tools/perf/util/pmu.c

   1 // SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
   2 #include <linux/list.h>
   3 #include <linux/compiler.h>
   4 #include <sys/types.h>
   5 #include <errno.h>
   6 #include <fcntl.h>
   7 #include <sys/stat.h>
   8 #include <unistd.h>
   9 #include <stdio.h>
  10 #include <stdbool.h>
  11 #include <stdarg.h>
  12 #include <dirent.h>
  13 #include <api/fs/fs.h>
  14 #include <locale.h>
  15 #include <regex.h>
  16 #include "util.h"
  17 #include "pmu.h"
  18 #include "parse-events.h"
  19 #include "cpumap.h"
  20 #include "header.h"
  21 #include "pmu-events/pmu-events.h"
  22 #include "cache.h"
  23 #include "string2.h"
  24
  25 struct perf_pmu_format {
  26         char *name;
  27         int value;
  28         DECLARE_BITMAP(bits, PERF_PMU_FORMAT_BITS);
  29         struct list_head list;
  30 };
  31
  32 int perf_pmu_parse(struct list_head *list, char *name);
  33 extern FILE *perf_pmu_in;
  34
  35 static LIST_HEAD(pmus);
  36
  37 /*
  38  * Parse & process all the sysfs attributes located under
  39  * the directory specified in 'dir' parameter.
  40  */
  41 int perf_pmu__format_parse(char *dir, struct list_head *head)
  42 {
  43         struct dirent *evt_ent;
  44         DIR *format_dir;
  45         int ret = 0;
  46
  47         format_dir = opendir(dir);
  48         if (!format_dir)
  49                 return -EINVAL;
  50
  51         while (!ret && (evt_ent = readdir(format_dir))) {
  52                 char path[PATH_MAX];
  53                 char *name = evt_ent->d_name;
  54                 FILE *file;
  55
  56                 if (!strcmp(name, ".") || !strcmp(name, ".."))
  57                         continue;
  58
  59                 snprintf(path, PATH_MAX, "%s/%s", dir, name);
  60
  61                 ret = -EINVAL;
  62                 file = fopen(path, "r");
  63                 if (!file)
  64                         break;
  65
  66                 perf_pmu_in = file;
  67                 ret = perf_pmu_parse(head, name);
  68                 fclose(file);
  69         }
  70
  71         closedir(format_dir);
  72         return ret;
  73 }
  74
  75 /*
  76  * Reading/parsing the default pmu format definition, which should be
  77  * located at:
  78  * /sys/bus/event_source/devices/<dev>/format as sysfs group attributes.
  79  */
  80 static int pmu_format(const char *name, struct list_head *format)
  81 {
  82         struct stat st;
  83         char path[PATH_MAX];
  84         const char *sysfs = sysfs__mountpoint();
  85
  86         if (!sysfs)
  87                 return -1;
  88
  89         snprintf(path, PATH_MAX,
  90                  "%s" EVENT_SOURCE_DEVICE_PATH "%s/format", sysfs, name);
  91
  92         if (stat(path, &st) < 0)
  93                 return 0;       /* no error if format does not exist */
  94
  95         if (perf_pmu__format_parse(path, format))
  96                 return -1;
  97
  98         return 0;
  99 }
 100
 101 static int convert_scale(const char *scale, char **end, double *sval)
 102 {
 103         char *lc;
 104         int ret = 0;
 105
 106         /*
 107          * save current locale
 108          */
 109         lc = setlocale(LC_NUMERIC, NULL);
 110
 111         /*
 112          * The lc string may be allocated in static storage,
 113          * so get a dynamic copy to make it survive setlocale
 114          * call below.
 115          */
 116         lc = strdup(lc);
 117         if (!lc) {
 118                 ret = -ENOMEM;
 119                 goto out;
 120         }
 121
 122         /*
 123          * force to C locale to ensure kernel
 124          * scale string is converted correctly.
 125          * kernel uses default C locale.
 126          */
 127         setlocale(LC_NUMERIC, "C");
 128
 129         *sval = strtod(scale, end);
 130
 131 out:
 132         /* restore locale */
 133         setlocale(LC_NUMERIC, lc);
 134         free(lc);
 135         return ret;
 136 }
 137
 138 static int perf_pmu__parse_scale(struct perf_pmu_alias *alias, char *dir, char *name)
 139 {
 140         struct stat st;
 141         ssize_t sret;
 142         char scale[128];
 143         int fd, ret = -1;
 144         char path[PATH_MAX];
 145
 146         scnprintf(path, PATH_MAX, "%s/%s.scale", dir, name);
 147
 148         fd = open(path, O_RDONLY);
 149         if (fd == -1)
 150                 return -1;
 151
 152         if (fstat(fd, &st) < 0)
 153                 goto error;
 154
 155         sret = read(fd, scale, sizeof(scale)-1);
 156         if (sret < 0)
 157                 goto error;
 158
 159         if (scale[sret - 1] == '\n')
 160                 scale[sret - 1] = '\0';
 161         else
 162                 scale[sret] = '\0';
 163
 164         ret = convert_scale(scale, NULL, &alias->scale);
 165 error:
 166         close(fd);
 167         return ret;
 168 }
 169
 170 static int perf_pmu__parse_unit(struct perf_pmu_alias *alias, char *dir, char *name)
 171 {
 172         char path[PATH_MAX];
 173         ssize_t sret;
 174         int fd;
 175
 176         scnprintf(path, PATH_MAX, "%s/%s.unit", dir, name);
 177
 178         fd = open(path, O_RDONLY);
 179         if (fd == -1)
 180                 return -1;
 181
 182         sret = read(fd, alias->unit, UNIT_MAX_LEN);
 183         if (sret < 0)
 184                 goto error;
 185
 186         close(fd);
 187
 188         if (alias->unit[sret - 1] == '\n')
