Merge branch 'for-linus' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/dtor/input

[mirror_ubuntu-focal-kernel.git] / tools / power / x86 / turbostat / turbostat.c

/*
 * turbostat -- show CPU frequency and C-state residency
 * on modern Intel turbo-capable processors.
 *
 * Copyright (c) 2013 Intel Corporation.
 * Len Brown <len.brown@intel.com>
 *
 * This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
 * under the terms and conditions of the GNU General Public License,
 * version 2, as published by the Free Software Foundation.
 *
 * This program is distributed in the hope it will be useful, but WITHOUT
 * ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or
 * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU General Public License for
 * more details.
 *
 * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along with
 * this program; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation, Inc.,
 * 51 Franklin St - Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA.
 */

#define _GNU_SOURCE
#include MSRHEADER
#include INTEL_FAMILY_HEADER
#include <stdarg.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <err.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <sys/wait.h>
#include <sys/stat.h>
#include <sys/resource.h>
#include <fcntl.h>
#include <signal.h>
#include <sys/time.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <getopt.h>
#include <dirent.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <ctype.h>
#include <sched.h>
#include <time.h>
#include <cpuid.h>
#include <linux/capability.h>
#include <errno.h>

char *proc_stat = "/proc/stat";
FILE *outf;
int *fd_percpu;
struct timespec interval_ts = {5, 0};
unsigned int debug;
unsigned int quiet;
unsigned int sums_need_wide_columns;
unsigned int rapl_joules;
unsigned int summary_only;
unsigned int list_header_only;
unsigned int dump_only;
unsigned int do_snb_cstates;
unsigned int do_knl_cstates;
unsigned int do_slm_cstates;
unsigned int use_c1_residency_msr;
unsigned int has_aperf;
unsigned int has_epb;
unsigned int do_irtl_snb;
unsigned int do_irtl_hsw;
unsigned int units = 1000000;   /* MHz etc */
unsigned int genuine_intel;
unsigned int has_invariant_tsc;
unsigned int do_nhm_platform_info;
unsigned int no_MSR_MISC_PWR_MGMT;
unsigned int aperf_mperf_multiplier = 1;
double bclk;
double base_hz;
unsigned int has_base_hz;
double tsc_tweak = 1.0;
unsigned int show_pkg_only;
unsigned int show_core_only;
char *output_buffer, *outp;
unsigned int do_rapl;
unsigned int do_dts;
unsigned int do_ptm;
unsigned long long  gfx_cur_rc6_ms;
unsigned int gfx_cur_mhz;
unsigned int tcc_activation_temp;
unsigned int tcc_activation_temp_override;
double rapl_power_units, rapl_time_units;
double rapl_dram_energy_units, rapl_energy_units;
double rapl_joule_counter_range;
unsigned int do_core_perf_limit_reasons;
unsigned int do_gfx_perf_limit_reasons;
unsigned int do_ring_perf_limit_reasons;
unsigned int crystal_hz;
unsigned long long tsc_hz;
int base_cpu;
double discover_bclk(unsigned int family, unsigned int model);
unsigned int has_hwp;   /* IA32_PM_ENABLE, IA32_HWP_CAPABILITIES */
                        /* IA32_HWP_REQUEST, IA32_HWP_STATUS */
unsigned int has_hwp_notify;            /* IA32_HWP_INTERRUPT */
unsigned int has_hwp_activity_window;   /* IA32_HWP_REQUEST[bits 41:32] */
unsigned int has_hwp_epp;               /* IA32_HWP_REQUEST[bits 31:24] */
unsigned int has_hwp_pkg;               /* IA32_HWP_REQUEST_PKG */
unsigned int has_misc_feature_control;

#define RAPL_PKG                (1 << 0)
                                        /* 0x610 MSR_PKG_POWER_LIMIT */
                                        /* 0x611 MSR_PKG_ENERGY_STATUS */
#define RAPL_PKG_PERF_STATUS    (1 << 1)
                                        /* 0x613 MSR_PKG_PERF_STATUS */
#define RAPL_PKG_POWER_INFO     (1 << 2)
                                        /* 0x614 MSR_PKG_POWER_INFO */

#define RAPL_DRAM               (1 << 3)
                                        /* 0x618 MSR_DRAM_POWER_LIMIT */
                                        /* 0x619 MSR_DRAM_ENERGY_STATUS */
#define RAPL_DRAM_PERF_STATUS   (1 << 4)
                                        /* 0x61b MSR_DRAM_PERF_STATUS */
#define RAPL_DRAM_POWER_INFO    (1 << 5)
                                        /* 0x61c MSR_DRAM_POWER_INFO */

#define RAPL_CORES_POWER_LIMIT  (1 << 6)
                                        /* 0x638 MSR_PP0_POWER_LIMIT */
#define RAPL_CORE_POLICY        (1 << 7)
                                        /* 0x63a MSR_PP0_POLICY */

#define RAPL_GFX                (1 << 8)
                                        /* 0x640 MSR_PP1_POWER_LIMIT */
                                        /* 0x641 MSR_PP1_ENERGY_STATUS */
                                        /* 0x642 MSR_PP1_POLICY */

#define RAPL_CORES_ENERGY_STATUS        (1 << 9)
                                        /* 0x639 MSR_PP0_ENERGY_STATUS */
#define RAPL_CORES (RAPL_CORES_ENERGY_STATUS | RAPL_CORES_POWER_LIMIT)
#define TJMAX_DEFAULT   100

#define MAX(a, b) ((a) > (b) ? (a) : (b))

/*
 * buffer size used by sscanf() for added column names
 * Usually truncated to 7 characters, but also handles 18 columns for raw 64-bit counters
 */
#define NAME_BYTES 20
#define PATH_BYTES 128

int backwards_count;
char *progname;

#define CPU_SUBSET_MAXCPUS      1024    /* need to use before probe... */
cpu_set_t *cpu_present_set, *cpu_affinity_set, *cpu_subset;
size_t cpu_present_setsize, cpu_affinity_setsize, cpu_subset_size;
#define MAX_ADDED_COUNTERS 16

struct thread_data {
        struct timeval tv_begin;
        struct timeval tv_end;
        unsigned long long tsc;
        unsigned long long aperf;
        unsigned long long mperf;
        unsigned long long c1;
        unsigned long long  irq_count;
        unsigned int smi_count;
        unsigned int cpu_id;
        unsigned int flags;
#define CPU_IS_FIRST_THREAD_IN_CORE     0x2
#define CPU_IS_FIRST_CORE_IN_PACKAGE    0x4
        unsigned long long counter[MAX_ADDED_COUNTERS];
} *thread_even, *thread_odd;

struct core_data {
        unsigned long long c3;
        unsigned long long c6;
        unsigned long long c7;
        unsigned long long mc6_us;      /* duplicate as per-core for now, even though per module */
        unsigned int core_temp_c;
        unsigned int core_id;
        unsigned long long counter[MAX_ADDED_COUNTERS];
} *core_even, *core_odd;

struct pkg_data {
        unsigned long long pc2;
        unsigned long long pc3;
        unsigned long long pc6;
        unsigned long long pc7;
        unsigned long long pc8;
        unsigned long long pc9;
        unsigned long long pc10;
        unsigned long long pkg_wtd_core_c0;
        unsigned long long pkg_any_core_c0;
        unsigned long long pkg_any_gfxe_c0;
        unsigned long long pkg_both_core_gfxe_c0;
        long long gfx_rc6_ms;
        unsigned int gfx_mhz;
        unsigned int package_id;
        unsigned int energy_pkg;        /* MSR_PKG_ENERGY_STATUS */
        unsigned int energy_dram;       /* MSR_DRAM_ENERGY_STATUS */
        unsigned int energy_cores;      /* MSR_PP0_ENERGY_STATUS */
        unsigned int energy_gfx;        /* MSR_PP1_ENERGY_STATUS */
        unsigned int rapl_pkg_perf_status;      /* MSR_PKG_PERF_STATUS */
        unsigned int rapl_dram_perf_status;     /* MSR_DRAM_PERF_STATUS */
        unsigned int pkg_temp_c;
        unsigned long long counter[MAX_ADDED_COUNTERS];
} *package_even, *package_odd;

#define ODD_COUNTERS thread_odd, core_odd, package_odd
#define EVEN_COUNTERS thread_even, core_even, package_even

#define GET_THREAD(thread_base, thread_no, core_no, pkg_no) \
        (thread_base + (pkg_no) * topo.num_cores_per_pkg * \
                topo.num_threads_per_core + \
                (core_no) * topo.num_threads_per_core + (thread_no))
#define GET_CORE(core_base, core_no, pkg_no) \
        (core_base + (pkg_no) * topo.num_cores_per_pkg + (core_no))
#define GET_PKG(pkg_base, pkg_no) (pkg_base + pkg_no)

enum counter_scope {SCOPE_CPU, SCOPE_CORE, SCOPE_PACKAGE};
enum counter_type {COUNTER_ITEMS, COUNTER_CYCLES, COUNTER_SECONDS, COUNTER_USEC};
enum counter_format {FORMAT_RAW, FORMAT_DELTA, FORMAT_PERCENT};

struct msr_counter {
        unsigned int msr_num;
        char name[NAME_BYTES];
        char path[PATH_BYTES];
        unsigned int width;
        enum counter_type type;
        enum counter_format format;
        struct msr_counter *next;
        unsigned int flags;
#define FLAGS_HIDE      (1 << 0)
#define FLAGS_SHOW      (1 << 1)
#define SYSFS_PERCPU    (1 << 1)
};

struct sys_counters {
        unsigned int added_thread_counters;
        unsigned int added_core_counters;
        unsigned int added_package_counters;
        struct msr_counter *tp;
        struct msr_counter *cp;
        struct msr_counter *pp;
} sys;

struct system_summary {
        struct thread_data threads;
        struct core_data cores;
        struct pkg_data packages;
} average;


struct topo_params {
        int num_packages;
        int num_cpus;
        int num_cores;
        int max_cpu_num;
        int num_cores_per_pkg;
        int num_threads_per_core;
} topo;

struct timeval tv_even, tv_odd, tv_delta;

int *irq_column_2_cpu;  /* /proc/interrupts column numbers */
int *irqs_per_cpu;              /* indexed by cpu_num */

void setup_all_buffers(void);

int cpu_is_not_present(int cpu)
{
        return !CPU_ISSET_S(cpu, cpu_present_setsize, cpu_present_set);
}
/*
 * run func(thread, core, package) in topology order
 * skip non-present cpus
 */

int for_all_cpus(int (func)(struct thread_data *, struct core_data *, struct pkg_data *),
        struct thread_data *thread_base, struct core_data *core_base, struct pkg_data *pkg_base)
{
        int retval, pkg_no, core_no, thread_no;

        for (pkg_no = 0; pkg_no < topo.num_packages; ++pkg_no) {
                for (core_no = 0; core_no < topo.num_cores_per_pkg; ++core_no) {
                        for (thread_no = 0; thread_no <
                                topo.num_threads_per_core; ++thread_no) {
                                struct thread_data *t;
                                struct core_data *c;
                                struct pkg_data *p;

                                t = GET_THREAD(thread_base, thread_no, core_no, pkg_no);

                                if (cpu_is_not_present(t->cpu_id))
                                        continue;

                                c = GET_CORE(core_base, core_no, pkg_no);
                                p = GET_PKG(pkg_base, pkg_no);

                                retval = func(t, c, p);
                                if (retval)
                                        return retval;
                        }
                }
        }
        return 0;
}

int cpu_migrate(int cpu)
{
        CPU_ZERO_S(cpu_affinity_setsize, cpu_affinity_set);
        CPU_SET_S(cpu, cpu_affinity_setsize, cpu_affinity_set);
        if (sched_setaffinity(0, cpu_affinity_setsize, cpu_affinity_set) == -1)
                return -1;
        else
                return 0;
}
int get_msr_fd(int cpu)
{
        char pathname[32];
        int fd;

        fd = fd_percpu[cpu];

        if (fd)
                return fd;

        sprintf(pathname, "/dev/cpu/%d/msr", cpu);
        fd = open(pathname, O_RDONLY);
        if (fd < 0)
                err(-1, "%s open failed, try chown or chmod +r /dev/cpu/*/msr, or run as root", pathname);

        fd_percpu[cpu] = fd;

        return fd;
}

int get_msr(int cpu, off_t offset, unsigned long long *msr)
{
        ssize_t retval;

        retval = pread(get_msr_fd(cpu), msr, sizeof(*msr), offset);

        if (retval != sizeof *msr)
                err(-1, "cpu%d: msr offset 0x%llx read failed", cpu, (unsigned long long)offset);

        return 0;
}

/*
 * Each string in this array is compared in --show and --hide cmdline.
 * Thus, strings that are proper sub-sets must follow their more specific peers.
 */
struct msr_counter bic[] = {
        { 0x0, "Package" },
        { 0x0, "Avg_MHz" },
        { 0x0, "Bzy_MHz" },
        { 0x0, "TSC_MHz" },
        { 0x0, "IRQ" },
        { 0x0, "SMI", "", 32, 0, FORMAT_DELTA, NULL},
        { 0x0, "Busy%" },
        { 0x0, "CPU%c1" },
        { 0x0, "CPU%c3" },
        { 0x0, "CPU%c6" },
        { 0x0, "CPU%c7" },
        { 0x0, "ThreadC" },
        { 0x0, "CoreTmp" },
        { 0x0, "CoreCnt" },
        { 0x0, "PkgTmp" },
        { 0x0, "GFX%rc6" },
        { 0x0, "GFXMHz" },
        { 0x0, "Pkg%pc2" },
        { 0x0, "Pkg%pc3" },
        { 0x0, "Pkg%pc6" },
        { 0x0, "Pkg%pc7" },
        { 0x0, "Pkg%pc8" },
        { 0x0, "Pkg%pc9" },
        { 0x0, "Pkg%pc10" },
        { 0x0, "PkgWatt" },
        { 0x0, "CorWatt" },
        { 0x0, "GFXWatt" },
        { 0x0, "PkgCnt" },
        { 0x0, "RAMWatt" },
        { 0x0, "PKG_%" },
        { 0x0, "RAM_%" },
        { 0x0, "Pkg_J" },
        { 0x0, "Cor_J" },
        { 0x0, "GFX_J" },
        { 0x0, "RAM_J" },
        { 0x0, "Core" },
        { 0x0, "CPU" },
        { 0x0, "Mod%c6" },
        { 0x0, "sysfs" },
        { 0x0, "Totl%C0" },
        { 0x0, "Any%C0" },
        { 0x0, "GFX%C0" },
        { 0x0, "CPUGFX%" },
};



#define MAX_BIC (sizeof(bic) / sizeof(struct msr_counter))
#define BIC_Package     (1ULL << 0)
#define BIC_Avg_MHz     (1ULL << 1)
#define BIC_Bzy_MHz     (1ULL << 2)
#define BIC_TSC_MHz     (1ULL << 3)
#define BIC_IRQ         (1ULL << 4)
#define BIC_SMI         (1ULL << 5)
#define BIC_Busy        (1ULL << 6)
#define BIC_CPU_c1      (1ULL << 7)
#define BIC_CPU_c3      (1ULL << 8)
#define BIC_CPU_c6      (1ULL << 9)
#define BIC_CPU_c7      (1ULL << 10)
#define BIC_ThreadC     (1ULL << 11)
#define BIC_CoreTmp     (1ULL << 12)
#define BIC_CoreCnt     (1ULL << 13)
#define BIC_PkgTmp      (1ULL << 14)
#define BIC_GFX_rc6     (1ULL << 15)
#define BIC_GFXMHz      (1ULL << 16)
#define BIC_Pkgpc2      (1ULL << 17)
#define BIC_Pkgpc3      (1ULL << 18)
#define BIC_Pkgpc6      (1ULL << 19)
#define BIC_Pkgpc7      (1ULL << 20)
#define BIC_Pkgpc8      (1ULL << 21)
#define BIC_Pkgpc9      (1ULL << 22)
#define BIC_Pkgpc10     (1ULL << 23)
#define BIC_PkgWatt     (1ULL << 24)
#define BIC_CorWatt     (1ULL << 25)
#define BIC_GFXWatt     (1ULL << 26)
#define BIC_PkgCnt      (1ULL << 27)
#define BIC_RAMWatt     (1ULL << 28)
#define BIC_PKG__       (1ULL << 29)
#define BIC_RAM__       (1ULL << 30)
#define BIC_Pkg_J       (1ULL << 31)
#define BIC_Cor_J       (1ULL << 32)
#define BIC_GFX_J       (1ULL << 33)
#define BIC_RAM_J       (1ULL << 34)
#define BIC_Core        (1ULL << 35)
#define BIC_CPU         (1ULL << 36)
#define BIC_Mod_c6      (1ULL << 37)
#define BIC_sysfs       (1ULL << 38)
#define BIC_Totl_c0     (1ULL << 39)
#define BIC_Any_c0      (1ULL << 40)
#define BIC_GFX_c0      (1ULL << 41)
#define BIC_CPUGFX      (1ULL << 42)

unsigned long long bic_enabled = 0xFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFULL;
unsigned long long bic_present = BIC_sysfs;

#define DO_BIC(COUNTER_NAME) (bic_enabled & bic_present & COUNTER_NAME)
#define BIC_PRESENT(COUNTER_BIT) (bic_present |= COUNTER_BIT)
#define BIC_NOT_PRESENT(COUNTER_BIT) (bic_present &= ~COUNTER_BIT)

#define MAX_DEFERRED 16
char *deferred_skip_names[MAX_DEFERRED];
int deferred_skip_index;

/*
 * HIDE_LIST - hide this list of counters, show the rest [default]
 * SHOW_LIST - show this list of counters, hide the rest
 */
enum show_hide_mode { SHOW_LIST, HIDE_LIST } global_show_hide_mode = HIDE_LIST;

void help(void)
{
        fprintf(outf,
        "Usage: turbostat [OPTIONS][(--interval seconds) | COMMAND ...]\n"
        "\n"
        "Turbostat forks the specified COMMAND and prints statistics\n"
        "when COMMAND completes.\n"
        "If no COMMAND is specified, turbostat wakes every 5-seconds\n"
        "to print statistics, until interrupted.\n"
        "--add          add a counter\n"
        "               eg. --add msr0x10,u64,cpu,delta,MY_TSC\n"
        "--cpu  cpu-set limit output to summary plus cpu-set:\n"
        "               {core | package | j,k,l..m,n-p }\n"
        "--quiet        skip decoding system configuration header\n"
        "--interval sec Override default 5-second measurement interval\n"
        "--help         print this help message\n"
        "--list         list column headers only\n"
        "--out file     create or truncate \"file\" for all output\n"
        "--version      print version information\n"
        "\n"
        "For more help, run \"man turbostat\"\n");
}

/*
 * bic_lookup
 * for all the strings in comma separate name_list,
 * set the approprate bit in return value.
 */
unsigned long long bic_lookup(char *name_list, enum show_hide_mode mode)
{
        int i;
        unsigned long long retval = 0;

        while (name_list) {
                char *comma;

                comma = strchr(name_list, ',');

                if (comma)
                        *comma = '\0';

                for (i = 0; i < MAX_BIC; ++i) {
                        if (!strcmp(name_list, bic[i].name)) {
                                retval |= (1ULL << i);
                                break;
                        }
                }
                if (i == MAX_BIC) {
                        if (mode == SHOW_LIST) {
                                fprintf(stderr, "Invalid counter name: %s\n", name_list);
                                exit(-1);
                        }
                        deferred_skip_names[deferred_skip_index++] = name_list;
                        if (debug)
                                fprintf(stderr, "deferred \"%s\"\n", name_list);
                        if (deferred_skip_index >= MAX_DEFERRED) {
                                fprintf(stderr, "More than max %d un-recognized --skip options '%s'\n",
                                        MAX_DEFERRED, name_list);
                                help();
                                exit(1);
                        }
                }

                name_list = comma;
                if (name_list)
                        name_list++;

        }
        return retval;
}


void print_header(char *delim)
{
        struct msr_counter *mp;
        int printed = 0;

        if (debug)
                outp += sprintf(outp, "usec %s", delim);
        if (DO_BIC(BIC_Package))
                outp += sprintf(outp, "%sPackage", (printed++ ? delim : ""));
        if (DO_BIC(BIC_Core))
                outp += sprintf(outp, "%sCore", (printed++ ? delim : ""));
        if (DO_BIC(BIC_CPU))
                outp += sprintf(outp, "%sCPU", (printed++ ? delim : ""));
        if (DO_BIC(BIC_Avg_MHz))
                outp += sprintf(outp, "%sAvg_MHz", (printed++ ? delim : ""));
        if (DO_BIC(BIC_Busy))
                outp += sprintf(outp, "%sBusy%%", (printed++ ? delim : ""));
        if (DO_BIC(BIC_Bzy_MHz))
                outp += sprintf(outp, "%sBzy_MHz", (printed++ ? delim : ""));
        if (DO_BIC(BIC_TSC_MHz))
                outp += sprintf(outp, "%sTSC_MHz", (printed++ ? delim : ""));

        if (DO_BIC(BIC_IRQ)) {
                if (sums_need_wide_columns)
                        outp += sprintf(outp, "%s     IRQ", (printed++ ? delim : ""));
                else
                        outp += sprintf(outp, "%sIRQ", (printed++ ? delim : ""));
        }

        if (DO_BIC(BIC_SMI))
                outp += sprintf(outp, "%sSMI", (printed++ ? delim : ""));

        for (mp = sys.tp; mp; mp = mp->next) {

                if (mp->format == FORMAT_RAW) {
                        if (mp->width == 64)
                                outp += sprintf(outp, "%s%18.18s", (printed++ ? delim : ""), mp->name);
                        else
                                outp += sprintf(outp, "%s%10.10s", (printed++ ? delim : ""), mp->name);
                } else {
                        if ((mp->type == COUNTER_ITEMS) && sums_need_wide_columns)
                                outp += sprintf(outp, "%s%8s", (printed++ ? delim : ""), mp->name);
                        else
                                outp += sprintf(outp, "%s%s", (printed++ ? delim : ""), mp->name);
                }
        }

        if (DO_BIC(BIC_CPU_c1))
                outp += sprintf(outp, "%sCPU%%c1", (printed++ ? delim : ""));
        if (DO_BIC(BIC_CPU_c3) && !do_slm_cstates && !do_knl_cstates)
                outp += sprintf(outp, "%sCPU%%c3", (printed++ ? delim : ""));
        if (DO_BIC(BIC_CPU_c6))
                outp += sprintf(outp, "%sCPU%%c6", (printed++ ? delim : ""));
        if (DO_BIC(BIC_CPU_c7))
                outp += sprintf(outp, "%sCPU%%c7", (printed++ ? delim : ""));

        if (DO_BIC(BIC_Mod_c6))
                outp += sprintf(outp, "%sMod%%c6", (printed++ ? delim : ""));

        if (DO_BIC(BIC_CoreTmp))
                outp += sprintf(outp, "%sCoreTmp", (printed++ ? delim : ""));

        for (mp = sys.cp; mp; mp = mp->next) {
                if (mp->format == FORMAT_RAW) {
                        if (mp->width == 64)
                                outp += sprintf(outp, "%s%18.18s", delim, mp->name);
                        else
                                outp += sprintf(outp, "%s%10.10s", delim, mp->name);
                } else {
                        if ((mp->type == COUNTER_ITEMS) && sums_need_wide_columns)
                                outp += sprintf(outp, "%s%8s", delim, mp->name);
                        else
                                outp += sprintf(outp, "%s%s", delim, mp->name);
                }
        }

        if (DO_BIC(BIC_PkgTmp))
                outp += sprintf(outp, "%sPkgTmp", (printed++ ? delim : ""));

        if (DO_BIC(BIC_GFX_rc6))
                outp += sprintf(outp, "%sGFX%%rc6", (printed++ ? delim : ""));

        if (DO_BIC(BIC_GFXMHz))
                outp += sprintf(outp, "%sGFXMHz", (printed++ ? delim : ""));

        if (DO_BIC(BIC_Totl_c0))
                outp += sprintf(outp, "%sTotl%%C0", (printed++ ? delim : ""));
        if (DO_BIC(BIC_Any_c0))
                outp += sprintf(outp, "%sAny%%C0", (printed++ ? delim : ""));
        if (DO_BIC(BIC_GFX_c0))
                outp += sprintf(outp, "%sGFX%%C0", (printed++ ? delim : ""));
        if (DO_BIC(BIC_CPUGFX))
                outp += sprintf(outp, "%sCPUGFX%%", (printed++ ? delim : ""));

