking those
 389
 390                     let cause = self.cause(traits::MiscObligation);
 391
 392                     let component_traits =
 393                         data.builtin_bounds.iter().flat_map(|bound| {
 394                             tcx.lang_items.from_builtin_kind(bound).ok()
 395                         })
 396                         .chain(Some(data.principal.def_id()));
 397                     self.out.extend(
 398                         component_traits.map(|did| { traits::Obligation::new(
 399                             cause.clone(),
 400                             ty::Predicate::ObjectSafe(did)
 401                         )})
 402                     );
 403                 }
 404
 405                 // Inference variables are the complicated case, since we don't
 406                 // know what type they are. We do two things:
 407                 //
 408                 // 1. Check if they have been resolved, and if so proceed with
 409                 //    THAT type.
 410                 // 2. If not, check whether this is the type that we
 411                 //    started with (ty0). In that case, we've made no
 412                 //    progress at all, so return false. Otherwise,
 413                 //    we've at least simplified things (i.e., we went
 414                 //    from `Vec<$0>: WF` to `$0: WF`, so we can
 415                 //    register a pending obligation and keep
 416                 //    moving. (Goal is that an "inductive hypothesis"
 417                 //    is satisfied to ensure termination.)
 418                 ty::TyInfer(_) => {
 419                     let ty = self.infcx.shallow_resolve(ty);
 420                     if let ty::TyInfer(_) = ty.sty { // not yet resolved...
 421                         if ty == ty0 { // ...this is the type we started from! no progress.
 422                             return false;
 423                         }
 424
 425                         let cause = self.cause(traits::MiscObligation);
 426                         self.out.push( // ...not the type we started from, so we made progress.
 427                             traits::Obligation::new(cause, ty::Predicate::WellFormed(ty)));
 428                     } else {
 429                         // Yes, resolved, proceed with the
 430                         // result. Should never return false because
 431                         // `ty` is not a TyInfer.
 432                         assert!(self.compute(ty));
 433                     }
 434                 }
 435             }
 436         }
 437
 438         // if we made it through that loop above, we made progress!
 439         return true;
 440     }
 441
 442     fn nominal_obligations(&mut self,
 443                            def_id: DefId,
 444                            substs: &Substs<'tcx>)
 445                            -> Vec<traits::PredicateObligation<'tcx>>
 446     {
 447         let predicates =
 448             self.infcx.tcx.lookup_predicates(def_id)
 449                           .instantiate(self.infcx.tcx, substs);
 450         let cause = self.cause(traits::ItemObligation(def_id));
 451         predicates.predicates
 452                   .into_iter()
 453                   .map(|pred| traits::Obligation::new(cause.clone(), pred))
 454                   .filter(|pred| !pred.has_escaping_regions())
 455                   .collect()
 456     }
 457
 458     fn from_object_ty(&mut self, ty: Ty<'tcx>, data: &ty::TraitObject<'tcx>) {
 459         // Imagine a type like this:
 460         //
 461         //     trait Foo { }
 462         //     trait Bar<'c> : 'c { }
 463         //
 464         //     &'b (Foo+'c+Bar<'d>)
 465         //         ^
 466         //
 467         // In this case, the following relationships must hold:
 468         //
 469         //     'b <= 'c
 470         //     'd <= 'c
 471         //
 472         // The first conditions is due to the normal region pointer
 473         // rules, which say that a reference cannot outlive its
 474         // referent.
 475         //
 476         // The final condition may be a bit surprising. In particular,
 477         // you may expect that it would have been `'c <= 'd`, since
 478         // usually lifetimes of outer things are conservative
 479         // approximations for inner things. However, it works somewhat
 480         // differently with trait objects: here the idea is that if the
 481         // user specifies a region bound (`'c`, in this case) it is the
 482         // "master bound" that *implies* that bounds from other traits are
 483         // all met. (Remember that *all bounds* in a type like
 484         // `Foo+Bar+Zed` must be met, not just one, hence if we write
 485         // `Foo<'x>+Bar<'y>`, we know that the type outlives *both* 'x and
 486         // 'y.)
 487         //
 488         // Note: in fact we only permit builtin traits, not `Bar<'d>`, I
 489         // am looking forward to the future here.
 490
 491         if !data.has_escaping_regions() {
 492             let implicit_bounds =
 493                 object_region_bounds(self.infcx.tcx,
 494                                      data.principal,
 495                                      data.builtin_bounds);
 496
 497             let explicit_bound = data.region_bound;
 498
 499             for implicit_bound in implicit_bounds {
 500                 let cause = self.cause(traits::ReferenceOutlivesReferent(ty));
 501                 let outlives = ty::Binder(ty::OutlivesPredicate(explicit_bound, implicit_bound));
 502                 self.out.push(traits::Obligation::new(cause, outlives.to_predicate()));
 503             }
 504         }
 505     }
 506 }
 507
 508 /// Given an object type like `SomeTrait+Send`, computes the lifetime
 509 /// bounds that must hold on the elided self type. These are derived
 510 /// from the declarations of `SomeTrait`, `Send`, and friends -- if
 511 /// they declare `trait SomeTrait : 'static`, for example, then
 512 /// `'static` would appear in the list. The hard work is done by
 513 /// `ty::required_region_bounds`, see that for more information.
 514 pub fn object_region_bounds<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx>(
 515     tcx: TyCtxt<'a, 'gcx, 'tcx>,
 516     principal: ty::PolyExistentialTraitRef<'tcx>,
 517     others: ty::BuiltinBounds)
 518     -> Vec<&'tcx ty::Region>
 519 {
 520     // Since we don't actually *know* the self type for an object,
 521     // this "open(err)" serves as a kind of dummy standin -- basically
 522     // a skolemized type.
 523     let open_ty = tcx.mk_infer(ty::FreshTy(0));
 524
 525     let mut predicates = others.to_predicates(tcx, open_ty);
 526     predicates.push(principal.with_self_ty(tcx, open_ty).to_predicate());
 527
 528     tcx.required_region_bounds(open_ty, predicates)
 529 }