]> git.proxmox.com Git - rustc.git/blobdiff - src/librustdoc/html/format.rs
New upstream version 1.61.0+dfsg1
[rustc.git] / src / librustdoc / html / format.rs
index 445fc2e833a3f503b570edcbf1a3e2f959fdda3d..5c59609d5b8c600253fb5913c4d1bfe9eea4b646 100644 (file)
@@ -1,13 +1,3 @@
-// Copyright 2013-2014 The Rust Project Developers. See the COPYRIGHT
-// file at the top-level directory of this distribution and at
-// http://rust-lang.org/COPYRIGHT.
-//
-// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 <LICENSE-APACHE or
-// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0> or the MIT license
-// <LICENSE-MIT or http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT>, at your
-// option. This file may not be copied, modified, or distributed
-// except according to those terms.
-
 //! HTML formatting module
 //!
 //! This module contains a large number of `fmt::Display` implementations for
 //! assume that HTML output is desired, although it may be possible to redesign
 //! them in the future to instead emit any format desired.
 
+use std::cell::Cell;
 use std::fmt;
-
-use rustc::hir::def_id::DefId;
+use std::iter;
+
+use rustc_attr::{ConstStability, StabilityLevel};
+use rustc_data_structures::captures::Captures;
+use rustc_data_structures::fx::FxHashSet;
+use rustc_hir as hir;
+use rustc_hir::def::DefKind;
+use rustc_hir::def_id::DefId;
+use rustc_middle::ty;
+use rustc_middle::ty::DefIdTree;
+use rustc_middle::ty::TyCtxt;
+use rustc_span::def_id::CRATE_DEF_INDEX;
+use rustc_span::{sym, Symbol};
 use rustc_target::spec::abi::Abi;
-use rustc::hir;
-
-use clean::{self, PrimitiveType};
-use core::DocAccessLevels;
-use html::item_type::ItemType;
-use html::render::{self, cache, CURRENT_LOCATION_KEY};
-
-/// Helper to render an optional visibility with a space after it (if the
-/// visibility is preset)
-#[derive(Copy, Clone)]
-pub struct VisSpace<'a>(pub &'a Option<clean::Visibility>);
-/// Similarly to VisSpace, this structure is used to render a function style with a
-/// space after it.
-#[derive(Copy, Clone)]
-pub struct UnsafetySpace(pub hir::Unsafety);
-/// Similarly to VisSpace, this structure is used to render a function constness
-/// with a space after it.
-#[derive(Copy, Clone)]
-pub struct ConstnessSpace(pub hir::Constness);
-/// Similarly to VisSpace, this structure is used to render a function asyncness
-/// with a space after it.
-#[derive(Copy, Clone)]
-pub struct AsyncSpace(pub hir::IsAsync);
-/// Similar to VisSpace, but used for mutability
-#[derive(Copy, Clone)]
-pub struct MutableSpace(pub clean::Mutability);
-/// Similar to VisSpace, but used for mutability
-#[derive(Copy, Clone)]
-pub struct RawMutableSpace(pub clean::Mutability);
-/// Wrapper struct for emitting type parameter bounds.
-pub struct GenericBounds<'a>(pub &'a [clean::GenericBound]);
-/// Wrapper struct for emitting a comma-separated list of items
-pub struct CommaSep<'a, T: 'a>(pub &'a [T]);
-pub struct AbiSpace(pub Abi);
-
-/// Wrapper struct for properly emitting a method declaration.
-pub struct Method<'a> {
-    /// The declaration to emit.
-    pub decl: &'a clean::FnDecl,
-    /// The length of the function's "name", used to determine line-wrapping.
-    pub name_len: usize,
-    /// The number of spaces to indent each successive line with, if line-wrapping is necessary.
-    pub indent: usize,
+
+use crate::clean::{
+    self, types::ExternalLocation, utils::find_nearest_parent_module, ExternalCrate, ItemId,
+    PrimitiveType,
+};
+use crate::formats::item_type::ItemType;
+use crate::html::escape::Escape;
+use crate::html::render::Context;
+
+use super::url_parts_builder::estimate_item_path_byte_length;
+use super::url_parts_builder::UrlPartsBuilder;
+
+crate trait Print {
+    fn print(self, buffer: &mut Buffer);
 }
 
-/// Wrapper struct for emitting a where clause from Generics.
-pub struct WhereClause<'a>{
-    /// The Generics from which to emit a where clause.
-    pub gens: &'a clean::Generics,
-    /// The number of spaces to indent each line with.
-    pub indent: usize,
-    /// Whether the where clause needs to add a comma and newline after the last bound.
-    pub end_newline: bool,
+impl<F> Print for F
+where
+    F: FnOnce(&mut Buffer),
+{
+    fn print(self, buffer: &mut Buffer) {
+        (self)(buffer)
+    }
 }
 
-pub struct HRef<'a> {
-    pub did: DefId,
-    pub text: &'a str,
+impl Print for String {
+    fn print(self, buffer: &mut Buffer) {
+        buffer.write_str(&self);
+    }
 }
 
-impl<'a> VisSpace<'a> {
-    pub fn get(self) -> &'a Option<clean::Visibility> {
-        let VisSpace(v) = self; v
+impl Print for &'_ str {
+    fn print(self, buffer: &mut Buffer) {
+        buffer.write_str(self);
     }
 }
 
-impl UnsafetySpace {
-    pub fn get(&self) -> hir::Unsafety {
-        let UnsafetySpace(v) = *self; v
+#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+crate struct Buffer {
+    for_html: bool,
+    buffer: String,
+}
+
+impl core::fmt::Write for Buffer {
+    #[inline]
+    fn write_str(&mut self, s: &str) -> fmt::Result {
+        self.buffer.write_str(s)
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn write_char(&mut self, c: char) -> fmt::Result {
+        self.buffer.write_char(c)
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn write_fmt(&mut self, args: fmt::Arguments<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
+        self.buffer.write_fmt(args)
     }
 }
 
-impl ConstnessSpace {
-    pub fn get(&self) -> hir::Constness {
-        let ConstnessSpace(v) = *self; v
+impl Buffer {
+    crate fn empty_from(v: &Buffer) -> Buffer {
+        Buffer { for_html: v.for_html, buffer: String::new() }
+    }
+
+    crate fn html() -> Buffer {
+        Buffer { for_html: true, buffer: String::new() }
+    }
+
+    crate fn new() -> Buffer {
+        Buffer { for_html: false, buffer: String::new() }
+    }
+
+    crate fn is_empty(&self) -> bool {
+        self.buffer.is_empty()
+    }
+
+    crate fn into_inner(self) -> String {
+        self.buffer
+    }
+
+    crate fn insert_str(&mut self, idx: usize, s: &str) {
+        self.buffer.insert_str(idx, s);
+    }
+
+    crate fn push_str(&mut self, s: &str) {
+        self.buffer.push_str(s);
+    }
+
+    crate fn push_buffer(&mut self, other: Buffer) {
+        self.buffer.push_str(&other.buffer);
+    }
+
+    // Intended for consumption by write! and writeln! (std::fmt) but without
+    // the fmt::Result return type imposed by fmt::Write (and avoiding the trait
+    // import).
+    crate fn write_str(&mut self, s: &str) {
+        self.buffer.push_str(s);
+    }
+
+    // Intended for consumption by write! and writeln! (std::fmt) but without
+    // the fmt::Result return type imposed by fmt::Write (and avoiding the trait
+    // import).
+    crate fn write_fmt(&mut self, v: fmt::Arguments<'_>) {
+        use fmt::Write;
+        self.buffer.write_fmt(v).unwrap();
+    }
+
+    crate fn to_display<T: Print>(mut self, t: T) -> String {
+        t.print(&mut self);
+        self.into_inner()
+    }
+
+    crate fn is_for_html(&self) -> bool {
+        self.for_html
+    }
+
+    crate fn reserve(&mut self, additional: usize) {
+        self.buffer.reserve(additional)
     }
 }
 
-impl<'a, T: fmt::Display> fmt::Display for CommaSep<'a, T> {
-    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
-        for (i, item) in self.0.iter().enumerate() {
-            if i != 0 { write!(f, ", ")?; }
-            fmt::Display::fmt(item, f)?;
+fn comma_sep<T: fmt::Display>(
+    items: impl Iterator<Item = T>,
+    space_after_comma: bool,
+) -> impl fmt::Display {
+    display_fn(move |f| {
+        for (i, item) in items.enumerate() {
+            if i != 0 {
+                write!(f, ",{}", if space_after_comma { " " } else { "" })?;
+            }
+            fmt::Display::fmt(&item, f)?;
         }
         Ok(())
-    }
+    })
 }
 
-impl<'a> fmt::Display for GenericBounds<'a> {
-    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
-        let &GenericBounds(bounds) = self;
-        for (i, bound) in bounds.iter().enumerate() {
+crate fn print_generic_bounds<'a, 'tcx: 'a>(
+    bounds: &'a [clean::GenericBound],
+    cx: &'a Context<'tcx>,
+) -> impl fmt::Display + 'a + Captures<'tcx> {
+    display_fn(move |f| {
+        let mut bounds_dup = FxHashSet::default();
+
+        for (i, bound) in bounds.iter().filter(|b| bounds_dup.insert(b.clone())).enumerate() {
             if i > 0 {
                 f.write_str(" + ")?;
             }
-            fmt::Display::fmt(bound, f)?;
+            fmt::Display::fmt(&bound.print(cx), f)?;
         }
         Ok(())
-    }
+    })
 }
 