 189                 alias->unit[sret - 1] = '\0';
 190         else
 191                 alias->unit[sret] = '\0';
 192
 193         return 0;
 194 error:
 195         close(fd);
 196         alias->unit[0] = '\0';
 197         return -1;
 198 }
 199
 200 static int
 201 perf_pmu__parse_per_pkg(struct perf_pmu_alias *alias, char *dir, char *name)
 202 {
 203         char path[PATH_MAX];
 204         int fd;
 205
 206         scnprintf(path, PATH_MAX, "%s/%s.per-pkg", dir, name);
 207
 208         fd = open(path, O_RDONLY);
 209         if (fd == -1)
 210                 return -1;
 211
 212         close(fd);
 213
 214         alias->per_pkg = true;
 215         return 0;
 216 }
 217
 218 static int perf_pmu__parse_snapshot(struct perf_pmu_alias *alias,
 219                                     char *dir, char *name)
 220 {
 221         char path[PATH_MAX];
 222         int fd;
 223
 224         scnprintf(path, PATH_MAX, "%s/%s.snapshot", dir, name);
 225
 226         fd = open(path, O_RDONLY);
 227         if (fd == -1)
 228                 return -1;
 229
 230         alias->snapshot = true;
 231         close(fd);
 232         return 0;
 233 }
 234
 235 static void perf_pmu_assign_str(char *name, const char *field, char **old_str,
 236                                 char **new_str)
 237 {
 238         if (!*old_str)
 239                 goto set_new;
 240
 241         if (*new_str) { /* Have new string, check with old */
 242                 if (strcasecmp(*old_str, *new_str))
 243                         pr_debug("alias %s differs in field '%s'\n",
 244                                  name, field);
 245                 zfree(old_str);
 246         } else          /* Nothing new --> keep old string */
 247                 return;
 248 set_new:
 249         *old_str = *new_str;
 250         *new_str = NULL;
 251 }
 252
 253 static void perf_pmu_update_alias(struct perf_pmu_alias *old,
 254                                   struct perf_pmu_alias *newalias)
 255 {
 256         perf_pmu_assign_str(old->name, "desc", &old->desc, &newalias->desc);
 257         perf_pmu_assign_str(old->name, "long_desc", &old->long_desc,
 258                             &newalias->long_desc);
 259         perf_pmu_assign_str(old->name, "topic", &old->topic, &newalias->topic);
 260         perf_pmu_assign_str(old->name, "metric_expr", &old->metric_expr,
 261                             &newalias->metric_expr);
 262         perf_pmu_assign_str(old->name, "metric_name", &old->metric_name,
 263                             &newalias->metric_name);
 264         perf_pmu_assign_str(old->name, "value", &old->str, &newalias->str);
 265         old->scale = newalias->scale;
 266         old->per_pkg = newalias->per_pkg;
 267         old->snapshot = newalias->snapshot;
 268         memcpy(old->unit, newalias->unit, sizeof(old->unit));
 269 }
 270
 271 /* Delete an alias entry. */
 272 static void perf_pmu_free_alias(struct perf_pmu_alias *newalias)
 273 {
 274         zfree(&newalias->name);
 275         zfree(&newalias->desc);
 276         zfree(&newalias->long_desc);
 277         zfree(&newalias->topic);
 278         zfree(&newalias->str);
 279         zfree(&newalias->metric_expr);
 280         zfree(&newalias->metric_name);
 281         parse_events_terms__purge(&newalias->terms);
 282         free(newalias);
 283 }
 284
 285 /* Merge an alias, search in alias list. If this name is already
 286  * present merge both of them to combine all information.
 287  */
 288 static bool perf_pmu_merge_alias(struct perf_pmu_alias *newalias,
 289                                  struct list_head *alist)
 290 {
 291         struct perf_pmu_alias *a;
 292
 293         list_for_each_entry(a, alist, list) {
 294                 if (!strcasecmp(newalias->name, a->name)) {
 295                         perf_pmu_update_alias(a, newalias);
 296                         perf_pmu_free_alias(newalias);
 297                         return true;
 298                 }
 299         }
 300         return false;
 301 }
 302
 303 static int __perf_pmu__new_alias(struct list_head *list, char *dir, char *name,
 304                                  char *desc, char *val,
 305                                  char *long_desc, char *topic,
 306                                  char *unit, char *perpkg,
 307                                  char *metric_expr,
 308                                  char *metric_name)
 309 {
 310         struct parse_events_term *term;
 311         struct perf_pmu_alias *alias;
 312         int ret;
 313         int num;
 314         char newval[256];
 315
 316         alias = malloc(sizeof(*alias));
 317         if (!alias)
 318                 return -ENOMEM;
 319
 320         INIT_LIST_HEAD(&alias->terms);
 321         alias->scale = 1.0;
 322         alias->unit[0] = '\0';
 323         alias->per_pkg = false;
 324         alias->snapshot = false;
 325
 326         ret = parse_events_terms(&alias->terms, val);
 327         if (ret) {
 328                 pr_err("Cannot parse alias %s: %d\n", val, ret);
 329                 free(alias);
 330                 return ret;
 331         }
 332
 333         /* Scan event and remove leading zeroes, spaces, newlines, some
 334          * platforms have terms specified as
 335          * event=0x0091 (read from files ../<PMU>/events/<FILE>
 336          * and terms specified as event=0x91 (read from JSON files).
 337          *
 338          * Rebuild string to make alias->str member comparable.