        if (DO_BIC(BIC_Pkgpc2))
                outp += sprintf(outp, "%sPkg%%pc2", (printed++ ? delim : ""));
        if (DO_BIC(BIC_Pkgpc3))
                outp += sprintf(outp, "%sPkg%%pc3", (printed++ ? delim : ""));
        if (DO_BIC(BIC_Pkgpc6))
                outp += sprintf(outp, "%sPkg%%pc6", (printed++ ? delim : ""));
        if (DO_BIC(BIC_Pkgpc7))
                outp += sprintf(outp, "%sPkg%%pc7", (printed++ ? delim : ""));
        if (DO_BIC(BIC_Pkgpc8))
                outp += sprintf(outp, "%sPkg%%pc8", (printed++ ? delim : ""));
        if (DO_BIC(BIC_Pkgpc9))
                outp += sprintf(outp, "%sPkg%%pc9", (printed++ ? delim : ""));
        if (DO_BIC(BIC_Pkgpc10))
                outp += sprintf(outp, "%sPk%%pc10", (printed++ ? delim : ""));

        if (do_rapl && !rapl_joules) {
                if (DO_BIC(BIC_PkgWatt))
                        outp += sprintf(outp, "%sPkgWatt", (printed++ ? delim : ""));
                if (DO_BIC(BIC_CorWatt))
                        outp += sprintf(outp, "%sCorWatt", (printed++ ? delim : ""));
                if (DO_BIC(BIC_GFXWatt))
                        outp += sprintf(outp, "%sGFXWatt", (printed++ ? delim : ""));
                if (DO_BIC(BIC_RAMWatt))
                        outp += sprintf(outp, "%sRAMWatt", (printed++ ? delim : ""));
                if (DO_BIC(BIC_PKG__))
                        outp += sprintf(outp, "%sPKG_%%", (printed++ ? delim : ""));
                if (DO_BIC(BIC_RAM__))
                        outp += sprintf(outp, "%sRAM_%%", (printed++ ? delim : ""));
        } else if (do_rapl && rapl_joules) {
                if (DO_BIC(BIC_Pkg_J))
                        outp += sprintf(outp, "%sPkg_J", (printed++ ? delim : ""));
                if (DO_BIC(BIC_Cor_J))
                        outp += sprintf(outp, "%sCor_J", (printed++ ? delim : ""));
                if (DO_BIC(BIC_GFX_J))
                        outp += sprintf(outp, "%sGFX_J", (printed++ ? delim : ""));
                if (DO_BIC(BIC_RAM_J))
                        outp += sprintf(outp, "%sRAM_J", (printed++ ? delim : ""));
                if (DO_BIC(BIC_PKG__))
                        outp += sprintf(outp, "%sPKG_%%", (printed++ ? delim : ""));
                if (DO_BIC(BIC_RAM__))
                        outp += sprintf(outp, "%sRAM_%%", (printed++ ? delim : ""));
        }
        for (mp = sys.pp; mp; mp = mp->next) {
                if (mp->format == FORMAT_RAW) {
                        if (mp->width == 64)
                                outp += sprintf(outp, "%s%18.18s", delim, mp->name);
                        else
                                outp += sprintf(outp, "%s%10.10s", delim, mp->name);
                } else {
                        if ((mp->type == COUNTER_ITEMS) && sums_need_wide_columns)
                                outp += sprintf(outp, "%s%8s", delim, mp->name);
                        else
                                outp += sprintf(outp, "%s%s", delim, mp->name);
                }
        }

        outp += sprintf(outp, "\n");
}

int dump_counters(struct thread_data *t, struct core_data *c,
        struct pkg_data *p)
{
        int i;
        struct msr_counter *mp;

        outp += sprintf(outp, "t %p, c %p, p %p\n", t, c, p);

        if (t) {
                outp += sprintf(outp, "CPU: %d flags 0x%x\n",
                        t->cpu_id, t->flags);
                outp += sprintf(outp, "TSC: %016llX\n", t->tsc);
                outp += sprintf(outp, "aperf: %016llX\n", t->aperf);
                outp += sprintf(outp, "mperf: %016llX\n", t->mperf);
                outp += sprintf(outp, "c1: %016llX\n", t->c1);

                if (DO_BIC(BIC_IRQ))
                        outp += sprintf(outp, "IRQ: %lld\n", t->irq_count);
                if (DO_BIC(BIC_SMI))
                        outp += sprintf(outp, "SMI: %d\n", t->smi_count);

                for (i = 0, mp = sys.tp; mp; i++, mp = mp->next) {
                        outp += sprintf(outp, "tADDED [%d] msr0x%x: %08llX\n",
                                i, mp->msr_num, t->counter[i]);
                }
        }

        if (c) {
                outp += sprintf(outp, "core: %d\n", c->core_id);
                outp += sprintf(outp, "c3: %016llX\n", c->c3);
                outp += sprintf(outp, "c6: %016llX\n", c->c6);
                outp += sprintf(outp, "c7: %016llX\n", c->c7);
                outp += sprintf(outp, "DTS: %dC\n", c->core_temp_c);

                for (i = 0, mp = sys.cp; mp; i++, mp = mp->next) {
                        outp += sprintf(outp, "cADDED [%d] msr0x%x: %08llX\n",
                                i, mp->msr_num, c->counter[i]);
                }
                outp += sprintf(outp, "mc6_us: %016llX\n", c->mc6_us);
        }

        if (p) {
                outp += sprintf(outp, "package: %d\n", p->package_id);

                outp += sprintf(outp, "Weighted cores: %016llX\n", p->pkg_wtd_core_c0);
                outp += sprintf(outp, "Any cores: %016llX\n", p->pkg_any_core_c0);
                outp += sprintf(outp, "Any GFX: %016llX\n", p->pkg_any_gfxe_c0);
                outp += sprintf(outp, "CPU + GFX: %016llX\n", p->pkg_both_core_gfxe_c0);

                outp += sprintf(outp, "pc2: %016llX\n", p->pc2);
                if (DO_BIC(BIC_Pkgpc3))
                        outp += sprintf(outp, "pc3: %016llX\n", p->pc3);
                if (DO_BIC(BIC_Pkgpc6))
                        outp += sprintf(outp, "pc6: %016llX\n", p->pc6);
                if (DO_BIC(BIC_Pkgpc7))
                        outp += sprintf(outp, "pc7: %016llX\n", p->pc7);
                outp += sprintf(outp, "pc8: %016llX\n", p->pc8);
                outp += sprintf(outp, "pc9: %016llX\n", p->pc9);
                outp += sprintf(outp, "pc10: %016llX\n", p->pc10);
                outp += sprintf(outp, "Joules PKG: %0X\n", p->energy_pkg);
                outp += sprintf(outp, "Joules COR: %0X\n", p->energy_cores);
                outp += sprintf(outp, "Joules GFX: %0X\n", p->energy_gfx);
                outp += sprintf(outp, "Joules RAM: %0X\n", p->energy_dram);
                outp += sprintf(outp, "Throttle PKG: %0X\n",
                        p->rapl_pkg_perf_status);
                outp += sprintf(outp, "Throttle RAM: %0X\n",
                        p->rapl_dram_perf_status);
                outp += sprintf(outp, "PTM: %dC\n", p->pkg_temp_c);

                for (i = 0, mp = sys.pp; mp; i++, mp = mp->next) {
                        outp += sprintf(outp, "pADDED [%d] msr0x%x: %08llX\n",
                                i, mp->msr_num, p->counter[i]);
                }
        }

        outp += sprintf(outp, "\n");

        return 0;
}

/*
 * column formatting convention & formats
 */
int format_counters(struct thread_data *t, struct core_data *c,
        struct pkg_data *p)
{
        double interval_float, tsc;
        char *fmt8;
        int i;
        struct msr_counter *mp;
        char *delim = "\t";
        int printed = 0;

         /* if showing only 1st thread in core and this isn't one, bail out */
        if (show_core_only && !(t->flags & CPU_IS_FIRST_THREAD_IN_CORE))
                return 0;

         /* if showing only 1st thread in pkg and this isn't one, bail out */
        if (show_pkg_only && !(t->flags & CPU_IS_FIRST_CORE_IN_PACKAGE))
                return 0;

        /*if not summary line and --cpu is used */
        if ((t != &average.threads) &&
                (cpu_subset && !CPU_ISSET_S(t->cpu_id, cpu_subset_size, cpu_subset)))
                return 0;

        if (debug) {
                /* on each row, print how many usec each timestamp took to gather */
                struct timeval tv;

                timersub(&t->tv_end, &t->tv_begin, &tv);
                outp += sprintf(outp, "%5ld\t", tv.tv_sec * 1000000 + tv.tv_usec);
        }

        interval_float = tv_delta.tv_sec + tv_delta.tv_usec/1000000.0;

        tsc = t->tsc * tsc_tweak;

        /* topo columns, print blanks on 1st (average) line */
        if (t == &average.threads) {
                if (DO_BIC(BIC_Package))
                        outp += sprintf(outp, "%s-", (printed++ ? delim : ""));
                if (DO_BIC(BIC_Core))
                        outp += sprintf(outp, "%s-", (printed++ ? delim : ""));
                if (DO_BIC(BIC_CPU))
                        outp += sprintf(outp, "%s-", (printed++ ? delim : ""));
        } else {
                if (DO_BIC(BIC_Package)) {
                        if (p)
                                outp += sprintf(outp, "%s%d", (printed++ ? delim : ""), p->package_id);
                        else
                                outp += sprintf(outp, "%s-", (printed++ ? delim : ""));
                }
                if (DO_BIC(BIC_Core)) {
                        if (c)
                                outp += sprintf(outp, "%s%d", (printed++ ? delim : ""), c->core_id);
                        else
                                outp += sprintf(outp, "%s-", (printed++ ? delim : ""));
                }
                if (DO_BIC(BIC_CPU))
                        outp += sprintf(outp, "%s%d", (printed++ ? delim : ""), t->cpu_id);
        }

        if (DO_BIC(BIC_Avg_MHz))
                outp += sprintf(outp, "%s%.0f", (printed++ ? delim : ""),
                        1.0 / units * t->aperf / interval_float);

        if (DO_BIC(BIC_Busy))
                outp += sprintf(outp, "%s%.2f", (printed++ ? delim : ""), 100.0 * t->mperf/tsc);

        if (DO_BIC(BIC_Bzy_MHz)) {
                if (has_base_hz)
                        outp += sprintf(outp, "%s%.0f", (printed++ ? delim : ""), base_hz / units * t->aperf / t->mperf);
                else
                        outp += sprintf(outp, "%s%.0f", (printed++ ? delim : ""),
                                tsc / units * t->aperf / t->mperf / interval_float);
        }

        if (DO_BIC(BIC_TSC_MHz))
                outp += sprintf(outp, "%s%.0f", (printed++ ? delim : ""), 1.0 * t->tsc/units/interval_float);

        /* IRQ */
        if (DO_BIC(BIC_IRQ)) {
                if (sums_need_wide_columns)
                        outp += sprintf(outp, "%s%8lld", (printed++ ? delim : ""), t->irq_count);
                else
                        outp += sprintf(outp, "%s%lld", (printed++ ? delim : ""), t->irq_count);
        }

        /* SMI */
        if (DO_BIC(BIC_SMI))
                outp += sprintf(outp, "%s%d", (printed++ ? delim : ""), t->smi_count);

        /* Added counters */
        for (i = 0, mp = sys.tp; mp; i++, mp = mp->next) {
                if (mp->format == FORMAT_RAW) {
                        if (mp->width == 32)
                                outp += sprintf(outp, "%s0x%08x", (printed++ ? delim : ""), (unsigned int) t->counter[i]);
                        else
                                outp += sprintf(outp, "%s0x%016llx", (printed++ ? delim : ""), t->counter[i]);
                } else if (mp->format == FORMAT_DELTA) {
                        if ((mp->type == COUNTER_ITEMS) && sums_need_wide_columns)
                                outp += sprintf(outp, "%s%8lld", (printed++ ? delim : ""), t->counter[i]);
                        else
                                outp += sprintf(outp, "%s%lld", (printed++ ? delim : ""), t->counter[i]);
                } else if (mp->format == FORMAT_PERCENT) {
                        if (mp->type == COUNTER_USEC)
                                outp += sprintf(outp, "%s%.2f", (printed++ ? delim : ""), t->counter[i]/interval_float/10000);
                        else
                                outp += sprintf(outp, "%s%.2f", (printed++ ? delim : ""), 100.0 * t->counter[i]/tsc);
                }
        }

        /* C1 */
        if (DO_BIC(BIC_CPU_c1))
                outp += sprintf(outp, "%s%.2f", (printed++ ? delim : ""), 100.0 * t->c1/tsc);


        /* print per-core data only for 1st thread in core */
        if (!(t->flags & CPU_IS_FIRST_THREAD_IN_CORE))
                goto done;

        if (DO_BIC(BIC_CPU_c3) && !do_slm_cstates && !do_knl_cstates)
                outp += sprintf(outp, "%s%.2f", (printed++ ? delim : ""), 100.0 * c->c3/tsc);
        if (DO_BIC(BIC_CPU_c6))
                outp += sprintf(outp, "%s%.2f", (printed++ ? delim : ""), 100.0 * c->c6/tsc);
        if (DO_BIC(BIC_CPU_c7))
                outp += sprintf(outp, "%s%.2f", (printed++ ? delim : ""), 100.0 * c->c7/tsc);

        /* Mod%c6 */
        if (DO_BIC(BIC_Mod_c6))
                outp += sprintf(outp, "%s%.2f", (printed++ ? delim : ""), 100.0 * c->mc6_us / tsc);

        if (DO_BIC(BIC_CoreTmp))
                outp += sprintf(outp, "%s%d", (printed++ ? delim : ""), c->core_temp_c);

        for (i = 0, mp = sys.cp; mp; i++, mp = mp->next) {
                if (mp->format == FORMAT_RAW) {
                        if (mp->width == 32)
                                outp += sprintf(outp, "%s0x%08x", (printed++ ? delim : ""), (unsigned int) c->counter[i]);
                        else
                                outp += sprintf(outp, "%s0x%016llx", (printed++ ? delim : ""), c->counter[i]);
                } else if (mp->format == FORMAT_DELTA) {
                        if ((mp->type == COUNTER_ITEMS) && sums_need_wide_columns)
                                outp += sprintf(outp, "%s%8lld", (printed++ ? delim : ""), c->counter[i]);
                        else
                                outp += sprintf(outp, "%s%lld", (printed++ ? delim : ""), c->counter[i]);
                } else if (mp->format == FORMAT_PERCENT) {
                        outp += sprintf(outp, "%s%.2f", (printed++ ? delim : ""), 100.0 * c->counter[i]/tsc);
                }
        }

        /* print per-package data only for 1st core in package */
        if (!(t->flags & CPU_IS_FIRST_CORE_IN_PACKAGE))
                goto done;

        /* PkgTmp */
        if (DO_BIC(BIC_PkgTmp))
                outp += sprintf(outp, "%s%d", (printed++ ? delim : ""), p->pkg_temp_c);

        /* GFXrc6 */
        if (DO_BIC(BIC_GFX_rc6)) {
                if (p->gfx_rc6_ms == -1) {      /* detect GFX counter reset */
                        outp += sprintf(outp, "%s**.**", (printed++ ? delim : ""));
                } else {
                        outp += sprintf(outp, "%s%.2f", (printed++ ? delim : ""),
                                p->gfx_rc6_ms / 10.0 / interval_float);
                }
        }

        /* GFXMHz */
        if (DO_BIC(BIC_GFXMHz))
                outp += sprintf(outp, "%s%d", (printed++ ? delim : ""), p->gfx_mhz);

        /* Totl%C0, Any%C0 GFX%C0 CPUGFX% */
        if (DO_BIC(BIC_Totl_c0))
                outp += sprintf(outp, "%s%.2f", (printed++ ? delim : ""), 100.0 * p->pkg_wtd_core_c0/tsc);
        if (DO_BIC(BIC_Any_c0))
                outp += sprintf(outp, "%s%.2f", (printed++ ? delim : ""), 100.0 * p->pkg_any_core_c0/tsc);
        if (DO_BIC(BIC_GFX_c0))
                outp += sprintf(outp, "%s%.2f", (printed++ ? delim : ""), 100.0 * p->pkg_any_gfxe_c0/tsc);
        if (DO_BIC(BIC_CPUGFX))
                outp += sprintf(outp, "%s%.2f", (printed++ ? delim : ""), 100.0 * p->pkg_both_core_gfxe_c0/tsc);

        if (DO_BIC(BIC_Pkgpc2))
                outp += sprintf(outp, "%s%.2f", (printed++ ? delim : ""), 100.0 * p->pc2/tsc);
        if (DO_BIC(BIC_Pkgpc3))
                outp += sprintf(outp, "%s%.2f", (printed++ ? delim : ""), 100.0 * p->pc3/tsc);
        if (DO_BIC(BIC_Pkgpc6))
                outp += sprintf(outp, "%s%.2f", (printed++ ? delim : ""), 100.0 * p->pc6/tsc);
        if (DO_BIC(BIC_Pkgpc7))
                outp += sprintf(outp, "%s%.2f", (printed++ ? delim : ""), 100.0 * p->pc7/tsc);
        if (DO_BIC(BIC_Pkgpc8))
                outp += sprintf(outp, "%s%.2f", (printed++ ? delim : ""), 100.0 * p->pc8/tsc);
        if (DO_BIC(BIC_Pkgpc9))
                outp += sprintf(outp, "%s%.2f", (printed++ ? delim : ""), 100.0 * p->pc9/tsc);
        if (DO_BIC(BIC_Pkgpc10))
                outp += sprintf(outp, "%s%.2f", (printed++ ? delim : ""), 100.0 * p->pc10/tsc);

        /*
         * If measurement interval exceeds minimum RAPL Joule Counter range,
         * indicate that results are suspect by printing "**" in fraction place.
         */
        if (interval_float < rapl_joule_counter_range)
                fmt8 = "%s%.2f";
        else
                fmt8 = "%6.0f**";

        if (DO_BIC(BIC_PkgWatt))
                outp += sprintf(outp, fmt8, (printed++ ? delim : ""), p->energy_pkg * rapl_energy_units / interval_float);
        if (DO_BIC(BIC_CorWatt))
                outp += sprintf(outp, fmt8, (printed++ ? delim : ""), p->energy_cores * rapl_energy_units / interval_float);
        if (DO_BIC(BIC_GFXWatt))
                outp += sprintf(outp, fmt8, (printed++ ? delim : ""), p->energy_gfx * rapl_energy_units / interval_float);
        if (DO_BIC(BIC_RAMWatt))
                outp += sprintf(outp, fmt8, (printed++ ? delim : ""), p->energy_dram * rapl_dram_energy_units / interval_float);
        if (DO_BIC(BIC_Pkg_J))
                outp += sprintf(outp, fmt8, (printed++ ? delim : ""), p->energy_pkg * rapl_energy_units);
        if (DO_BIC(BIC_Cor_J))
                outp += sprintf(outp, fmt8, (printed++ ? delim : ""), p->energy_cores * rapl_energy_units);
        if (DO_BIC(BIC_GFX_J))
                outp += sprintf(outp, fmt8, (printed++ ? delim : ""), p->energy_gfx * rapl_energy_units);
        if (DO_BIC(BIC_RAM_J))
                outp += sprintf(outp, fmt8, (printed++ ? delim : ""), p->energy_dram * rapl_dram_energy_units);
        if (DO_BIC(BIC_PKG__))
                outp += sprintf(outp, fmt8, (printed++ ? delim : ""), 100.0 * p->rapl_pkg_perf_status * rapl_time_units / interval_float);
        if (DO_BIC(BIC_RAM__))
                outp += sprintf(outp, fmt8, (printed++ ? delim : ""), 100.0 * p->rapl_dram_perf_status * rapl_time_units / interval_float);

        for (i = 0, mp = sys.pp; mp; i++, mp = mp->next) {
                if (mp->format == FORMAT_RAW) {
                        if (mp->width == 32)
                                outp += sprintf(outp, "%s0x%08x", (printed++ ? delim : ""), (unsigned int) p->counter[i]);
                        else
                                outp += sprintf(outp, "%s0x%016llx", (printed++ ? delim : ""), p->counter[i]);
                } else if (mp->format == FORMAT_DELTA) {
                        if ((mp->type == COUNTER_ITEMS) && sums_need_wide_columns)
                                outp += sprintf(outp, "%s%8lld", (printed++ ? delim : ""), p->counter[i]);
                        else
                                outp += sprintf(outp, "%s%lld", (printed++ ? delim : ""), p->counter[i]);
                } else if (mp->format == FORMAT_PERCENT) {
                        outp += sprintf(outp, "%s%.2f", (printed++ ? delim : ""), 100.0 * p->counter[i]/tsc);
                }
        }

done:
        outp += sprintf(outp, "\n");

        return 0;
}

void flush_output_stdout(void)
{
        FILE *filep;

        if (outf == stderr)
                filep = stdout;
        else
                filep = outf;

        fputs(output_buffer, filep);
        fflush(filep);

        outp = output_buffer;
}
void flush_output_stderr(void)
{
        fputs(output_buffer, outf);
        fflush(outf);
        outp = output_buffer;
}
void format_all_counters(struct thread_data *t, struct core_data *c, struct pkg_data *p)
{
        static int printed;

        if (!printed || !summary_only)
                print_header("\t");

        if (topo.num_cpus > 1)
                format_counters(&average.threads, &average.cores,
                        &average.packages);

        printed = 1;

        if (summary_only)
                return;

        for_all_cpus(format_counters, t, c, p);
}

#define DELTA_WRAP32(new, old)                  \
        if (new > old) {                        \
                old = new - old;                \
        } else {                                \
                old = 0x100000000 + new - old;  \
        }

int
delta_package(struct pkg_data *new, struct pkg_data *old)
{
        int i;
        struct msr_counter *mp;


        if (DO_BIC(BIC_Totl_c0))
                old->pkg_wtd_core_c0 = new->pkg_wtd_core_c0 - old->pkg_wtd_core_c0;
        if (DO_BIC(BIC_Any_c0))
                old->pkg_any_core_c0 = new->pkg_any_core_c0 - old->pkg_any_core_c0;
        if (DO_BIC(BIC_GFX_c0))
                old->pkg_any_gfxe_c0 = new->pkg_any_gfxe_c0 - old->pkg_any_gfxe_c0;
        if (DO_BIC(BIC_CPUGFX))
                old->pkg_both_core_gfxe_c0 = new->pkg_both_core_gfxe_c0 - old->pkg_both_core_gfxe_c0;

        old->pc2 = new->pc2 - old->pc2;
        if (DO_BIC(BIC_Pkgpc3))
                old->pc3 = new->pc3 - old->pc3;
        if (DO_BIC(BIC_Pkgpc6))
                old->pc6 = new->pc6 - old->pc6;
        if (DO_BIC(BIC_Pkgpc7))
                old->pc7 = new->pc7 - old->pc7;
        old->pc8 = new->pc8 - old->pc8;
        old->pc9 = new->pc9 - old->pc9;
        old->pc10 = new->pc10 - old->pc10;
        old->pkg_temp_c = new->pkg_temp_c;

        /* flag an error when rc6 counter resets/wraps */
        if (old->gfx_rc6_ms >  new->gfx_rc6_ms)
                old->gfx_rc6_ms = -1;
        else
                old->gfx_rc6_ms = new->gfx_rc6_ms - old->gfx_rc6_ms;

        old->gfx_mhz = new->gfx_mhz;

        DELTA_WRAP32(new->energy_pkg, old->energy_pkg);
        DELTA_WRAP32(new->energy_cores, old->energy_cores);
        DELTA_WRAP32(new->energy_gfx, old->energy_gfx);
        DELTA_WRAP32(new->energy_dram, old->energy_dram);
        DELTA_WRAP32(new->rapl_pkg_perf_status, old->rapl_pkg_perf_status);
        DELTA_WRAP32(new->rapl_dram_perf_status, old->rapl_dram_perf_status);

        for (i = 0, mp = sys.pp; mp; i++, mp = mp->next) {
                if (mp->format == FORMAT_RAW)
                        old->counter[i] = new->counter[i];
                else
                        old->counter[i] = new->counter[i] - old->counter[i];
        }

        return 0;
}

void
delta_core(struct core_data *new, struct core_data *old)
{
        int i;
        struct msr_counter *mp;

        old->c3 = new->c3 - old->c3;
        old->c6 = new->c6 - old->c6;
        old->c7 = new->c7 - old->c7;
        old->core_temp_c = new->core_temp_c;
        old->mc6_us = new->mc6_us - old->mc6_us;

        for (i = 0, mp = sys.cp; mp; i++, mp = mp->next) {
                if (mp->format == FORMAT_RAW)
                        old->counter[i] = new->counter[i];
                else
                        old->counter[i] = new->counter[i] - old->counter[i];
        }
}

