David Howells [Fri, 3 Apr 2009 15:42:43 +0000 (16:42 +0100)]
NFS: Define and create inode-level cache objects
Define and create inode-level cache data storage objects (as managed by
nfs_inode structs).
Each inode-level object is created in a superblock-level index object and is
itself a data storage object into which pages from the inode are stored.
The inode object key is the NFS file handle for the inode.
The inode object is given coherency data to carry in the auxiliary data
permitted by the cache. This is a sequence made up of:
(1) i_mtime from the NFS inode.
(2) i_ctime from the NFS inode.
(3) i_size from the NFS inode.
(4) change_attr from the NFSv4 attribute data.
As the cache is a persistent cache, the auxiliary data is checked when a new
NFS in-memory inode is set up that matches an already existing data storage
object in the cache. If the coherency data is the same, the on-disk object is
retained and used; if not, it is scrapped and a new one created.
Signed-off-by: David Howells <dhowells@redhat.com> Acked-by: Steve Dickson <steved@redhat.com> Acked-by: Trond Myklebust <Trond.Myklebust@netapp.com> Acked-by: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk> Tested-by: Daire Byrne <Daire.Byrne@framestore.com>
David Howells [Fri, 3 Apr 2009 15:42:42 +0000 (16:42 +0100)]
NFS: Define and create superblock-level objects
Define and create superblock-level cache index objects (as managed by
nfs_server structs).
Each superblock object is created in a server level index object and is itself
an index into which inode-level objects are inserted.
Ideally there would be one superblock-level object per server, and the former
would be folded into the latter; however, since the "nosharecache" option
exists this isn't possible.
The superblock object key is a sequence consisting of:
(1) Certain superblock s_flags.
(2) Various connection parameters that serve to distinguish superblocks for
sget().
(3) The volume FSID.
(4) The security flavour.
(5) The uniquifier length.
(6) The uniquifier text. This is normally an empty string, unless the fsc=xyz
mount option was used to explicitly specify a uniquifier.
The key blob is of variable length, depending on the length of (6).
The superblock object is given no coherency data to carry in the auxiliary data
permitted by the cache. It is assumed that the superblock is always coherent.
This patch also adds uniquification handling such that two otherwise identical
superblocks, at least one of which is marked "nosharecache", won't end up
trying to share the on-disk cache. It will be possible to manually provide a
uniquifier through a mount option with a later patch to avoid the error
otherwise produced.
Signed-off-by: David Howells <dhowells@redhat.com> Acked-by: Steve Dickson <steved@redhat.com> Acked-by: Trond Myklebust <Trond.Myklebust@netapp.com> Acked-by: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk> Tested-by: Daire Byrne <Daire.Byrne@framestore.com>
David Howells [Fri, 3 Apr 2009 15:42:42 +0000 (16:42 +0100)]
NFS: Define and create server-level objects
Define and create server-level cache index objects (as managed by nfs_client
structs).
Each server object is created in the NFS top-level index object and is itself
an index into which superblock-level objects are inserted.
Ideally there would be one superblock-level object per server, and the former
would be folded into the latter; however, since the "nosharecache" option
exists this isn't possible.
The server object key is a sequence consisting of:
(1) NFS version
(2) Server address family (eg: AF_INET or AF_INET6)
(3) Server port.
(4) Server IP address.
The key blob is of variable length, depending on the length of (4).
The server object is given no coherency data to carry in the auxiliary data
permitted by the cache.
Signed-off-by: David Howells <dhowells@redhat.com> Acked-by: Steve Dickson <steved@redhat.com> Acked-by: Trond Myklebust <Trond.Myklebust@netapp.com> Acked-by: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk> Tested-by: Daire Byrne <Daire.Byrne@framestore.com>
David Howells [Fri, 3 Apr 2009 15:42:41 +0000 (16:42 +0100)]
FS-Cache: Make kAFS use FS-Cache
The attached patch makes the kAFS filesystem in fs/afs/ use FS-Cache, and
through it any attached caches. The kAFS filesystem will use caching
automatically if it's available.
Signed-off-by: David Howells <dhowells@redhat.com> Acked-by: Steve Dickson <steved@redhat.com> Acked-by: Trond Myklebust <Trond.Myklebust@netapp.com> Acked-by: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk> Tested-by: Daire Byrne <Daire.Byrne@framestore.com>
David Howells [Fri, 3 Apr 2009 15:42:41 +0000 (16:42 +0100)]
CacheFiles: A cache that backs onto a mounted filesystem
Add an FS-Cache cache-backend that permits a mounted filesystem to be used as a
backing store for the cache.