 339          */
 340         memset(newval, 0, sizeof(newval));
 341         ret = 0;
 342         list_for_each_entry(term, &alias->terms, list) {
 343                 if (ret)
 344                         ret += scnprintf(newval + ret, sizeof(newval) - ret,
 345                                          ",");
 346                 if (term->type_val == PARSE_EVENTS__TERM_TYPE_NUM)
 347                         ret += scnprintf(newval + ret, sizeof(newval) - ret,
 348                                          "%s=%#x", term->config, term->val.num);
 349                 else if (term->type_val == PARSE_EVENTS__TERM_TYPE_STR)
 350                         ret += scnprintf(newval + ret, sizeof(newval) - ret,
 351                                          "%s=%s", term->config, term->val.str);
 352         }
 353
 354         alias->name = strdup(name);
 355         if (dir) {
 356                 /*
 357                  * load unit name and scale if available
 358                  */
 359                 perf_pmu__parse_unit(alias, dir, name);
 360                 perf_pmu__parse_scale(alias, dir, name);
 361                 perf_pmu__parse_per_pkg(alias, dir, name);
 362                 perf_pmu__parse_snapshot(alias, dir, name);
 363         }
 364
 365         alias->metric_expr = metric_expr ? strdup(metric_expr) : NULL;
 366         alias->metric_name = metric_name ? strdup(metric_name): NULL;
 367         alias->desc = desc ? strdup(desc) : NULL;
 368         alias->long_desc = long_desc ? strdup(long_desc) :
 369                                 desc ? strdup(desc) : NULL;
 370         alias->topic = topic ? strdup(topic) : NULL;
 371         if (unit) {
 372                 if (convert_scale(unit, &unit, &alias->scale) < 0)
 373                         return -1;
 374                 snprintf(alias->unit, sizeof(alias->unit), "%s", unit);
 375         }
 376         alias->per_pkg = perpkg && sscanf(perpkg, "%d", &num) == 1 && num == 1;
 377         alias->str = strdup(newval);
 378
 379         if (!perf_pmu_merge_alias(alias, list))
 380                 list_add_tail(&alias->list, list);
 381
 382         return 0;
 383 }
 384
 385 static int perf_pmu__new_alias(struct list_head *list, char *dir, char *name, FILE *file)
 386 {
 387         char buf[256];
 388         int ret;
 389
 390         ret = fread(buf, 1, sizeof(buf), file);
 391         if (ret == 0)
 392                 return -EINVAL;
 393
 394         buf[ret] = 0;
 395
 396         /* Remove trailing newline from sysfs file */
 397         rtrim(buf);
 398
 399         return __perf_pmu__new_alias(list, dir, name, NULL, buf, NULL, NULL, NULL,
 400                                      NULL, NULL, NULL);
 401 }
 402
 403 static inline bool pmu_alias_info_file(char *name)
 404 {
 405         size_t len;
 406
 407         len = strlen(name);
 408         if (len > 5 && !strcmp(name + len - 5, ".unit"))
 409                 return true;
 410         if (len > 6 && !strcmp(name + len - 6, ".scale"))
 411                 return true;
 412         if (len > 8 && !strcmp(name + len - 8, ".per-pkg"))
 413                 return true;
 414         if (len > 9 && !strcmp(name + len - 9, ".snapshot"))
 415                 return true;
 416
 417         return false;
 418 }
 419
 420 /*
 421  * Process all the sysfs attributes located under the directory
 422  * specified in 'dir' parameter.
 423  */
 424 static int pmu_aliases_parse(char *dir, struct list_head *head)
 425 {
 426         struct dirent *evt_ent;
 427         DIR *event_dir;
 428
 429         event_dir = opendir(dir);
 430         if (!event_dir)
 431                 return -EINVAL;
 432
 433         while ((evt_ent = readdir(event_dir))) {
 434                 char path[PATH_MAX];
 435                 char *name = evt_ent->d_name;
 436                 FILE *file;
 437
 438                 if (!strcmp(name, ".") || !strcmp(name, ".."))
 439                         continue;
 440
 441                 /*
 442                  * skip info files parsed in perf_pmu__new_alias()
 443                  */
 444                 if (pmu_alias_info_file(name))
 445                         continue;
 446
 447                 scnprintf(path, PATH_MAX, "%s/%s", dir, name);
 448
 449                 file = fopen(path, "r");
 450                 if (!file) {
 451                         pr_debug("Cannot open %s\n", path);
 452                         continue;
 453                 }
 454
 455                 if (perf_pmu__new_alias(head, dir, name, file) < 0)
 456                         pr_debug("Cannot set up %s\n", name);
 457                 fclose(file);
 458         }
 459
 460         closedir(event_dir);
 461         return 0;
 462 }
 463
 464 /*
 465  * Reading the pmu event aliases definition, which should be located at:
 466  * /sys/bus/event_source/devices/<dev>/events as sysfs group attributes.
 467  */
 468 static int pmu_aliases(const char *name, struct list_head *head)
 469 {
 470         struct stat st;
 471         char path[PATH_MAX];
 472         const char *sysfs = sysfs__mountpoint();
 473
 474         if (!sysfs)
 475                 return -1;
 476
 477         snprintf(path, PATH_MAX,
 478                  "%s/bus/event_source/devices/%s/events", sysfs, name);
 479
 480         if (stat(path, &st) < 0)
 481                 return 0;        /* no error if 'events' does not exist */
 482
 483         if (pmu_aliases_parse(path, head))
 484                 return -1;
 485
 486         return 0;
 487 }
 488
 489 static int pmu_alias_terms(struct perf_pmu_alias *alias,
 490                            struct list_head *terms)
 491 {
 492         struct parse_events_term *term, *cloned;
 493         LIST_HEAD(list);
 494         int ret;
 495
 496         list_for_each_entry(term, &alias->terms, list) {
 497                 ret = parse_events_term__clone(&cloned, term);
 498                 if (ret) {
 499                         parse_events_terms__purge(&list);
 500                         return ret;
 501                 }
 502                 /*
 503                  * Weak terms don't override command line options,
 504                  * which we don't want for implicit terms in aliases.
 505                  */
 506                 cloned->weak = true;
 507                 list_add_tail(&cloned->list, &list);
 508         }
 509         list_splice(&list, terms);
 510         return 0;
 511 }
 512
 513 /*
 514  * Reading/parsing the default pmu type value, which should be
 515  * located at:
 516  * /sys/bus/event_source/devices/<dev>/type as sysfs attribute.
 517  */
 518 static int pmu_type(const char *name, __u32 *type)
 519 {
 520         struct stat st;
 521         char path[PATH_MAX];
 522         FILE *file;
 523         int ret = 0;
 524         const char *sysfs = sysfs__mountpoint();
 525
 526         if (!sysfs)
 527                 return -1;
 528
 529         snprintf(path, PATH_MAX,
 530                  "%s" EVENT_SOURCE_DEVICE_PATH "%s/type", sysfs, name);
 531
 532         if (stat(path, &st) < 0)
 533                 return -1;
 534
 535         file = fopen(path, "r");
 536         if (!file)
 537                 return -EINVAL;
 538
 539         if (1 != fscanf(file, "%u", type))
 540                 ret = -1;
 541
 542         fclose(file);
 543         return ret;
 544 }
 545
 546 /* Add all pmus in sysfs to pmu list: */
 547 static void pmu_read_sysfs(void)
 548 {
 549         char path[PATH_MAX];
 550         DIR *dir;
 551         struct dirent *dent;
 552         const char *sysfs = sysfs__mountpoint();
 553
 554         if (!sysfs)
 555                 return;
 556
 557         snprintf(path, PATH_MAX,
 558                  "%s" EVENT_SOURCE_DEVICE_PATH, sysfs);
 559
 560         dir = opendir(path);
 561         if (!dir)
 562                 return;
 563
 564         while ((dent = readdir(dir))) {
 565                 if (!strcmp(dent->d_name, ".") || !strcmp(dent->d_name, ".."))