/*
 * old = new - old
 */
int
delta_thread(struct thread_data *new, struct thread_data *old,
        struct core_data *core_delta)
{
        int i;
        struct msr_counter *mp;

        old->tsc = new->tsc - old->tsc;

        /* check for TSC < 1 Mcycles over interval */
        if (old->tsc < (1000 * 1000))
                errx(-3, "Insanely slow TSC rate, TSC stops in idle?\n"
                     "You can disable all c-states by booting with \"idle=poll\"\n"
                     "or just the deep ones with \"processor.max_cstate=1\"");

        old->c1 = new->c1 - old->c1;

        if (DO_BIC(BIC_Avg_MHz) || DO_BIC(BIC_Busy) || DO_BIC(BIC_Bzy_MHz)) {
                if ((new->aperf > old->aperf) && (new->mperf > old->mperf)) {
                        old->aperf = new->aperf - old->aperf;
                        old->mperf = new->mperf - old->mperf;
                } else {
                        return -1;
                }
        }


        if (use_c1_residency_msr) {
                /*
                 * Some models have a dedicated C1 residency MSR,
                 * which should be more accurate than the derivation below.
                 */
        } else {
                /*
                 * As counter collection is not atomic,
                 * it is possible for mperf's non-halted cycles + idle states
                 * to exceed TSC's all cycles: show c1 = 0% in that case.
                 */
                if ((old->mperf + core_delta->c3 + core_delta->c6 + core_delta->c7) > (old->tsc * tsc_tweak))
                        old->c1 = 0;
                else {
                        /* normal case, derive c1 */
                        old->c1 = (old->tsc * tsc_tweak) - old->mperf - core_delta->c3
                                - core_delta->c6 - core_delta->c7;
                }
        }

        if (old->mperf == 0) {
                if (debug > 1)
                        fprintf(outf, "cpu%d MPERF 0!\n", old->cpu_id);
                old->mperf = 1; /* divide by 0 protection */
        }

        if (DO_BIC(BIC_IRQ))
                old->irq_count = new->irq_count - old->irq_count;

        if (DO_BIC(BIC_SMI))
                old->smi_count = new->smi_count - old->smi_count;

        for (i = 0, mp = sys.tp; mp; i++, mp = mp->next) {
                if (mp->format == FORMAT_RAW)
                        old->counter[i] = new->counter[i];
                else
                        old->counter[i] = new->counter[i] - old->counter[i];
        }
        return 0;
}

int delta_cpu(struct thread_data *t, struct core_data *c,
        struct pkg_data *p, struct thread_data *t2,
        struct core_data *c2, struct pkg_data *p2)
{
        int retval = 0;

        /* calculate core delta only for 1st thread in core */
        if (t->flags & CPU_IS_FIRST_THREAD_IN_CORE)
                delta_core(c, c2);

        /* always calculate thread delta */
        retval = delta_thread(t, t2, c2);       /* c2 is core delta */
        if (retval)
                return retval;

        /* calculate package delta only for 1st core in package */
        if (t->flags & CPU_IS_FIRST_CORE_IN_PACKAGE)
                retval = delta_package(p, p2);

        return retval;
}

void clear_counters(struct thread_data *t, struct core_data *c, struct pkg_data *p)
{
        int i;
        struct msr_counter  *mp;

        t->tsc = 0;
        t->aperf = 0;
        t->mperf = 0;
        t->c1 = 0;

        t->irq_count = 0;
        t->smi_count = 0;

        /* tells format_counters to dump all fields from this set */
        t->flags = CPU_IS_FIRST_THREAD_IN_CORE | CPU_IS_FIRST_CORE_IN_PACKAGE;

        c->c3 = 0;
        c->c6 = 0;
        c->c7 = 0;
        c->mc6_us = 0;
        c->core_temp_c = 0;

        p->pkg_wtd_core_c0 = 0;
        p->pkg_any_core_c0 = 0;
        p->pkg_any_gfxe_c0 = 0;
        p->pkg_both_core_gfxe_c0 = 0;

        p->pc2 = 0;
        if (DO_BIC(BIC_Pkgpc3))
                p->pc3 = 0;
        if (DO_BIC(BIC_Pkgpc6))
                p->pc6 = 0;
        if (DO_BIC(BIC_Pkgpc7))
                p->pc7 = 0;
        p->pc8 = 0;
        p->pc9 = 0;
        p->pc10 = 0;

        p->energy_pkg = 0;
        p->energy_dram = 0;
        p->energy_cores = 0;
        p->energy_gfx = 0;
        p->rapl_pkg_perf_status = 0;
        p->rapl_dram_perf_status = 0;
        p->pkg_temp_c = 0;

        p->gfx_rc6_ms = 0;
        p->gfx_mhz = 0;
        for (i = 0, mp = sys.tp; mp; i++, mp = mp->next)
                t->counter[i] = 0;

        for (i = 0, mp = sys.cp; mp; i++, mp = mp->next)
                c->counter[i] = 0;

        for (i = 0, mp = sys.pp; mp; i++, mp = mp->next)
                p->counter[i] = 0;
}
int sum_counters(struct thread_data *t, struct core_data *c,
        struct pkg_data *p)
{
        int i;
        struct msr_counter *mp;

        average.threads.tsc += t->tsc;
        average.threads.aperf += t->aperf;
        average.threads.mperf += t->mperf;
        average.threads.c1 += t->c1;

        average.threads.irq_count += t->irq_count;
        average.threads.smi_count += t->smi_count;

        for (i = 0, mp = sys.tp; mp; i++, mp = mp->next) {
                if (mp->format == FORMAT_RAW)
                        continue;
                average.threads.counter[i] += t->counter[i];
        }

        /* sum per-core values only for 1st thread in core */
        if (!(t->flags & CPU_IS_FIRST_THREAD_IN_CORE))
                return 0;

        average.cores.c3 += c->c3;
        average.cores.c6 += c->c6;
        average.cores.c7 += c->c7;
        average.cores.mc6_us += c->mc6_us;

        average.cores.core_temp_c = MAX(average.cores.core_temp_c, c->core_temp_c);

        for (i = 0, mp = sys.cp; mp; i++, mp = mp->next) {
                if (mp->format == FORMAT_RAW)
                        continue;
                average.cores.counter[i] += c->counter[i];
        }

        /* sum per-pkg values only for 1st core in pkg */
        if (!(t->flags & CPU_IS_FIRST_CORE_IN_PACKAGE))
                return 0;

        if (DO_BIC(BIC_Totl_c0))
                average.packages.pkg_wtd_core_c0 += p->pkg_wtd_core_c0;
        if (DO_BIC(BIC_Any_c0))
                average.packages.pkg_any_core_c0 += p->pkg_any_core_c0;
        if (DO_BIC(BIC_GFX_c0))
                average.packages.pkg_any_gfxe_c0 += p->pkg_any_gfxe_c0;
        if (DO_BIC(BIC_CPUGFX))
                average.packages.pkg_both_core_gfxe_c0 += p->pkg_both_core_gfxe_c0;

        average.packages.pc2 += p->pc2;
        if (DO_BIC(BIC_Pkgpc3))
                average.packages.pc3 += p->pc3;
        if (DO_BIC(BIC_Pkgpc6))
                average.packages.pc6 += p->pc6;
        if (DO_BIC(BIC_Pkgpc7))
                average.packages.pc7 += p->pc7;
        average.packages.pc8 += p->pc8;
        average.packages.pc9 += p->pc9;
        average.packages.pc10 += p->pc10;

        average.packages.energy_pkg += p->energy_pkg;
        average.packages.energy_dram += p->energy_dram;
        average.packages.energy_cores += p->energy_cores;
        average.packages.energy_gfx += p->energy_gfx;

        average.packages.gfx_rc6_ms = p->gfx_rc6_ms;
        average.packages.gfx_mhz = p->gfx_mhz;

        average.packages.pkg_temp_c = MAX(average.packages.pkg_temp_c, p->pkg_temp_c);

        average.packages.rapl_pkg_perf_status += p->rapl_pkg_perf_status;
        average.packages.rapl_dram_perf_status += p->rapl_dram_perf_status;

        for (i = 0, mp = sys.pp; mp; i++, mp = mp->next) {
                if (mp->format == FORMAT_RAW)
                        continue;
                average.packages.counter[i] += p->counter[i];
        }
        return 0;
}
/*
 * sum the counters for all cpus in the system
 * compute the weighted average
 */
void compute_average(struct thread_data *t, struct core_data *c,
        struct pkg_data *p)
{
        int i;
        struct msr_counter *mp;

        clear_counters(&average.threads, &average.cores, &average.packages);

        for_all_cpus(sum_counters, t, c, p);

        average.threads.tsc /= topo.num_cpus;
        average.threads.aperf /= topo.num_cpus;
        average.threads.mperf /= topo.num_cpus;
        average.threads.c1 /= topo.num_cpus;

        if (average.threads.irq_count > 9999999)
                sums_need_wide_columns = 1;

        average.cores.c3 /= topo.num_cores;
        average.cores.c6 /= topo.num_cores;
        average.cores.c7 /= topo.num_cores;
        average.cores.mc6_us /= topo.num_cores;

        if (DO_BIC(BIC_Totl_c0))
                average.packages.pkg_wtd_core_c0 /= topo.num_packages;
        if (DO_BIC(BIC_Any_c0))
                average.packages.pkg_any_core_c0 /= topo.num_packages;
        if (DO_BIC(BIC_GFX_c0))
                average.packages.pkg_any_gfxe_c0 /= topo.num_packages;
        if (DO_BIC(BIC_CPUGFX))
                average.packages.pkg_both_core_gfxe_c0 /= topo.num_packages;

        average.packages.pc2 /= topo.num_packages;
        if (DO_BIC(BIC_Pkgpc3))
                average.packages.pc3 /= topo.num_packages;
        if (DO_BIC(BIC_Pkgpc6))
                average.packages.pc6 /= topo.num_packages;
        if (DO_BIC(BIC_Pkgpc7))
                average.packages.pc7 /= topo.num_packages;

        average.packages.pc8 /= topo.num_packages;
        average.packages.pc9 /= topo.num_packages;
        average.packages.pc10 /= topo.num_packages;

        for (i = 0, mp = sys.tp; mp; i++, mp = mp->next) {
                if (mp->format == FORMAT_RAW)
                        continue;
                if (mp->type == COUNTER_ITEMS) {
                        if (average.threads.counter[i] > 9999999)
                                sums_need_wide_columns = 1;
                        continue;
                }
                average.threads.counter[i] /= topo.num_cpus;
        }
        for (i = 0, mp = sys.cp; mp; i++, mp = mp->next) {
                if (mp->format == FORMAT_RAW)
                        continue;
                if (mp->type == COUNTER_ITEMS) {
                        if (average.cores.counter[i] > 9999999)
                                sums_need_wide_columns = 1;
                }
                average.cores.counter[i] /= topo.num_cores;
        }
        for (i = 0, mp = sys.pp; mp; i++, mp = mp->next) {
                if (mp->format == FORMAT_RAW)
                        continue;
                if (mp->type == COUNTER_ITEMS) {
                        if (average.packages.counter[i] > 9999999)
                                sums_need_wide_columns = 1;
                }
                average.packages.counter[i] /= topo.num_packages;
        }
}

static unsigned long long rdtsc(void)
{
        unsigned int low, high;

        asm volatile("rdtsc" : "=a" (low), "=d" (high));

        return low | ((unsigned long long)high) << 32;
}

/*
 * Open a file, and exit on failure
 */
FILE *fopen_or_die(const char *path, const char *mode)
{
        FILE *filep = fopen(path, mode);

        if (!filep)
                err(1, "%s: open failed", path);
        return filep;
}
/*
 * snapshot_sysfs_counter()
 *
 * return snapshot of given counter
 */
unsigned long long snapshot_sysfs_counter(char *path)
{
        FILE *fp;
        int retval;
        unsigned long long counter;

        fp = fopen_or_die(path, "r");

        retval = fscanf(fp, "%lld", &counter);
        if (retval != 1)
                err(1, "snapshot_sysfs_counter(%s)", path);

        fclose(fp);

        return counter;
}

int get_mp(int cpu, struct msr_counter *mp, unsigned long long *counterp)
{
        if (mp->msr_num != 0) {
                if (get_msr(cpu, mp->msr_num, counterp))
                        return -1;
        } else {
                char path[128];

                if (mp->flags & SYSFS_PERCPU) {
                        sprintf(path, "/sys/devices/system/cpu/cpu%d/%s",
                                 cpu, mp->path);

                        *counterp = snapshot_sysfs_counter(path);
                } else {
                        *counterp = snapshot_sysfs_counter(mp->path);
                }
        }

        return 0;
}

/*
 * get_counters(...)
 * migrate to cpu
 * acquire and record local counters for that cpu
 */
int get_counters(struct thread_data *t, struct core_data *c, struct pkg_data *p)
{
        int cpu = t->cpu_id;
        unsigned long long msr;
        int aperf_mperf_retry_count = 0;
        struct msr_counter *mp;
        int i;


        gettimeofday(&t->tv_begin, (struct timezone *)NULL);

        if (cpu_migrate(cpu)) {
                fprintf(outf, "Could not migrate to CPU %d\n", cpu);
                return -1;
        }

retry:
        t->tsc = rdtsc();       /* we are running on local CPU of interest */

        if (DO_BIC(BIC_Avg_MHz) || DO_BIC(BIC_Busy) || DO_BIC(BIC_Bzy_MHz)) {
                unsigned long long tsc_before, tsc_between, tsc_after, aperf_time, mperf_time;

                /*
                 * The TSC, APERF and MPERF must be read together for
                 * APERF/MPERF and MPERF/TSC to give accurate results.
                 *
                 * Unfortunately, APERF and MPERF are read by
                 * individual system call, so delays may occur
                 * between them.  If the time to read them
                 * varies by a large amount, we re-read them.
                 */

                /*
                 * This initial dummy APERF read has been seen to
                 * reduce jitter in the subsequent reads.
                 */

                if (get_msr(cpu, MSR_IA32_APERF, &t->aperf))
                        return -3;

                t->tsc = rdtsc();       /* re-read close to APERF */

                tsc_before = t->tsc;

                if (get_msr(cpu, MSR_IA32_APERF, &t->aperf))
                        return -3;

                tsc_between = rdtsc();

                if (get_msr(cpu, MSR_IA32_MPERF, &t->mperf))
                        return -4;

                tsc_after = rdtsc();

                aperf_time = tsc_between - tsc_before;
                mperf_time = tsc_after - tsc_between;

                /*
                 * If the system call latency to read APERF and MPERF
                 * differ by more than 2x, then try again.
                 */
                if ((aperf_time > (2 * mperf_time)) || (mperf_time > (2 * aperf_time))) {
                        aperf_mperf_retry_count++;
                        if (aperf_mperf_retry_count < 5)
                                goto retry;
                        else
                                warnx("cpu%d jitter %lld %lld",
                                        cpu, aperf_time, mperf_time);
                }
                aperf_mperf_retry_count = 0;

                t->aperf = t->aperf * aperf_mperf_multiplier;
                t->mperf = t->mperf * aperf_mperf_multiplier;
        }

        if (DO_BIC(BIC_IRQ))
                t->irq_count = irqs_per_cpu[cpu];
        if (DO_BIC(BIC_SMI)) {
                if (get_msr(cpu, MSR_SMI_COUNT, &msr))
                        return -5;
                t->smi_count = msr & 0xFFFFFFFF;
        }
        if (DO_BIC(BIC_CPU_c1) && use_c1_residency_msr) {
                if (get_msr(cpu, MSR_CORE_C1_RES, &t->c1))
                        return -6;
        }

        for (i = 0, mp = sys.tp; mp; i++, mp = mp->next) {
                if (get_mp(cpu, mp, &t->counter[i]))
                        return -10;
        }

        /* collect core counters only for 1st thread in core */
        if (!(t->flags & CPU_IS_FIRST_THREAD_IN_CORE))
                goto done;

        if (DO_BIC(BIC_CPU_c3) && !do_slm_cstates && !do_knl_cstates) {
                if (get_msr(cpu, MSR_CORE_C3_RESIDENCY, &c->c3))
                        return -6;
        }

        if (DO_BIC(BIC_CPU_c6) && !do_knl_cstates) {
                if (get_msr(cpu, MSR_CORE_C6_RESIDENCY, &c->c6))
                        return -7;
        } else if (do_knl_cstates) {
                if (get_msr(cpu, MSR_KNL_CORE_C6_RESIDENCY, &c->c6))
                        return -7;
        }

        if (DO_BIC(BIC_CPU_c7))
                if (get_msr(cpu, MSR_CORE_C7_RESIDENCY, &c->c7))
                        return -8;

        if (DO_BIC(BIC_Mod_c6))
                if (get_msr(cpu, MSR_MODULE_C6_RES_MS, &c->mc6_us))
                        return -8;

        if (DO_BIC(BIC_CoreTmp)) {
                if (get_msr(cpu, MSR_IA32_THERM_STATUS, &msr))
                        return -9;
                c->core_temp_c = tcc_activation_temp - ((msr >> 16) & 0x7F);
        }

        for (i = 0, mp = sys.cp; mp; i++, mp = mp->next) {
                if (get_mp(cpu, mp, &c->counter[i]))
                        return -10;
        }

        /* collect package counters only for 1st core in package */
        if (!(t->flags & CPU_IS_FIRST_CORE_IN_PACKAGE))
                goto done;

        if (DO_BIC(BIC_Totl_c0)) {
                if (get_msr(cpu, MSR_PKG_WEIGHTED_CORE_C0_RES, &p->pkg_wtd_core_c0))
                        return -10;
        }
        if (DO_BIC(BIC_Any_c0)) {
                if (get_msr(cpu, MSR_PKG_ANY_CORE_C0_RES, &p->pkg_any_core_c0))
                        return -11;
        }
        if (DO_BIC(BIC_GFX_c0)) {
                if (get_msr(cpu, MSR_PKG_ANY_GFXE_C0_RES, &p->pkg_any_gfxe_c0))
                        return -12;
        }
        if (DO_BIC(BIC_CPUGFX)) {
                if (get_msr(cpu, MSR_PKG_BOTH_CORE_GFXE_C0_RES, &p->pkg_both_core_gfxe_c0))
                        return -13;
        }
        if (DO_BIC(BIC_Pkgpc3))
                if (get_msr(cpu, MSR_PKG_C3_RESIDENCY, &p->pc3))
                        return -9;
        if (DO_BIC(BIC_Pkgpc6)) {
                if (do_slm_cstates) {
                        if (get_msr(cpu, MSR_ATOM_PKG_C6_RESIDENCY, &p->pc6))
                                return -10;
                } else {
                        if (get_msr(cpu, MSR_PKG_C6_RESIDENCY, &p->pc6))
                                return -10;
                }
        }

        if (DO_BIC(BIC_Pkgpc2))
                if (get_msr(cpu, MSR_PKG_C2_RESIDENCY, &p->pc2))
                        return -11;
        if (DO_BIC(BIC_Pkgpc7))
                if (get_msr(cpu, MSR_PKG_C7_RESIDENCY, &p->pc7))
                        return -12;
        if (DO_BIC(BIC_Pkgpc8))
                if (get_msr(cpu, MSR_PKG_C8_RESIDENCY, &p->pc8))
                        return -13;
        if (DO_BIC(BIC_Pkgpc9))
                if (get_msr(cpu, MSR_PKG_C9_RESIDENCY, &p->pc9))
                        return -13;
        if (DO_BIC(BIC_Pkgpc10))
                if (get_msr(cpu, MSR_PKG_C10_RESIDENCY, &p->pc10))
                        return -13;

        if (do_rapl & RAPL_PKG) {
                if (get_msr(cpu, MSR_PKG_ENERGY_STATUS, &msr))
                        return -13;
                p->energy_pkg = msr & 0xFFFFFFFF;
        }
        if (do_rapl & RAPL_CORES_ENERGY_STATUS) {
                if (get_msr(cpu, MSR_PP0_ENERGY_STATUS, &msr))
                        return -14;
                p->energy_cores = msr & 0xFFFFFFFF;
        }
        if (do_rapl & RAPL_DRAM) {
                if (get_msr(cpu, MSR_DRAM_ENERGY_STATUS, &msr))
                        return -15;
                p->energy_dram = msr & 0xFFFFFFFF;
        }
        if (do_rapl & RAPL_GFX) {
                if (get_msr(cpu, MSR_PP1_ENERGY_STATUS, &msr))
                        return -16;
                p->energy_gfx = msr & 0xFFFFFFFF;
        }
        if (do_rapl & RAPL_PKG_PERF_STATUS) {
                if (get_msr(cpu, MSR_PKG_PERF_STATUS, &msr))
                        return -16;
                p->rapl_pkg_perf_status = msr & 0xFFFFFFFF;
        }
        if (do_rapl & RAPL_DRAM_PERF_STATUS) {
                if (get_msr(cpu, MSR_DRAM_PERF_STATUS, &msr))
                        return -16;
                p->rapl_dram_perf_status = msr & 0xFFFFFFFF;
        }
        if (DO_BIC(BIC_PkgTmp)) {
                if (get_msr(cpu, MSR_IA32_PACKAGE_THERM_STATUS, &msr))
                        return -17;
                p->pkg_temp_c = tcc_activation_temp - ((msr >> 16) & 0x7F);
        }

        if (DO_BIC(BIC_GFX_rc6))
                p->gfx_rc6_ms = gfx_cur_rc6_ms;

        if (DO_BIC(BIC_GFXMHz))
                p->gfx_mhz = gfx_cur_mhz;

        for (i = 0, mp = sys.pp; mp; i++, mp = mp->next) {
                if (get_mp(cpu, mp, &p->counter[i]))
                        return -10;
        }
done:
        gettimeofday(&t->tv_end, (struct timezone *)NULL);

        return 0;
}

/*
 * MSR_PKG_CST_CONFIG_CONTROL decoding for pkg_cstate_limit:
 * If you change the values, note they are used both in comparisons
 * (>= PCL__7) and to index pkg_cstate_limit_strings[].
 */