-impl fmt::Display for clean::GenericParamDef {
-    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
-        match self.kind {
-            clean::GenericParamDefKind::Lifetime => write!(f, "{}", self.name),
-            clean::GenericParamDefKind::Type { ref bounds, ref default, .. } => {
-                f.write_str(&self.name)?;
+impl clean::GenericParamDef {
+    crate fn print<'a, 'tcx: 'a>(
+        &'a self,
+        cx: &'a Context<'tcx>,
+    ) -> impl fmt::Display + 'a + Captures<'tcx> {
+        display_fn(move |f| match &self.kind {
+            clean::GenericParamDefKind::Lifetime { outlives } => {
+                write!(f, "{}", self.name)?;
+
+                if !outlives.is_empty() {
+                    f.write_str(": ")?;
+                    for (i, lt) in outlives.iter().enumerate() {
+                        if i != 0 {
+                            f.write_str(" + ")?;
+                        }
+                        write!(f, "{}", lt.print())?;
+                    }
+                }
+
+                Ok(())
+            }
+            clean::GenericParamDefKind::Type { bounds, default, .. } => {
+                f.write_str(self.name.as_str())?;
 
                 if !bounds.is_empty() {
                     if f.alternate() {
-                        write!(f, ": {:#}", GenericBounds(bounds))?;
+                        write!(f, ": {:#}", print_generic_bounds(bounds, cx))?;
                     } else {
-                        write!(f, ":&nbsp;{}", GenericBounds(bounds))?;
+                        write!(f, ":&nbsp;{}", print_generic_bounds(bounds, cx))?;
                     }
                 }
 
                 if let Some(ref ty) = default {
                     if f.alternate() {
-                        write!(f, " = {:#}", ty)?;
+                        write!(f, " = {:#}", ty.print(cx))?;
                     } else {
-                        write!(f, "&nbsp;=&nbsp;{}", ty)?;
+                        write!(f, "&nbsp;=&nbsp;{}", ty.print(cx))?;
                     }
                 }
 
                 Ok(())
             }
-        }
+            clean::GenericParamDefKind::Const { ty, default, .. } => {
+                if f.alternate() {
+                    write!(f, "const {}: {:#}", self.name, ty.print(cx))?;
+                } else {
+                    write!(f, "const {}:&nbsp;{}", self.name, ty.print(cx))?;
+                }
+
+                if let Some(default) = default {
+                    if f.alternate() {
+                        write!(f, " = {:#}", default)?;
+                    } else {
+                        write!(f, "&nbsp;=&nbsp;{}", default)?;
+                    }
+                }
+
+                Ok(())
+            }
+        })
     }
 }
 
-impl fmt::Display for clean::Generics {
-    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
-        let real_params = self.params
-            .iter()
-            .filter(|p| !p.is_synthetic_type_param())
-            .collect::<Vec<_>>();
-        if real_params.is_empty() {
-            return Ok(());
-        }
-        if f.alternate() {
-            write!(f, "<{:#}>", CommaSep(&real_params))
-        } else {
-            write!(f, "&lt;{}&gt;", CommaSep(&real_params))
-        }
+impl clean::Generics {
+    crate fn print<'a, 'tcx: 'a>(
+        &'a self,
+        cx: &'a Context<'tcx>,
+    ) -> impl fmt::Display + 'a + Captures<'tcx> {
+        display_fn(move |f| {
+            let mut real_params =
+                self.params.iter().filter(|p| !p.is_synthetic_type_param()).peekable();
+            if real_params.peek().is_none() {
+                return Ok(());
+            }
+
+            if f.alternate() {
+                write!(f, "<{:#}>", comma_sep(real_params.map(|g| g.print(cx)), true))
+            } else {
+                write!(f, "&lt;{}&gt;", comma_sep(real_params.map(|g| g.print(cx)), true))
+            }
+        })
     }
 }
 
-impl<'a> fmt::Display for WhereClause<'a> {
-    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
-        let &WhereClause { gens, indent, end_newline } = self;
-        if gens.where_predicates.is_empty() {
+/// * The Generics from which to emit a where-clause.
+/// * The number of spaces to indent each line with.
+/// * Whether the where-clause needs to add a comma and newline after the last bound.
+crate fn print_where_clause<'a, 'tcx: 'a>(
+    gens: &'a clean::Generics,
+    cx: &'a Context<'tcx>,
+    indent: usize,
+    end_newline: bool,
+) -> impl fmt::Display + 'a + Captures<'tcx> {
+    display_fn(move |f| {
+        let mut where_predicates = gens.where_predicates.iter().filter(|pred| {
+            !matches!(pred, clean::WherePredicate::BoundPredicate { bounds, .. } if bounds.is_empty())
+        }).map(|pred| {
+            display_fn(move |f| {
+                if f.alternate() {
+                    f.write_str(" ")?;
+                } else {
+                    f.write_str("<br>")?;
+                }
+
+                match pred {
+                    clean::WherePredicate::BoundPredicate { ty, bounds, bound_params } => {
+                        let bounds = bounds;
+                        let for_prefix = if bound_params.is_empty() {
+                            String::new()
+                        } else if f.alternate() {
+                            format!(
+                                "for&lt;{:#}&gt; ",
+                                comma_sep(bound_params.iter().map(|lt| lt.print()), true)
+                            )
+                        } else {
+                            format!(
+                                "for&lt;{}&gt; ",
+                                comma_sep(bound_params.iter().map(|lt| lt.print()), true)
+                            )
+                        };
+
+                        if f.alternate() {
+                            write!(
+                                f,
+                                "{}{:#}: {:#}",
+                                for_prefix,
+                                ty.print(cx),
+                                print_generic_bounds(bounds, cx)
+                            )
+                        } else {
+                            write!(
+                                f,
+                                "{}{}: {}",
+                                for_prefix,
+                                ty.print(cx),
+                                print_generic_bounds(bounds, cx)
+                            )
+                        }
+                    }
+                    clean::WherePredicate::RegionPredicate { lifetime, bounds } => {
+                        write!(
+                            f,
+                            "{}: {}",
+                            lifetime.print(),
+                            bounds
+                                .iter()
+                                .map(|b| b.print(cx).to_string())
+                                .collect::<Vec<_>>()
+                                .join(" + ")
+                        )
+                    }
+                    clean::WherePredicate::EqPredicate { lhs, rhs } => {
+                        if f.alternate() {
+                            write!(f, "{:#} == {:#}", lhs.print(cx), rhs.print(cx),)
+                        } else {
+                            write!(f, "{} == {}", lhs.print(cx), rhs.print(cx),)
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            })
+        }).peekable();
+
+        if where_predicates.peek().is_none() {
             return Ok(());
         }
+
         let mut clause = String::new();
+
         if f.alternate() {
             clause.push_str(" where");
         } else {
@@ -182,48 +352,11 @@ impl<'a> fmt::Display for WhereClause<'a> {
                 clause.push_str(" <span class=\"where\">where");
             }
         }
-        for (i, pred) in gens.where_predicates.iter().enumerate() {
-            if f.alternate() {
-                clause.push(' ');
-            } else {
-                clause.push_str("<br>");
-            }
-
-            match pred {
-                &clean::WherePredicate::BoundPredicate { ref ty, ref bounds } => {
-                    let bounds = bounds;
-                    if f.alternate() {
-                        clause.push_str(&format!("{:#}: {:#}", ty, GenericBounds(bounds)));
-                    } else {
-                        clause.push_str(&format!("{}: {}", ty, GenericBounds(bounds)));
-                    }
-                }
-                &clean::WherePredicate::RegionPredicate { ref lifetime,
-                                                          ref bounds } => {
-                    clause.push_str(&format!("{}: ", lifetime));
-                    for (i, lifetime) in bounds.iter().enumerate() {
-                        if i > 0 {
-                            clause.push_str(" + ");
-                        }
 
-                        clause.push_str(&lifetime.to_string());
-                    }
-                }
-                &clean::WherePredicate::EqPredicate { ref lhs, ref rhs } => {
-                    if f.alternate() {
-                        clause.push_str(&format!("{:#} == {:#}", lhs, rhs));
-                    } else {
-                        clause.push_str(&format!("{} == {}", lhs, rhs));
-                    }
-                }
-            }
-
-            if i < gens.where_predicates.len() - 1 || end_newline {
-                clause.push(',');
-            }
-        }
+        clause.push_str(&comma_sep(where_predicates, false).to_string());
 
         if end_newline {
+            clause.push(',');
             // add a space so stripping <br> tags and breaking spaces still renders properly
             if f.alternate() {
                 clause.push(' ');
@@ -242,205 +375,299 @@ impl<'a> fmt::Display for WhereClause<'a> {
             }
         }
         write!(f, "{}", clause)
+    })
+}
+
+impl clean::Lifetime {
+    crate fn print(&self) -> impl fmt::Display + '_ {
+        self.0.as_str()
     }
 }
 
-impl fmt::Display for clean::Lifetime {
-    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
-        f.write_str(self.get_ref())?;
-        Ok(())
+impl clean::Constant {
+    crate fn print(&self, tcx: TyCtxt<'_>) -> impl fmt::Display + '_ {
+        let expr = self.expr(tcx);
+        display_fn(
+            move |f| {
+                if f.alternate() { f.write_str(&expr) } else { write!(f, "{}", Escape(&expr)) }
+            },
+        )
     }
 }
 
-impl fmt::Display for clean::PolyTrait {
-    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
-        if !self.generic_params.is_empty() {
+impl clean::PolyTrait {
+    fn print<'a, 'tcx: 'a>(
+        &'a self,
+        cx: &'a Context<'tcx>,
+    ) -> impl fmt::Display + 'a + Captures<'tcx> {
+        display_fn(move |f| {
+            if !self.generic_params.is_empty() {
+                if f.alternate() {
+                    write!(
+                        f,
+                        "for<{:#}> ",
+                        comma_sep(self.generic_params.iter().map(|g| g.print(cx)), true)
+                    )?;
+                } else {
+                    write!(
+                        f,
+                        "for&lt;{}&gt; ",
+                        comma_sep(self.generic_params.iter().map(|g| g.print(cx)), true)
+                    )?;
+                }
+            }
             if f.alternate() {
-                write!(f, "for<{:#}> ", CommaSep(&self.generic_params))?;
+                write!(f, "{:#}", self.trait_.print(cx))
             } else {
-                write!(f, "for&lt;{}&gt; ", CommaSep(&self.generic_params))?;
+                write!(f, "{}", self.trait_.print(cx))
             }
-        }
-        if f.alternate() {
-            write!(f, "{:#}", self.trait_)
-        } else {
-            write!(f, "{}", self.trait_)
-        }
+        })
     }
 }
 