 566                         continue;
 567                 /* add to static LIST_HEAD(pmus): */
 568                 perf_pmu__find(dent->d_name);
 569         }
 570
 571         closedir(dir);
 572 }
 573
 574 static struct cpu_map *__pmu_cpumask(const char *path)
 575 {
 576         FILE *file;
 577         struct cpu_map *cpus;
 578
 579         file = fopen(path, "r");
 580         if (!file)
 581                 return NULL;
 582
 583         cpus = cpu_map__read(file);
 584         fclose(file);
 585         return cpus;
 586 }
 587
 588 /*
 589  * Uncore PMUs have a "cpumask" file under sysfs. CPU PMUs (e.g. on arm/arm64)
 590  * may have a "cpus" file.
 591  */
 592 #define CPUS_TEMPLATE_UNCORE    "%s/bus/event_source/devices/%s/cpumask"
 593 #define CPUS_TEMPLATE_CPU       "%s/bus/event_source/devices/%s/cpus"
 594
 595 static struct cpu_map *pmu_cpumask(const char *name)
 596 {
 597         char path[PATH_MAX];
 598         struct cpu_map *cpus;
 599         const char *sysfs = sysfs__mountpoint();
 600         const char *templates[] = {
 601                 CPUS_TEMPLATE_UNCORE,
 602                 CPUS_TEMPLATE_CPU,
 603                 NULL
 604         };
 605         const char **template;
 606
 607         if (!sysfs)
 608                 return NULL;
 609
 610         for (template = templates; *template; template++) {
 611                 snprintf(path, PATH_MAX, *template, sysfs, name);
 612                 cpus = __pmu_cpumask(path);
 613                 if (cpus)
 614                         return cpus;
 615         }
 616
 617         return NULL;
 618 }
 619
 620 static bool pmu_is_uncore(const char *name)
 621 {
 622         char path[PATH_MAX];
 623         struct cpu_map *cpus;
 624         const char *sysfs = sysfs__mountpoint();
 625
 626         snprintf(path, PATH_MAX, CPUS_TEMPLATE_UNCORE, sysfs, name);
 627         cpus = __pmu_cpumask(path);
 628         cpu_map__put(cpus);
 629
 630         return !!cpus;
 631 }
 632
 633 /*
 634  *  PMU CORE devices have different name other than cpu in sysfs on some
 635  *  platforms.
 636  *  Looking for possible sysfs files to identify the arm core device.
 637  */
 638 static int is_arm_pmu_core(const char *name)
 639 {
 640         struct stat st;
 641         char path[PATH_MAX];
 642         const char *sysfs = sysfs__mountpoint();
 643
 644         if (!sysfs)
 645                 return 0;
 646
 647         /* Look for cpu sysfs (specific to arm) */
 648         scnprintf(path, PATH_MAX, "%s/bus/event_source/devices/%s/cpus",
 649                                 sysfs, name);
 650         if (stat(path, &st) == 0)
 651                 return 1;
 652
 653         return 0;
 654 }
 655
 656 static char *perf_pmu__getcpuid(struct perf_pmu *pmu)
 657 {
 658         char *cpuid;
 659         static bool printed;
 660
 661         cpuid = getenv("PERF_CPUID");
 662         if (cpuid)
 663                 cpuid = strdup(cpuid);
 664         if (!cpuid)
 665                 cpuid = get_cpuid_str(pmu);
 666         if (!cpuid)
 667                 return NULL;
 668
 669         if (!printed) {
 670                 pr_debug("Using CPUID %s\n", cpuid);
 671                 printed = true;
 672         }
 673         return cpuid;
 674 }
 675
 676 struct pmu_events_map *perf_pmu__find_map(struct perf_pmu *pmu)
 677 {
 678         struct pmu_events_map *map;
 679         char *cpuid = perf_pmu__getcpuid(pmu);
 680         int i;
 681
 682         /* on some platforms which uses cpus map, cpuid can be NULL for
 683          * PMUs other than CORE PMUs.
 684          */
 685         if (!cpuid)
 686                 return NULL;
 687
 688         i = 0;
 689         for (;;) {
 690                 map = &pmu_events_map[i++];
 691                 if (!map->table) {
 692                         map = NULL;
 693                         break;
 694                 }
 695
 696                 if (!strcmp_cpuid_str(map->cpuid, cpuid))
 697                         break;
 698         }
 699         free(cpuid);
 700         return map;
 701 }
 702
 703 /*
 704  * From the pmu_events_map, find the table of PMU events that corresponds
 705  * to the current running CPU. Then, add all PMU events from that table
 706  * as aliases.
 707  */
 708 static void pmu_add_cpu_aliases(struct list_head *head, struct perf_pmu *pmu)
 709 {
 710         int i;
 711         struct pmu_events_map *map;
 712         struct pmu_event *pe;
 713         const char *name = pmu->name;
 714         const char *pname;
 715
 716         map = perf_pmu__find_map(pmu);
 717         if (!map)
 718                 return;
 719
 720         /*
 721          * Found a matching PMU events table. Create aliases
 722          */
 723         i = 0;
 724         while (1) {
 725
 726                 pe = &map->table[i++];
 727                 if (!pe->name) {
 728                         if (pe->metric_group || pe->metric_name)
 729                                 continue;
 730                         break;
 731                 }
 732
 733                 if (!is_arm_pmu_core(name)) {
 734                         pname = pe->pmu ? pe->pmu : "cpu";
 735
 736                         /*
 737                          * uncore alias may be from different PMU
 738                          * with common prefix
 739                          */
 740                         if (pmu_is_uncore(name) &&
 741                             !strncmp(pname, name, strlen(pname)))
 742                                 goto new_alias;
 743
 744                         if (strcmp(pname, name))
 745                                 continue;
 746                 }
 747
 748 new_alias:
 749                 /* need type casts to override 'const' */
 750                 __perf_pmu__new_alias(head, NULL, (char *)pe->name,
 751                                 (char *)pe->desc, (char *)pe->event,
 752                                 (char *)pe->long_desc, (char *)pe->topic,
 753                                 (char *)pe->unit, (char *)pe->perpkg,
 754                                 (char *)pe->metric_expr,
 755                                 (char *)pe->metric_name);
 756         }
 757 }
 758
 759 struct perf_event_attr * __weak
 760 perf_pmu__get_default_config(struct perf_pmu *pmu __maybe_unused)
 761 {
 762         return NULL;
 763 }
 764
 765 static int pmu_max_precise(const char *name)
 766 {
 767         char path[PATH_MAX];
 768         int max_precise = -1;
 769
 770         scnprintf(path, PATH_MAX,
 771                  "bus/event_source/devices/%s/caps/max_precise",
 772                  name);
 773
 774         sysfs__read_int(path, &max_precise);
 775         return max_precise;
 776 }
 777
 778 static struct perf_pmu *pmu_lookup(const char *name)
 779 {
 780         struct perf_pmu *pmu;
 781         LIST_HEAD(format);
 782         LIST_HEAD(aliases);
 783         __u32 type;
 784
 785         /*
 786          * The pmu data we store & need consists of the pmu
 787          * type value and format definitions. Load both right
 788          * now.