#define PCLUKN 0 /* Unknown */
#define PCLRSV 1 /* Reserved */
#define PCL__0 2 /* PC0 */
#define PCL__1 3 /* PC1 */
#define PCL__2 4 /* PC2 */
#define PCL__3 5 /* PC3 */
#define PCL__4 6 /* PC4 */
#define PCL__6 7 /* PC6 */
#define PCL_6N 8 /* PC6 No Retention */
#define PCL_6R 9 /* PC6 Retention */
#define PCL__7 10 /* PC7 */
#define PCL_7S 11 /* PC7 Shrink */
#define PCL__8 12 /* PC8 */
#define PCL__9 13 /* PC9 */
#define PCLUNL 14 /* Unlimited */

int pkg_cstate_limit = PCLUKN;
char *pkg_cstate_limit_strings[] = { "reserved", "unknown", "pc0", "pc1", "pc2",
        "pc3", "pc4", "pc6", "pc6n", "pc6r", "pc7", "pc7s", "pc8", "pc9", "unlimited"};

int nhm_pkg_cstate_limits[16] = {PCL__0, PCL__1, PCL__3, PCL__6, PCL__7, PCLRSV, PCLRSV, PCLUNL, PCLRSV, PCLRSV, PCLRSV, PCLRSV, PCLRSV, PCLRSV, PCLRSV, PCLRSV};
int snb_pkg_cstate_limits[16] = {PCL__0, PCL__2, PCL_6N, PCL_6R, PCL__7, PCL_7S, PCLRSV, PCLUNL, PCLRSV, PCLRSV, PCLRSV, PCLRSV, PCLRSV, PCLRSV, PCLRSV, PCLRSV};
int hsw_pkg_cstate_limits[16] = {PCL__0, PCL__2, PCL__3, PCL__6, PCL__7, PCL_7S, PCL__8, PCL__9, PCLUNL, PCLRSV, PCLRSV, PCLRSV, PCLRSV, PCLRSV, PCLRSV, PCLRSV};
int slv_pkg_cstate_limits[16] = {PCL__0, PCL__1, PCLRSV, PCLRSV, PCL__4, PCLRSV, PCL__6, PCL__7, PCLRSV, PCLRSV, PCLRSV, PCLRSV, PCLRSV, PCLRSV, PCL__6, PCL__7};
int amt_pkg_cstate_limits[16] = {PCLUNL, PCL__1, PCL__2, PCLRSV, PCLRSV, PCLRSV, PCL__6, PCL__7, PCLRSV, PCLRSV, PCLRSV, PCLRSV, PCLRSV, PCLRSV, PCLRSV, PCLRSV};
int phi_pkg_cstate_limits[16] = {PCL__0, PCL__2, PCL_6N, PCL_6R, PCLRSV, PCLRSV, PCLRSV, PCLUNL, PCLRSV, PCLRSV, PCLRSV, PCLRSV, PCLRSV, PCLRSV, PCLRSV, PCLRSV};
int bxt_pkg_cstate_limits[16] = {PCL__0, PCL__2, PCLUNL, PCLRSV, PCLRSV, PCLRSV, PCLRSV, PCLRSV, PCLRSV, PCLRSV, PCLRSV, PCLRSV, PCLRSV, PCLRSV, PCLRSV, PCLRSV};
int skx_pkg_cstate_limits[16] = {PCL__0, PCL__2, PCL_6N, PCL_6R, PCLRSV, PCLRSV, PCLRSV, PCLRSV, PCLUNL, PCLRSV, PCLRSV, PCLRSV, PCLRSV, PCLRSV, PCLRSV, PCLRSV};


static void
calculate_tsc_tweak()
{
        tsc_tweak = base_hz / tsc_hz;
}

static void
dump_nhm_platform_info(void)
{
        unsigned long long msr;
        unsigned int ratio;

        get_msr(base_cpu, MSR_PLATFORM_INFO, &msr);

        fprintf(outf, "cpu%d: MSR_PLATFORM_INFO: 0x%08llx\n", base_cpu, msr);

        ratio = (msr >> 40) & 0xFF;
        fprintf(outf, "%d * %.1f = %.1f MHz max efficiency frequency\n",
                ratio, bclk, ratio * bclk);

        ratio = (msr >> 8) & 0xFF;
        fprintf(outf, "%d * %.1f = %.1f MHz base frequency\n",
                ratio, bclk, ratio * bclk);

        get_msr(base_cpu, MSR_IA32_POWER_CTL, &msr);
        fprintf(outf, "cpu%d: MSR_IA32_POWER_CTL: 0x%08llx (C1E auto-promotion: %sabled)\n",
                base_cpu, msr, msr & 0x2 ? "EN" : "DIS");

        return;
}

static void
dump_hsw_turbo_ratio_limits(void)
{
        unsigned long long msr;
        unsigned int ratio;

        get_msr(base_cpu, MSR_TURBO_RATIO_LIMIT2, &msr);

        fprintf(outf, "cpu%d: MSR_TURBO_RATIO_LIMIT2: 0x%08llx\n", base_cpu, msr);

        ratio = (msr >> 8) & 0xFF;
        if (ratio)
                fprintf(outf, "%d * %.1f = %.1f MHz max turbo 18 active cores\n",
                        ratio, bclk, ratio * bclk);

        ratio = (msr >> 0) & 0xFF;
        if (ratio)
                fprintf(outf, "%d * %.1f = %.1f MHz max turbo 17 active cores\n",
                        ratio, bclk, ratio * bclk);
        return;
}

static void
dump_ivt_turbo_ratio_limits(void)
{
        unsigned long long msr;
        unsigned int ratio;

        get_msr(base_cpu, MSR_TURBO_RATIO_LIMIT1, &msr);

        fprintf(outf, "cpu%d: MSR_TURBO_RATIO_LIMIT1: 0x%08llx\n", base_cpu, msr);

        ratio = (msr >> 56) & 0xFF;
        if (ratio)
                fprintf(outf, "%d * %.1f = %.1f MHz max turbo 16 active cores\n",
                        ratio, bclk, ratio * bclk);

        ratio = (msr >> 48) & 0xFF;
        if (ratio)
                fprintf(outf, "%d * %.1f = %.1f MHz max turbo 15 active cores\n",
                        ratio, bclk, ratio * bclk);

        ratio = (msr >> 40) & 0xFF;
        if (ratio)
                fprintf(outf, "%d * %.1f = %.1f MHz max turbo 14 active cores\n",
                        ratio, bclk, ratio * bclk);

        ratio = (msr >> 32) & 0xFF;
        if (ratio)
                fprintf(outf, "%d * %.1f = %.1f MHz max turbo 13 active cores\n",
                        ratio, bclk, ratio * bclk);

        ratio = (msr >> 24) & 0xFF;
        if (ratio)
                fprintf(outf, "%d * %.1f = %.1f MHz max turbo 12 active cores\n",
                        ratio, bclk, ratio * bclk);

        ratio = (msr >> 16) & 0xFF;
        if (ratio)
                fprintf(outf, "%d * %.1f = %.1f MHz max turbo 11 active cores\n",
                        ratio, bclk, ratio * bclk);

        ratio = (msr >> 8) & 0xFF;
        if (ratio)
                fprintf(outf, "%d * %.1f = %.1f MHz max turbo 10 active cores\n",
                        ratio, bclk, ratio * bclk);

        ratio = (msr >> 0) & 0xFF;
        if (ratio)
                fprintf(outf, "%d * %.1f = %.1f MHz max turbo 9 active cores\n",
                        ratio, bclk, ratio * bclk);
        return;
}
int has_turbo_ratio_group_limits(int family, int model)
{

        if (!genuine_intel)
                return 0;

        switch (model) {
        case INTEL_FAM6_ATOM_GOLDMONT:
        case INTEL_FAM6_SKYLAKE_X:
        case INTEL_FAM6_ATOM_DENVERTON:
                return 1;
        }
        return 0;
}

static void
dump_turbo_ratio_limits(int family, int model)
{
        unsigned long long msr, core_counts;
        unsigned int ratio, group_size;

        get_msr(base_cpu, MSR_TURBO_RATIO_LIMIT, &msr);
        fprintf(outf, "cpu%d: MSR_TURBO_RATIO_LIMIT: 0x%08llx\n", base_cpu, msr);

        if (has_turbo_ratio_group_limits(family, model)) {
                get_msr(base_cpu, MSR_TURBO_RATIO_LIMIT1, &core_counts);
                fprintf(outf, "cpu%d: MSR_TURBO_RATIO_LIMIT1: 0x%08llx\n", base_cpu, core_counts);
        } else {
                core_counts = 0x0807060504030201;
        }

        ratio = (msr >> 56) & 0xFF;
        group_size = (core_counts >> 56) & 0xFF;
        if (ratio)
                fprintf(outf, "%d * %.1f = %.1f MHz max turbo %d active cores\n",
                        ratio, bclk, ratio * bclk, group_size);

        ratio = (msr >> 48) & 0xFF;
        group_size = (core_counts >> 48) & 0xFF;
        if (ratio)
                fprintf(outf, "%d * %.1f = %.1f MHz max turbo %d active cores\n",
                        ratio, bclk, ratio * bclk, group_size);

        ratio = (msr >> 40) & 0xFF;
        group_size = (core_counts >> 40) & 0xFF;
        if (ratio)
                fprintf(outf, "%d * %.1f = %.1f MHz max turbo %d active cores\n",
                        ratio, bclk, ratio * bclk, group_size);

        ratio = (msr >> 32) & 0xFF;
        group_size = (core_counts >> 32) & 0xFF;
        if (ratio)
                fprintf(outf, "%d * %.1f = %.1f MHz max turbo %d active cores\n",
                        ratio, bclk, ratio * bclk, group_size);

        ratio = (msr >> 24) & 0xFF;
        group_size = (core_counts >> 24) & 0xFF;
        if (ratio)
                fprintf(outf, "%d * %.1f = %.1f MHz max turbo %d active cores\n",
                        ratio, bclk, ratio * bclk, group_size);

        ratio = (msr >> 16) & 0xFF;
        group_size = (core_counts >> 16) & 0xFF;
        if (ratio)
                fprintf(outf, "%d * %.1f = %.1f MHz max turbo %d active cores\n",
                        ratio, bclk, ratio * bclk, group_size);

        ratio = (msr >> 8) & 0xFF;
        group_size = (core_counts >> 8) & 0xFF;
        if (ratio)
                fprintf(outf, "%d * %.1f = %.1f MHz max turbo %d active cores\n",
                        ratio, bclk, ratio * bclk, group_size);

        ratio = (msr >> 0) & 0xFF;
        group_size = (core_counts >> 0) & 0xFF;
        if (ratio)
                fprintf(outf, "%d * %.1f = %.1f MHz max turbo %d active cores\n",
                        ratio, bclk, ratio * bclk, group_size);
        return;
}

static void
dump_atom_turbo_ratio_limits(void)
{
        unsigned long long msr;
        unsigned int ratio;

        get_msr(base_cpu, MSR_ATOM_CORE_RATIOS, &msr);
        fprintf(outf, "cpu%d: MSR_ATOM_CORE_RATIOS: 0x%08llx\n", base_cpu, msr & 0xFFFFFFFF);

        ratio = (msr >> 0) & 0x3F;
        if (ratio)
                fprintf(outf, "%d * %.1f = %.1f MHz minimum operating frequency\n",
                        ratio, bclk, ratio * bclk);

        ratio = (msr >> 8) & 0x3F;
        if (ratio)
                fprintf(outf, "%d * %.1f = %.1f MHz low frequency mode (LFM)\n",
                        ratio, bclk, ratio * bclk);

        ratio = (msr >> 16) & 0x3F;
        if (ratio)
                fprintf(outf, "%d * %.1f = %.1f MHz base frequency\n",
                        ratio, bclk, ratio * bclk);

        get_msr(base_cpu, MSR_ATOM_CORE_TURBO_RATIOS, &msr);
        fprintf(outf, "cpu%d: MSR_ATOM_CORE_TURBO_RATIOS: 0x%08llx\n", base_cpu, msr & 0xFFFFFFFF);

        ratio = (msr >> 24) & 0x3F;
        if (ratio)
                fprintf(outf, "%d * %.1f = %.1f MHz max turbo 4 active cores\n",
                        ratio, bclk, ratio * bclk);

        ratio = (msr >> 16) & 0x3F;
        if (ratio)
                fprintf(outf, "%d * %.1f = %.1f MHz max turbo 3 active cores\n",
                        ratio, bclk, ratio * bclk);

        ratio = (msr >> 8) & 0x3F;
        if (ratio)
                fprintf(outf, "%d * %.1f = %.1f MHz max turbo 2 active cores\n",
                        ratio, bclk, ratio * bclk);

        ratio = (msr >> 0) & 0x3F;
        if (ratio)
                fprintf(outf, "%d * %.1f = %.1f MHz max turbo 1 active core\n",
                        ratio, bclk, ratio * bclk);
}

static void
dump_knl_turbo_ratio_limits(void)
{
        const unsigned int buckets_no = 7;

        unsigned long long msr;
        int delta_cores, delta_ratio;
        int i, b_nr;
        unsigned int cores[buckets_no];
        unsigned int ratio[buckets_no];

        get_msr(base_cpu, MSR_TURBO_RATIO_LIMIT, &msr);

        fprintf(outf, "cpu%d: MSR_TURBO_RATIO_LIMIT: 0x%08llx\n",
                base_cpu, msr);

        /**
         * Turbo encoding in KNL is as follows:
         * [0] -- Reserved
         * [7:1] -- Base value of number of active cores of bucket 1.
         * [15:8] -- Base value of freq ratio of bucket 1.
         * [20:16] -- +ve delta of number of active cores of bucket 2.
         * i.e. active cores of bucket 2 =
         * active cores of bucket 1 + delta
         * [23:21] -- Negative delta of freq ratio of bucket 2.
         * i.e. freq ratio of bucket 2 =
         * freq ratio of bucket 1 - delta
         * [28:24]-- +ve delta of number of active cores of bucket 3.
         * [31:29]-- -ve delta of freq ratio of bucket 3.
         * [36:32]-- +ve delta of number of active cores of bucket 4.
         * [39:37]-- -ve delta of freq ratio of bucket 4.
         * [44:40]-- +ve delta of number of active cores of bucket 5.
         * [47:45]-- -ve delta of freq ratio of bucket 5.
         * [52:48]-- +ve delta of number of active cores of bucket 6.
         * [55:53]-- -ve delta of freq ratio of bucket 6.
         * [60:56]-- +ve delta of number of active cores of bucket 7.
         * [63:61]-- -ve delta of freq ratio of bucket 7.
         */

        b_nr = 0;
        cores[b_nr] = (msr & 0xFF) >> 1;
        ratio[b_nr] = (msr >> 8) & 0xFF;

        for (i = 16; i < 64; i += 8) {
                delta_cores = (msr >> i) & 0x1F;
                delta_ratio = (msr >> (i + 5)) & 0x7;

                cores[b_nr + 1] = cores[b_nr] + delta_cores;
                ratio[b_nr + 1] = ratio[b_nr] - delta_ratio;
                b_nr++;
        }

        for (i = buckets_no - 1; i >= 0; i--)
                if (i > 0 ? ratio[i] != ratio[i - 1] : 1)
                        fprintf(outf,
                                "%d * %.1f = %.1f MHz max turbo %d active cores\n",
                                ratio[i], bclk, ratio[i] * bclk, cores[i]);
}

static void
dump_nhm_cst_cfg(void)
{
        unsigned long long msr;

        get_msr(base_cpu, MSR_PKG_CST_CONFIG_CONTROL, &msr);

#define SNB_C1_AUTO_UNDEMOTE              (1UL << 27)
#define SNB_C3_AUTO_UNDEMOTE              (1UL << 28)

        fprintf(outf, "cpu%d: MSR_PKG_CST_CONFIG_CONTROL: 0x%08llx", base_cpu, msr);

        fprintf(outf, " (%s%s%s%s%slocked: pkg-cstate-limit=%d: %s)\n",
                (msr & SNB_C3_AUTO_UNDEMOTE) ? "UNdemote-C3, " : "",
                (msr & SNB_C1_AUTO_UNDEMOTE) ? "UNdemote-C1, " : "",
                (msr & NHM_C3_AUTO_DEMOTE) ? "demote-C3, " : "",
                (msr & NHM_C1_AUTO_DEMOTE) ? "demote-C1, " : "",
                (msr & (1 << 15)) ? "" : "UN",
                (unsigned int)msr & 0xF,
                pkg_cstate_limit_strings[pkg_cstate_limit]);
        return;
}

static void
dump_config_tdp(void)
{
        unsigned long long msr;

        get_msr(base_cpu, MSR_CONFIG_TDP_NOMINAL, &msr);
        fprintf(outf, "cpu%d: MSR_CONFIG_TDP_NOMINAL: 0x%08llx", base_cpu, msr);
        fprintf(outf, " (base_ratio=%d)\n", (unsigned int)msr & 0xFF);

        get_msr(base_cpu, MSR_CONFIG_TDP_LEVEL_1, &msr);
        fprintf(outf, "cpu%d: MSR_CONFIG_TDP_LEVEL_1: 0x%08llx (", base_cpu, msr);
        if (msr) {
                fprintf(outf, "PKG_MIN_PWR_LVL1=%d ", (unsigned int)(msr >> 48) & 0x7FFF);
                fprintf(outf, "PKG_MAX_PWR_LVL1=%d ", (unsigned int)(msr >> 32) & 0x7FFF);
                fprintf(outf, "LVL1_RATIO=%d ", (unsigned int)(msr >> 16) & 0xFF);
                fprintf(outf, "PKG_TDP_LVL1=%d", (unsigned int)(msr) & 0x7FFF);
        }
        fprintf(outf, ")\n");

        get_msr(base_cpu, MSR_CONFIG_TDP_LEVEL_2, &msr);
        fprintf(outf, "cpu%d: MSR_CONFIG_TDP_LEVEL_2: 0x%08llx (", base_cpu, msr);
        if (msr) {
                fprintf(outf, "PKG_MIN_PWR_LVL2=%d ", (unsigned int)(msr >> 48) & 0x7FFF);
                fprintf(outf, "PKG_MAX_PWR_LVL2=%d ", (unsigned int)(msr >> 32) & 0x7FFF);
                fprintf(outf, "LVL2_RATIO=%d ", (unsigned int)(msr >> 16) & 0xFF);
                fprintf(outf, "PKG_TDP_LVL2=%d", (unsigned int)(msr) & 0x7FFF);
        }
        fprintf(outf, ")\n");

        get_msr(base_cpu, MSR_CONFIG_TDP_CONTROL, &msr);
        fprintf(outf, "cpu%d: MSR_CONFIG_TDP_CONTROL: 0x%08llx (", base_cpu, msr);
        if ((msr) & 0x3)
                fprintf(outf, "TDP_LEVEL=%d ", (unsigned int)(msr) & 0x3);
        fprintf(outf, " lock=%d", (unsigned int)(msr >> 31) & 1);
        fprintf(outf, ")\n");

        get_msr(base_cpu, MSR_TURBO_ACTIVATION_RATIO, &msr);
        fprintf(outf, "cpu%d: MSR_TURBO_ACTIVATION_RATIO: 0x%08llx (", base_cpu, msr);
        fprintf(outf, "MAX_NON_TURBO_RATIO=%d", (unsigned int)(msr) & 0xFF);
        fprintf(outf, " lock=%d", (unsigned int)(msr >> 31) & 1);
        fprintf(outf, ")\n");
}

unsigned int irtl_time_units[] = {1, 32, 1024, 32768, 1048576, 33554432, 0, 0 };

void print_irtl(void)
{
        unsigned long long msr;

        get_msr(base_cpu, MSR_PKGC3_IRTL, &msr);
        fprintf(outf, "cpu%d: MSR_PKGC3_IRTL: 0x%08llx (", base_cpu, msr);
        fprintf(outf, "%svalid, %lld ns)\n", msr & (1 << 15) ? "" : "NOT",
                (msr & 0x3FF) * irtl_time_units[(msr >> 10) & 0x3]);

        get_msr(base_cpu, MSR_PKGC6_IRTL, &msr);
        fprintf(outf, "cpu%d: MSR_PKGC6_IRTL: 0x%08llx (", base_cpu, msr);
        fprintf(outf, "%svalid, %lld ns)\n", msr & (1 << 15) ? "" : "NOT",
                (msr & 0x3FF) * irtl_time_units[(msr >> 10) & 0x3]);

        get_msr(base_cpu, MSR_PKGC7_IRTL, &msr);
        fprintf(outf, "cpu%d: MSR_PKGC7_IRTL: 0x%08llx (", base_cpu, msr);
        fprintf(outf, "%svalid, %lld ns)\n", msr & (1 << 15) ? "" : "NOT",
                (msr & 0x3FF) * irtl_time_units[(msr >> 10) & 0x3]);

        if (!do_irtl_hsw)
                return;

        get_msr(base_cpu, MSR_PKGC8_IRTL, &msr);
        fprintf(outf, "cpu%d: MSR_PKGC8_IRTL: 0x%08llx (", base_cpu, msr);
        fprintf(outf, "%svalid, %lld ns)\n", msr & (1 << 15) ? "" : "NOT",
                (msr & 0x3FF) * irtl_time_units[(msr >> 10) & 0x3]);

        get_msr(base_cpu, MSR_PKGC9_IRTL, &msr);
        fprintf(outf, "cpu%d: MSR_PKGC9_IRTL: 0x%08llx (", base_cpu, msr);
        fprintf(outf, "%svalid, %lld ns)\n", msr & (1 << 15) ? "" : "NOT",
                (msr & 0x3FF) * irtl_time_units[(msr >> 10) & 0x3]);

        get_msr(base_cpu, MSR_PKGC10_IRTL, &msr);
        fprintf(outf, "cpu%d: MSR_PKGC10_IRTL: 0x%08llx (", base_cpu, msr);
        fprintf(outf, "%svalid, %lld ns)\n", msr & (1 << 15) ? "" : "NOT",
                (msr & 0x3FF) * irtl_time_units[(msr >> 10) & 0x3]);

}
void free_fd_percpu(void)
{
        int i;

        for (i = 0; i < topo.max_cpu_num + 1; ++i) {
                if (fd_percpu[i] != 0)
                        close(fd_percpu[i]);
        }

        free(fd_percpu);
}

void free_all_buffers(void)
{
        CPU_FREE(cpu_present_set);
        cpu_present_set = NULL;
        cpu_present_setsize = 0;

        CPU_FREE(cpu_affinity_set);
        cpu_affinity_set = NULL;
        cpu_affinity_setsize = 0;

        free(thread_even);
        free(core_even);
        free(package_even);

        thread_even = NULL;
        core_even = NULL;
        package_even = NULL;

        free(thread_odd);
        free(core_odd);
        free(package_odd);

        thread_odd = NULL;
        core_odd = NULL;
        package_odd = NULL;

        free(output_buffer);
        output_buffer = NULL;
        outp = NULL;

        free_fd_percpu();

        free(irq_column_2_cpu);
        free(irqs_per_cpu);
}


/*
 * Parse a file containing a single int.
 */
int parse_int_file(const char *fmt, ...)
{
        va_list args;
        char path[PATH_MAX];
        FILE *filep;
        int value;

        va_start(args, fmt);
        vsnprintf(path, sizeof(path), fmt, args);
        va_end(args);
        filep = fopen_or_die(path, "r");
        if (fscanf(filep, "%d", &value) != 1)
                err(1, "%s: failed to parse number from file", path);
        fclose(filep);
        return value;
}

/*
 * get_cpu_position_in_core(cpu)
 * return the position of the CPU among its HT siblings in the core
 * return -1 if the sibling is not in list
 */
int get_cpu_position_in_core(int cpu)
{
        char path[64];
        FILE *filep;
        int this_cpu;
        char character;
        int i;

        sprintf(path,
                "/sys/devices/system/cpu/cpu%d/topology/thread_siblings_list",
                cpu);
        filep = fopen(path, "r");
        if (filep == NULL) {
                perror(path);
                exit(1);
        }

        for (i = 0; i < topo.num_threads_per_core; i++) {
                fscanf(filep, "%d", &this_cpu);
                if (this_cpu == cpu) {
                        fclose(filep);
                        return i;
                }

                /* Account for no separator after last thread*/
                if (i != (topo.num_threads_per_core - 1))
                        fscanf(filep, "%c", &character);
        }

        fclose(filep);
        return -1;
}

/*
 * cpu_is_first_core_in_package(cpu)
 * return 1 if given CPU is 1st core in package
 */
int cpu_is_first_core_in_package(int cpu)
{
        return cpu == parse_int_file("/sys/devices/system/cpu/cpu%d/topology/core_siblings_list", cpu);
}

int get_physical_package_id(int cpu)
{
        return parse_int_file("/sys/devices/system/cpu/cpu%d/topology/physical_package_id", cpu);
}

int get_core_id(int cpu)
{
        return parse_int_file("/sys/devices/system/cpu/cpu%d/topology/core_id", cpu);
}

int get_num_ht_siblings(int cpu)
{
        char path[80];
        FILE *filep;
        int sib1;
        int matches = 0;
        char character;
        char str[100];
        char *ch;

        sprintf(path, "/sys/devices/system/cpu/cpu%d/topology/thread_siblings_list", cpu);
        filep = fopen_or_die(path, "r");

        /*
         * file format:
         * A ',' separated or '-' separated set of numbers
         * (eg 1-2 or 1,3,4,5)
         */
        fscanf(filep, "%d%c\n", &sib1, &character);
        fseek(filep, 0, SEEK_SET);
        fgets(str, 100, filep);
        ch = strchr(str, character);
        while (ch != NULL) {
                matches++;
                ch = strchr(ch+1, character);
        }

        fclose(filep);
        return matches+1;
}

/*
 * run func(thread, core, package) in topology order
 * skip non-present cpus
 */

int for_all_cpus_2(int (func)(struct thread_data *, struct core_data *,
        struct pkg_data *, struct thread_data *, struct core_data *,
        struct pkg_data *), struct thread_data *thread_base,
        struct core_data *core_base, struct pkg_data *pkg_base,
        struct thread_data *thread_base2, struct core_data *core_base2,
        struct pkg_data *pkg_base2)
{
        int retval, pkg_no, core_no, thread_no;

        for (pkg_no = 0; pkg_no < topo.num_packages; ++pkg_no) {
                for (core_no = 0; core_no < topo.num_cores_per_pkg; ++core_no) {
                        for (thread_no = 0; thread_no <
                                topo.num_threads_per_core; ++thread_no) {
                                struct thread_data *t, *t2;
                                struct core_data *c, *c2;
                                struct pkg_data *p, *p2;

                                t = GET_THREAD(thread_base, thread_no, core_no, pkg_no);

                                if (cpu_is_not_present(t->cpu_id))
                                        continue;

                                t2 = GET_THREAD(thread_base2, thread_no, core_no, pkg_no);