CacheFiles uses a userspace daemon to do some of the cache management - such as
reaping stale nodes and culling. This is called cachefilesd and lives in
/sbin. The source for the daemon can be downloaded from:
The filesystem and data integrity of the cache are only as good as those of the
filesystem providing the backing services. Note that CacheFiles does not
attempt to journal anything since the journalling interfaces of the various
filesystems are very specific in nature.
CacheFiles creates a misc character device - "/dev/cachefiles" - that is used
to communication with the daemon. Only one thing may have this open at once,
and whilst it is open, a cache is at least partially in existence. The daemon
opens this and sends commands down it to control the cache.
CacheFiles is currently limited to a single cache.
CacheFiles attempts to maintain at least a certain percentage of free space on
the filesystem, shrinking the cache by culling the objects it contains to make
space if necessary - see the "Cache Culling" section. This means it can be
placed on the same medium as a live set of data, and will expand to make use of
spare space and automatically contract when the set of data requires more
space.
============
REQUIREMENTS
============
The use of CacheFiles and its daemon requires the following features to be
available in the system and in the cache filesystem:
- dnotify.
- extended attributes (xattrs).
- openat() and friends.
- bmap() support on files in the filesystem (FIBMAP ioctl).
- The use of bmap() to detect a partial page at the end of the file.
It is strongly recommended that the "dir_index" option is enabled on Ext3
filesystems being used as a cache.
=============
CONFIGURATION
=============
The cache is configured by a script in /etc/cachefilesd.conf. These commands
set up cache ready for use. The following script commands are available:
Configure the culling limits. Optional. See the section on culling
The defaults are 7% (run), 5% (cull) and 1% (stop) respectively.
The commands beginning with a 'b' are file space (block) limits, those
beginning with an 'f' are file count limits.
(*) dir <path>
Specify the directory containing the root of the cache. Mandatory.
(*) tag <name>
Specify a tag to FS-Cache to use in distinguishing multiple caches.
Optional. The default is "CacheFiles".
(*) debug <mask>
Specify a numeric bitmask to control debugging in the kernel module.
Optional. The default is zero (all off). The following values can be
OR'd into the mask to collect various information:
1 Turn on trace of function entry (_enter() macros)
2 Turn on trace of function exit (_leave() macros)
4 Turn on trace of internal debug points (_debug())
This mask can also be set through sysfs, eg:
echo 5 >/sys/modules/cachefiles/parameters/debug
==================
STARTING THE CACHE
==================
The cache is started by running the daemon. The daemon opens the cache device,
configures the cache and tells it to begin caching. At that point the cache
binds to fscache and the cache becomes live.
Increase the debugging level. This can be specified multiple times and
is cumulative with itself.
(*) -s
Send messages to stderr instead of syslog.
(*) -n
Don't daemonise and go into background.
(*) -f <configfile>
Use an alternative configuration file rather than the default one.
===============
THINGS TO AVOID
===============
Do not mount other things within the cache as this will cause problems. The
kernel module contains its own very cut-down path walking facility that ignores
mountpoints, but the daemon can't avoid them.
Do not create, rename or unlink files and directories in the cache whilst the
cache is active, as this may cause the state to become uncertain.
Renaming files in the cache might make objects appear to be other objects (the
filename is part of the lookup key).
Do not change or remove the extended attributes attached to cache files by the
cache as this will cause the cache state management to get confused.
Do not create files or directories in the cache, lest the cache get confused or
serve incorrect data.
Do not chmod files in the cache. The module creates things with minimal
permissions to prevent random users being able to access them directly.
=============
CACHE CULLING
=============
The cache may need culling occasionally to make space. This involves
discarding objects from the cache that have been used less recently than
anything else. Culling is based on the access time of data objects. Empty
directories are culled if not in use.
Cache culling is done on the basis of the percentage of blocks and the
percentage of files available in the underlying filesystem. There are six
"limits":
(*) brun
(*) frun
If the amount of free space and the number of available files in the cache
rises above both these limits, then culling is turned off.
(*) bcull
(*) fcull
If the amount of available space or the number of available files in the
cache falls below either of these limits, then culling is started.
(*) bstop
(*) fstop
If the amount of available space or the number of available files in the
cache falls below either of these limits, then no further allocation of
disk space or files is permitted until culling has raised things above
these limits again.
