Migrate index, oid, and utils to new errors

Migrate index, oid, and utils to new errors

This includes a few cleanups that came up while converting
these files.

This commit introduces a could new git error classes, including
the catchall class: GITERR_INVALID which I'm using as the class
for invalid and out of range values which are detected at too low
a level of library to use a higher level classification.  For
example, an overflow error in parsing an integer or a bad letter
in parsing an OID string would generate an error in this class.