                                c = GET_CORE(core_base, core_no, pkg_no);
                                c2 = GET_CORE(core_base2, core_no, pkg_no);

                                p = GET_PKG(pkg_base, pkg_no);
                                p2 = GET_PKG(pkg_base2, pkg_no);

                                retval = func(t, c, p, t2, c2, p2);
                                if (retval)
                                        return retval;
                        }
                }
        }
        return 0;
}

/*
 * run func(cpu) on every cpu in /proc/stat
 * return max_cpu number
 */
int for_all_proc_cpus(int (func)(int))
{
        FILE *fp;
        int cpu_num;
        int retval;

        fp = fopen_or_die(proc_stat, "r");

        retval = fscanf(fp, "cpu %*d %*d %*d %*d %*d %*d %*d %*d %*d %*d\n");
        if (retval != 0)
                err(1, "%s: failed to parse format", proc_stat);

        while (1) {
                retval = fscanf(fp, "cpu%u %*d %*d %*d %*d %*d %*d %*d %*d %*d %*d\n", &cpu_num);
                if (retval != 1)
                        break;

                retval = func(cpu_num);
                if (retval) {
                        fclose(fp);
                        return(retval);
                }
        }
        fclose(fp);
        return 0;
}

void re_initialize(void)
{
        free_all_buffers();
        setup_all_buffers();
        printf("turbostat: re-initialized with num_cpus %d\n", topo.num_cpus);
}


/*
 * count_cpus()
 * remember the last one seen, it will be the max
 */
int count_cpus(int cpu)
{
        if (topo.max_cpu_num < cpu)
                topo.max_cpu_num = cpu;

        topo.num_cpus += 1;
        return 0;
}
int mark_cpu_present(int cpu)
{
        CPU_SET_S(cpu, cpu_present_setsize, cpu_present_set);
        return 0;
}

/*
 * snapshot_proc_interrupts()
 *
 * read and record summary of /proc/interrupts
 *
 * return 1 if config change requires a restart, else return 0
 */
int snapshot_proc_interrupts(void)
{
        static FILE *fp;
        int column, retval;

        if (fp == NULL)
                fp = fopen_or_die("/proc/interrupts", "r");
        else
                rewind(fp);

        /* read 1st line of /proc/interrupts to get cpu* name for each column */
        for (column = 0; column < topo.num_cpus; ++column) {
                int cpu_number;

                retval = fscanf(fp, " CPU%d", &cpu_number);
                if (retval != 1)
                        break;

                if (cpu_number > topo.max_cpu_num) {
                        warn("/proc/interrupts: cpu%d: > %d", cpu_number, topo.max_cpu_num);
                        return 1;
                }

                irq_column_2_cpu[column] = cpu_number;
                irqs_per_cpu[cpu_number] = 0;
        }

        /* read /proc/interrupt count lines and sum up irqs per cpu */
        while (1) {
                int column;
                char buf[64];

                retval = fscanf(fp, " %s:", buf);       /* flush irq# "N:" */
                if (retval != 1)
                        break;

                /* read the count per cpu */
                for (column = 0; column < topo.num_cpus; ++column) {

                        int cpu_number, irq_count;

                        retval = fscanf(fp, " %d", &irq_count);
                        if (retval != 1)
                                break;

                        cpu_number = irq_column_2_cpu[column];
                        irqs_per_cpu[cpu_number] += irq_count;

                }

                while (getc(fp) != '\n')
                        ;       /* flush interrupt description */

        }
        return 0;
}
/*
 * snapshot_gfx_rc6_ms()
 *
 * record snapshot of
 * /sys/class/drm/card0/power/rc6_residency_ms
 *
 * return 1 if config change requires a restart, else return 0
 */
int snapshot_gfx_rc6_ms(void)
{
        FILE *fp;
        int retval;

        fp = fopen_or_die("/sys/class/drm/card0/power/rc6_residency_ms", "r");

        retval = fscanf(fp, "%lld", &gfx_cur_rc6_ms);
        if (retval != 1)
                err(1, "GFX rc6");

        fclose(fp);

        return 0;
}
/*
 * snapshot_gfx_mhz()
 *
 * record snapshot of
 * /sys/class/graphics/fb0/device/drm/card0/gt_cur_freq_mhz
 *
 * return 1 if config change requires a restart, else return 0
 */
int snapshot_gfx_mhz(void)
{
        static FILE *fp;
        int retval;

        if (fp == NULL)
                fp = fopen_or_die("/sys/class/graphics/fb0/device/drm/card0/gt_cur_freq_mhz", "r");
        else {
                rewind(fp);
                fflush(fp);
        }

        retval = fscanf(fp, "%d", &gfx_cur_mhz);
        if (retval != 1)
                err(1, "GFX MHz");

        return 0;
}

/*
 * snapshot /proc and /sys files
 *
 * return 1 if configuration restart needed, else return 0
 */
int snapshot_proc_sysfs_files(void)
{
        if (DO_BIC(BIC_IRQ))
                if (snapshot_proc_interrupts())
                        return 1;

        if (DO_BIC(BIC_GFX_rc6))
                snapshot_gfx_rc6_ms();

        if (DO_BIC(BIC_GFXMHz))
                snapshot_gfx_mhz();

        return 0;
}

void turbostat_loop()
{
        int retval;
        int restarted = 0;

restart:
        restarted++;

        snapshot_proc_sysfs_files();
        retval = for_all_cpus(get_counters, EVEN_COUNTERS);
        if (retval < -1) {
                exit(retval);
        } else if (retval == -1) {
                if (restarted > 1) {
                        exit(retval);
                }
                re_initialize();
                goto restart;
        }
        restarted = 0;
        gettimeofday(&tv_even, (struct timezone *)NULL);

        while (1) {
                if (for_all_proc_cpus(cpu_is_not_present)) {
                        re_initialize();
                        goto restart;
                }
                nanosleep(&interval_ts, NULL);
                if (snapshot_proc_sysfs_files())
                        goto restart;
                retval = for_all_cpus(get_counters, ODD_COUNTERS);
                if (retval < -1) {
                        exit(retval);
                } else if (retval == -1) {
                        re_initialize();
                        goto restart;
                }
                gettimeofday(&tv_odd, (struct timezone *)NULL);
                timersub(&tv_odd, &tv_even, &tv_delta);
                if (for_all_cpus_2(delta_cpu, ODD_COUNTERS, EVEN_COUNTERS)) {
                        re_initialize();
                        goto restart;
                }
                compute_average(EVEN_COUNTERS);
                format_all_counters(EVEN_COUNTERS);
                flush_output_stdout();
                nanosleep(&interval_ts, NULL);
                if (snapshot_proc_sysfs_files())
                        goto restart;
                retval = for_all_cpus(get_counters, EVEN_COUNTERS);
                if (retval < -1) {
                        exit(retval);
                } else if (retval == -1) {
                        re_initialize();
                        goto restart;
                }
                gettimeofday(&tv_even, (struct timezone *)NULL);
                timersub(&tv_even, &tv_odd, &tv_delta);
                if (for_all_cpus_2(delta_cpu, EVEN_COUNTERS, ODD_COUNTERS)) {
                        re_initialize();
                        goto restart;
                }
                compute_average(ODD_COUNTERS);
                format_all_counters(ODD_COUNTERS);
                flush_output_stdout();
        }
}

void check_dev_msr()
{
        struct stat sb;
        char pathname[32];

        sprintf(pathname, "/dev/cpu/%d/msr", base_cpu);
        if (stat(pathname, &sb))
                if (system("/sbin/modprobe msr > /dev/null 2>&1"))
                        err(-5, "no /dev/cpu/0/msr, Try \"# modprobe msr\" ");
}

void check_permissions()
{
        struct __user_cap_header_struct cap_header_data;
        cap_user_header_t cap_header = &cap_header_data;
        struct __user_cap_data_struct cap_data_data;
        cap_user_data_t cap_data = &cap_data_data;
        extern int capget(cap_user_header_t hdrp, cap_user_data_t datap);
        int do_exit = 0;
        char pathname[32];

        /* check for CAP_SYS_RAWIO */
        cap_header->pid = getpid();
        cap_header->version = _LINUX_CAPABILITY_VERSION;
        if (capget(cap_header, cap_data) < 0)
                err(-6, "capget(2) failed");

        if ((cap_data->effective & (1 << CAP_SYS_RAWIO)) == 0) {
                do_exit++;
                warnx("capget(CAP_SYS_RAWIO) failed,"
                        " try \"# setcap cap_sys_rawio=ep %s\"", progname);
        }

        /* test file permissions */
        sprintf(pathname, "/dev/cpu/%d/msr", base_cpu);
        if (euidaccess(pathname, R_OK)) {
                do_exit++;
                warn("/dev/cpu/0/msr open failed, try chown or chmod +r /dev/cpu/*/msr");
        }

        /* if all else fails, thell them to be root */
        if (do_exit)
                if (getuid() != 0)
                        warnx("... or simply run as root");

        if (do_exit)
                exit(-6);
}

/*
 * NHM adds support for additional MSRs:
 *
 * MSR_SMI_COUNT                   0x00000034
 *
 * MSR_PLATFORM_INFO               0x000000ce
 * MSR_PKG_CST_CONFIG_CONTROL     0x000000e2
 *
 * MSR_MISC_PWR_MGMT               0x000001aa
 *
 * MSR_PKG_C3_RESIDENCY            0x000003f8
 * MSR_PKG_C6_RESIDENCY            0x000003f9
 * MSR_CORE_C3_RESIDENCY           0x000003fc
 * MSR_CORE_C6_RESIDENCY           0x000003fd
 *
 * Side effect:
 * sets global pkg_cstate_limit to decode MSR_PKG_CST_CONFIG_CONTROL
 * sets has_misc_feature_control
 */
int probe_nhm_msrs(unsigned int family, unsigned int model)
{
        unsigned long long msr;
        unsigned int base_ratio;
        int *pkg_cstate_limits;

        if (!genuine_intel)
                return 0;

        if (family != 6)
                return 0;

        bclk = discover_bclk(family, model);

        switch (model) {
        case INTEL_FAM6_NEHALEM_EP:     /* Core i7, Xeon 5500 series - Bloomfield, Gainstown NHM-EP */
        case INTEL_FAM6_NEHALEM:        /* Core i7 and i5 Processor - Clarksfield, Lynnfield, Jasper Forest */
        case 0x1F:      /* Core i7 and i5 Processor - Nehalem */
        case INTEL_FAM6_WESTMERE:       /* Westmere Client - Clarkdale, Arrandale */
        case INTEL_FAM6_WESTMERE_EP:    /* Westmere EP - Gulftown */
        case INTEL_FAM6_NEHALEM_EX:     /* Nehalem-EX Xeon - Beckton */
        case INTEL_FAM6_WESTMERE_EX:    /* Westmere-EX Xeon - Eagleton */
                pkg_cstate_limits = nhm_pkg_cstate_limits;
                break;
        case INTEL_FAM6_SANDYBRIDGE:    /* SNB */
        case INTEL_FAM6_SANDYBRIDGE_X:  /* SNB Xeon */
        case INTEL_FAM6_IVYBRIDGE:      /* IVB */
        case INTEL_FAM6_IVYBRIDGE_X:    /* IVB Xeon */
                pkg_cstate_limits = snb_pkg_cstate_limits;
                has_misc_feature_control = 1;
                break;
        case INTEL_FAM6_HASWELL_CORE:   /* HSW */
        case INTEL_FAM6_HASWELL_X:      /* HSX */
        case INTEL_FAM6_HASWELL_ULT:    /* HSW */
        case INTEL_FAM6_HASWELL_GT3E:   /* HSW */
        case INTEL_FAM6_BROADWELL_CORE: /* BDW */
        case INTEL_FAM6_BROADWELL_GT3E: /* BDW */
        case INTEL_FAM6_BROADWELL_X:    /* BDX */
        case INTEL_FAM6_BROADWELL_XEON_D:       /* BDX-DE */
        case INTEL_FAM6_SKYLAKE_MOBILE: /* SKL */
        case INTEL_FAM6_SKYLAKE_DESKTOP:        /* SKL */
        case INTEL_FAM6_KABYLAKE_MOBILE:        /* KBL */
        case INTEL_FAM6_KABYLAKE_DESKTOP:       /* KBL */
                pkg_cstate_limits = hsw_pkg_cstate_limits;
                has_misc_feature_control = 1;
                break;
        case INTEL_FAM6_SKYLAKE_X:      /* SKX */
                pkg_cstate_limits = skx_pkg_cstate_limits;
                has_misc_feature_control = 1;
                break;
        case INTEL_FAM6_ATOM_SILVERMONT1:       /* BYT */
                no_MSR_MISC_PWR_MGMT = 1;
        case INTEL_FAM6_ATOM_SILVERMONT2:       /* AVN */
                pkg_cstate_limits = slv_pkg_cstate_limits;
                break;
        case INTEL_FAM6_ATOM_AIRMONT:   /* AMT */
                pkg_cstate_limits = amt_pkg_cstate_limits;
                no_MSR_MISC_PWR_MGMT = 1;
                break;
        case INTEL_FAM6_XEON_PHI_KNL:   /* PHI */
        case INTEL_FAM6_XEON_PHI_KNM:
                pkg_cstate_limits = phi_pkg_cstate_limits;
                break;
        case INTEL_FAM6_ATOM_GOLDMONT:  /* BXT */
        case INTEL_FAM6_ATOM_GEMINI_LAKE:
        case INTEL_FAM6_ATOM_DENVERTON: /* DNV */
                pkg_cstate_limits = bxt_pkg_cstate_limits;
                break;
        default:
                return 0;
        }
        get_msr(base_cpu, MSR_PKG_CST_CONFIG_CONTROL, &msr);
        pkg_cstate_limit = pkg_cstate_limits[msr & 0xF];

        get_msr(base_cpu, MSR_PLATFORM_INFO, &msr);
        base_ratio = (msr >> 8) & 0xFF;

        base_hz = base_ratio * bclk * 1000000;
        has_base_hz = 1;
        return 1;
}
/*
 * SLV client has support for unique MSRs:
 *
 * MSR_CC6_DEMOTION_POLICY_CONFIG
 * MSR_MC6_DEMOTION_POLICY_CONFIG
 */

int has_slv_msrs(unsigned int family, unsigned int model)
{
        if (!genuine_intel)
                return 0;

        switch (model) {
        case INTEL_FAM6_ATOM_SILVERMONT1:
        case INTEL_FAM6_ATOM_MERRIFIELD:
        case INTEL_FAM6_ATOM_MOOREFIELD:
                return 1;
        }
        return 0;
}
int is_dnv(unsigned int family, unsigned int model)
{

        if (!genuine_intel)
                return 0;

        switch (model) {
        case INTEL_FAM6_ATOM_DENVERTON:
                return 1;
        }
        return 0;
}
int is_bdx(unsigned int family, unsigned int model)
{

        if (!genuine_intel)
                return 0;

        switch (model) {
        case INTEL_FAM6_BROADWELL_X:
        case INTEL_FAM6_BROADWELL_XEON_D:
                return 1;
        }
        return 0;
}
int is_skx(unsigned int family, unsigned int model)
{

        if (!genuine_intel)
                return 0;

        switch (model) {
        case INTEL_FAM6_SKYLAKE_X:
                return 1;
        }
        return 0;
}

int has_turbo_ratio_limit(unsigned int family, unsigned int model)
{
        if (has_slv_msrs(family, model))
                return 0;

        switch (model) {
        /* Nehalem compatible, but do not include turbo-ratio limit support */
        case INTEL_FAM6_NEHALEM_EX:     /* Nehalem-EX Xeon - Beckton */
        case INTEL_FAM6_WESTMERE_EX:    /* Westmere-EX Xeon - Eagleton */
        case INTEL_FAM6_XEON_PHI_KNL:   /* PHI - Knights Landing (different MSR definition) */
        case INTEL_FAM6_XEON_PHI_KNM:
                return 0;
        default:
                return 1;
        }
}
int has_atom_turbo_ratio_limit(unsigned int family, unsigned int model)
{
        if (has_slv_msrs(family, model))
                return 1;

        return 0;
}
int has_ivt_turbo_ratio_limit(unsigned int family, unsigned int model)
{
        if (!genuine_intel)
                return 0;

        if (family != 6)
                return 0;

        switch (model) {
        case INTEL_FAM6_IVYBRIDGE_X:    /* IVB Xeon */
        case INTEL_FAM6_HASWELL_X:      /* HSW Xeon */
                return 1;
        default:
                return 0;
        }
}
int has_hsw_turbo_ratio_limit(unsigned int family, unsigned int model)
{
        if (!genuine_intel)
                return 0;

        if (family != 6)
                return 0;

        switch (model) {
        case INTEL_FAM6_HASWELL_X:      /* HSW Xeon */
                return 1;
        default:
                return 0;
        }
}

int has_knl_turbo_ratio_limit(unsigned int family, unsigned int model)
{
        if (!genuine_intel)
                return 0;

        if (family != 6)
                return 0;

        switch (model) {
        case INTEL_FAM6_XEON_PHI_KNL:   /* Knights Landing */
        case INTEL_FAM6_XEON_PHI_KNM:
                return 1;
        default:
                return 0;
        }
}
int has_glm_turbo_ratio_limit(unsigned int family, unsigned int model)
{
        if (!genuine_intel)
                return 0;

        if (family != 6)
                return 0;

        switch (model) {
        case INTEL_FAM6_ATOM_GOLDMONT:
        case INTEL_FAM6_SKYLAKE_X:
                return 1;
        default:
                return 0;
        }
}
int has_config_tdp(unsigned int family, unsigned int model)
{
        if (!genuine_intel)
                return 0;

        if (family != 6)
                return 0;

        switch (model) {
        case INTEL_FAM6_IVYBRIDGE:      /* IVB */
        case INTEL_FAM6_HASWELL_CORE:   /* HSW */
        case INTEL_FAM6_HASWELL_X:      /* HSX */
        case INTEL_FAM6_HASWELL_ULT:    /* HSW */
        case INTEL_FAM6_HASWELL_GT3E:   /* HSW */
        case INTEL_FAM6_BROADWELL_CORE: /* BDW */
        case INTEL_FAM6_BROADWELL_GT3E: /* BDW */
        case INTEL_FAM6_BROADWELL_X:    /* BDX */
        case INTEL_FAM6_BROADWELL_XEON_D:       /* BDX-DE */
        case INTEL_FAM6_SKYLAKE_MOBILE: /* SKL */
        case INTEL_FAM6_SKYLAKE_DESKTOP:        /* SKL */
        case INTEL_FAM6_KABYLAKE_MOBILE:        /* KBL */
        case INTEL_FAM6_KABYLAKE_DESKTOP:       /* KBL */
        case INTEL_FAM6_SKYLAKE_X:      /* SKX */

        case INTEL_FAM6_XEON_PHI_KNL:   /* Knights Landing */
        case INTEL_FAM6_XEON_PHI_KNM:
                return 1;
        default:
                return 0;
        }
}

static void
dump_cstate_pstate_config_info(unsigned int family, unsigned int model)
{
        if (!do_nhm_platform_info)
                return;

        dump_nhm_platform_info();

        if (has_hsw_turbo_ratio_limit(family, model))
                dump_hsw_turbo_ratio_limits();

        if (has_ivt_turbo_ratio_limit(family, model))
                dump_ivt_turbo_ratio_limits();

        if (has_turbo_ratio_limit(family, model))
                dump_turbo_ratio_limits(family, model);

        if (has_atom_turbo_ratio_limit(family, model))
                dump_atom_turbo_ratio_limits();

        if (has_knl_turbo_ratio_limit(family, model))
                dump_knl_turbo_ratio_limits();

        if (has_config_tdp(family, model))
                dump_config_tdp();

        dump_nhm_cst_cfg();
}

static void
dump_sysfs_cstate_config(void)
{
        char path[64];
        char name_buf[16];
        char desc[64];
        FILE *input;
        int state;
        char *sp;

        if (!DO_BIC(BIC_sysfs))
                return;

        for (state = 0; state < 10; ++state) {

                sprintf(path, "/sys/devices/system/cpu/cpu%d/cpuidle/state%d/name",
                        base_cpu, state);
                input = fopen(path, "r");
                if (input == NULL)
                        continue;
                fgets(name_buf, sizeof(name_buf), input);

                 /* truncate "C1-HSW\n" to "C1", or truncate "C1\n" to "C1" */
                sp = strchr(name_buf, '-');
                if (!sp)
                        sp = strchrnul(name_buf, '\n');
                *sp = '\0';

                fclose(input);

                sprintf(path, "/sys/devices/system/cpu/cpu%d/cpuidle/state%d/desc",
                        base_cpu, state);
                input = fopen(path, "r");
                if (input == NULL)
                        continue;
                fgets(desc, sizeof(desc), input);

                fprintf(outf, "cpu%d: %s: %s", base_cpu, name_buf, desc);
                fclose(input);
        }
}
static void
dump_sysfs_pstate_config(void)
{
        char path[64];
        char driver_buf[64];
        char governor_buf[64];
        FILE *input;
        int turbo;

        sprintf(path, "/sys/devices/system/cpu/cpu%d/cpufreq/scaling_driver",
                        base_cpu);
        input = fopen(path, "r");
        if (input == NULL) {
                fprintf(stderr, "NSFOD %s\n", path);
                return;
        }
        fgets(driver_buf, sizeof(driver_buf), input);
        fclose(input);

        sprintf(path, "/sys/devices/system/cpu/cpu%d/cpufreq/scaling_governor",
                        base_cpu);
        input = fopen(path, "r");
        if (input == NULL) {
                fprintf(stderr, "NSFOD %s\n", path);
                return;
        }
        fgets(governor_buf, sizeof(governor_buf), input);
        fclose(input);

        fprintf(outf, "cpu%d: cpufreq driver: %s", base_cpu, driver_buf);
        fprintf(outf, "cpu%d: cpufreq governor: %s", base_cpu, governor_buf);

        sprintf(path, "/sys/devices/system/cpu/cpufreq/boost");
        input = fopen(path, "r");
        if (input != NULL) {
                fscanf(input, "%d", &turbo);
                fprintf(outf, "cpufreq boost: %d\n", turbo);
                fclose(input);
        }

        sprintf(path, "/sys/devices/system/cpu/intel_pstate/no_turbo");
        input = fopen(path, "r");
        if (input != NULL) {
                fscanf(input, "%d", &turbo);
                fprintf(outf, "cpufreq intel_pstate no_turbo: %d\n", turbo);
                fclose(input);
        }
}


/*
 * print_epb()
 * Decode the ENERGY_PERF_BIAS MSR
 */
int print_epb(struct thread_data *t, struct core_data *c, struct pkg_data *p)
{
        unsigned long long msr;
        char *epb_string;
        int cpu;

        if (!has_epb)
                return 0;

        cpu = t->cpu_id;

        /* EPB is per-package */
        if (!(t->flags & CPU_IS_FIRST_THREAD_IN_CORE) || !(t->flags & CPU_IS_FIRST_CORE_IN_PACKAGE))
                return 0;

        if (cpu_migrate(cpu)) {
                fprintf(outf, "Could not migrate to CPU %d\n", cpu);
                return -1;
        }

        if (get_msr(cpu, MSR_IA32_ENERGY_PERF_BIAS, &msr))
                return 0;

        switch (msr & 0xF) {
        case ENERGY_PERF_BIAS_PERFORMANCE:
                epb_string = "performance";
                break;
        case ENERGY_PERF_BIAS_NORMAL:
                epb_string = "balanced";
                break;
        case ENERGY_PERF_BIAS_POWERSAVE:
                epb_string = "powersave";
                break;
        default:
                epb_string = "custom";
                break;
        }
        fprintf(outf, "cpu%d: MSR_IA32_ENERGY_PERF_BIAS: 0x%08llx (%s)\n", cpu, msr, epb_string);

        return 0;
}
/*
 * print_hwp()
 * Decode the MSR_HWP_CAPABILITIES
 */
int print_hwp(struct thread_data *t, struct core_data *c, struct pkg_data *p)
{
        unsigned long long msr;
        int cpu;

        if (!has_hwp)
                return 0;

        cpu = t->cpu_id;

        /* MSR_HWP_CAPABILITIES is per-package */
        if (!(t->flags & CPU_IS_FIRST_THREAD_IN_CORE) || !(t->flags & CPU_IS_FIRST_CORE_IN_PACKAGE))
                return 0;

        if (cpu_migrate(cpu)) {
                fprintf(outf, "Could not migrate to CPU %d\n", cpu);
                return -1;
        }

        if (get_msr(cpu, MSR_PM_ENABLE, &msr))
                return 0;

        fprintf(outf, "cpu%d: MSR_PM_ENABLE: 0x%08llx (%sHWP)\n",
                cpu, msr, (msr & (1 << 0)) ? "" : "No-");