 789          */
 790         if (pmu_format(name, &format))
 791                 return NULL;
 792
 793         /*
 794          * Check the type first to avoid unnecessary work.
 795          */
 796         if (pmu_type(name, &type))
 797                 return NULL;
 798
 799         if (pmu_aliases(name, &aliases))
 800                 return NULL;
 801
 802         pmu = zalloc(sizeof(*pmu));
 803         if (!pmu)
 804                 return NULL;
 805
 806         pmu->cpus = pmu_cpumask(name);
 807         pmu->name = strdup(name);
 808         pmu->type = type;
 809         pmu->is_uncore = pmu_is_uncore(name);
 810         pmu->max_precise = pmu_max_precise(name);
 811         pmu_add_cpu_aliases(&aliases, pmu);
 812
 813         INIT_LIST_HEAD(&pmu->format);
 814         INIT_LIST_HEAD(&pmu->aliases);
 815         list_splice(&format, &pmu->format);
 816         list_splice(&aliases, &pmu->aliases);
 817         list_add_tail(&pmu->list, &pmus);
 818
 819         pmu->default_config = perf_pmu__get_default_config(pmu);
 820
 821         return pmu;
 822 }
 823
 824 static struct perf_pmu *pmu_find(const char *name)
 825 {
 826         struct perf_pmu *pmu;
 827
 828         list_for_each_entry(pmu, &pmus, list)
 829                 if (!strcmp(pmu->name, name))
 830                         return pmu;
 831
 832         return NULL;
 833 }
 834
 835 struct perf_pmu *perf_pmu__scan(struct perf_pmu *pmu)
 836 {
 837         /*
 838          * pmu iterator: If pmu is NULL, we start at the begin,
 839          * otherwise return the next pmu. Returns NULL on end.
 840          */
 841         if (!pmu) {
 842                 pmu_read_sysfs();
 843                 pmu = list_prepare_entry(pmu, &pmus, list);
 844         }
 845         list_for_each_entry_continue(pmu, &pmus, list)
 846                 return pmu;
 847         return NULL;
 848 }
 849
 850 struct perf_pmu *perf_pmu__find(const char *name)
 851 {
 852         struct perf_pmu *pmu;
 853
 854         /*
 855          * Once PMU is loaded it stays in the list,
 856          * so we keep us from multiple reading/parsing
 857          * the pmu format definitions.
 858          */
 859         pmu = pmu_find(name);
 860         if (pmu)
 861                 return pmu;
 862
 863         return pmu_lookup(name);
 864 }
 865
 866 static struct perf_pmu_format *
 867 pmu_find_format(struct list_head *formats, const char *name)
 868 {
 869         struct perf_pmu_format *format;
 870
 871         list_for_each_entry(format, formats, list)
 872                 if (!strcmp(format->name, name))
 873                         return format;
 874
 875         return NULL;
 876 }
 877
 878 __u64 perf_pmu__format_bits(struct list_head *formats, const char *name)
 879 {
 880         struct perf_pmu_format *format = pmu_find_format(formats, name);
 881         __u64 bits = 0;
 882         int fbit;
 883
 884         if (!format)
 885                 return 0;
 886
 887         for_each_set_bit(fbit, format->bits, PERF_PMU_FORMAT_BITS)
 888                 bits |= 1ULL << fbit;
 889
 890         return bits;
 891 }
 892
 893 /*
 894  * Sets value based on the format definition (format parameter)
 895  * and unformated value (value parameter).
 896  */
 897 static void pmu_format_value(unsigned long *format, __u64 value, __u64 *v,
 898                              bool zero)
 899 {
 900         unsigned long fbit, vbit;
 901
 902         for (fbit = 0, vbit = 0; fbit < PERF_PMU_FORMAT_BITS; fbit++) {
 903
 904                 if (!test_bit(fbit, format))
 905                         continue;
 906
 907                 if (value & (1llu << vbit++))
 908                         *v |= (1llu << fbit);
 909                 else if (zero)
 910                         *v &= ~(1llu << fbit);
 911         }
 912 }
 913
 914 static __u64 pmu_format_max_value(const unsigned long *format)
 915 {
 916         int w;
 917
 918         w = bitmap_weight(format, PERF_PMU_FORMAT_BITS);
 919         if (!w)
 920                 return 0;
 921         if (w < 64)
 922                 return (1ULL << w) - 1;
 923         return -1;
 924 }
 925
 926 /*
 927  * Term is a string term, and might be a param-term. Try to look up it's value
 928  * in the remaining terms.
 929  * - We have a term like "base-or-format-term=param-term",
 930  * - We need to find the value supplied for "param-term" (with param-term named
 931  *   in a config string) later on in the term list.
 932  */
 933 static int pmu_resolve_param_term(struct parse_events_term *term,
 934                                   struct list_head *head_terms,
 935                                   __u64 *value)
 936 {
 937         struct parse_events_term *t;
 938
 939         list_for_each_entry(t, head_terms, list) {
 940                 if (t->type_val == PARSE_EVENTS__TERM_TYPE_NUM) {
 941                         if (!strcmp(t->config, term->config)) {
 942                                 t->used = true;
 943                                 *value = t->val.num;
 944                                 return 0;
 945                         }
 946                 }
 947         }
 948
 949         if (verbose > 0)
 950                 printf("Required parameter '%s' not specified\n", term->config);
 951
 952         return -1;
 953 }
 954
 955 static char *pmu_formats_string(struct list_head *formats)
 956 {
 957         struct perf_pmu_format *format;
 958         char *str = NULL;
 959         struct strbuf buf = STRBUF_INIT;
 960         unsigned i = 0;
 961
 962         if (!formats)
 963                 return NULL;
 964
 965         /* sysfs exported terms */
 966         list_for_each_entry(format, formats, list)
 967                 if (strbuf_addf(&buf, i++ ? ",%s" : "%s", format->name) < 0)
 968                         goto error;
 969
 970         str = strbuf_detach(&buf, NULL);
 971 error:
 972         strbuf_release(&buf);
 973
 974         return str;
 975 }
 976
 977 /*
 978  * Setup one of config[12] attr members based on the
 979  * user input data - term parameter.