-impl fmt::Display for clean::GenericBound {
-    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
-        match *self {
-            clean::GenericBound::Outlives(ref lt) => {
-                write!(f, "{}", *lt)
-            }
-            clean::GenericBound::TraitBound(ref ty, modifier) => {
+impl clean::GenericBound {
+    crate fn print<'a, 'tcx: 'a>(
+        &'a self,
+        cx: &'a Context<'tcx>,
+    ) -> impl fmt::Display + 'a + Captures<'tcx> {
+        display_fn(move |f| match self {
+            clean::GenericBound::Outlives(lt) => write!(f, "{}", lt.print()),
+            clean::GenericBound::TraitBound(ty, modifier) => {
                 let modifier_str = match modifier {
                     hir::TraitBoundModifier::None => "",
                     hir::TraitBoundModifier::Maybe => "?",
+                    // ~const is experimental; do not display those bounds in rustdoc
+                    hir::TraitBoundModifier::MaybeConst => "",
                 };
                 if f.alternate() {
-                    write!(f, "{}{:#}", modifier_str, *ty)
+                    write!(f, "{}{:#}", modifier_str, ty.print(cx))
                 } else {
-                    write!(f, "{}{}", modifier_str, *ty)
+                    write!(f, "{}{}", modifier_str, ty.print(cx))
                 }
             }
-        }
+        })
     }
 }
 
-impl fmt::Display for clean::GenericArgs {
-    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
-        match *self {
-            clean::GenericArgs::AngleBracketed {
-                ref lifetimes, ref types, ref bindings
-            } => {
-                if !lifetimes.is_empty() || !types.is_empty() || !bindings.is_empty() {
-                    if f.alternate() {
-                        f.write_str("<")?;
-                    } else {
-                        f.write_str("&lt;")?;
-                    }
-                    let mut comma = false;
-                    for lifetime in lifetimes {
-                        if comma {
-                            f.write_str(", ")?;
+impl clean::GenericArgs {
+    fn print<'a, 'tcx: 'a>(
+        &'a self,
+        cx: &'a Context<'tcx>,
+    ) -> impl fmt::Display + 'a + Captures<'tcx> {
+        display_fn(move |f| {
+            match self {
+                clean::GenericArgs::AngleBracketed { args, bindings } => {
+                    if !args.is_empty() || !bindings.is_empty() {
+                        if f.alternate() {
+                            f.write_str("<")?;
+                        } else {
+                            f.write_str("&lt;")?;
                         }
-                        comma = true;
-                        write!(f, "{}", *lifetime)?;
-                    }
-                    for ty in types {
-                        if comma {
-                            f.write_str(", ")?;
+                        let mut comma = false;
+                        for arg in args {
+                            if comma {
+                                f.write_str(", ")?;
+                            }
+                            comma = true;
+                            if f.alternate() {
+                                write!(f, "{:#}", arg.print(cx))?;
+                            } else {
+                                write!(f, "{}", arg.print(cx))?;
+                            }
+                        }
+                        for binding in bindings {
+                            if comma {
+                                f.write_str(", ")?;
+                            }
+                            comma = true;
+                            if f.alternate() {
+                                write!(f, "{:#}", binding.print(cx))?;
+                            } else {
+                                write!(f, "{}", binding.print(cx))?;
+                            }
                         }
-                        comma = true;
                         if f.alternate() {
-                            write!(f, "{:#}", *ty)?;
+                            f.write_str(">")?;
                         } else {
-                            write!(f, "{}", *ty)?;
+                            f.write_str("&gt;")?;
                         }
                     }
-                    for binding in bindings {
+                }
+                clean::GenericArgs::Parenthesized { inputs, output } => {
+                    f.write_str("(")?;
+                    let mut comma = false;
+                    for ty in inputs {
                         if comma {
                             f.write_str(", ")?;
                         }
                         comma = true;
                         if f.alternate() {
-                            write!(f, "{:#}", *binding)?;
+                            write!(f, "{:#}", ty.print(cx))?;
                         } else {
-                            write!(f, "{}", *binding)?;
+                            write!(f, "{}", ty.print(cx))?;
                         }
                     }
-                    if f.alternate() {
-                        f.write_str(">")?;
-                    } else {
-                        f.write_str("&gt;")?;
-                    }
-                }
-            }
-            clean::GenericArgs::Parenthesized { ref inputs, ref output } => {
-                f.write_str("(")?;
-                let mut comma = false;
-                for ty in inputs {
-                    if comma {
-                        f.write_str(", ")?;
-                    }
-                    comma = true;
-                    if f.alternate() {
-                        write!(f, "{:#}", *ty)?;
-                    } else {
-                        write!(f, "{}", *ty)?;
-                    }
-                }
-                f.write_str(")")?;
-                if let Some(ref ty) = *output {
-                    if f.alternate() {
-                        write!(f, " -> {:#}", ty)?;
-                    } else {
-                        write!(f, " -&gt; {}", ty)?;
+                    f.write_str(")")?;
+                    if let Some(ref ty) = *output {
+                        if f.alternate() {
+                            write!(f, " -> {:#}", ty.print(cx))?;
+                        } else {
+                            write!(f, " -&gt; {}", ty.print(cx))?;
+                        }
                     }
                 }
             }
-        }
-        Ok(())
+            Ok(())
+        })
     }
 }
 
-impl fmt::Display for clean::PathSegment {
-    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
-        f.write_str(&self.name)?;
-        if f.alternate() {
-            write!(f, "{:#}", self.args)
-        } else {
-            write!(f, "{}", self.args)
-        }
-    }
+// Possible errors when computing href link source for a `DefId`
+crate enum HrefError {
+    /// This item is known to rustdoc, but from a crate that does not have documentation generated.
+    ///
+    /// This can only happen for non-local items.
+    DocumentationNotBuilt,
+    /// This can only happen for non-local items when `--document-private-items` is not passed.
+    Private,
+    // Not in external cache, href link should be in same page
+    NotInExternalCache,
 }
 
-impl fmt::Display for clean::Path {
-    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
-        if self.global {
-            f.write_str("::")?
-        }
+// Panics if `syms` is empty.
+crate fn join_with_double_colon(syms: &[Symbol]) -> String {
+    let mut s = String::with_capacity(estimate_item_path_byte_length(syms.len()));
+    s.push_str(&syms[0].as_str());
+    for sym in &syms[1..] {
+        s.push_str("::");
+        s.push_str(&sym.as_str());
+    }
+    s
+}
 
-        for (i, seg) in self.segments.iter().enumerate() {
-            if i > 0 {
-                f.write_str("::")?
-            }
-            if f.alternate() {
-                write!(f, "{:#}", seg)?;
-            } else {
-                write!(f, "{}", seg)?;
-            }
+crate fn href_with_root_path(
+    did: DefId,
+    cx: &Context<'_>,
+    root_path: Option<&str>,
+) -> Result<(String, ItemType, Vec<Symbol>), HrefError> {
+    let tcx = cx.tcx();
+    let def_kind = tcx.def_kind(did);
+    let did = match def_kind {
+        DefKind::AssocTy | DefKind::AssocFn | DefKind::AssocConst | DefKind::Variant => {
+            // documented on their parent's page
+            tcx.parent(did).unwrap()
         }
-        Ok(())
+        _ => did,
+    };
+    let cache = cx.cache();
+    let relative_to = &cx.current;
+    fn to_module_fqp(shortty: ItemType, fqp: &[Symbol]) -> &[Symbol] {
+        if shortty == ItemType::Module { fqp } else { &fqp[..fqp.len() - 1] }
     }
-}
 
-pub fn href(did: DefId) -> Option<(String, ItemType, Vec<String>)> {
-    let cache = cache();
-    if !did.is_local() && !cache.access_levels.is_doc_reachable(did) {
-        return None
+    if !did.is_local()
+        && !cache.access_levels.is_public(did)
+        && !cache.document_private
+        && !cache.primitive_locations.values().any(|&id| id == did)
+    {
+        return Err(HrefError::Private);
     }
 
-    let loc = CURRENT_LOCATION_KEY.with(|l| l.borrow().clone());
-    let (fqp, shortty, mut url) = match cache.paths.get(&did) {
-        Some(&(ref fqp, shortty)) => {
-            (fqp, shortty, "../".repeat(loc.len()))
-        }
+    let mut is_remote = false;
+    let (fqp, shortty, mut url_parts) = match cache.paths.get(&did) {
+        Some(&(ref fqp, shortty)) => (fqp, shortty, {
+            let module_fqp = to_module_fqp(shortty, fqp.as_slice());
+            debug!(?fqp, ?shortty, ?module_fqp);
+            href_relative_parts(module_fqp, relative_to).collect()
+        }),
         None => {
-            let &(ref fqp, shortty) = cache.external_paths.get(&did)?;
-            (fqp, shortty, match cache.extern_locations[&did.krate] {
-                (.., render::Remote(ref s)) => s.to_string(),
-                (.., render::Local) => "../".repeat(loc.len()),
-                (.., render::Unknown) => return None,
-            })
+            if let Some(&(ref fqp, shortty)) = cache.external_paths.get(&did) {
+                let module_fqp = to_module_fqp(shortty, fqp);
+                (
+                    fqp,
+                    shortty,
+                    match cache.extern_locations[&did.krate] {
+                        ExternalLocation::Remote(ref s) => {
+                            is_remote = true;
+                            let s = s.trim_end_matches('/');
+                            let mut builder = UrlPartsBuilder::singleton(s);
+                            builder.extend(module_fqp.iter().copied());
+                            builder
+                        }
+                        ExternalLocation::Local => {
+                            href_relative_parts(module_fqp, relative_to).collect()
+                        }
+                        ExternalLocation::Unknown => return Err(HrefError::DocumentationNotBuilt),
+                    },
+                )
+            } else {
+                return Err(HrefError::NotInExternalCache);
+            }
         }
     };
-    for component in &fqp[..fqp.len() - 1] {
-        url.push_str(component);
-        url.push_str("/");
+    if !is_remote {
+        if let Some(root_path) = root_path {
+            let root = root_path.trim_end_matches('/');
+            url_parts.push_front(root);
+        }
     }
+    debug!(?url_parts);
     match shortty {
         ItemType::Module => {
-            url.push_str(fqp.last().unwrap());
-            url.push_str("/index.html");
+            url_parts.push("index.html");
         }
         _ => {
-            url.push_str(shortty.css_class());
-            url.push_str(".");
-            url.push_str(fqp.last().unwrap());
-            url.push_str(".html");
+            let prefix = shortty.as_str();
+            let last = fqp.last().unwrap();
+            url_parts.push_fmt(format_args!("{}.{}.html", prefix, last));
         }
     }
-    Some((url, shortty, fqp.to_vec()))
+    Ok((url_parts.finish(), shortty, fqp.to_vec()))
 }
 