        /* MSR_PM_ENABLE[1] == 1 if HWP is enabled and MSRs visible */
        if ((msr & (1 << 0)) == 0)
                return 0;

        if (get_msr(cpu, MSR_HWP_CAPABILITIES, &msr))
                return 0;

        fprintf(outf, "cpu%d: MSR_HWP_CAPABILITIES: 0x%08llx "
                        "(high %d guar %d eff %d low %d)\n",
                        cpu, msr,
                        (unsigned int)HWP_HIGHEST_PERF(msr),
                        (unsigned int)HWP_GUARANTEED_PERF(msr),
                        (unsigned int)HWP_MOSTEFFICIENT_PERF(msr),
                        (unsigned int)HWP_LOWEST_PERF(msr));

        if (get_msr(cpu, MSR_HWP_REQUEST, &msr))
                return 0;

        fprintf(outf, "cpu%d: MSR_HWP_REQUEST: 0x%08llx "
                        "(min %d max %d des %d epp 0x%x window 0x%x pkg 0x%x)\n",
                        cpu, msr,
                        (unsigned int)(((msr) >> 0) & 0xff),
                        (unsigned int)(((msr) >> 8) & 0xff),
                        (unsigned int)(((msr) >> 16) & 0xff),
                        (unsigned int)(((msr) >> 24) & 0xff),
                        (unsigned int)(((msr) >> 32) & 0xff3),
                        (unsigned int)(((msr) >> 42) & 0x1));

        if (has_hwp_pkg) {
                if (get_msr(cpu, MSR_HWP_REQUEST_PKG, &msr))
                        return 0;

                fprintf(outf, "cpu%d: MSR_HWP_REQUEST_PKG: 0x%08llx "
                        "(min %d max %d des %d epp 0x%x window 0x%x)\n",
                        cpu, msr,
                        (unsigned int)(((msr) >> 0) & 0xff),
                        (unsigned int)(((msr) >> 8) & 0xff),
                        (unsigned int)(((msr) >> 16) & 0xff),
                        (unsigned int)(((msr) >> 24) & 0xff),
                        (unsigned int)(((msr) >> 32) & 0xff3));
        }
        if (has_hwp_notify) {
                if (get_msr(cpu, MSR_HWP_INTERRUPT, &msr))
                        return 0;

                fprintf(outf, "cpu%d: MSR_HWP_INTERRUPT: 0x%08llx "
                        "(%s_Guaranteed_Perf_Change, %s_Excursion_Min)\n",
                        cpu, msr,
                        ((msr) & 0x1) ? "EN" : "Dis",
                        ((msr) & 0x2) ? "EN" : "Dis");
        }
        if (get_msr(cpu, MSR_HWP_STATUS, &msr))
                return 0;

        fprintf(outf, "cpu%d: MSR_HWP_STATUS: 0x%08llx "
                        "(%sGuaranteed_Perf_Change, %sExcursion_Min)\n",
                        cpu, msr,
                        ((msr) & 0x1) ? "" : "No-",
                        ((msr) & 0x2) ? "" : "No-");

        return 0;
}

/*
 * print_perf_limit()
 */
int print_perf_limit(struct thread_data *t, struct core_data *c, struct pkg_data *p)
{
        unsigned long long msr;
        int cpu;

        cpu = t->cpu_id;

        /* per-package */
        if (!(t->flags & CPU_IS_FIRST_THREAD_IN_CORE) || !(t->flags & CPU_IS_FIRST_CORE_IN_PACKAGE))
                return 0;

        if (cpu_migrate(cpu)) {
                fprintf(outf, "Could not migrate to CPU %d\n", cpu);
                return -1;
        }

        if (do_core_perf_limit_reasons) {
                get_msr(cpu, MSR_CORE_PERF_LIMIT_REASONS, &msr);
                fprintf(outf, "cpu%d: MSR_CORE_PERF_LIMIT_REASONS, 0x%08llx", cpu, msr);
                fprintf(outf, " (Active: %s%s%s%s%s%s%s%s%s%s%s%s%s%s)",
                        (msr & 1 << 15) ? "bit15, " : "",
                        (msr & 1 << 14) ? "bit14, " : "",
                        (msr & 1 << 13) ? "Transitions, " : "",
                        (msr & 1 << 12) ? "MultiCoreTurbo, " : "",
                        (msr & 1 << 11) ? "PkgPwrL2, " : "",
                        (msr & 1 << 10) ? "PkgPwrL1, " : "",
                        (msr & 1 << 9) ? "CorePwr, " : "",
                        (msr & 1 << 8) ? "Amps, " : "",
                        (msr & 1 << 6) ? "VR-Therm, " : "",
                        (msr & 1 << 5) ? "Auto-HWP, " : "",
                        (msr & 1 << 4) ? "Graphics, " : "",
                        (msr & 1 << 2) ? "bit2, " : "",
                        (msr & 1 << 1) ? "ThermStatus, " : "",
                        (msr & 1 << 0) ? "PROCHOT, " : "");
                fprintf(outf, " (Logged: %s%s%s%s%s%s%s%s%s%s%s%s%s%s)\n",
                        (msr & 1 << 31) ? "bit31, " : "",
                        (msr & 1 << 30) ? "bit30, " : "",
                        (msr & 1 << 29) ? "Transitions, " : "",
                        (msr & 1 << 28) ? "MultiCoreTurbo, " : "",
                        (msr & 1 << 27) ? "PkgPwrL2, " : "",
                        (msr & 1 << 26) ? "PkgPwrL1, " : "",
                        (msr & 1 << 25) ? "CorePwr, " : "",
                        (msr & 1 << 24) ? "Amps, " : "",
                        (msr & 1 << 22) ? "VR-Therm, " : "",
                        (msr & 1 << 21) ? "Auto-HWP, " : "",
                        (msr & 1 << 20) ? "Graphics, " : "",
                        (msr & 1 << 18) ? "bit18, " : "",
                        (msr & 1 << 17) ? "ThermStatus, " : "",
                        (msr & 1 << 16) ? "PROCHOT, " : "");

        }
        if (do_gfx_perf_limit_reasons) {
                get_msr(cpu, MSR_GFX_PERF_LIMIT_REASONS, &msr);
                fprintf(outf, "cpu%d: MSR_GFX_PERF_LIMIT_REASONS, 0x%08llx", cpu, msr);
                fprintf(outf, " (Active: %s%s%s%s%s%s%s%s)",
                        (msr & 1 << 0) ? "PROCHOT, " : "",
                        (msr & 1 << 1) ? "ThermStatus, " : "",
                        (msr & 1 << 4) ? "Graphics, " : "",
                        (msr & 1 << 6) ? "VR-Therm, " : "",
                        (msr & 1 << 8) ? "Amps, " : "",
                        (msr & 1 << 9) ? "GFXPwr, " : "",
                        (msr & 1 << 10) ? "PkgPwrL1, " : "",
                        (msr & 1 << 11) ? "PkgPwrL2, " : "");
                fprintf(outf, " (Logged: %s%s%s%s%s%s%s%s)\n",
                        (msr & 1 << 16) ? "PROCHOT, " : "",
                        (msr & 1 << 17) ? "ThermStatus, " : "",
                        (msr & 1 << 20) ? "Graphics, " : "",
                        (msr & 1 << 22) ? "VR-Therm, " : "",
                        (msr & 1 << 24) ? "Amps, " : "",
                        (msr & 1 << 25) ? "GFXPwr, " : "",
                        (msr & 1 << 26) ? "PkgPwrL1, " : "",
                        (msr & 1 << 27) ? "PkgPwrL2, " : "");
        }
        if (do_ring_perf_limit_reasons) {
                get_msr(cpu, MSR_RING_PERF_LIMIT_REASONS, &msr);
                fprintf(outf, "cpu%d: MSR_RING_PERF_LIMIT_REASONS, 0x%08llx", cpu, msr);
                fprintf(outf, " (Active: %s%s%s%s%s%s)",
                        (msr & 1 << 0) ? "PROCHOT, " : "",
                        (msr & 1 << 1) ? "ThermStatus, " : "",
                        (msr & 1 << 6) ? "VR-Therm, " : "",
                        (msr & 1 << 8) ? "Amps, " : "",
                        (msr & 1 << 10) ? "PkgPwrL1, " : "",
                        (msr & 1 << 11) ? "PkgPwrL2, " : "");
                fprintf(outf, " (Logged: %s%s%s%s%s%s)\n",
                        (msr & 1 << 16) ? "PROCHOT, " : "",
                        (msr & 1 << 17) ? "ThermStatus, " : "",
                        (msr & 1 << 22) ? "VR-Therm, " : "",
                        (msr & 1 << 24) ? "Amps, " : "",
                        (msr & 1 << 26) ? "PkgPwrL1, " : "",
                        (msr & 1 << 27) ? "PkgPwrL2, " : "");
        }
        return 0;
}

#define RAPL_POWER_GRANULARITY  0x7FFF  /* 15 bit power granularity */
#define RAPL_TIME_GRANULARITY   0x3F /* 6 bit time granularity */

double get_tdp(unsigned int model)
{
        unsigned long long msr;

        if (do_rapl & RAPL_PKG_POWER_INFO)
                if (!get_msr(base_cpu, MSR_PKG_POWER_INFO, &msr))
                        return ((msr >> 0) & RAPL_POWER_GRANULARITY) * rapl_power_units;

        switch (model) {
        case INTEL_FAM6_ATOM_SILVERMONT1:
        case INTEL_FAM6_ATOM_SILVERMONT2:
                return 30.0;
        default:
                return 135.0;
        }
}

/*
 * rapl_dram_energy_units_probe()
 * Energy units are either hard-coded, or come from RAPL Energy Unit MSR.
 */
static double
rapl_dram_energy_units_probe(int  model, double rapl_energy_units)
{
        /* only called for genuine_intel, family 6 */

        switch (model) {
        case INTEL_FAM6_HASWELL_X:      /* HSX */
        case INTEL_FAM6_BROADWELL_X:    /* BDX */
        case INTEL_FAM6_BROADWELL_XEON_D:       /* BDX-DE */
        case INTEL_FAM6_XEON_PHI_KNL:   /* KNL */
        case INTEL_FAM6_XEON_PHI_KNM:
                return (rapl_dram_energy_units = 15.3 / 1000000);
        default:
                return (rapl_energy_units);
        }
}


/*
 * rapl_probe()
 *
 * sets do_rapl, rapl_power_units, rapl_energy_units, rapl_time_units
 */
void rapl_probe(unsigned int family, unsigned int model)
{
        unsigned long long msr;
        unsigned int time_unit;
        double tdp;

        if (!genuine_intel)
                return;

        if (family != 6)
                return;

        switch (model) {
        case INTEL_FAM6_SANDYBRIDGE:
        case INTEL_FAM6_IVYBRIDGE:
        case INTEL_FAM6_HASWELL_CORE:   /* HSW */
        case INTEL_FAM6_HASWELL_ULT:    /* HSW */
        case INTEL_FAM6_HASWELL_GT3E:   /* HSW */
        case INTEL_FAM6_BROADWELL_CORE: /* BDW */
        case INTEL_FAM6_BROADWELL_GT3E: /* BDW */
                do_rapl = RAPL_PKG | RAPL_CORES | RAPL_CORE_POLICY | RAPL_GFX | RAPL_PKG_POWER_INFO;
                if (rapl_joules) {
                        BIC_PRESENT(BIC_Pkg_J);
                        BIC_PRESENT(BIC_Cor_J);
                        BIC_PRESENT(BIC_GFX_J);
                } else {
                        BIC_PRESENT(BIC_PkgWatt);
                        BIC_PRESENT(BIC_CorWatt);
                        BIC_PRESENT(BIC_GFXWatt);
                }
                break;
        case INTEL_FAM6_ATOM_GOLDMONT:  /* BXT */
        case INTEL_FAM6_ATOM_GEMINI_LAKE:
                do_rapl = RAPL_PKG | RAPL_PKG_POWER_INFO;
                if (rapl_joules)
                        BIC_PRESENT(BIC_Pkg_J);
                else
                        BIC_PRESENT(BIC_PkgWatt);
                break;
        case INTEL_FAM6_SKYLAKE_MOBILE: /* SKL */
        case INTEL_FAM6_SKYLAKE_DESKTOP:        /* SKL */
        case INTEL_FAM6_KABYLAKE_MOBILE:        /* KBL */
        case INTEL_FAM6_KABYLAKE_DESKTOP:       /* KBL */
                do_rapl = RAPL_PKG | RAPL_CORES | RAPL_CORE_POLICY | RAPL_DRAM | RAPL_DRAM_PERF_STATUS | RAPL_PKG_PERF_STATUS | RAPL_GFX | RAPL_PKG_POWER_INFO;
                BIC_PRESENT(BIC_PKG__);
                BIC_PRESENT(BIC_RAM__);
                if (rapl_joules) {
                        BIC_PRESENT(BIC_Pkg_J);
                        BIC_PRESENT(BIC_Cor_J);
                        BIC_PRESENT(BIC_RAM_J);
                        BIC_PRESENT(BIC_GFX_J);
                } else {
                        BIC_PRESENT(BIC_PkgWatt);
                        BIC_PRESENT(BIC_CorWatt);
                        BIC_PRESENT(BIC_RAMWatt);
                        BIC_PRESENT(BIC_GFXWatt);
                }
                break;
        case INTEL_FAM6_HASWELL_X:      /* HSX */
        case INTEL_FAM6_BROADWELL_X:    /* BDX */
        case INTEL_FAM6_BROADWELL_XEON_D:       /* BDX-DE */
        case INTEL_FAM6_SKYLAKE_X:      /* SKX */
        case INTEL_FAM6_XEON_PHI_KNL:   /* KNL */
        case INTEL_FAM6_XEON_PHI_KNM:
                do_rapl = RAPL_PKG | RAPL_DRAM | RAPL_DRAM_POWER_INFO | RAPL_DRAM_PERF_STATUS | RAPL_PKG_PERF_STATUS | RAPL_PKG_POWER_INFO;
                BIC_PRESENT(BIC_PKG__);
                BIC_PRESENT(BIC_RAM__);
                if (rapl_joules) {
                        BIC_PRESENT(BIC_Pkg_J);
                        BIC_PRESENT(BIC_RAM_J);
                } else {
                        BIC_PRESENT(BIC_PkgWatt);
                        BIC_PRESENT(BIC_RAMWatt);
                }
                break;
        case INTEL_FAM6_SANDYBRIDGE_X:
        case INTEL_FAM6_IVYBRIDGE_X:
                do_rapl = RAPL_PKG | RAPL_CORES | RAPL_CORE_POLICY | RAPL_DRAM | RAPL_DRAM_POWER_INFO | RAPL_PKG_PERF_STATUS | RAPL_DRAM_PERF_STATUS | RAPL_PKG_POWER_INFO;
                BIC_PRESENT(BIC_PKG__);
                BIC_PRESENT(BIC_RAM__);
                if (rapl_joules) {
                        BIC_PRESENT(BIC_Pkg_J);
                        BIC_PRESENT(BIC_Cor_J);
                        BIC_PRESENT(BIC_RAM_J);
                } else {
                        BIC_PRESENT(BIC_PkgWatt);
                        BIC_PRESENT(BIC_CorWatt);
                        BIC_PRESENT(BIC_RAMWatt);
                }
                break;
        case INTEL_FAM6_ATOM_SILVERMONT1:       /* BYT */
        case INTEL_FAM6_ATOM_SILVERMONT2:       /* AVN */
                do_rapl = RAPL_PKG | RAPL_CORES;
                if (rapl_joules) {
                        BIC_PRESENT(BIC_Pkg_J);
                        BIC_PRESENT(BIC_Cor_J);
                } else {
                        BIC_PRESENT(BIC_PkgWatt);
                        BIC_PRESENT(BIC_CorWatt);
                }
                break;
        case INTEL_FAM6_ATOM_DENVERTON: /* DNV */
                do_rapl = RAPL_PKG | RAPL_DRAM | RAPL_DRAM_POWER_INFO | RAPL_DRAM_PERF_STATUS | RAPL_PKG_PERF_STATUS | RAPL_PKG_POWER_INFO | RAPL_CORES_ENERGY_STATUS;
                BIC_PRESENT(BIC_PKG__);
                BIC_PRESENT(BIC_RAM__);
                if (rapl_joules) {
                        BIC_PRESENT(BIC_Pkg_J);
                        BIC_PRESENT(BIC_Cor_J);
                        BIC_PRESENT(BIC_RAM_J);
                } else {
                        BIC_PRESENT(BIC_PkgWatt);
                        BIC_PRESENT(BIC_CorWatt);
                        BIC_PRESENT(BIC_RAMWatt);
                }
                break;
        default:
                return;
        }

        /* units on package 0, verify later other packages match */
        if (get_msr(base_cpu, MSR_RAPL_POWER_UNIT, &msr))
                return;

        rapl_power_units = 1.0 / (1 << (msr & 0xF));
        if (model == INTEL_FAM6_ATOM_SILVERMONT1)
                rapl_energy_units = 1.0 * (1 << (msr >> 8 & 0x1F)) / 1000000;
        else
                rapl_energy_units = 1.0 / (1 << (msr >> 8 & 0x1F));

        rapl_dram_energy_units = rapl_dram_energy_units_probe(model, rapl_energy_units);

        time_unit = msr >> 16 & 0xF;
        if (time_unit == 0)
                time_unit = 0xA;

        rapl_time_units = 1.0 / (1 << (time_unit));

        tdp = get_tdp(model);

        rapl_joule_counter_range = 0xFFFFFFFF * rapl_energy_units / tdp;
        if (!quiet)
                fprintf(outf, "RAPL: %.0f sec. Joule Counter Range, at %.0f Watts\n", rapl_joule_counter_range, tdp);

        return;
}

void perf_limit_reasons_probe(unsigned int family, unsigned int model)
{
        if (!genuine_intel)
                return;

        if (family != 6)
                return;

        switch (model) {
        case INTEL_FAM6_HASWELL_CORE:   /* HSW */
        case INTEL_FAM6_HASWELL_ULT:    /* HSW */
        case INTEL_FAM6_HASWELL_GT3E:   /* HSW */
                do_gfx_perf_limit_reasons = 1;
        case INTEL_FAM6_HASWELL_X:      /* HSX */
                do_core_perf_limit_reasons = 1;
                do_ring_perf_limit_reasons = 1;
        default:
                return;
        }
}

int print_thermal(struct thread_data *t, struct core_data *c, struct pkg_data *p)
{
        unsigned long long msr;
        unsigned int dts, dts2;
        int cpu;

        if (!(do_dts || do_ptm))
                return 0;

        cpu = t->cpu_id;

        /* DTS is per-core, no need to print for each thread */
        if (!(t->flags & CPU_IS_FIRST_THREAD_IN_CORE))
                return 0;

        if (cpu_migrate(cpu)) {
                fprintf(outf, "Could not migrate to CPU %d\n", cpu);
                return -1;
        }

        if (do_ptm && (t->flags & CPU_IS_FIRST_CORE_IN_PACKAGE)) {
                if (get_msr(cpu, MSR_IA32_PACKAGE_THERM_STATUS, &msr))
                        return 0;

                dts = (msr >> 16) & 0x7F;
                fprintf(outf, "cpu%d: MSR_IA32_PACKAGE_THERM_STATUS: 0x%08llx (%d C)\n",
                        cpu, msr, tcc_activation_temp - dts);

                if (get_msr(cpu, MSR_IA32_PACKAGE_THERM_INTERRUPT, &msr))
                        return 0;

                dts = (msr >> 16) & 0x7F;
                dts2 = (msr >> 8) & 0x7F;
                fprintf(outf, "cpu%d: MSR_IA32_PACKAGE_THERM_INTERRUPT: 0x%08llx (%d C, %d C)\n",
                        cpu, msr, tcc_activation_temp - dts, tcc_activation_temp - dts2);
        }


        if (do_dts && debug) {
                unsigned int resolution;

                if (get_msr(cpu, MSR_IA32_THERM_STATUS, &msr))
                        return 0;

                dts = (msr >> 16) & 0x7F;
                resolution = (msr >> 27) & 0xF;
                fprintf(outf, "cpu%d: MSR_IA32_THERM_STATUS: 0x%08llx (%d C +/- %d)\n",
                        cpu, msr, tcc_activation_temp - dts, resolution);

                if (get_msr(cpu, MSR_IA32_THERM_INTERRUPT, &msr))
                        return 0;

                dts = (msr >> 16) & 0x7F;
                dts2 = (msr >> 8) & 0x7F;
                fprintf(outf, "cpu%d: MSR_IA32_THERM_INTERRUPT: 0x%08llx (%d C, %d C)\n",
                        cpu, msr, tcc_activation_temp - dts, tcc_activation_temp - dts2);
        }

        return 0;
}

void print_power_limit_msr(int cpu, unsigned long long msr, char *label)
{
        fprintf(outf, "cpu%d: %s: %sabled (%f Watts, %f sec, clamp %sabled)\n",
                cpu, label,
                ((msr >> 15) & 1) ? "EN" : "DIS",
                ((msr >> 0) & 0x7FFF) * rapl_power_units,
                (1.0 + (((msr >> 22) & 0x3)/4.0)) * (1 << ((msr >> 17) & 0x1F)) * rapl_time_units,
                (((msr >> 16) & 1) ? "EN" : "DIS"));

        return;
}

int print_rapl(struct thread_data *t, struct core_data *c, struct pkg_data *p)
{
        unsigned long long msr;
        int cpu;

        if (!do_rapl)
                return 0;

        /* RAPL counters are per package, so print only for 1st thread/package */
        if (!(t->flags & CPU_IS_FIRST_THREAD_IN_CORE) || !(t->flags & CPU_IS_FIRST_CORE_IN_PACKAGE))
                return 0;

        cpu = t->cpu_id;
        if (cpu_migrate(cpu)) {
                fprintf(outf, "Could not migrate to CPU %d\n", cpu);
                return -1;
        }

        if (get_msr(cpu, MSR_RAPL_POWER_UNIT, &msr))
                return -1;

        fprintf(outf, "cpu%d: MSR_RAPL_POWER_UNIT: 0x%08llx (%f Watts, %f Joules, %f sec.)\n", cpu, msr,
                rapl_power_units, rapl_energy_units, rapl_time_units);

        if (do_rapl & RAPL_PKG_POWER_INFO) {

                if (get_msr(cpu, MSR_PKG_POWER_INFO, &msr))
                        return -5;


                fprintf(outf, "cpu%d: MSR_PKG_POWER_INFO: 0x%08llx (%.0f W TDP, RAPL %.0f - %.0f W, %f sec.)\n",
                        cpu, msr,
                        ((msr >>  0) & RAPL_POWER_GRANULARITY) * rapl_power_units,
                        ((msr >> 16) & RAPL_POWER_GRANULARITY) * rapl_power_units,
                        ((msr >> 32) & RAPL_POWER_GRANULARITY) * rapl_power_units,
                        ((msr >> 48) & RAPL_TIME_GRANULARITY) * rapl_time_units);