Note that these are percentages of available space and available files, and do
_not_ appear as 100 minus the percentage displayed by the "df" program.
The userspace daemon scans the cache to build up a table of cullable objects.
These are then culled in least recently used order. A new scan of the cache is
started as soon as space is made in the table. Objects will be skipped if
their atimes have changed or if the kernel module says it is still using them.
===============
CACHE STRUCTURE
===============
The CacheFiles module will create two directories in the directory it was
given:
(*) cache/
(*) graveyard/
The active cache objects all reside in the first directory. The CacheFiles
kernel module moves any retired or culled objects that it can't simply unlink
to the graveyard from which the daemon will actually delete them.
The daemon uses dnotify to monitor the graveyard directory, and will delete
anything that appears therein.
The module represents index objects as directories with the filename "I..." or
"J...". Note that the "cache/" directory is itself a special index.
Data objects are represented as files if they have no children, or directories
if they do. Their filenames all begin "D..." or "E...". If represented as a
directory, data objects will have a file in the directory called "data" that
actually holds the data.
Special objects are similar to data objects, except their filenames begin
"S..." or "T...".
If an object has children, then it will be represented as a directory.
Immediately in the representative directory are a collection of directories
named for hash values of the child object keys with an '@' prepended. Into
this directory, if possible, will be placed the representations of the child
objects:
INDEX INDEX INDEX DATA FILES
========= ========== ================================= ================
cache/@4a/I03nfs/@30/Ji000000000000000--fHg8hi8400
cache/@4a/I03nfs/@30/Ji000000000000000--fHg8hi8400/@75/Es0g000w...DB1ry
cache/@4a/I03nfs/@30/Ji000000000000000--fHg8hi8400/@75/Es0g000w...N22ry
cache/@4a/I03nfs/@30/Ji000000000000000--fHg8hi8400/@75/Es0g000w...FP1ry
If the key is so long that it exceeds NAME_MAX with the decorations added on to
it, then it will be cut into pieces, the first few of which will be used to
make a nest of directories, and the last one of which will be the objects
inside the last directory. The names of the intermediate directories will have
'+' prepended:
J1223/@23/+xy...z/+kl...m/Epqr
Note that keys are raw data, and not only may they exceed NAME_MAX in size,
they may also contain things like '/' and NUL characters, and so they may not
be suitable for turning directly into a filename.
To handle this, CacheFiles will use a suitably printable filename directly and
"base-64" encode ones that aren't directly suitable. The two versions of
object filenames indicate the encoding:
OBJECT TYPE PRINTABLE ENCODED
=============== =============== ===============
Index "I..." "J..."
Data "D..." "E..."
Special "S..." "T..."
Intermediate directories are always "@" or "+" as appropriate.
Each object in the cache has an extended attribute label that holds the object
type ID (required to distinguish special objects) and the auxiliary data from
the netfs. The latter is used to detect stale objects in the cache and update
or retire them.
Note that CacheFiles will erase from the cache any file it doesn't recognise or
any file of an incorrect type (such as a FIFO file or a device file).
==========================
SECURITY MODEL AND SELINUX
==========================
CacheFiles is implemented to deal properly with the LSM security features of
the Linux kernel and the SELinux facility.
One of the problems that CacheFiles faces is that it is generally acting on
behalf of a process, and running in that process's context, and that includes a
security context that is not appropriate for accessing the cache - either
because the files in the cache are inaccessible to that process, or because if
the process creates a file in the cache, that file may be inaccessible to other
processes.
The way CacheFiles works is to temporarily change the security context (fsuid,
fsgid and actor security label) that the process acts as - without changing the
security context of the process when it the target of an operation performed by
some other process (so signalling and suchlike still work correctly).
When the CacheFiles module is asked to bind to its cache, it:
(1) Finds the security label attached to the root cache directory and uses
that as the security label with which it will create files. By default,
this is:
cachefiles_var_t
(2) Finds the security label of the process which issued the bind request
(presumed to be the cachefilesd daemon), which by default will be:
cachefilesd_t
and asks LSM to supply a security ID as which it should act given the
daemon's label. By default, this will be:
cachefiles_kernel_t
SELinux transitions the daemon's security ID to the module's security ID
based on a rule of this form in the policy.
type_transition <daemon's-ID> kernel_t : process <module's-ID>;
For instance:
type_transition cachefilesd_t kernel_t : process cachefiles_kernel_t;
The module's security ID gives it permission to create, move and remove files
and directories in the cache, to find and access directories and files in the
cache, to set and access extended attributes on cache objects, and to read and
write files in the cache.