-/// Used when rendering a `ResolvedPath` structure. This invokes the `path`
-/// rendering function with the necessary arguments for linking to a local path.
-fn resolved_path(w: &mut fmt::Formatter, did: DefId, path: &clean::Path,
-                 print_all: bool, use_absolute: bool) -> fmt::Result {
+crate fn href(did: DefId, cx: &Context<'_>) -> Result<(String, ItemType, Vec<Symbol>), HrefError> {
+    href_with_root_path(did, cx, None)
+}
+
+/// Both paths should only be modules.
+/// This is because modules get their own directories; that is, `std::vec` and `std::vec::Vec` will
+/// both need `../iter/trait.Iterator.html` to get at the iterator trait.
+crate fn href_relative_parts<'fqp>(
+    fqp: &'fqp [Symbol],
+    relative_to_fqp: &[Symbol],
+) -> Box<dyn Iterator<Item = Symbol> + 'fqp> {
+    for (i, (f, r)) in fqp.iter().zip(relative_to_fqp.iter()).enumerate() {
+        // e.g. linking to std::iter from std::vec (`dissimilar_part_count` will be 1)
+        if f != r {
+            let dissimilar_part_count = relative_to_fqp.len() - i;
+            let fqp_module = &fqp[i..fqp.len()];
+            return box iter::repeat(sym::dotdot)
+                .take(dissimilar_part_count)
+                .chain(fqp_module.iter().copied());
+        }
+    }
+    // e.g. linking to std::sync::atomic from std::sync
+    if relative_to_fqp.len() < fqp.len() {
+        box fqp[relative_to_fqp.len()..fqp.len()].iter().copied()
+    // e.g. linking to std::sync from std::sync::atomic
+    } else if fqp.len() < relative_to_fqp.len() {
+        let dissimilar_part_count = relative_to_fqp.len() - fqp.len();
+        box iter::repeat(sym::dotdot).take(dissimilar_part_count)
+    // linking to the same module
+    } else {
+        box iter::empty()
+    }
+}
+
+/// Used to render a [`clean::Path`].
+fn resolved_path<'cx>(
+    w: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>,
+    did: DefId,
+    path: &clean::Path,
+    print_all: bool,
+    use_absolute: bool,
+    cx: &'cx Context<'_>,
+) -> fmt::Result {
     let last = path.segments.last().unwrap();
 
     if print_all {
@@ -449,56 +676,73 @@ fn resolved_path(w: &mut fmt::Formatter, did: DefId, path: &clean::Path,
         }
     }
     if w.alternate() {
-        write!(w, "{:#}{:#}", HRef::new(did, &last.name), last.args)?;
+        write!(w, "{}{:#}", &last.name, last.args.print(cx))?;
     } else {
         let path = if use_absolute {
-            match href(did) {
-                Some((_, _, fqp)) => {
-                    format!("{}::{}",
-                            fqp[..fqp.len() - 1].join("::"),
-                            HRef::new(did, fqp.last().unwrap()))
-                }
-                None => HRef::new(did, &last.name).to_string(),
+            if let Ok((_, _, fqp)) = href(did, cx) {
+                format!(
+                    "{}::{}",
+                    join_with_double_colon(&fqp[..fqp.len() - 1]),
+                    anchor(did, *fqp.last().unwrap(), cx)
+                )
+            } else {
+                last.name.to_string()
             }
         } else {
-            HRef::new(did, &last.name).to_string()
+            anchor(did, last.name, cx).to_string()
         };
-        write!(w, "{}{}", path, last.args)?;
+        write!(w, "{}{}", path, last.args.print(cx))?;
     }
     Ok(())
 }
 
-fn primitive_link(f: &mut fmt::Formatter,
-                  prim: clean::PrimitiveType,
-                  name: &str) -> fmt::Result {
-    let m = cache();
+fn primitive_link(
+    f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>,
+    prim: clean::PrimitiveType,
+    name: &str,
+    cx: &Context<'_>,
+) -> fmt::Result {
+    let m = &cx.cache();
     let mut needs_termination = false;
     if !f.alternate() {
         match m.primitive_locations.get(&prim) {
             Some(&def_id) if def_id.is_local() => {
-                let len = CURRENT_LOCATION_KEY.with(|s| s.borrow().len());
-                let len = if len == 0 {0} else {len - 1};
-                write!(f, "<a class=\"primitive\" href=\"{}primitive.{}.html\">",
-                       "../".repeat(len),
-                       prim.to_url_str())?;
+                let len = cx.current.len();
+                let len = if len == 0 { 0 } else { len - 1 };
+                write!(
+                    f,
+                    "<a class=\"primitive\" href=\"{}primitive.{}.html\">",
+                    "../".repeat(len),
+                    prim.as_sym()
+                )?;
                 needs_termination = true;
             }
             Some(&def_id) => {
                 let loc = match m.extern_locations[&def_id.krate] {
-                    (ref cname, _, render::Remote(ref s)) => {
-                        Some((cname, s.to_string()))
+                    ExternalLocation::Remote(ref s) => {
+                        let cname_sym = ExternalCrate { crate_num: def_id.krate }.name(cx.tcx());
+                        let builder: UrlPartsBuilder =
+                            [s.as_str().trim_end_matches('/'), cname_sym.as_str()]
+                                .into_iter()
+                                .collect();
+                        Some(builder)
                     }
-                    (ref cname, _, render::Local) => {
-                        let len = CURRENT_LOCATION_KEY.with(|s| s.borrow().len());
-                        Some((cname, "../".repeat(len)))
+                    ExternalLocation::Local => {
+                        let cname_sym = ExternalCrate { crate_num: def_id.krate }.name(cx.tcx());
+                        Some(if cx.current.first() == Some(&cname_sym) {
+                            iter::repeat(sym::dotdot).take(cx.current.len() - 1).collect()
+                        } else {
+                            iter::repeat(sym::dotdot)
+                                .take(cx.current.len())
+                                .chain(iter::once(cname_sym))
+                                .collect()
+                        })
                     }
-                    (.., render::Unknown) => None,
+                    ExternalLocation::Unknown => None,
                 };
-                if let Some((cname, root)) = loc {
-                    write!(f, "<a class=\"primitive\" href=\"{}{}/primitive.{}.html\">",
-                           root,
-                           cname,
-                           prim.to_url_str())?;
+                if let Some(mut loc) = loc {
+                    loc.push_fmt(format_args!("primitive.{}.html", prim.as_sym()));
+                    write!(f, "<a class=\"primitive\" href=\"{}\">", loc.finish())?;
                     needs_termination = true;
                 }
             }
@@ -513,339 +757,437 @@ fn primitive_link(f: &mut fmt::Formatter,
 }
 
 /// Helper to render type parameters
-fn tybounds(w: &mut fmt::Formatter,
-            typarams: &Option<Vec<clean::GenericBound>>) -> fmt::Result {
-    match *typarams {
-        Some(ref params) => {
-            for param in params {
-                write!(w, " + ")?;
-                fmt::Display::fmt(param, w)?;
+fn tybounds<'a, 'tcx: 'a>(
+    bounds: &'a [clean::PolyTrait],
+    lt: &'a Option<clean::Lifetime>,
+    cx: &'a Context<'tcx>,
+) -> impl fmt::Display + 'a + Captures<'tcx> {
+    display_fn(move |f| {
+        for (i, bound) in bounds.iter().enumerate() {
+            if i > 0 {
+                write!(f, " + ")?;
             }
-            Ok(())
+
+            fmt::Display::fmt(&bound.print(cx), f)?;
         }
-        None => Ok(())
-    }
-}
 
-impl<'a> HRef<'a> {
-    pub fn new(did: DefId, text: &'a str) -> HRef<'a> {
-        HRef { did: did, text: text }
-    }
+        if let Some(lt) = lt {
+            write!(f, " + ")?;
+            fmt::Display::fmt(&lt.print(), f)?;
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    })
 }
 
-impl<'a> fmt::Display for HRef<'a> {
-    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
-        match href(self.did) {
-            Some((url, shortty, fqp)) => if !f.alternate() {
-                write!(f, "<a class=\"{}\" href=\"{}\" title=\"{} {}\">{}</a>",
-                       shortty, url, shortty, fqp.join("::"), self.text)
-            } else {
-                write!(f, "{}", self.text)
-            },
-            _ => write!(f, "{}", self.text),
+crate fn anchor<'a, 'cx: 'a>(
+    did: DefId,
+    text: Symbol,
+    cx: &'cx Context<'_>,
+) -> impl fmt::Display + 'a {
+    let parts = href(did, cx);
+    display_fn(move |f| {
+        if let Ok((url, short_ty, fqp)) = parts {
+            write!(
+                f,
+                r#"<a class="{}" href="{}" title="{} {}">{}</a>"#,
+                short_ty,
+                url,
+                short_ty,
+                join_with_double_colon(&fqp),
+                text.as_str()
+            )
+        } else {
+            write!(f, "{}", text)
         }
-    }
+    })
 }
 