        }
        if (do_rapl & RAPL_PKG) {

                if (get_msr(cpu, MSR_PKG_POWER_LIMIT, &msr))
                        return -9;

                fprintf(outf, "cpu%d: MSR_PKG_POWER_LIMIT: 0x%08llx (%slocked)\n",
                        cpu, msr, (msr >> 63) & 1 ? "" : "UN");

                print_power_limit_msr(cpu, msr, "PKG Limit #1");
                fprintf(outf, "cpu%d: PKG Limit #2: %sabled (%f Watts, %f* sec, clamp %sabled)\n",
                        cpu,
                        ((msr >> 47) & 1) ? "EN" : "DIS",
                        ((msr >> 32) & 0x7FFF) * rapl_power_units,
                        (1.0 + (((msr >> 54) & 0x3)/4.0)) * (1 << ((msr >> 49) & 0x1F)) * rapl_time_units,
                        ((msr >> 48) & 1) ? "EN" : "DIS");
        }

        if (do_rapl & RAPL_DRAM_POWER_INFO) {
                if (get_msr(cpu, MSR_DRAM_POWER_INFO, &msr))
                        return -6;

                fprintf(outf, "cpu%d: MSR_DRAM_POWER_INFO,: 0x%08llx (%.0f W TDP, RAPL %.0f - %.0f W, %f sec.)\n",
                        cpu, msr,
                        ((msr >>  0) & RAPL_POWER_GRANULARITY) * rapl_power_units,
                        ((msr >> 16) & RAPL_POWER_GRANULARITY) * rapl_power_units,
                        ((msr >> 32) & RAPL_POWER_GRANULARITY) * rapl_power_units,
                        ((msr >> 48) & RAPL_TIME_GRANULARITY) * rapl_time_units);
        }
        if (do_rapl & RAPL_DRAM) {
                if (get_msr(cpu, MSR_DRAM_POWER_LIMIT, &msr))
                        return -9;
                fprintf(outf, "cpu%d: MSR_DRAM_POWER_LIMIT: 0x%08llx (%slocked)\n",
                                cpu, msr, (msr >> 31) & 1 ? "" : "UN");

                print_power_limit_msr(cpu, msr, "DRAM Limit");
        }
        if (do_rapl & RAPL_CORE_POLICY) {
                if (get_msr(cpu, MSR_PP0_POLICY, &msr))
                        return -7;

                fprintf(outf, "cpu%d: MSR_PP0_POLICY: %lld\n", cpu, msr & 0xF);
        }
        if (do_rapl & RAPL_CORES_POWER_LIMIT) {
                if (get_msr(cpu, MSR_PP0_POWER_LIMIT, &msr))
                        return -9;
                fprintf(outf, "cpu%d: MSR_PP0_POWER_LIMIT: 0x%08llx (%slocked)\n",
                                cpu, msr, (msr >> 31) & 1 ? "" : "UN");
                print_power_limit_msr(cpu, msr, "Cores Limit");
        }
        if (do_rapl & RAPL_GFX) {
                if (get_msr(cpu, MSR_PP1_POLICY, &msr))
                        return -8;

                fprintf(outf, "cpu%d: MSR_PP1_POLICY: %lld\n", cpu, msr & 0xF);

                if (get_msr(cpu, MSR_PP1_POWER_LIMIT, &msr))
                        return -9;
                fprintf(outf, "cpu%d: MSR_PP1_POWER_LIMIT: 0x%08llx (%slocked)\n",
                                cpu, msr, (msr >> 31) & 1 ? "" : "UN");
                print_power_limit_msr(cpu, msr, "GFX Limit");
        }
        return 0;
}

/*
 * SNB adds support for additional MSRs:
 *
 * MSR_PKG_C7_RESIDENCY            0x000003fa
 * MSR_CORE_C7_RESIDENCY           0x000003fe
 * MSR_PKG_C2_RESIDENCY            0x0000060d
 */

int has_snb_msrs(unsigned int family, unsigned int model)
{
        if (!genuine_intel)
                return 0;

        switch (model) {
        case INTEL_FAM6_SANDYBRIDGE:
        case INTEL_FAM6_SANDYBRIDGE_X:
        case INTEL_FAM6_IVYBRIDGE:      /* IVB */
        case INTEL_FAM6_IVYBRIDGE_X:    /* IVB Xeon */
        case INTEL_FAM6_HASWELL_CORE:   /* HSW */
        case INTEL_FAM6_HASWELL_X:      /* HSW */
        case INTEL_FAM6_HASWELL_ULT:    /* HSW */
        case INTEL_FAM6_HASWELL_GT3E:   /* HSW */
        case INTEL_FAM6_BROADWELL_CORE: /* BDW */
        case INTEL_FAM6_BROADWELL_GT3E: /* BDW */
        case INTEL_FAM6_BROADWELL_X:    /* BDX */
        case INTEL_FAM6_BROADWELL_XEON_D:       /* BDX-DE */
        case INTEL_FAM6_SKYLAKE_MOBILE: /* SKL */
        case INTEL_FAM6_SKYLAKE_DESKTOP:        /* SKL */
        case INTEL_FAM6_KABYLAKE_MOBILE:        /* KBL */
        case INTEL_FAM6_KABYLAKE_DESKTOP:       /* KBL */
        case INTEL_FAM6_SKYLAKE_X:      /* SKX */
        case INTEL_FAM6_ATOM_GOLDMONT:  /* BXT */
        case INTEL_FAM6_ATOM_GEMINI_LAKE:
        case INTEL_FAM6_ATOM_DENVERTON: /* DNV */
                return 1;
        }
        return 0;
}

/*
 * HSW adds support for additional MSRs:
 *
 * MSR_PKG_C8_RESIDENCY         0x00000630
 * MSR_PKG_C9_RESIDENCY         0x00000631
 * MSR_PKG_C10_RESIDENCY        0x00000632
 *
 * MSR_PKGC8_IRTL               0x00000633
 * MSR_PKGC9_IRTL               0x00000634
 * MSR_PKGC10_IRTL              0x00000635
 *
 */
int has_hsw_msrs(unsigned int family, unsigned int model)
{
        if (!genuine_intel)
                return 0;

        switch (model) {
        case INTEL_FAM6_HASWELL_ULT:    /* HSW */
        case INTEL_FAM6_BROADWELL_CORE: /* BDW */
        case INTEL_FAM6_SKYLAKE_MOBILE: /* SKL */
        case INTEL_FAM6_SKYLAKE_DESKTOP:        /* SKL */
        case INTEL_FAM6_KABYLAKE_MOBILE:        /* KBL */
        case INTEL_FAM6_KABYLAKE_DESKTOP:       /* KBL */
        case INTEL_FAM6_ATOM_GOLDMONT:  /* BXT */
        case INTEL_FAM6_ATOM_GEMINI_LAKE:
                return 1;
        }
        return 0;
}

/*
 * SKL adds support for additional MSRS:
 *
 * MSR_PKG_WEIGHTED_CORE_C0_RES    0x00000658
 * MSR_PKG_ANY_CORE_C0_RES         0x00000659
 * MSR_PKG_ANY_GFXE_C0_RES         0x0000065A
 * MSR_PKG_BOTH_CORE_GFXE_C0_RES   0x0000065B
 */
int has_skl_msrs(unsigned int family, unsigned int model)
{
        if (!genuine_intel)
                return 0;

        switch (model) {
        case INTEL_FAM6_SKYLAKE_MOBILE: /* SKL */
        case INTEL_FAM6_SKYLAKE_DESKTOP:        /* SKL */
        case INTEL_FAM6_KABYLAKE_MOBILE:        /* KBL */
        case INTEL_FAM6_KABYLAKE_DESKTOP:       /* KBL */
                return 1;
        }
        return 0;
}

int is_slm(unsigned int family, unsigned int model)
{
        if (!genuine_intel)
                return 0;
        switch (model) {
        case INTEL_FAM6_ATOM_SILVERMONT1:       /* BYT */
        case INTEL_FAM6_ATOM_SILVERMONT2:       /* AVN */
                return 1;
        }
        return 0;
}

int is_knl(unsigned int family, unsigned int model)
{
        if (!genuine_intel)
                return 0;
        switch (model) {
        case INTEL_FAM6_XEON_PHI_KNL:   /* KNL */
        case INTEL_FAM6_XEON_PHI_KNM:
                return 1;
        }
        return 0;
}

unsigned int get_aperf_mperf_multiplier(unsigned int family, unsigned int model)
{
        if (is_knl(family, model))
                return 1024;
        return 1;
}

#define SLM_BCLK_FREQS 5
double slm_freq_table[SLM_BCLK_FREQS] = { 83.3, 100.0, 133.3, 116.7, 80.0};

double slm_bclk(void)
{
        unsigned long long msr = 3;
        unsigned int i;
        double freq;

        if (get_msr(base_cpu, MSR_FSB_FREQ, &msr))
                fprintf(outf, "SLM BCLK: unknown\n");

        i = msr & 0xf;
        if (i >= SLM_BCLK_FREQS) {
                fprintf(outf, "SLM BCLK[%d] invalid\n", i);
                i = 3;
        }
        freq = slm_freq_table[i];

        if (!quiet)
                fprintf(outf, "SLM BCLK: %.1f Mhz\n", freq);

        return freq;
}

double discover_bclk(unsigned int family, unsigned int model)
{
        if (has_snb_msrs(family, model) || is_knl(family, model))
                return 100.00;
        else if (is_slm(family, model))
                return slm_bclk();
        else
                return 133.33;
}

/*
 * MSR_IA32_TEMPERATURE_TARGET indicates the temperature where
 * the Thermal Control Circuit (TCC) activates.
 * This is usually equal to tjMax.
 *
 * Older processors do not have this MSR, so there we guess,
 * but also allow cmdline over-ride with -T.
 *
 * Several MSR temperature values are in units of degrees-C
 * below this value, including the Digital Thermal Sensor (DTS),
 * Package Thermal Management Sensor (PTM), and thermal event thresholds.
 */
int set_temperature_target(struct thread_data *t, struct core_data *c, struct pkg_data *p)
{
        unsigned long long msr;
        unsigned int target_c_local;
        int cpu;

        /* tcc_activation_temp is used only for dts or ptm */
        if (!(do_dts || do_ptm))
                return 0;

        /* this is a per-package concept */
        if (!(t->flags & CPU_IS_FIRST_THREAD_IN_CORE) || !(t->flags & CPU_IS_FIRST_CORE_IN_PACKAGE))
                return 0;

        cpu = t->cpu_id;
        if (cpu_migrate(cpu)) {
                fprintf(outf, "Could not migrate to CPU %d\n", cpu);
                return -1;
        }

        if (tcc_activation_temp_override != 0) {
                tcc_activation_temp = tcc_activation_temp_override;
                fprintf(outf, "cpu%d: Using cmdline TCC Target (%d C)\n",
                        cpu, tcc_activation_temp);
                return 0;
        }

        /* Temperature Target MSR is Nehalem and newer only */
        if (!do_nhm_platform_info)
                goto guess;

        if (get_msr(base_cpu, MSR_IA32_TEMPERATURE_TARGET, &msr))
                goto guess;

        target_c_local = (msr >> 16) & 0xFF;

        if (!quiet)
                fprintf(outf, "cpu%d: MSR_IA32_TEMPERATURE_TARGET: 0x%08llx (%d C)\n",
                        cpu, msr, target_c_local);

        if (!target_c_local)
                goto guess;

        tcc_activation_temp = target_c_local;

        return 0;

guess:
        tcc_activation_temp = TJMAX_DEFAULT;
        fprintf(outf, "cpu%d: Guessing tjMax %d C, Please use -T to specify\n",
                cpu, tcc_activation_temp);

        return 0;
}

void decode_feature_control_msr(void)
{
        unsigned long long msr;

        if (!get_msr(base_cpu, MSR_IA32_FEATURE_CONTROL, &msr))
                fprintf(outf, "cpu%d: MSR_IA32_FEATURE_CONTROL: 0x%08llx (%sLocked %s)\n",
                        base_cpu, msr,
                        msr & FEATURE_CONTROL_LOCKED ? "" : "UN-",
                        msr & (1 << 18) ? "SGX" : "");
}

void decode_misc_enable_msr(void)
{
        unsigned long long msr;

        if (!genuine_intel)
                return;

        if (!get_msr(base_cpu, MSR_IA32_MISC_ENABLE, &msr))
                fprintf(outf, "cpu%d: MSR_IA32_MISC_ENABLE: 0x%08llx (%sTCC %sEIST %sMWAIT %sPREFETCH %sTURBO)\n",
                        base_cpu, msr,
                        msr & MSR_IA32_MISC_ENABLE_TM1 ? "" : "No-",
                        msr & MSR_IA32_MISC_ENABLE_ENHANCED_SPEEDSTEP ? "" : "No-",
                        msr & MSR_IA32_MISC_ENABLE_MWAIT ? "No-" : "",
                        msr & MSR_IA32_MISC_ENABLE_PREFETCH_DISABLE ? "No-" : "",
                        msr & MSR_IA32_MISC_ENABLE_TURBO_DISABLE ? "No-" : "");
}

void decode_misc_feature_control(void)
{
        unsigned long long msr;

        if (!has_misc_feature_control)
                return;

        if (!get_msr(base_cpu, MSR_MISC_FEATURE_CONTROL, &msr))
                fprintf(outf, "cpu%d: MSR_MISC_FEATURE_CONTROL: 0x%08llx (%sL2-Prefetch %sL2-Prefetch-pair %sL1-Prefetch %sL1-IP-Prefetch)\n",
                        base_cpu, msr,
                        msr & (0 << 0) ? "No-" : "",
                        msr & (1 << 0) ? "No-" : "",
                        msr & (2 << 0) ? "No-" : "",
                        msr & (3 << 0) ? "No-" : "");
}
/*
 * Decode MSR_MISC_PWR_MGMT
 *
 * Decode the bits according to the Nehalem documentation
 * bit[0] seems to continue to have same meaning going forward
 * bit[1] less so...
 */
void decode_misc_pwr_mgmt_msr(void)
{
        unsigned long long msr;

        if (!do_nhm_platform_info)
                return;

        if (no_MSR_MISC_PWR_MGMT)
                return;

        if (!get_msr(base_cpu, MSR_MISC_PWR_MGMT, &msr))
                fprintf(outf, "cpu%d: MSR_MISC_PWR_MGMT: 0x%08llx (%sable-EIST_Coordination %sable-EPB %sable-OOB)\n",
                        base_cpu, msr,
                        msr & (1 << 0) ? "DIS" : "EN",
                        msr & (1 << 1) ? "EN" : "DIS",
                        msr & (1 << 8) ? "EN" : "DIS");
}
/*
 * Decode MSR_CC6_DEMOTION_POLICY_CONFIG, MSR_MC6_DEMOTION_POLICY_CONFIG
 *
 * This MSRs are present on Silvermont processors,
 * Intel Atom processor E3000 series (Baytrail), and friends.
 */
void decode_c6_demotion_policy_msr(void)
{
        unsigned long long msr;

        if (!get_msr(base_cpu, MSR_CC6_DEMOTION_POLICY_CONFIG, &msr))
                fprintf(outf, "cpu%d: MSR_CC6_DEMOTION_POLICY_CONFIG: 0x%08llx (%sable-CC6-Demotion)\n",
                        base_cpu, msr, msr & (1 << 0) ? "EN" : "DIS");

        if (!get_msr(base_cpu, MSR_MC6_DEMOTION_POLICY_CONFIG, &msr))
                fprintf(outf, "cpu%d: MSR_MC6_DEMOTION_POLICY_CONFIG: 0x%08llx (%sable-MC6-Demotion)\n",
                        base_cpu, msr, msr & (1 << 0) ? "EN" : "DIS");
}

void process_cpuid()
{
        unsigned int eax, ebx, ecx, edx, max_level, max_extended_level;
        unsigned int fms, family, model, stepping;
        unsigned int has_turbo;

        eax = ebx = ecx = edx = 0;

        __cpuid(0, max_level, ebx, ecx, edx);

        if (ebx == 0x756e6547 && edx == 0x49656e69 && ecx == 0x6c65746e)
                genuine_intel = 1;

        if (!quiet)
                fprintf(outf, "CPUID(0): %.4s%.4s%.4s ",
                        (char *)&ebx, (char *)&edx, (char *)&ecx);

        __cpuid(1, fms, ebx, ecx, edx);
        family = (fms >> 8) & 0xf;
        model = (fms >> 4) & 0xf;
        stepping = fms & 0xf;
        if (family == 6 || family == 0xf)
                model += ((fms >> 16) & 0xf) << 4;

        if (!quiet) {
                fprintf(outf, "%d CPUID levels; family:model:stepping 0x%x:%x:%x (%d:%d:%d)\n",
                        max_level, family, model, stepping, family, model, stepping);
                fprintf(outf, "CPUID(1): %s %s %s %s %s %s %s %s %s\n",
                        ecx & (1 << 0) ? "SSE3" : "-",
                        ecx & (1 << 3) ? "MONITOR" : "-",
                        ecx & (1 << 6) ? "SMX" : "-",
                        ecx & (1 << 7) ? "EIST" : "-",
                        ecx & (1 << 8) ? "TM2" : "-",
                        edx & (1 << 4) ? "TSC" : "-",
                        edx & (1 << 5) ? "MSR" : "-",
                        edx & (1 << 22) ? "ACPI-TM" : "-",
                        edx & (1 << 29) ? "TM" : "-");
        }

        if (!(edx & (1 << 5)))
                errx(1, "CPUID: no MSR");

        /*
         * check max extended function levels of CPUID.
         * This is needed to check for invariant TSC.
         * This check is valid for both Intel and AMD.
         */
        ebx = ecx = edx = 0;
        __cpuid(0x80000000, max_extended_level, ebx, ecx, edx);

        if (max_extended_level >= 0x80000007) {

                /*
                 * Non-Stop TSC is advertised by CPUID.EAX=0x80000007: EDX.bit8
                 * this check is valid for both Intel and AMD
                 */
                __cpuid(0x80000007, eax, ebx, ecx, edx);
                has_invariant_tsc = edx & (1 << 8);
        }

        /*
         * APERF/MPERF is advertised by CPUID.EAX=0x6: ECX.bit0
         * this check is valid for both Intel and AMD
         */

        __cpuid(0x6, eax, ebx, ecx, edx);
        has_aperf = ecx & (1 << 0);
        if (has_aperf) {
                BIC_PRESENT(BIC_Avg_MHz);
                BIC_PRESENT(BIC_Busy);
                BIC_PRESENT(BIC_Bzy_MHz);
        }
        do_dts = eax & (1 << 0);
        if (do_dts)
                BIC_PRESENT(BIC_CoreTmp);
        has_turbo = eax & (1 << 1);
        do_ptm = eax & (1 << 6);
        if (do_ptm)
                BIC_PRESENT(BIC_PkgTmp);
        has_hwp = eax & (1 << 7);
        has_hwp_notify = eax & (1 << 8);
        has_hwp_activity_window = eax & (1 << 9);
        has_hwp_epp = eax & (1 << 10);
        has_hwp_pkg = eax & (1 << 11);
        has_epb = ecx & (1 << 3);

        if (!quiet)
                fprintf(outf, "CPUID(6): %sAPERF, %sTURBO, %sDTS, %sPTM, %sHWP, "
                        "%sHWPnotify, %sHWPwindow, %sHWPepp, %sHWPpkg, %sEPB\n",
                        has_aperf ? "" : "No-",
                        has_turbo ? "" : "No-",
                        do_dts ? "" : "No-",
                        do_ptm ? "" : "No-",
                        has_hwp ? "" : "No-",
                        has_hwp_notify ? "" : "No-",
                        has_hwp_activity_window ? "" : "No-",
                        has_hwp_epp ? "" : "No-",
                        has_hwp_pkg ? "" : "No-",
                        has_epb ? "" : "No-");

        if (!quiet)
                decode_misc_enable_msr();


        if (max_level >= 0x7 && !quiet) {
                int has_sgx;

                ecx = 0;

                __cpuid_count(0x7, 0, eax, ebx, ecx, edx);

                has_sgx = ebx & (1 << 2);
                fprintf(outf, "CPUID(7): %sSGX\n", has_sgx ? "" : "No-");

                if (has_sgx)
                        decode_feature_control_msr();
        }

        if (max_level >= 0x15) {
                unsigned int eax_crystal;
                unsigned int ebx_tsc;

                /*
                 * CPUID 15H TSC/Crystal ratio, possibly Crystal Hz
                 */
                eax_crystal = ebx_tsc = crystal_hz = edx = 0;
                __cpuid(0x15, eax_crystal, ebx_tsc, crystal_hz, edx);

                if (ebx_tsc != 0) {

                        if (!quiet && (ebx != 0))
                                fprintf(outf, "CPUID(0x15): eax_crystal: %d ebx_tsc: %d ecx_crystal_hz: %d\n",
                                        eax_crystal, ebx_tsc, crystal_hz);

                        if (crystal_hz == 0)
                                switch(model) {
                                case INTEL_FAM6_SKYLAKE_MOBILE: /* SKL */
                                case INTEL_FAM6_SKYLAKE_DESKTOP:        /* SKL */
                                case INTEL_FAM6_KABYLAKE_MOBILE:        /* KBL */
                                case INTEL_FAM6_KABYLAKE_DESKTOP:       /* KBL */
                                        crystal_hz = 24000000;  /* 24.0 MHz */
                                        break;
                                case INTEL_FAM6_SKYLAKE_X:      /* SKX */
                                case INTEL_FAM6_ATOM_DENVERTON: /* DNV */
                                        crystal_hz = 25000000;  /* 25.0 MHz */
                                        break;
                                case INTEL_FAM6_ATOM_GOLDMONT:  /* BXT */
                                case INTEL_FAM6_ATOM_GEMINI_LAKE:
                                        crystal_hz = 19200000;  /* 19.2 MHz */
                                        break;
                                default:
                                        crystal_hz = 0;
                        }

                        if (crystal_hz) {
                                tsc_hz =  (unsigned long long) crystal_hz * ebx_tsc / eax_crystal;
                                if (!quiet)
                                        fprintf(outf, "TSC: %lld MHz (%d Hz * %d / %d / 1000000)\n",
                                                tsc_hz / 1000000, crystal_hz, ebx_tsc,  eax_crystal);
                        }
                }
        }
        if (max_level >= 0x16) {
                unsigned int base_mhz, max_mhz, bus_mhz, edx;

                /*
                 * CPUID 16H Base MHz, Max MHz, Bus MHz
                 */
                base_mhz = max_mhz = bus_mhz = edx = 0;

                __cpuid(0x16, base_mhz, max_mhz, bus_mhz, edx);
                if (!quiet)
                        fprintf(outf, "CPUID(0x16): base_mhz: %d max_mhz: %d bus_mhz: %d\n",
                                base_mhz, max_mhz, bus_mhz);
        }

        if (has_aperf)
                aperf_mperf_multiplier = get_aperf_mperf_multiplier(family, model);

        BIC_PRESENT(BIC_IRQ);
        BIC_PRESENT(BIC_TSC_MHz);

        if (probe_nhm_msrs(family, model)) {
                do_nhm_platform_info = 1;
                BIC_PRESENT(BIC_CPU_c1);
                BIC_PRESENT(BIC_CPU_c3);
                BIC_PRESENT(BIC_CPU_c6);
                BIC_PRESENT(BIC_SMI);
        }
        do_snb_cstates = has_snb_msrs(family, model);

        if (do_snb_cstates)
                BIC_PRESENT(BIC_CPU_c7);

        do_irtl_snb = has_snb_msrs(family, model);
        if (do_snb_cstates && (pkg_cstate_limit >= PCL__2))
                BIC_PRESENT(BIC_Pkgpc2);
        if (pkg_cstate_limit >= PCL__3)
                BIC_PRESENT(BIC_Pkgpc3);
        if (pkg_cstate_limit >= PCL__6)
                BIC_PRESENT(BIC_Pkgpc6);
        if (do_snb_cstates && (pkg_cstate_limit >= PCL__7))
                BIC_PRESENT(BIC_Pkgpc7);
        if (has_slv_msrs(family, model)) {
                BIC_NOT_PRESENT(BIC_Pkgpc2);
                BIC_NOT_PRESENT(BIC_Pkgpc3);
                BIC_PRESENT(BIC_Pkgpc6);
                BIC_NOT_PRESENT(BIC_Pkgpc7);
                BIC_PRESENT(BIC_Mod_c6);
                use_c1_residency_msr = 1;
        }
        if (is_dnv(family, model)) {
                BIC_PRESENT(BIC_CPU_c1);
                BIC_NOT_PRESENT(BIC_CPU_c3);
                BIC_NOT_PRESENT(BIC_Pkgpc3);
                BIC_NOT_PRESENT(BIC_CPU_c7);
                BIC_NOT_PRESENT(BIC_Pkgpc7);
                use_c1_residency_msr = 1;
        }
        if (is_skx(family, model)) {
                BIC_NOT_PRESENT(BIC_CPU_c3);
                BIC_NOT_PRESENT(BIC_Pkgpc3);
                BIC_NOT_PRESENT(BIC_CPU_c7);
                BIC_NOT_PRESENT(BIC_Pkgpc7);
        }
        if (is_bdx(family, model)) {
                BIC_NOT_PRESENT(BIC_CPU_c7);
                BIC_NOT_PRESENT(BIC_Pkgpc7);
        }
        if (has_hsw_msrs(family, model)) {
                BIC_PRESENT(BIC_Pkgpc8);
                BIC_PRESENT(BIC_Pkgpc9);
                BIC_PRESENT(BIC_Pkgpc10);
        }
        do_irtl_hsw = has_hsw_msrs(family, model);
        if (has_skl_msrs(family, model)) {
                BIC_PRESENT(BIC_Totl_c0);
                BIC_PRESENT(BIC_Any_c0);
                BIC_PRESENT(BIC_GFX_c0);
                BIC_PRESENT(BIC_CPUGFX);
        }
        do_slm_cstates = is_slm(family, model);
        do_knl_cstates  = is_knl(family, model);

        if (!quiet)
                decode_misc_pwr_mgmt_msr();

        if (!quiet && has_slv_msrs(family, model))
                decode_c6_demotion_policy_msr();

        rapl_probe(family, model);
        perf_limit_reasons_probe(family, model);

        if (!quiet)
                dump_cstate_pstate_config_info(family, model);

        if (!quiet)
                dump_sysfs_cstate_config();
        if (!quiet)
                dump_sysfs_pstate_config();

        if (has_skl_msrs(family, model))
                calculate_tsc_tweak();

        if (!access("/sys/class/drm/card0/power/rc6_residency_ms", R_OK))
                BIC_PRESENT(BIC_GFX_rc6);

        if (!access("/sys/class/graphics/fb0/device/drm/card0/gt_cur_freq_mhz", R_OK))
                BIC_PRESENT(BIC_GFXMHz);

        if (!quiet)
                decode_misc_feature_control();

        return;
}


/*
 * in /dev/cpu/ return success for names that are numbers
 * ie. filter out ".", "..", "microcode".
 */
int dir_filter(const struct dirent *dirp)
{
        if (isdigit(dirp->d_name[0]))
                return 1;
        else
                return 0;
}

int open_dev_cpu_msr(int dummy1)
{
        return 0;
}

void topology_probe()
{
        int i;
        int max_core_id = 0;
        int max_package_id = 0;
        int max_siblings = 0;
        struct cpu_topology {
                int core_id;
                int physical_package_id;
        } *cpus;