 980  */
 981 static int pmu_config_term(struct list_head *formats,
 982                            struct perf_event_attr *attr,
 983                            struct parse_events_term *term,
 984                            struct list_head *head_terms,
 985                            bool zero, struct parse_events_error *err)
 986 {
 987         struct perf_pmu_format *format;
 988         __u64 *vp;
 989         __u64 val, max_val;
 990
 991         /*
 992          * If this is a parameter we've already used for parameterized-eval,
 993          * skip it in normal eval.
 994          */
 995         if (term->used)
 996                 return 0;
 997
 998         /*
 999          * Hardcoded terms should be already in, so nothing
1000          * to be done for them.
1001          */
1002         if (parse_events__is_hardcoded_term(term))
1003                 return 0;
1004
1005         format = pmu_find_format(formats, term->config);
1006         if (!format) {
1007                 if (verbose > 0)
1008                         printf("Invalid event/parameter '%s'\n", term->config);
1009                 if (err) {
1010                         char *pmu_term = pmu_formats_string(formats);
1011
1012                         err->idx  = term->err_term;
1013                         err->str  = strdup("unknown term");
1014                         err->help = parse_events_formats_error_string(pmu_term);
1015                         free(pmu_term);
1016                 }
1017                 return -EINVAL;
1018         }
1019
1020         switch (format->value) {
1021         case PERF_PMU_FORMAT_VALUE_CONFIG:
1022                 vp = &attr->config;
1023                 break;
1024         case PERF_PMU_FORMAT_VALUE_CONFIG1:
1025                 vp = &attr->config1;
1026                 break;
1027         case PERF_PMU_FORMAT_VALUE_CONFIG2:
1028                 vp = &attr->config2;
1029                 break;
1030         default:
1031                 return -EINVAL;
1032         }
1033
1034         /*
1035          * Either directly use a numeric term, or try to translate string terms
1036          * using event parameters.
1037          */
1038         if (term->type_val == PARSE_EVENTS__TERM_TYPE_NUM) {
1039                 if (term->no_value &&
1040                     bitmap_weight(format->bits, PERF_PMU_FORMAT_BITS) > 1) {
1041                         if (err) {
1042                                 err->idx = term->err_val;
1043                                 err->str = strdup("no value assigned for term");
1044                         }
1045                         return -EINVAL;
1046                 }
1047
1048                 val = term->val.num;
1049         } else if (term->type_val == PARSE_EVENTS__TERM_TYPE_STR) {
1050                 if (strcmp(term->val.str, "?")) {
1051                         if (verbose > 0) {
1052                                 pr_info("Invalid sysfs entry %s=%s\n",
1053                                                 term->config, term->val.str);
1054                         }
1055                         if (err) {
1056                                 err->idx = term->err_val;
1057                                 err->str = strdup("expected numeric value");
1058                         }
1059                         return -EINVAL;
1060                 }
1061
1062                 if (pmu_resolve_param_term(term, head_terms, &val))
1063                         return -EINVAL;
1064         } else
1065                 return -EINVAL;
1066
1067         max_val = pmu_format_max_value(format->bits);
1068         if (val > max_val) {
1069                 if (err) {
1070                         err->idx = term->err_val;
1071                         if (asprintf(&err->str,
1072                                      "value too big for format, maximum is %llu",
1073                                      (unsigned long long)max_val) < 0)
1074                                 err->str = strdup("value too big for format");
1075                         return -EINVAL;
1076                 }
1077                 /*
1078                  * Assume we don't care if !err, in which case the value will be
1079                  * silently truncated.
1080                  */
1081         }
1082
1083         pmu_format_value(format->bits, val, vp, zero);
1084         return 0;
1085 }
1086
1087 int perf_pmu__config_terms(struct list_head *formats,
1088                            struct perf_event_attr *attr,
1089                            struct list_head *head_terms,
1090                            bool zero, struct parse_events_error *err)
1091 {
1092         struct parse_events_term *term;
1093
1094         list_for_each_entry(term, head_terms, list) {
1095                 if (pmu_config_term(formats, attr, term, head_terms,
1096                                     zero, err))
1097                         return -EINVAL;
1098         }
1099
1100         return 0;
1101 }
1102
1103 /*
1104  * Configures event's 'attr' parameter based on the:
1105  * 1) users input - specified in terms parameter
1106  * 2) pmu format definitions - specified by pmu parameter
1107  */
1108 int perf_pmu__config(struct perf_pmu *pmu, struct perf_event_attr *attr,
1109                      struct list_head *head_terms,
1110                      struct parse_events_error *err)
1111 {
1112         bool zero = !!pmu->default_config;
1113
1114         attr->type = pmu->type;
1115         return perf_pmu__config_terms(&pmu->format, attr, head_terms,
1116                                       zero, err);
1117 }
1118
1119 static struct perf_pmu_alias *pmu_find_alias(struct perf_pmu *pmu,
1120                                              struct parse_events_term *term)
1121 {
1122         struct perf_pmu_alias *alias;
1123         char *name;
1124
1125         if (parse_events__is_hardcoded_term(term))
1126                 return NULL;
1127
1128         if (term->type_val == PARSE_EVENTS__TERM_TYPE_NUM) {
1129                 if (term->val.num != 1)
1130                         return NULL;
1131                 if (pmu_find_format(&pmu->format, term->config))
1132                         return NULL;
1133                 name = term->config;
1134         } else if (term->type_val == PARSE_EVENTS__TERM_TYPE_STR) {
1135                 if (strcasecmp(term->config, "event"))
1136                         return NULL;
1137                 name = term->val.str;
1138         } else {
1139                 return NULL;
1140         }
1141
1142         list_for_each_entry(alias, &pmu->aliases, list) {
1143                 if (!strcasecmp(alias->name, name))
1144                         return alias;
1145         }
1146         return NULL;
1147 }
1148
1149
1150 static int check_info_data(struct perf_pmu_alias *alias,
1151                            struct perf_pmu_info *info)
1152 {
1153         /*
1154          * Only one term in event definition can
1155          * define unit, scale and snapshot, fail
1156          * if there's more than one.