-fn fmt_type(t: &clean::Type, f: &mut fmt::Formatter, use_absolute: bool) -> fmt::Result {
+fn fmt_type<'cx>(
+    t: &clean::Type,
+    f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>,
+    use_absolute: bool,
+    cx: &'cx Context<'_>,
+) -> fmt::Result {
+    trace!("fmt_type(t = {:?})", t);
+
     match *t {
-        clean::Generic(ref name) => {
-            f.write_str(name)
+        clean::Generic(name) => write!(f, "{}", name),
+        clean::Type::Path { ref path } => {
+            // Paths like `T::Output` and `Self::Output` should be rendered with all segments.
+            let did = path.def_id();
+            resolved_path(f, did, path, path.is_assoc_ty(), use_absolute, cx)
         }
-        clean::ResolvedPath{ did, ref typarams, ref path, is_generic } => {
-            if typarams.is_some() {
-                f.write_str("dyn ")?;
-            }
-            // Paths like T::Output and Self::Output should be rendered with all segments
-            resolved_path(f, did, path, is_generic, use_absolute)?;
-            tybounds(f, typarams)
+        clean::DynTrait(ref bounds, ref lt) => {
+            f.write_str("dyn ")?;
+            fmt::Display::fmt(&tybounds(bounds, lt, cx), f)
         }
         clean::Infer => write!(f, "_"),
-        clean::Primitive(prim) => primitive_link(f, prim, prim.as_str()),
+        clean::Primitive(clean::PrimitiveType::Never) => {
+            primitive_link(f, PrimitiveType::Never, "!", cx)
+        }
+        clean::Primitive(prim) => primitive_link(f, prim, prim.as_sym().as_str(), cx),
         clean::BareFunction(ref decl) => {
             if f.alternate() {
-                write!(f, "{}{:#}fn{:#}{:#}",
-                       UnsafetySpace(decl.unsafety),
-                       AbiSpace(decl.abi),
-                       CommaSep(&decl.generic_params),
-                       decl.decl)
+                write!(
+                    f,
+                    "{:#}{}{:#}fn{:#}",
+                    decl.print_hrtb_with_space(cx),
+                    decl.unsafety.print_with_space(),
+                    print_abi_with_space(decl.abi),
+                    decl.decl.print(cx),
+                )
             } else {
-                write!(f, "{}{}", UnsafetySpace(decl.unsafety), AbiSpace(decl.abi))?;
-                primitive_link(f, PrimitiveType::Fn, "fn")?;
-                write!(f, "{}{}", CommaSep(&decl.generic_params), decl.decl)
+                write!(
+                    f,
+                    "{}{}{}",
+                    decl.print_hrtb_with_space(cx),
+                    decl.unsafety.print_with_space(),
+                    print_abi_with_space(decl.abi)
+                )?;
+                primitive_link(f, PrimitiveType::Fn, "fn", cx)?;
+                write!(f, "{}", decl.decl.print(cx))
             }
         }
         clean::Tuple(ref typs) => {
             match &typs[..] {
-                &[] => primitive_link(f, PrimitiveType::Unit, "()"),
+                &[] => primitive_link(f, PrimitiveType::Unit, "()", cx),
                 &[ref one] => {
-                    primitive_link(f, PrimitiveType::Tuple, "(")?;
-                    //carry f.alternate() into this display w/o branching manually
-                    fmt::Display::fmt(one, f)?;
-                    primitive_link(f, PrimitiveType::Tuple, ",)")
+                    primitive_link(f, PrimitiveType::Tuple, "(", cx)?;
+                    // Carry `f.alternate()` into this display w/o branching manually.
+                    fmt::Display::fmt(&one.print(cx), f)?;
+                    primitive_link(f, PrimitiveType::Tuple, ",)", cx)
                 }
                 many => {
-                    primitive_link(f, PrimitiveType::Tuple, "(")?;
-                    fmt::Display::fmt(&CommaSep(many), f)?;
-                    primitive_link(f, PrimitiveType::Tuple, ")")
+                    primitive_link(f, PrimitiveType::Tuple, "(", cx)?;
+                    for (i, item) in many.iter().enumerate() {
+                        if i != 0 {
+                            write!(f, ", ")?;
+                        }
+                        fmt::Display::fmt(&item.print(cx), f)?;
+                    }
+                    primitive_link(f, PrimitiveType::Tuple, ")", cx)
                 }
             }
         }
         clean::Slice(ref t) => {
-            primitive_link(f, PrimitiveType::Slice, "[")?;
-            fmt::Display::fmt(t, f)?;
-            primitive_link(f, PrimitiveType::Slice, "]")
+            primitive_link(f, PrimitiveType::Slice, "[", cx)?;
+            fmt::Display::fmt(&t.print(cx), f)?;
+            primitive_link(f, PrimitiveType::Slice, "]", cx)
         }
         clean::Array(ref t, ref n) => {
-            primitive_link(f, PrimitiveType::Array, "[")?;
-            fmt::Display::fmt(t, f)?;
-            primitive_link(f, PrimitiveType::Array, &format!("; {}]", n))
+            primitive_link(f, PrimitiveType::Array, "[", cx)?;
+            fmt::Display::fmt(&t.print(cx), f)?;
+            if f.alternate() {
+                primitive_link(f, PrimitiveType::Array, &format!("; {}]", n), cx)
+            } else {
+                primitive_link(f, PrimitiveType::Array, &format!("; {}]", Escape(n)), cx)
+            }
         }
-        clean::Never => primitive_link(f, PrimitiveType::Never, "!"),
         clean::RawPointer(m, ref t) => {
-            match **t {
-                clean::Generic(_) | clean::ResolvedPath {is_generic: true, ..} => {
-                    if f.alternate() {
-                        primitive_link(f, clean::PrimitiveType::RawPointer,
-                                       &format!("*{}{:#}", RawMutableSpace(m), t))
-                    } else {
-                        primitive_link(f, clean::PrimitiveType::RawPointer,
-                                       &format!("*{}{}", RawMutableSpace(m), t))
-                    }
-                }
-                _ => {
-                    primitive_link(f, clean::PrimitiveType::RawPointer,
-                                   &format!("*{}", RawMutableSpace(m)))?;
-                    fmt::Display::fmt(t, f)
-                }
+            let m = match m {
+                hir::Mutability::Mut => "mut",
+                hir::Mutability::Not => "const",
+            };
+
+            if matches!(**t, clean::Generic(_)) || t.is_assoc_ty() {
+                let text = if f.alternate() {
+                    format!("*{} {:#}", m, t.print(cx))
+                } else {
+                    format!("*{} {}", m, t.print(cx))
+                };
+                primitive_link(f, clean::PrimitiveType::RawPointer, &text, cx)
+            } else {
+                primitive_link(f, clean::PrimitiveType::RawPointer, &format!("*{} ", m), cx)?;
+                fmt::Display::fmt(&t.print(cx), f)
             }
         }
-        clean::BorrowedRef{ lifetime: ref l, mutability, type_: ref ty} => {
-            let lt = match *l {
-                Some(ref l) => format!("{} ", *l),
+        clean::BorrowedRef { lifetime: ref l, mutability, type_: ref ty } => {
+            let lt = match l {
+                Some(l) => format!("{} ", l.print()),
                 _ => String::new(),
             };
-            let m = MutableSpace(mutability);
-            let amp = if f.alternate() {
-                "&".to_string()
-            } else {
-                "&amp;".to_string()
-            };
+            let m = mutability.print_with_space();
+            let amp = if f.alternate() { "&".to_string() } else { "&amp;".to_string() };
             match **ty {
-                clean::Slice(ref bt) => { // BorrowedRef{ ... Slice(T) } is &[T]
+                clean::Slice(ref bt) => {
+                    // `BorrowedRef{ ... Slice(T) }` is `&[T]`
                     match **bt {
                         clean::Generic(_) => {
                             if f.alternate() {
-                                primitive_link(f, PrimitiveType::Slice,
-                                    &format!("{}{}{}[{:#}]", amp, lt, m, **bt))
+                                primitive_link(
+                                    f,
+                                    PrimitiveType::Slice,
+                                    &format!("{}{}{}[{:#}]", amp, lt, m, bt.print(cx)),
+                                    cx,
+                                )
                             } else {
-                                primitive_link(f, PrimitiveType::Slice,
-                                    &format!("{}{}{}[{}]", amp, lt, m, **bt))
+                                primitive_link(
+                                    f,
+                                    PrimitiveType::Slice,
+                                    &format!("{}{}{}[{}]", amp, lt, m, bt.print(cx)),
+                                    cx,
+                                )
                             }
                         }
                         _ => {
-                            primitive_link(f, PrimitiveType::Slice,
-                                           &format!("{}{}{}[", amp, lt, m))?;
+                            primitive_link(
+                                f,
+                                PrimitiveType::Slice,
+                                &format!("{}{}{}[", amp, lt, m),
+                                cx,
+                            )?;
                             if f.alternate() {
-                                write!(f, "{:#}", **bt)?;
+                                write!(f, "{:#}", bt.print(cx))?;
                             } else {
-                                write!(f, "{}", **bt)?;
+                                write!(f, "{}", bt.print(cx))?;
                             }
-                            primitive_link(f, PrimitiveType::Slice, "]")
+                            primitive_link(f, PrimitiveType::Slice, "]", cx)
                         }
                     }
                 }
-                clean::ResolvedPath { typarams: Some(ref v), .. } if !v.is_empty() => {
+                clean::DynTrait(ref bounds, ref trait_lt)
+                    if bounds.len() > 1 || trait_lt.is_some() =>
+                {
                     write!(f, "{}{}{}(", amp, lt, m)?;
-                    fmt_type(&ty, f, use_absolute)?;
+                    fmt_type(ty, f, use_absolute, cx)?;
                     write!(f, ")")
                 }
                 clean::Generic(..) => {
-                    primitive_link(f, PrimitiveType::Reference,
-                                   &format!("{}{}{}", amp, lt, m))?;
-                    fmt_type(&ty, f, use_absolute)
+                    primitive_link(
+                        f,
+                        PrimitiveType::Reference,
+                        &format!("{}{}{}", amp, lt, m),
+                        cx,
+                    )?;
+                    fmt_type(ty, f, use_absolute, cx)
                 }
                 _ => {
                     write!(f, "{}{}{}", amp, lt, m)?;
-                    fmt_type(&ty, f, use_absolute)
+                    fmt_type(ty, f, use_absolute, cx)
                 }
             }
         }
         clean::ImplTrait(ref bounds) => {
-            write!(f, "impl {}", GenericBounds(bounds))
+            if f.alternate() {
+                write!(f, "impl {:#}", print_generic_bounds(bounds, cx))
+            } else {
+                write!(f, "impl {}", print_generic_bounds(bounds, cx))
+            }
         }
-        clean::QPath { ref name, ref self_type, ref trait_ } => {
-            let should_show_cast = match *trait_ {
-                box clean::ResolvedPath { ref path, .. } => {
-                    !path.segments.is_empty() && !self_type.is_self_type()
-                }
-                _ => true,
-            };
+        clean::QPath { ref assoc, ref self_type, ref trait_, ref self_def_id } => {
+            let should_show_cast = !trait_.segments.is_empty()
+                && self_def_id
+                    .zip(Some(trait_.def_id()))
+                    .map_or(!self_type.is_self_type(), |(id, trait_)| id != trait_);
             if f.alternate() {
                 if should_show_cast {
-                    write!(f, "<{:#} as {:#}>::", self_type, trait_)?
+                    write!(f, "<{:#} as {:#}>::", self_type.print(cx), trait_.print(cx))?
                 } else {
-                    write!(f, "{:#}::", self_type)?
+                    write!(f, "{:#}::", self_type.print(cx))?
                 }
             } else {
                 if should_show_cast {
-                    write!(f, "&lt;{} as {}&gt;::", self_type, trait_)?
+                    write!(f, "&lt;{} as {}&gt;::", self_type.print(cx), trait_.print(cx))?
                 } else {
-                    write!(f, "{}::", self_type)?
+                    write!(f, "{}::", self_type.print(cx))?
                 }
             };
-            match *trait_ {
-                // It's pretty unsightly to look at `<A as B>::C` in output, and
-                // we've got hyperlinking on our side, so try to avoid longer
-                // notation as much as possible by making `C` a hyperlink to trait
-                // `B` to disambiguate.
-                //
-                // FIXME: this is still a lossy conversion and there should probably
-                //        be a better way of representing this in general? Most of
-                //        the ugliness comes from inlining across crates where
-                //        everything comes in as a fully resolved QPath (hard to
-                //        look at).
-                box clean::ResolvedPath { did, ref typarams, .. } => {
-                    match href(did) {
-                        Some((ref url, _, ref path)) if !f.alternate() => {
-                            write!(f,
-                                   "<a class=\"type\" href=\"{url}#{shortty}.{name}\" \
-                                   title=\"type {path}::{name}\">{name}</a>",
-                                   url = url,
-                                   shortty = ItemType::AssociatedType,
-                                   name = name,
-                                   path = path.join("::"))?;
-                        }
-                        _ => write!(f, "{}", name)?,
-                    }
-
-                    // FIXME: `typarams` are not rendered, and this seems bad?
-                    drop(typarams);
-                    Ok(())
-                }
-                _ => {
-                    write!(f, "{}", name)
+            // It's pretty unsightly to look at `<A as B>::C` in output, and
+            // we've got hyperlinking on our side, so try to avoid longer
+            // notation as much as possible by making `C` a hyperlink to trait
+            // `B` to disambiguate.
+            //
+            // FIXME: this is still a lossy conversion and there should probably
+            //        be a better way of representing this in general? Most of
+            //        the ugliness comes from inlining across crates where
+            //        everything comes in as a fully resolved QPath (hard to
+            //        look at).
+            match href(trait_.def_id(), cx) {
+                Ok((ref url, _, ref path)) if !f.alternate() => {
+                    write!(
+                        f,
+                        "<a class=\"associatedtype\" href=\"{url}#{shortty}.{name}\" \
+                                    title=\"type {path}::{name}\">{name}</a>{args}",
+                        url = url,
+                        shortty = ItemType::AssocType,
+                        name = assoc.name,
+                        path = join_with_double_colon(path),
+                        args = assoc.args.print(cx),
+                    )?;
                 }
+                _ => write!(f, "{}{:#}", assoc.name, assoc.args.print(cx))?,
             }
-        }
-        clean::Unique(..) => {
-            panic!("should have been cleaned")
+            Ok(())
         }
     }
 }
 