        /* Initialize num_cpus, max_cpu_num */
        topo.num_cpus = 0;
        topo.max_cpu_num = 0;
        for_all_proc_cpus(count_cpus);
        if (!summary_only && topo.num_cpus > 1)
                BIC_PRESENT(BIC_CPU);

        if (debug > 1)
                fprintf(outf, "num_cpus %d max_cpu_num %d\n", topo.num_cpus, topo.max_cpu_num);

        cpus = calloc(1, (topo.max_cpu_num  + 1) * sizeof(struct cpu_topology));
        if (cpus == NULL)
                err(1, "calloc cpus");

        /*
         * Allocate and initialize cpu_present_set
         */
        cpu_present_set = CPU_ALLOC((topo.max_cpu_num + 1));
        if (cpu_present_set == NULL)
                err(3, "CPU_ALLOC");
        cpu_present_setsize = CPU_ALLOC_SIZE((topo.max_cpu_num + 1));
        CPU_ZERO_S(cpu_present_setsize, cpu_present_set);
        for_all_proc_cpus(mark_cpu_present);

        /*
         * Validate that all cpus in cpu_subset are also in cpu_present_set
         */
        for (i = 0; i < CPU_SUBSET_MAXCPUS; ++i) {
                if (CPU_ISSET_S(i, cpu_subset_size, cpu_subset))
                        if (!CPU_ISSET_S(i, cpu_present_setsize, cpu_present_set))
                                err(1, "cpu%d not present", i);
        }

        /*
         * Allocate and initialize cpu_affinity_set
         */
        cpu_affinity_set = CPU_ALLOC((topo.max_cpu_num + 1));
        if (cpu_affinity_set == NULL)
                err(3, "CPU_ALLOC");
        cpu_affinity_setsize = CPU_ALLOC_SIZE((topo.max_cpu_num + 1));
        CPU_ZERO_S(cpu_affinity_setsize, cpu_affinity_set);


        /*
         * For online cpus
         * find max_core_id, max_package_id
         */
        for (i = 0; i <= topo.max_cpu_num; ++i) {
                int siblings;

                if (cpu_is_not_present(i)) {
                        if (debug > 1)
                                fprintf(outf, "cpu%d NOT PRESENT\n", i);
                        continue;
                }
                cpus[i].core_id = get_core_id(i);
                if (cpus[i].core_id > max_core_id)
                        max_core_id = cpus[i].core_id;

                cpus[i].physical_package_id = get_physical_package_id(i);
                if (cpus[i].physical_package_id > max_package_id)
                        max_package_id = cpus[i].physical_package_id;

                siblings = get_num_ht_siblings(i);
                if (siblings > max_siblings)
                        max_siblings = siblings;
                if (debug > 1)
                        fprintf(outf, "cpu %d pkg %d core %d\n",
                                i, cpus[i].physical_package_id, cpus[i].core_id);
        }
        topo.num_cores_per_pkg = max_core_id + 1;
        if (debug > 1)
                fprintf(outf, "max_core_id %d, sizing for %d cores per package\n",
                        max_core_id, topo.num_cores_per_pkg);
        if (!summary_only && topo.num_cores_per_pkg > 1)
                BIC_PRESENT(BIC_Core);

        topo.num_packages = max_package_id + 1;
        if (debug > 1)
                fprintf(outf, "max_package_id %d, sizing for %d packages\n",
                        max_package_id, topo.num_packages);
        if (!summary_only && topo.num_packages > 1)
                BIC_PRESENT(BIC_Package);

        topo.num_threads_per_core = max_siblings;
        if (debug > 1)
                fprintf(outf, "max_siblings %d\n", max_siblings);

        free(cpus);
}

void
allocate_counters(struct thread_data **t, struct core_data **c, struct pkg_data **p)
{
        int i;

        *t = calloc(topo.num_threads_per_core * topo.num_cores_per_pkg *
                topo.num_packages, sizeof(struct thread_data));
        if (*t == NULL)
                goto error;

        for (i = 0; i < topo.num_threads_per_core *
                topo.num_cores_per_pkg * topo.num_packages; i++)
                (*t)[i].cpu_id = -1;

        *c = calloc(topo.num_cores_per_pkg * topo.num_packages,
                sizeof(struct core_data));
        if (*c == NULL)
                goto error;

        for (i = 0; i < topo.num_cores_per_pkg * topo.num_packages; i++)
                (*c)[i].core_id = -1;

        *p = calloc(topo.num_packages, sizeof(struct pkg_data));
        if (*p == NULL)
                goto error;

        for (i = 0; i < topo.num_packages; i++)
                (*p)[i].package_id = i;

        return;
error:
        err(1, "calloc counters");
}
/*
 * init_counter()
 *
 * set cpu_id, core_num, pkg_num
 * set FIRST_THREAD_IN_CORE and FIRST_CORE_IN_PACKAGE
 *
 * increment topo.num_cores when 1st core in pkg seen
 */
void init_counter(struct thread_data *thread_base, struct core_data *core_base,
        struct pkg_data *pkg_base, int thread_num, int core_num,
        int pkg_num, int cpu_id)
{
        struct thread_data *t;
        struct core_data *c;
        struct pkg_data *p;

        t = GET_THREAD(thread_base, thread_num, core_num, pkg_num);
        c = GET_CORE(core_base, core_num, pkg_num);
        p = GET_PKG(pkg_base, pkg_num);

        t->cpu_id = cpu_id;
        if (thread_num == 0) {
                t->flags |= CPU_IS_FIRST_THREAD_IN_CORE;
                if (cpu_is_first_core_in_package(cpu_id))
                        t->flags |= CPU_IS_FIRST_CORE_IN_PACKAGE;
        }

        c->core_id = core_num;
        p->package_id = pkg_num;
}


int initialize_counters(int cpu_id)
{
        int my_thread_id, my_core_id, my_package_id;

        my_package_id = get_physical_package_id(cpu_id);
        my_core_id = get_core_id(cpu_id);
        my_thread_id = get_cpu_position_in_core(cpu_id);
        if (!my_thread_id)
                topo.num_cores++;

        init_counter(EVEN_COUNTERS, my_thread_id, my_core_id, my_package_id, cpu_id);
        init_counter(ODD_COUNTERS, my_thread_id, my_core_id, my_package_id, cpu_id);
        return 0;
}

void allocate_output_buffer()
{
        output_buffer = calloc(1, (1 + topo.num_cpus) * 1024);
        outp = output_buffer;
        if (outp == NULL)
                err(-1, "calloc output buffer");
}
void allocate_fd_percpu(void)
{
        fd_percpu = calloc(topo.max_cpu_num + 1, sizeof(int));
        if (fd_percpu == NULL)
                err(-1, "calloc fd_percpu");
}
void allocate_irq_buffers(void)
{
        irq_column_2_cpu = calloc(topo.num_cpus, sizeof(int));
        if (irq_column_2_cpu == NULL)
                err(-1, "calloc %d", topo.num_cpus);

        irqs_per_cpu = calloc(topo.max_cpu_num + 1, sizeof(int));
        if (irqs_per_cpu == NULL)
                err(-1, "calloc %d", topo.max_cpu_num + 1);
}
void setup_all_buffers(void)
{
        topology_probe();
        allocate_irq_buffers();
        allocate_fd_percpu();
        allocate_counters(&thread_even, &core_even, &package_even);
        allocate_counters(&thread_odd, &core_odd, &package_odd);
        allocate_output_buffer();
        for_all_proc_cpus(initialize_counters);
}

void set_base_cpu(void)
{
        base_cpu = sched_getcpu();
        if (base_cpu < 0)
                err(-ENODEV, "No valid cpus found");

        if (debug > 1)
                fprintf(outf, "base_cpu = %d\n", base_cpu);
}

void turbostat_init()
{
        setup_all_buffers();
        set_base_cpu();
        check_dev_msr();
        check_permissions();
        process_cpuid();


        if (!quiet)
                for_all_cpus(print_hwp, ODD_COUNTERS);

        if (!quiet)
                for_all_cpus(print_epb, ODD_COUNTERS);

        if (!quiet)
                for_all_cpus(print_perf_limit, ODD_COUNTERS);

        if (!quiet)
                for_all_cpus(print_rapl, ODD_COUNTERS);

        for_all_cpus(set_temperature_target, ODD_COUNTERS);

        if (!quiet)
                for_all_cpus(print_thermal, ODD_COUNTERS);

        if (!quiet && do_irtl_snb)
                print_irtl();
}

int fork_it(char **argv)
{
        pid_t child_pid;
        int status;

        snapshot_proc_sysfs_files();
        status = for_all_cpus(get_counters, EVEN_COUNTERS);
        if (status)
                exit(status);
        /* clear affinity side-effect of get_counters() */
        sched_setaffinity(0, cpu_present_setsize, cpu_present_set);
        gettimeofday(&tv_even, (struct timezone *)NULL);

        child_pid = fork();
        if (!child_pid) {
                /* child */
                execvp(argv[0], argv);
                err(errno, "exec %s", argv[0]);
        } else {

                /* parent */
                if (child_pid == -1)
                        err(1, "fork");

                signal(SIGINT, SIG_IGN);
                signal(SIGQUIT, SIG_IGN);
                if (waitpid(child_pid, &status, 0) == -1)
                        err(status, "waitpid");
        }
        /*
         * n.b. fork_it() does not check for errors from for_all_cpus()
         * because re-starting is problematic when forking
         */
        snapshot_proc_sysfs_files();
        for_all_cpus(get_counters, ODD_COUNTERS);
        gettimeofday(&tv_odd, (struct timezone *)NULL);
        timersub(&tv_odd, &tv_even, &tv_delta);
        if (for_all_cpus_2(delta_cpu, ODD_COUNTERS, EVEN_COUNTERS))
                fprintf(outf, "%s: Counter reset detected\n", progname);
        else {
                compute_average(EVEN_COUNTERS);
                format_all_counters(EVEN_COUNTERS);
        }

        fprintf(outf, "%.6f sec\n", tv_delta.tv_sec + tv_delta.tv_usec/1000000.0);

        flush_output_stderr();

        return status;
}

int get_and_dump_counters(void)
{
        int status;

        snapshot_proc_sysfs_files();
        status = for_all_cpus(get_counters, ODD_COUNTERS);
        if (status)
                return status;

        status = for_all_cpus(dump_counters, ODD_COUNTERS);
        if (status)
                return status;

        flush_output_stdout();

        return status;
}

void print_version() {
        fprintf(outf, "turbostat version 17.06.23"
                " - Len Brown <lenb@kernel.org>\n");
}

int add_counter(unsigned int msr_num, char *path, char *name,
        unsigned int width, enum counter_scope scope,
        enum counter_type type, enum counter_format format, int flags)
{
        struct msr_counter *msrp;

        msrp = calloc(1, sizeof(struct msr_counter));
        if (msrp == NULL) {
                perror("calloc");
                exit(1);
        }

        msrp->msr_num = msr_num;
        strncpy(msrp->name, name, NAME_BYTES);
        if (path)
                strncpy(msrp->path, path, PATH_BYTES);
        msrp->width = width;
        msrp->type = type;
        msrp->format = format;
        msrp->flags = flags;

        switch (scope) {

        case SCOPE_CPU:
                msrp->next = sys.tp;
                sys.tp = msrp;
                sys.added_thread_counters++;
                if (sys.added_thread_counters > MAX_ADDED_COUNTERS) {
                        fprintf(stderr, "exceeded max %d added thread counters\n",
                                MAX_ADDED_COUNTERS);
                        exit(-1);
                }
                break;

        case SCOPE_CORE:
                msrp->next = sys.cp;
                sys.cp = msrp;
                sys.added_core_counters++;
                if (sys.added_core_counters > MAX_ADDED_COUNTERS) {
                        fprintf(stderr, "exceeded max %d added core counters\n",
                                MAX_ADDED_COUNTERS);
                        exit(-1);
                }
                break;

        case SCOPE_PACKAGE:
                msrp->next = sys.pp;
                sys.pp = msrp;
                sys.added_package_counters++;
                if (sys.added_package_counters > MAX_ADDED_COUNTERS) {
                        fprintf(stderr, "exceeded max %d added package counters\n",
                                MAX_ADDED_COUNTERS);
                        exit(-1);
                }
                break;
        }

        return 0;
}

void parse_add_command(char *add_command)
{
        int msr_num = 0;
        char *path = NULL;
        char name_buffer[NAME_BYTES] = "";
        int width = 64;
        int fail = 0;
        enum counter_scope scope = SCOPE_CPU;
        enum counter_type type = COUNTER_CYCLES;
        enum counter_format format = FORMAT_DELTA;

        while (add_command) {

                if (sscanf(add_command, "msr0x%x", &msr_num) == 1)
                        goto next;

                if (sscanf(add_command, "msr%d", &msr_num) == 1)
                        goto next;

                if (*add_command == '/') {
                        path = add_command;
                        goto next;
                }

                if (sscanf(add_command, "u%d", &width) == 1) {
                        if ((width == 32) || (width == 64))
                                goto next;
                        width = 64;
                }
                if (!strncmp(add_command, "cpu", strlen("cpu"))) {
                        scope = SCOPE_CPU;
                        goto next;
                }
                if (!strncmp(add_command, "core", strlen("core"))) {
                        scope = SCOPE_CORE;
                        goto next;
                }
                if (!strncmp(add_command, "package", strlen("package"))) {
                        scope = SCOPE_PACKAGE;
                        goto next;
                }
                if (!strncmp(add_command, "cycles", strlen("cycles"))) {
                        type = COUNTER_CYCLES;
                        goto next;
                }
                if (!strncmp(add_command, "seconds", strlen("seconds"))) {
                        type = COUNTER_SECONDS;
                        goto next;
                }
                if (!strncmp(add_command, "usec", strlen("usec"))) {
                        type = COUNTER_USEC;
                        goto next;
                }
                if (!strncmp(add_command, "raw", strlen("raw"))) {
                        format = FORMAT_RAW;
                        goto next;
                }
                if (!strncmp(add_command, "delta", strlen("delta"))) {
                        format = FORMAT_DELTA;
                        goto next;
                }
                if (!strncmp(add_command, "percent", strlen("percent"))) {
                        format = FORMAT_PERCENT;
                        goto next;
                }

                if (sscanf(add_command, "%18s,%*s", name_buffer) == 1) {        /* 18 < NAME_BYTES */
                        char *eos;

                        eos = strchr(name_buffer, ',');
                        if (eos)
                                *eos = '\0';
                        goto next;
                }

next:
                add_command = strchr(add_command, ',');
                if (add_command) {
                        *add_command = '\0';
                        add_command++;
                }

        }
        if ((msr_num == 0) && (path == NULL)) {
                fprintf(stderr, "--add: (msrDDD | msr0xXXX | /path_to_counter ) required\n");
                fail++;
        }

        /* generate default column header */
        if (*name_buffer == '\0') {
                if (width == 32)
                        sprintf(name_buffer, "M0x%x%s", msr_num, format == FORMAT_PERCENT ? "%" : "");
                else
                        sprintf(name_buffer, "M0X%x%s", msr_num, format == FORMAT_PERCENT ? "%" : "");
        }

        if (add_counter(msr_num, path, name_buffer, width, scope, type, format, 0))
                fail++;

        if (fail) {
                help();
                exit(1);
        }
}

int is_deferred_skip(char *name)
{
        int i;

        for (i = 0; i < deferred_skip_index; ++i)
                if (!strcmp(name, deferred_skip_names[i]))
                        return 1;
        return 0;
}

void probe_sysfs(void)
{
        char path[64];
        char name_buf[16];
        FILE *input;
        int state;
        char *sp;

        if (!DO_BIC(BIC_sysfs))
                return;

        for (state = 10; state > 0; --state) {

                sprintf(path, "/sys/devices/system/cpu/cpu%d/cpuidle/state%d/name",
                        base_cpu, state);
                input = fopen(path, "r");
                if (input == NULL)
                        continue;
                fgets(name_buf, sizeof(name_buf), input);

                 /* truncate "C1-HSW\n" to "C1", or truncate "C1\n" to "C1" */
                sp = strchr(name_buf, '-');
                if (!sp)
                        sp = strchrnul(name_buf, '\n');
                *sp = '%';
                *(sp + 1) = '\0';

                fclose(input);

                sprintf(path, "cpuidle/state%d/time", state);

                if (is_deferred_skip(name_buf))
                        continue;

                add_counter(0, path, name_buf, 64, SCOPE_CPU, COUNTER_USEC,
                                FORMAT_PERCENT, SYSFS_PERCPU);
        }

        for (state = 10; state > 0; --state) {

                sprintf(path, "/sys/devices/system/cpu/cpu%d/cpuidle/state%d/name",
                        base_cpu, state);
                input = fopen(path, "r");
                if (input == NULL)
                        continue;
                fgets(name_buf, sizeof(name_buf), input);
                 /* truncate "C1-HSW\n" to "C1", or truncate "C1\n" to "C1" */
                sp = strchr(name_buf, '-');
                if (!sp)
                        sp = strchrnul(name_buf, '\n');
                *sp = '\0';
                fclose(input);

                sprintf(path, "cpuidle/state%d/usage", state);

                if (is_deferred_skip(name_buf))
                        continue;

                add_counter(0, path, name_buf, 64, SCOPE_CPU, COUNTER_ITEMS,
                                FORMAT_DELTA, SYSFS_PERCPU);
        }

}


/*
 * parse cpuset with following syntax
 * 1,2,4..6,8-10 and set bits in cpu_subset
 */
void parse_cpu_command(char *optarg)
{
        unsigned int start, end;
        char *next;

        if (!strcmp(optarg, "core")) {
                if (cpu_subset)
                        goto error;
                show_core_only++;
                return;
        }
        if (!strcmp(optarg, "package")) {
                if (cpu_subset)
                        goto error;
                show_pkg_only++;
                return;
        }
        if (show_core_only || show_pkg_only)
                goto error;

        cpu_subset = CPU_ALLOC(CPU_SUBSET_MAXCPUS);
        if (cpu_subset == NULL)
                err(3, "CPU_ALLOC");
        cpu_subset_size = CPU_ALLOC_SIZE(CPU_SUBSET_MAXCPUS);

        CPU_ZERO_S(cpu_subset_size, cpu_subset);

        next = optarg;

        while (next && *next) {

                if (*next == '-')       /* no negative cpu numbers */
                        goto error;

                start = strtoul(next, &next, 10);

                if (start >= CPU_SUBSET_MAXCPUS)
                        goto error;
                CPU_SET_S(start, cpu_subset_size, cpu_subset);

                if (*next == '\0')
                        break;

                if (*next == ',') {
                        next += 1;
                        continue;
                }

                if (*next == '-') {
                        next += 1;      /* start range */
                } else if (*next == '.') {
                        next += 1;
                        if (*next == '.')
                                next += 1;      /* start range */
                        else
                                goto error;
                }

                end = strtoul(next, &next, 10);
                if (end <= start)
                        goto error;

                while (++start <= end) {
                        if (start >= CPU_SUBSET_MAXCPUS)
                                goto error;
                        CPU_SET_S(start, cpu_subset_size, cpu_subset);
                }

                if (*next == ',')
                        next += 1;
                else if (*next != '\0')
                        goto error;
        }

        return;

error:
        fprintf(stderr, "\"--cpu %s\" malformed\n", optarg);
        help();
        exit(-1);
}

int shown;
/*
 * parse_show_hide() - process cmdline to set default counter action
 */
void parse_show_hide(char *optarg, enum show_hide_mode new_mode)
{
        /*
         * --show: show only those specified
         *  The 1st invocation will clear and replace the enabled mask
         *  subsequent invocations can add to it.
         */
        if (new_mode == SHOW_LIST) {
                if (shown == 0)
                        bic_enabled = bic_lookup(optarg, new_mode);
                else
                        bic_enabled |= bic_lookup(optarg, new_mode);
                shown = 1;

                return;
        }

        /*
         * --hide: do not show those specified
         *  multiple invocations simply clear more bits in enabled mask
         */
        bic_enabled &= ~bic_lookup(optarg, new_mode);

}

void cmdline(int argc, char **argv)
{
        int opt;
        int option_index = 0;
        static struct option long_options[] = {
                {"add",         required_argument,      0, 'a'},
                {"cpu",         required_argument,      0, 'c'},
                {"Dump",        no_argument,            0, 'D'},
                {"debug",       no_argument,            0, 'd'},        /* internal, not documented */
                {"interval",    required_argument,      0, 'i'},
                {"help",        no_argument,            0, 'h'},
                {"hide",        required_argument,      0, 'H'},        // meh, -h taken by --help
                {"Joules",      no_argument,            0, 'J'},
                {"list",        no_argument,            0, 'l'},
                {"out",         required_argument,      0, 'o'},
                {"quiet",       no_argument,            0, 'q'},
                {"show",        required_argument,      0, 's'},
                {"Summary",     no_argument,            0, 'S'},
                {"TCC",         required_argument,      0, 'T'},
                {"version",     no_argument,            0, 'v' },
                {0,             0,                      0,  0 }
        };

        progname = argv[0];

        while ((opt = getopt_long_only(argc, argv, "+C:c:Ddhi:JM:m:o:qST:v",
                                long_options, &option_index)) != -1) {
                switch (opt) {
                case 'a':
                        parse_add_command(optarg);
                        break;
                case 'c':
                        parse_cpu_command(optarg);
                        break;
                case 'D':
                        dump_only++;
                        break;
                case 'd':
                        debug++;
                        break;
                case 'H':
                        parse_show_hide(optarg, HIDE_LIST);
                        break;
                case 'h':
                default:
                        help();
                        exit(1);
                case 'i':
                        {
                                double interval = strtod(optarg, NULL);

                                if (interval < 0.001) {
                                        fprintf(outf, "interval %f seconds is too small\n",
                                                interval);
                                        exit(2);
                                }

                                interval_ts.tv_sec = interval;
                                interval_ts.tv_nsec = (interval - interval_ts.tv_sec) * 1000000000;
                        }
                        break;
                case 'J':
                        rapl_joules++;
                        break;
                case 'l':
                        list_header_only++;
                        quiet++;
                        break;
                case 'o':
                        outf = fopen_or_die(optarg, "w");
                        break;
                case 'q':
                        quiet = 1;
                        break;
                case 's':
                        parse_show_hide(optarg, SHOW_LIST);
                        break;
                case 'S':
                        summary_only++;
                        break;
                case 'T':
                        tcc_activation_temp_override = atoi(optarg);
                        break;
                case 'v':
                        print_version();
                        exit(0);
                        break;
                }
        }
}

int main(int argc, char **argv)
{
        outf = stderr;

        cmdline(argc, argv);

        if (!quiet)
                print_version();

        probe_sysfs();

        turbostat_init();

        /* dump counters and exit */
        if (dump_only)
                return get_and_dump_counters();

        /* list header and exit */
        if (list_header_only) {
                print_header(",");
                flush_output_stdout();
                return 0;
        }

        /*
         * if any params left, it must be a command to fork
         */
        if (argc - optind)
                return fork_it(argv + optind);
        else
                turbostat_loop();

        return 0;
}