1157          */
1158         if ((info->unit && alias->unit[0]) ||
1159             (info->scale && alias->scale) ||
1160             (info->snapshot && alias->snapshot))
1161                 return -EINVAL;
1162
1163         if (alias->unit[0])
1164                 info->unit = alias->unit;
1165
1166         if (alias->scale)
1167                 info->scale = alias->scale;
1168
1169         if (alias->snapshot)
1170                 info->snapshot = alias->snapshot;
1171
1172         return 0;
1173 }
1174
1175 /*
1176  * Find alias in the terms list and replace it with the terms
1177  * defined for the alias
1178  */
1179 int perf_pmu__check_alias(struct perf_pmu *pmu, struct list_head *head_terms,
1180                           struct perf_pmu_info *info)
1181 {
1182         struct parse_events_term *term, *h;
1183         struct perf_pmu_alias *alias;
1184         int ret;
1185
1186         info->per_pkg = false;
1187
1188         /*
1189          * Mark unit and scale as not set
1190          * (different from default values, see below)
1191          */
1192         info->unit     = NULL;
1193         info->scale    = 0.0;
1194         info->snapshot = false;
1195         info->metric_expr = NULL;
1196         info->metric_name = NULL;
1197
1198         list_for_each_entry_safe(term, h, head_terms, list) {
1199                 alias = pmu_find_alias(pmu, term);
1200                 if (!alias)
1201                         continue;
1202                 ret = pmu_alias_terms(alias, &term->list);
1203                 if (ret)
1204                         return ret;
1205
1206                 ret = check_info_data(alias, info);
1207                 if (ret)
1208                         return ret;
1209
1210                 if (alias->per_pkg)
1211                         info->per_pkg = true;
1212                 info->metric_expr = alias->metric_expr;
1213                 info->metric_name = alias->metric_name;
1214
1215                 list_del(&term->list);
1216                 free(term);
1217         }
1218
1219         /*
1220          * if no unit or scale foundin aliases, then
1221          * set defaults as for evsel
1222          * unit cannot left to NULL
1223          */
1224         if (info->unit == NULL)
1225                 info->unit   = "";
1226
1227         if (info->scale == 0.0)
1228                 info->scale  = 1.0;
1229
1230         return 0;
1231 }
1232
1233 int perf_pmu__new_format(struct list_head *list, char *name,
1234                          int config, unsigned long *bits)
1235 {
1236         struct perf_pmu_format *format;
1237
1238         format = zalloc(sizeof(*format));
1239         if (!format)
1240                 return -ENOMEM;
1241
1242         format->name = strdup(name);
1243         format->value = config;
1244         memcpy(format->bits, bits, sizeof(format->bits));
1245
1246         list_add_tail(&format->list, list);
1247         return 0;
1248 }
1249
1250 void perf_pmu__set_format(unsigned long *bits, long from, long to)
1251 {
1252         long b;
1253
1254         if (!to)
1255                 to = from;
1256
1257         memset(bits, 0, BITS_TO_BYTES(PERF_PMU_FORMAT_BITS));
1258         for (b = from; b <= to; b++)
1259                 set_bit(b, bits);
1260 }
1261
1262 static int sub_non_neg(int a, int b)
1263 {
1264         if (b > a)
1265                 return 0;
1266         return a - b;
1267 }
1268
1269 static char *format_alias(char *buf, int len, struct perf_pmu *pmu,
1270                           struct perf_pmu_alias *alias)
1271 {
1272         struct parse_events_term *term;
1273         int used = snprintf(buf, len, "%s/%s", pmu->name, alias->name);
1274
1275         list_for_each_entry(term, &alias->terms, list) {
1276                 if (term->type_val == PARSE_EVENTS__TERM_TYPE_STR)
1277                         used += snprintf(buf + used, sub_non_neg(len, used),
1278                                         ",%s=%s", term->config,
1279                                         term->val.str);
1280         }
1281
1282         if (sub_non_neg(len, used) > 0) {
1283                 buf[used] = '/';
1284                 used++;
1285         }
1286         if (sub_non_neg(len, used) > 0) {
1287                 buf[used] = '\0';
1288                 used++;
1289         } else
1290                 buf[len - 1] = '\0';
1291
1292         return buf;
1293 }
1294
1295 static char *format_alias_or(char *buf, int len, struct perf_pmu *pmu,
1296                              struct perf_pmu_alias *alias)
1297 {
1298         snprintf(buf, len, "%s OR %s/%s/", alias->name, pmu->name, alias->name);
1299         return buf;
1300 }
1301
1302 struct sevent {
1303         char *name;
1304         char *desc;
1305         char *topic;
1306         char *str;
1307         char *pmu;
1308         char *metric_expr;
1309         char *metric_name;
1310 };
1311
1312 static int cmp_sevent(const void *a, const void *b)
1313 {
1314         const struct sevent *as = a;
1315         const struct sevent *bs = b;
1316
1317         /* Put extra events last */
1318         if (!!as->desc != !!bs->desc)
1319                 return !!as->desc - !!bs->desc;
1320         if (as->topic && bs->topic) {
1321                 int n = strcmp(as->topic, bs->topic);
1322
1323                 if (n)
1324                         return n;
1325         }
1326         return strcmp(as->name, bs->name);
1327 }
1328
1329 static void wordwrap(char *s, int start, int max, int corr)
1330 {
1331         int column = start;
1332         int n;
1333
1334         while (*s) {
1335                 int wlen = strcspn(s, " \t");
1336
1337                 if (column + wlen >= max && column > start) {
1338                         printf("\n%*s", start, "");
1339                         column = start + corr;
1340                 }
1341                 n = printf("%s%.*s", column > start ? " " : "", wlen, s);
1342                 if (n <= 0)
1343                         break;
1344                 s += wlen;
1345                 column += n;
1346                 s = ltrim(s);
1347         }
1348 }
1349
1350 void print_pmu_events(const char *event_glob, bool name_only, bool quiet_flag,
1351                         bool long_desc, bool details_flag)
1352 {
1353         struct perf_pmu *pmu;
1354         struct perf_pmu_alias *alias;
1355         char buf[1024];
1356         int printed = 0;
1357         int len, j;
1358         struct sevent *aliases;
1359         int numdesc = 0;
1360         int columns = pager_get_columns();
1361         char *topic = NULL;
1362
1363         pmu = NULL;
1364         len = 0;
1365         while ((pmu = perf_pmu__scan(pmu)) != NULL) {
1366                 list_for_each_entry(alias, &pmu->aliases, list)