-impl fmt::Display for clean::Type {
-    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
-        fmt_type(self, f, false)
+impl clean::Type {
+    crate fn print<'b, 'a: 'b, 'tcx: 'a>(
+        &'a self,
+        cx: &'a Context<'tcx>,
+    ) -> impl fmt::Display + 'b + Captures<'tcx> {
+        display_fn(move |f| fmt_type(self, f, false, cx))
     }
 }
 
-fn fmt_impl(i: &clean::Impl,
-            f: &mut fmt::Formatter,
-            link_trait: bool,
-            use_absolute: bool) -> fmt::Result {
-    if f.alternate() {
-        write!(f, "impl{:#} ", i.generics)?;
-    } else {
-        write!(f, "impl{} ", i.generics)?;
+impl clean::Path {
+    crate fn print<'b, 'a: 'b, 'tcx: 'a>(
+        &'a self,
+        cx: &'a Context<'tcx>,
+    ) -> impl fmt::Display + 'b + Captures<'tcx> {
+        display_fn(move |f| resolved_path(f, self.def_id(), self, false, false, cx))
     }
+}
 
-    if let Some(ref ty) = i.trait_ {
-        if i.polarity == Some(clean::ImplPolarity::Negative) {
-            write!(f, "!")?;
-        }
+impl clean::Impl {
+    crate fn print<'a, 'tcx: 'a>(
+        &'a self,
+        use_absolute: bool,
+        cx: &'a Context<'tcx>,
+    ) -> impl fmt::Display + 'a + Captures<'tcx> {
+        display_fn(move |f| {
+            if f.alternate() {
+                write!(f, "impl{:#} ", self.generics.print(cx))?;
+            } else {
+                write!(f, "impl{} ", self.generics.print(cx))?;
+            }
 
-        if link_trait {
-            fmt::Display::fmt(ty, f)?;
-        } else {
-            match *ty {
-                clean::ResolvedPath { typarams: None, ref path, is_generic: false, .. } => {
-                    let last = path.segments.last().unwrap();
-                    fmt::Display::fmt(&last.name, f)?;
-                    fmt::Display::fmt(&last.args, f)?;
+            if let Some(ref ty) = self.trait_ {
+                match self.polarity {
+                    ty::ImplPolarity::Positive | ty::ImplPolarity::Reservation => {}
+                    ty::ImplPolarity::Negative => write!(f, "!")?,
                 }
-                _ => unreachable!(),
+                fmt::Display::fmt(&ty.print(cx), f)?;
+                write!(f, " for ")?;
             }
-        }
-        write!(f, " for ")?;
-    }
 
-    if let Some(ref ty) = i.blanket_impl {
-        fmt_type(ty, f, use_absolute)?;
-    } else {
-        fmt_type(&i.for_, f, use_absolute)?;
-    }
-
-    fmt::Display::fmt(&WhereClause { gens: &i.generics, indent: 0, end_newline: true }, f)?;
-    Ok(())
-}
+            if let Some(ref ty) = self.kind.as_blanket_ty() {
+                fmt_type(ty, f, use_absolute, cx)?;
+            } else {
+                fmt_type(&self.for_, f, use_absolute, cx)?;
+            }
 
-impl fmt::Display for clean::Impl {
-    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
-        fmt_impl(self, f, true, false)
+            fmt::Display::fmt(&print_where_clause(&self.generics, cx, 0, true), f)?;
+            Ok(())
+        })
     }
 }
 
-// The difference from above is that trait is not hyperlinked.
-pub fn fmt_impl_for_trait_page(i: &clean::Impl,
-                               f: &mut fmt::Formatter,
-                               use_absolute: bool) -> fmt::Result {
-    fmt_impl(i, f, false, use_absolute)
-}
-
-impl fmt::Display for clean::Arguments {
-    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
-        for (i, input) in self.values.iter().enumerate() {
-            if !input.name.is_empty() {
-                write!(f, "{}: ", input.name)?;
-            }
-            if f.alternate() {
-                write!(f, "{:#}", input.type_)?;
-            } else {
-                write!(f, "{}", input.type_)?;
+impl clean::Arguments {
+    crate fn print<'a, 'tcx: 'a>(
+        &'a self,
+        cx: &'a Context<'tcx>,
+    ) -> impl fmt::Display + 'a + Captures<'tcx> {
+        display_fn(move |f| {
+            for (i, input) in self.values.iter().enumerate() {
+                if !input.name.is_empty() {
+                    write!(f, "{}: ", input.name)?;
+                }
+                if f.alternate() {
+                    write!(f, "{:#}", input.type_.print(cx))?;
+                } else {
+                    write!(f, "{}", input.type_.print(cx))?;
+                }
+                if i + 1 < self.values.len() {
+                    write!(f, ", ")?;
+                }
             }
-            if i + 1 < self.values.len() { write!(f, ", ")?; }
-        }
-        Ok(())
+            Ok(())
+        })
     }
 }
 
-impl fmt::Display for clean::FunctionRetTy {
-    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
-        match *self {
-            clean::Return(clean::Tuple(ref tys)) if tys.is_empty() => Ok(()),
-            clean::Return(ref ty) if f.alternate() => write!(f, " -> {:#}", ty),
-            clean::Return(ref ty) => write!(f, " -&gt; {}", ty),
+impl clean::FnRetTy {
+    crate fn print<'a, 'tcx: 'a>(
+        &'a self,
+        cx: &'a Context<'tcx>,
+    ) -> impl fmt::Display + 'a + Captures<'tcx> {
+        display_fn(move |f| match self {
+            clean::Return(clean::Tuple(tys)) if tys.is_empty() => Ok(()),
+            clean::Return(ty) if f.alternate() => {
+                write!(f, " -> {:#}", ty.print(cx))
+            }
+            clean::Return(ty) => write!(f, " -&gt; {}", ty.print(cx)),
             clean::DefaultReturn => Ok(()),
-        }
+        })
     }
 }
 