The daemon's security ID gives it only a very restricted set of permissions: it
may scan directories, stat files and erase files and directories. It may
not read or write files in the cache, and so it is precluded from accessing the
data cached therein; nor is it permitted to create new files in the cache.
and later versions. In that tarball, see the files:
cachefilesd.te
cachefilesd.fc
cachefilesd.if
They are built and installed directly by the RPM.
If a non-RPM based system is being used, then copy the above files to their own
directory and run:
make -f /usr/share/selinux/devel/Makefile
semodule -i cachefilesd.pp
You will need checkpolicy and selinux-policy-devel installed prior to the
build.
By default, the cache is located in /var/fscache, but if it is desirable that
it should be elsewhere, than either the above policy files must be altered, or
an auxiliary policy must be installed to label the alternate location of the
cache.
For instructions on how to add an auxiliary policy to enable the cache to be
located elsewhere when SELinux is in enforcing mode, please see:
/usr/share/doc/cachefilesd-*/move-cache.txt
When the cachefilesd rpm is installed; alternatively, the document can be found
in the sources.
==================
A NOTE ON SECURITY
==================
CacheFiles makes use of the split security in the task_struct. It allocates
its own task_security structure, and redirects current->act_as to point to it
when it acts on behalf of another process, in that process's context.
The reason it does this is that it calls vfs_mkdir() and suchlike rather than
bypassing security and calling inode ops directly. Therefore the VFS and LSM
may deny the CacheFiles access to the cache data because under some
circumstances the caching code is running in the security context of whatever
process issued the original syscall on the netfs.
Furthermore, should CacheFiles create a file or directory, the security
parameters with that object is created (UID, GID, security label) would be
derived from that process that issued the system call, thus potentially
preventing other processes from accessing the cache - including CacheFiles's
cache management daemon (cachefilesd).
What is required is to temporarily override the security of the process that
issued the system call. We can't, however, just do an in-place change of the
security data as that affects the process as an object, not just as a subject.
This means it may lose signals or ptrace events for example, and affects what
the process looks like in /proc.
So CacheFiles makes use of a logical split in the security between the
objective security (task->sec) and the subjective security (task->act_as). The
objective security holds the intrinsic security properties of a process and is
never overridden. This is what appears in /proc, and is what is used when a
process is the target of an operation by some other process (SIGKILL for
example).
The subjective security holds the active security properties of a process, and
may be overridden. This is not seen externally, and is used whan a process
acts upon another object, for example SIGKILLing another process or opening a
file.
LSM hooks exist that allow SELinux (or Smack or whatever) to reject a request
for CacheFiles to run in a context of a specific security label, or to create
files and directories with another security label.
This documentation is added by the patch to:
Documentation/filesystems/caching/cachefiles.txt
Signed-Off-By: David Howells <dhowells@redhat.com> Acked-by: Steve Dickson <steved@redhat.com> Acked-by: Trond Myklebust <Trond.Myklebust@netapp.com> Acked-by: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk> Tested-by: Daire Byrne <Daire.Byrne@framestore.com>
David Howells [Fri, 3 Apr 2009 15:42:39 +0000 (16:42 +0100)]
FS-Cache: Implement data I/O part of netfs API
Implement the data I/O part of the FS-Cache netfs API. The documentation and
API header file were added in a previous patch.
This patch implements the following functions for the netfs to call:
(*) fscache_attr_changed().
Indicate that the object has changed its attributes. The only attribute
currently recorded is the file size. Only pages within the set file size
will be stored in the cache.
This operation is submitted for asynchronous processing, and will return
immediately. It will return -ENOMEM if an out of memory error is
encountered, -ENOBUFS if the object is not actually cached, or 0 if the
operation is successfully queued.
Request data be fetched from the disk, and allocate internal metadata to
track the netfs pages and reserve disk space for unknown pages.
These operations perform semi-asynchronous data reads. Upon returning
they will indicate which pages they think can be retrieved from disk, and
will have set in progress attempts to retrieve those pages.
These will return, in order of preference, -ENOMEM on memory allocation
error, -ERESTARTSYS if a signal interrupted proceedings, -ENODATA if one
or more requested pages are not yet cached, -ENOBUFS if the object is not
actually cached or if there isn't space for future pages to be cached on
this object, or 0 if successful.