1367                         len++;
1368                 if (pmu->selectable)
1369                         len++;
1370         }
1371         aliases = zalloc(sizeof(struct sevent) * len);
1372         if (!aliases)
1373                 goto out_enomem;
1374         pmu = NULL;
1375         j = 0;
1376         while ((pmu = perf_pmu__scan(pmu)) != NULL) {
1377                 list_for_each_entry(alias, &pmu->aliases, list) {
1378                         char *name = alias->desc ? alias->name :
1379                                 format_alias(buf, sizeof(buf), pmu, alias);
1380                         bool is_cpu = !strcmp(pmu->name, "cpu");
1381
1382                         if (event_glob != NULL &&
1383                             !(strglobmatch_nocase(name, event_glob) ||
1384                               (!is_cpu && strglobmatch_nocase(alias->name,
1385                                                        event_glob)) ||
1386                               (alias->topic &&
1387                                strglobmatch_nocase(alias->topic, event_glob))))
1388                                 continue;
1389
1390                         if (is_cpu && !name_only && !alias->desc)
1391                                 name = format_alias_or(buf, sizeof(buf), pmu, alias);
1392
1393                         aliases[j].name = name;
1394                         if (is_cpu && !name_only && !alias->desc)
1395                                 aliases[j].name = format_alias_or(buf,
1396                                                                   sizeof(buf),
1397                                                                   pmu, alias);
1398                         aliases[j].name = strdup(aliases[j].name);
1399                         if (!aliases[j].name)
1400                                 goto out_enomem;
1401
1402                         aliases[j].desc = long_desc ? alias->long_desc :
1403                                                 alias->desc;
1404                         aliases[j].topic = alias->topic;
1405                         aliases[j].str = alias->str;
1406                         aliases[j].pmu = pmu->name;
1407                         aliases[j].metric_expr = alias->metric_expr;
1408                         aliases[j].metric_name = alias->metric_name;
1409                         j++;
1410                 }
1411                 if (pmu->selectable &&
1412                     (event_glob == NULL || strglobmatch(pmu->name, event_glob))) {
1413                         char *s;
1414                         if (asprintf(&s, "%s//", pmu->name) < 0)
1415                                 goto out_enomem;
1416                         aliases[j].name = s;
1417                         j++;
1418                 }
1419         }
1420         len = j;
1421         qsort(aliases, len, sizeof(struct sevent), cmp_sevent);
1422         for (j = 0; j < len; j++) {
1423                 /* Skip duplicates */
1424                 if (j > 0 && !strcmp(aliases[j].name, aliases[j - 1].name))
1425                         continue;
1426                 if (name_only) {
1427                         printf("%s ", aliases[j].name);
1428                         continue;
1429                 }
1430                 if (aliases[j].desc && !quiet_flag) {
1431                         if (numdesc++ == 0)
1432                                 printf("\n");
1433                         if (aliases[j].topic && (!topic ||
1434                                         strcmp(topic, aliases[j].topic))) {
1435                                 printf("%s%s:\n", topic ? "\n" : "",
1436                                                 aliases[j].topic);
1437                                 topic = aliases[j].topic;
1438                         }
1439                         printf("  %-50s\n", aliases[j].name);
1440                         printf("%*s", 8, "[");
1441                         wordwrap(aliases[j].desc, 8, columns, 0);
1442                         printf("]\n");
1443                         if (details_flag) {
1444                                 printf("%*s%s/%s/ ", 8, "", aliases[j].pmu, aliases[j].str);
1445                                 if (aliases[j].metric_name)
1446                                         printf(" MetricName: %s", aliases[j].metric_name);
1447                                 if (aliases[j].metric_expr)
1448                                         printf(" MetricExpr: %s", aliases[j].metric_expr);
1449                                 putchar('\n');
1450                         }
1451                 } else
1452                         printf("  %-50s [Kernel PMU event]\n", aliases[j].name);
1453                 printed++;
1454         }
1455         if (printed && pager_in_use())
1456                 printf("\n");
1457 out_free:
1458         for (j = 0; j < len; j++)
1459                 zfree(&aliases[j].name);
1460         zfree(&aliases);
1461         return;
1462
1463 out_enomem:
1464         printf("FATAL: not enough memory to print PMU events\n");
1465         if (aliases)
1466                 goto out_free;
1467 }
1468
1469 bool pmu_have_event(const char *pname, const char *name)
1470 {
1471         struct perf_pmu *pmu;
1472         struct perf_pmu_alias *alias;
1473
1474         pmu = NULL;
1475         while ((pmu = perf_pmu__scan(pmu)) != NULL) {
1476                 if (strcmp(pname, pmu->name))
1477                         continue;
1478                 list_for_each_entry(alias, &pmu->aliases, list)
1479                         if (!strcmp(alias->name, name))
1480                                 return true;
1481         }
1482         return false;
1483 }
1484
1485 static FILE *perf_pmu__open_file(struct perf_pmu *pmu, const char *name)
1486 {
1487         struct stat st;
1488         char path[PATH_MAX];
1489         const char *sysfs;
1490
1491         sysfs = sysfs__mountpoint();
1492         if (!sysfs)
1493                 return NULL;
1494
1495         snprintf(path, PATH_MAX,
1496                  "%s" EVENT_SOURCE_DEVICE_PATH "%s/%s", sysfs, pmu->name, name);
1497
1498         if (stat(path, &st) < 0)
1499                 return NULL;
1500
1501         return fopen(path, "r");
1502 }
1503
1504 int perf_pmu__scan_file(struct perf_pmu *pmu, const char *name, const char *fmt,
1505                         ...)
1506 {
1507         va_list args;
1508         FILE *file;
1509         int ret = EOF;
1510
1511         va_start(args, fmt);
1512         file = perf_pmu__open_file(pmu, name);
1513         if (file) {
1514                 ret = vfscanf(file, fmt, args);
1515                 fclose(file);
1516         }
1517         va_end(args);
1518         return ret;
1519 }