-impl fmt::Display for clean::FnDecl {
-    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
-        if self.variadic {
-            if f.alternate() {
-                write!(f, "({args:#}, ...){arrow:#}", args = self.inputs, arrow = self.output)
+impl clean::BareFunctionDecl {
+    fn print_hrtb_with_space<'a, 'tcx: 'a>(
+        &'a self,
+        cx: &'a Context<'tcx>,
+    ) -> impl fmt::Display + 'a + Captures<'tcx> {
+        display_fn(move |f| {
+            if !self.generic_params.is_empty() {
+                write!(
+                    f,
+                    "for&lt;{}&gt; ",
+                    comma_sep(self.generic_params.iter().map(|g| g.print(cx)), true)
+                )
             } else {
-                write!(f, "({args}, ...){arrow}", args = self.inputs, arrow = self.output)
+                Ok(())
             }
-        } else {
+        })
+    }
+}
+
+impl clean::FnDecl {
+    crate fn print<'b, 'a: 'b, 'tcx: 'a>(
+        &'a self,
+        cx: &'a Context<'tcx>,
+    ) -> impl fmt::Display + 'b + Captures<'tcx> {
+        display_fn(move |f| {
+            let ellipsis = if self.c_variadic { ", ..." } else { "" };
             if f.alternate() {
-                write!(f, "({args:#}){arrow:#}", args = self.inputs, arrow = self.output)
+                write!(
+                    f,
+                    "({args:#}{ellipsis}){arrow:#}",
+                    args = self.inputs.print(cx),
+                    ellipsis = ellipsis,
+                    arrow = self.output.print(cx)
+                )
             } else {
-                write!(f, "({args}){arrow}", args = self.inputs, arrow = self.output)
+                write!(
+                    f,
+                    "({args}{ellipsis}){arrow}",
+                    args = self.inputs.print(cx),
+                    ellipsis = ellipsis,
+                    arrow = self.output.print(cx)
+                )
             }
-        }
+        })
     }
-}
 
-impl<'a> fmt::Display for Method<'a> {
-    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
-        let &Method { decl, name_len, indent } = self;
+    /// * `header_len`: The length of the function header and name. In other words, the number of
+    ///   characters in the function declaration up to but not including the parentheses.
+    ///   <br>Used to determine line-wrapping.
+    /// * `indent`: The number of spaces to indent each successive line with, if line-wrapping is
+    ///   necessary.
+    /// * `asyncness`: Whether the function is async or not.
+    crate fn full_print<'a, 'tcx: 'a>(
+        &'a self,
+        header_len: usize,
+        indent: usize,
+        asyncness: hir::IsAsync,
+        cx: &'a Context<'tcx>,
+    ) -> impl fmt::Display + 'a + Captures<'tcx> {
+        display_fn(move |f| self.inner_full_print(header_len, indent, asyncness, f, cx))
+    }
+
+    fn inner_full_print(
+        &self,
+        header_len: usize,
+        indent: usize,
+        asyncness: hir::IsAsync,
+        f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>,
+        cx: &Context<'_>,
+    ) -> fmt::Result {
         let amp = if f.alternate() { "&" } else { "&amp;" };
-        let mut args = String::new();
-        let mut args_plain = String::new();
-        for (i, input) in decl.inputs.values.iter().enumerate() {
+        let mut args = Buffer::html();
+        let mut args_plain = Buffer::new();
+        for (i, input) in self.inputs.values.iter().enumerate() {
             if i == 0 {
                 args.push_str("<br>");
             }
@@ -857,20 +1199,20 @@ impl<'a> fmt::Display for Method<'a> {
                         args_plain.push_str("self");
                     }
                     clean::SelfBorrowed(Some(ref lt), mtbl) => {
-                        args.push_str(&format!("{}{} {}self", amp, *lt, MutableSpace(mtbl)));
-                        args_plain.push_str(&format!("&{} {}self", *lt, MutableSpace(mtbl)));
+                        write!(args, "{}{} {}self", amp, lt.print(), mtbl.print_with_space());
+                        write!(args_plain, "&{} {}self", lt.print(), mtbl.print_with_space());
                     }
                     clean::SelfBorrowed(None, mtbl) => {
-                        args.push_str(&format!("{}{}self", amp, MutableSpace(mtbl)));
-                        args_plain.push_str(&format!("&{}self", MutableSpace(mtbl)));
+                        write!(args, "{}{}self", amp, mtbl.print_with_space());
+                        write!(args_plain, "&{}self", mtbl.print_with_space());
                     }
                     clean::SelfExplicit(ref typ) => {
                         if f.alternate() {
-                            args.push_str(&format!("self: {:#}", *typ));
+                            write!(args, "self: {:#}", typ.print(cx));
                         } else {
-                            args.push_str(&format!("self: {}", *typ));
+                            write!(args, "self: {}", typ.print(cx));
                         }
-                        args_plain.push_str(&format!("self: {:#}", *typ));
+                        write!(args_plain, "self: {:#}", typ.print(cx));
                     }
                 }
             } else {
@@ -878,49 +1220,56 @@ impl<'a> fmt::Display for Method<'a> {
                     args.push_str(" <br>");
                     args_plain.push_str(" ");
                 }
+                if input.is_const {
+                    args.push_str("const ");
+                    args_plain.push_str("const ");
+                }
                 if !input.name.is_empty() {
-                    args.push_str(&format!("{}: ", input.name));
-                    args_plain.push_str(&format!("{}: ", input.name));
+                    write!(args, "{}: ", input.name);
+                    write!(args_plain, "{}: ", input.name);
                 }
 
                 if f.alternate() {
-                    args.push_str(&format!("{:#}", input.type_));
+                    write!(args, "{:#}", input.type_.print(cx));
                 } else {
-                    args.push_str(&input.type_.to_string());
+                    write!(args, "{}", input.type_.print(cx));
                 }
-                args_plain.push_str(&format!("{:#}", input.type_));
+                write!(args_plain, "{:#}", input.type_.print(cx));
             }
-            if i + 1 < decl.inputs.values.len() {
-                args.push(',');
-                args_plain.push(',');
+            if i + 1 < self.inputs.values.len() {
+                args.push_str(",");
+                args_plain.push_str(",");
             }
         }
 
-        if decl.variadic {
+        let mut args_plain = format!("({})", args_plain.into_inner());
+        let mut args = args.into_inner();
+
+        if self.c_variadic {
             args.push_str(",<br> ...");
             args_plain.push_str(", ...");
         }
 
-        let arrow_plain = format!("{:#}", decl.output);
-        let arrow = if f.alternate() {
-            format!("{:#}", decl.output)
+        let arrow_plain;
+        let arrow = if let hir::IsAsync::Async = asyncness {
+            let output = self.sugared_async_return_type();
+            arrow_plain = format!("{:#}", output.print(cx));
+            if f.alternate() { arrow_plain.clone() } else { format!("{}", output.print(cx)) }
         } else {
-            decl.output.to_string()
+            arrow_plain = format!("{:#}", self.output.print(cx));
+            if f.alternate() { arrow_plain.clone() } else { format!("{}", self.output.print(cx)) }
         };
 
-        let pad = " ".repeat(name_len);
-        let plain = format!("{pad}({args}){arrow}",
-                        pad = pad,
-                        args = args_plain,
-                        arrow = arrow_plain);
-
-        let output = if plain.len() > 80 {
+        let declaration_len = header_len + args_plain.len() + arrow_plain.len();
+        let output = if declaration_len > 80 {
             let full_pad = format!("<br>{}", "&nbsp;".repeat(indent + 4));
             let close_pad = format!("<br>{}", "&nbsp;".repeat(indent));
-            format!("({args}{close}){arrow}",
-                    args = args.replace("<br>", &full_pad),
-                    close = close_pad,
-                    arrow = arrow)
+            format!(
+                "({args}{close}){arrow}",
+                args = args.replace("<br>", &full_pad),
+                close = close_pad,
+                arrow = arrow
+            )
         } else {
             format!("({args}){arrow}", args = args.replace("<br>", ""), arrow = arrow)
         };
@@ -933,125 +1282,267 @@ impl<'a> fmt::Display for Method<'a> {
     }
 }
 
-impl<'a> fmt::Display for VisSpace<'a> {
-    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
-        match *self.get() {
-            Some(clean::Public) => f.write_str("pub "),
-            Some(clean::Inherited) | None => Ok(()),
-            Some(clean::Visibility::Crate) => write!(f, "pub(crate) "),
-            Some(clean::Visibility::Restricted(did, ref path)) => {
-                f.write_str("pub(")?;
-                if path.segments.len() != 1
-                    || (path.segments[0].name != "self" && path.segments[0].name != "super")
+impl clean::Visibility {
+    crate fn print_with_space<'a, 'tcx: 'a>(
+        self,
+        item_did: ItemId,
+        cx: &'a Context<'tcx>,
+    ) -> impl fmt::Display + 'a + Captures<'tcx> {
+        let to_print = match self {
+            clean::Public => "pub ".to_owned(),
+            clean::Inherited => String::new(),
+            clean::Visibility::Restricted(vis_did) => {
+                // FIXME(camelid): This may not work correctly if `item_did` is a module.
+                //                 However, rustdoc currently never displays a module's
+                //                 visibility, so it shouldn't matter.
+                let parent_module = find_nearest_parent_module(cx.tcx(), item_did.expect_def_id());
+
+                if vis_did.index == CRATE_DEF_INDEX {
+                    "pub(crate) ".to_owned()
+                } else if parent_module == Some(vis_did) {
+                    // `pub(in foo)` where `foo` is the parent module
+                    // is the same as no visibility modifier
+                    String::new()
+                } else if parent_module
+                    .map(|parent| find_nearest_parent_module(cx.tcx(), parent))
+                    .flatten()
+                    == Some(vis_did)
                 {
-                    f.write_str("in ")?;
+                    "pub(super) ".to_owned()
+                } else {
+                    let path = cx.tcx().def_path(vis_did);
+                    debug!("path={:?}", path);
+                    // modified from `resolved_path()` to work with `DefPathData`
+                    let last_name = path.data.last().unwrap().data.get_opt_name().unwrap();
+                    let anchor = anchor(vis_did, last_name, cx).to_string();
+
+                    let mut s = "pub(in ".to_owned();
+                    for seg in &path.data[..path.data.len() - 1] {
+                        s.push_str(&format!("{}::", seg.data.get_opt_name().unwrap()));
+                    }
+                    s.push_str(&format!("{}) ", anchor));
+                    s
                 }
-                resolved_path(f, did, path, true, false)?;
-                f.write_str(") ")
             }
-        }
+        };
+        display_fn(move |f| f.write_str(&to_print))
+    }
+
+    /// This function is the same as print_with_space, except that it renders no links.
+    /// It's used for macros' rendered source view, which is syntax highlighted and cannot have
+    /// any HTML in it.
+    crate fn to_src_with_space<'a, 'tcx: 'a>(
+        self,
+        tcx: TyCtxt<'tcx>,
+        item_did: DefId,
+    ) -> impl fmt::Display + 'a + Captures<'tcx> {
+        let to_print = match self {
+            clean::Public => "pub ".to_owned(),
+            clean::Inherited => String::new(),
+            clean::Visibility::Restricted(vis_did) => {
+                // FIXME(camelid): This may not work correctly if `item_did` is a module.
+                //                 However, rustdoc currently never displays a module's
+                //                 visibility, so it shouldn't matter.
+                let parent_module = find_nearest_parent_module(tcx, item_did);
+
+                if vis_did.index == CRATE_DEF_INDEX {
+                    "pub(crate) ".to_owned()
+                } else if parent_module == Some(vis_did) {
+                    // `pub(in foo)` where `foo` is the parent module
+                    // is the same as no visibility modifier
+                    String::new()
+                } else if parent_module
+                    .map(|parent| find_nearest_parent_module(tcx, parent))
+                    .flatten()
+                    == Some(vis_did)
+                {
+                    "pub(super) ".to_owned()
+                } else {
+                    format!("pub(in {}) ", tcx.def_path_str(vis_did))
+                }
+            }
+        };
+        display_fn(move |f| f.write_str(&to_print))
     }
 }
 
-impl fmt::Display for UnsafetySpace {
-    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
-        match self.get() {
-            hir::Unsafety::Unsafe => write!(f, "unsafe "),
-            hir::Unsafety::Normal => Ok(())
+crate trait PrintWithSpace {
+    fn print_with_space(&self) -> &str;
+}
+
+impl PrintWithSpace for hir::Unsafety {
+    fn print_with_space(&self) -> &str {
+        match self {
+            hir::Unsafety::Unsafe => "unsafe ",
+            hir::Unsafety::Normal => "",
         }
     }
 }
 
-impl fmt::Display for ConstnessSpace {
-    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
-        match self.get() {
-            hir::Constness::Const => write!(f, "const "),
-            hir::Constness::NotConst => Ok(())
+impl PrintWithSpace for hir::IsAsync {
+    fn print_with_space(&self) -> &str {
+        match self {
+            hir::IsAsync::Async => "async ",
+            hir::IsAsync::NotAsync => "",
         }
     }
 }
 
-impl fmt::Display for AsyncSpace {
-    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
-        match self.0 {
-            hir::IsAsync::Async => write!(f, "async "),
-            hir::IsAsync::NotAsync => Ok(()),
+impl PrintWithSpace for hir::Mutability {
+    fn print_with_space(&self) -> &str {
+        match self {
+            hir::Mutability::Not => "",
+            hir::Mutability::Mut => "mut ",
         }
     }
 }
 
-impl fmt::Display for clean::Import {
-    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
-        match *self {
-            clean::Import::Simple(ref name, ref src) => {
-                if *name == src.path.last_name() {
-                    write!(f, "use {};", *src)
+crate fn print_constness_with_space(c: &hir::Constness, s: Option<ConstStability>) -> &'static str {
+    match (c, s) {
+        // const stable or when feature(staged_api) is not set
+        (
+            hir::Constness::Const,
+            Some(ConstStability { level: StabilityLevel::Stable { .. }, .. }),
+        )
+        | (hir::Constness::Const, None) => "const ",
+        // const unstable or not const
+        _ => "",
+    }
+}
+
+impl clean::Import {
+    crate fn print<'a, 'tcx: 'a>(
+        &'a self,
+        cx: &'a Context<'tcx>,
+    ) -> impl fmt::Display + 'a + Captures<'tcx> {
+        display_fn(move |f| match self.kind {
+            clean::ImportKind::Simple(name) => {
+                if name == self.source.path.last() {
+                    write!(f, "use {};", self.source.print(cx))
                 } else {
-                    write!(f, "use {} as {};", *src, *name)
+                    write!(f, "use {} as {};", self.source.print(cx), name)
                 }
             }
-            clean::Import::Glob(ref src) => {
-                if src.path.segments.is_empty() {
+            clean::ImportKind::Glob => {
+                if self.source.path.segments.is_empty() {
                     write!(f, "use *;")
                 } else {
-                    write!(f, "use {}::*;", *src)
+                    write!(f, "use {}::*;", self.source.print(cx))
                 }
             }
-        }
+        })
     }
 }
 
-impl fmt::Display for clean::ImportSource {
-    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
-        match self.did {
-            Some(did) => resolved_path(f, did, &self.path, true, false),
+impl clean::ImportSource {
+    crate fn print<'a, 'tcx: 'a>(
+        &'a self,
+        cx: &'a Context<'tcx>,
+    ) -> impl fmt::Display + 'a + Captures<'tcx> {
+        display_fn(move |f| match self.did {
+            Some(did) => resolved_path(f, did, &self.path, true, false, cx),
             _ => {
-                for (i, seg) in self.path.segments.iter().enumerate() {
-                    if i > 0 {
-                        write!(f, "::")?
-                    }
-                    write!(f, "{}", seg.name)?;
+                for seg in &self.path.segments[..self.path.segments.len() - 1] {
+                    write!(f, "{}::", seg.name)?;
+                }
+                let name = self.path.last();
+                if let hir::def::Res::PrimTy(p) = self.path.res {
+                    primitive_link(f, PrimitiveType::from(p), name.as_str(), cx)?;
+                } else {
+                    write!(f, "{}", name)?;
                 }
                 Ok(())
             }
-        }
+        })
     }
 }
 
-impl fmt::Display for clean::TypeBinding {
-    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
-        if f.alternate() {
-            write!(f, "{} = {:#}", self.name, self.ty)
-        } else {
-            write!(f, "{} = {}", self.name, self.ty)
-        }
+impl clean::TypeBinding {
+    crate fn print<'a, 'tcx: 'a>(
+        &'a self,
+        cx: &'a Context<'tcx>,
+    ) -> impl fmt::Display + 'a + Captures<'tcx> {
+        display_fn(move |f| {
+            f.write_str(self.assoc.name.as_str())?;
+            if f.alternate() {
+                write!(f, "{:#}", self.assoc.args.print(cx))?;
+            } else {
+                write!(f, "{}", self.assoc.args.print(cx))?;
+            }
+            match self.kind {
+                clean::TypeBindingKind::Equality { ref term } => {
+                    if f.alternate() {
+                        write!(f, " = {:#}", term.print(cx))?;
+                    } else {
+                        write!(f, " = {}", term.print(cx))?;
+                    }
+                }
+                clean::TypeBindingKind::Constraint { ref bounds } => {
+                    if !bounds.is_empty() {
+                        if f.alternate() {
+                            write!(f, ": {:#}", print_generic_bounds(bounds, cx))?;
+                        } else {
+                            write!(f, ":&nbsp;{}", print_generic_bounds(bounds, cx))?;
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            Ok(())
+        })
     }
 }
 
-impl fmt::Display for MutableSpace {
-    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
-        match *self {
-            MutableSpace(clean::Immutable) => Ok(()),
-            MutableSpace(clean::Mutable) => write!(f, "mut "),
+crate fn print_abi_with_space(abi: Abi) -> impl fmt::Display {
+    display_fn(move |f| {
+        let quot = if f.alternate() { "\"" } else { "&quot;" };
+        match abi {
+            Abi::Rust => Ok(()),
+            abi => write!(f, "extern {0}{1}{0} ", quot, abi.name()),
         }
+    })
+}
+
+crate fn print_default_space<'a>(v: bool) -> &'a str {
+    if v { "default " } else { "" }
+}
+
+impl clean::GenericArg {
+    crate fn print<'a, 'tcx: 'a>(
+        &'a self,
+        cx: &'a Context<'tcx>,
+    ) -> impl fmt::Display + 'a + Captures<'tcx> {
+        display_fn(move |f| match self {
+            clean::GenericArg::Lifetime(lt) => fmt::Display::fmt(&lt.print(), f),
+            clean::GenericArg::Type(ty) => fmt::Display::fmt(&ty.print(cx), f),
+            clean::GenericArg::Const(ct) => fmt::Display::fmt(&ct.print(cx.tcx()), f),
+            clean::GenericArg::Infer => fmt::Display::fmt("_", f),
+        })
     }
 }
 
-impl fmt::Display for RawMutableSpace {
-    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
-        match *self {
-            RawMutableSpace(clean::Immutable) => write!(f, "const "),
-            RawMutableSpace(clean::Mutable) => write!(f, "mut "),
+impl clean::types::Term {
+    crate fn print<'a, 'tcx: 'a>(
+        &'a self,
+        cx: &'a Context<'tcx>,
+    ) -> impl fmt::Display + 'a + Captures<'tcx> {
+        match self {
+            clean::types::Term::Type(ty) => ty.print(cx),
+            _ => todo!(),
         }
     }
 }
 
-impl fmt::Display for AbiSpace {
-    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
-        let quot = if f.alternate() { "\"" } else { "&quot;" };
-        match self.0 {
-            Abi::Rust => Ok(()),
-            abi => write!(f, "extern {0}{1}{0} ", quot, abi.name()),
+crate fn display_fn(f: impl FnOnce(&mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result) -> impl fmt::Display {
+    struct WithFormatter<F>(Cell<Option<F>>);
+
+    impl<F> fmt::Display for WithFormatter<F>
+    where
+        F: FnOnce(&mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result,
+    {
+        fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
+            (self.0.take()).unwrap()(f)
         }
     }
+
+    WithFormatter(Cell::new(Some(f)))
 }