In the case of the multipage function, the pages for which reads are set
in progress will be removed from the list and the page count decreased
appropriately.
If any read operations should fail, the completion function will be given
an error, and will also be passed contextual information to allow the
netfs to fall back to querying the server for the absent pages.
For each successful read, the page completion function will also be
called.
Any pages subsequently tracked by the cache will have PG_fscache set upon
them on return. fscache_uncache_page() must be called for such pages.
If supplied by the netfs, the mark_pages_cached() cookie op will be
invoked for any pages now tracked.
(*) fscache_alloc_page().
Allocate internal metadata to track a netfs page and reserve disk space.
This will return -ENOMEM on memory allocation error, -ERESTARTSYS on
signal, -ENOBUFS if the object isn't cached, or there isn't enough space
in the cache, or 0 if successful.
Any pages subsequently tracked by the cache will have PG_fscache set upon
them on return. fscache_uncache_page() must be called for such pages.
If supplied by the netfs, the mark_pages_cached() cookie op will be
invoked for any pages now tracked.
(*) fscache_write_page().
Request data be stored to disk. This may only be called on pages that
have been read or alloc'd by the above three functions and have not yet
been uncached.
This will return -ENOMEM on memory allocation error, -ERESTARTSYS on
signal, -ENOBUFS if the object isn't cached, or there isn't immediately
enough space in the cache, or 0 if successful.
On a successful return, this operation will have queued the page for
asynchronous writing to the cache. The page will be returned with
PG_fscache_write set until the write completes one way or another. The
caller will not be notified if the write fails due to an I/O error. If
that happens, the object will become available and all pending writes will
be aborted.
Note that the cache may batch up page writes, and so it may take a while
to get around to writing them out.
The caller must assume that until PG_fscache_write is cleared the page is
use by the cache. Any changes made to the page may be reflected on disk.
The page may even be under DMA.
(*) fscache_uncache_page().
Indicate that the cache should stop tracking a page previously read or
alloc'd from the cache. If the page was alloc'd only, but unwritten, it
will not appear on disk.
Signed-off-by: David Howells <dhowells@redhat.com> Acked-by: Steve Dickson <steved@redhat.com> Acked-by: Trond Myklebust <Trond.Myklebust@netapp.com> Acked-by: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk> Tested-by: Daire Byrne <Daire.Byrne@framestore.com>
FS-Cache has an asynchronous operations handling facility that it uses for its
data storage and retrieval routines. Its operations are represented by
fscache_operation structs, though these are usually embedded into some other
structure.
This facility is available to and expected to be be used by the cache backends,
and FS-Cache will create operations and pass them off to the appropriate cache
backend for completion.
To make use of this facility, <linux/fscache-cache.h> should be #included.
===============================
OPERATION RECORD INITIALISATION
===============================
An operation is recorded in an fscache_operation struct:
struct fscache_operation {
union {
struct work_struct fast_work;
struct slow_work slow_work;
};
unsigned long flags;
fscache_operation_processor_t processor;
...
};
Someone wanting to issue an operation should allocate something with this
struct embedded in it. They should initialise it by calling:
with the operation to be initialised and the release function to use.
The op->flags parameter should be set to indicate the CPU time provision and
the exclusivity (see the Parameters section).
The op->fast_work, op->slow_work and op->processor flags should be set as
appropriate for the CPU time provision (see the Parameters section).
FSCACHE_OP_WAITING may be set in op->flags prior to each submission of the
operation and waited for afterwards.
==========
PARAMETERS
==========
There are a number of parameters that can be set in the operation record's flag
parameter. There are three options for the provision of CPU time in these
operations:
(1) The operation may be done synchronously (FSCACHE_OP_MYTHREAD). A thread
may decide it wants to handle an operation itself without deferring it to
another thread.
This is, for example, used in read operations for calling readpages() on
the backing filesystem in CacheFiles. Although readpages() does an
asynchronous data fetch, the determination of whether pages exist is done
synchronously - and the netfs does not proceed until this has been
determined.
If this option is to be used, FSCACHE_OP_WAITING must be set in op->flags
before submitting the operation, and the operating thread must wait for it
to be cleared before proceeding:
(2) The operation may be fast asynchronous (FSCACHE_OP_FAST), in which case it
will be given to keventd to process. Such an operation is not permitted
to sleep on I/O.
This is, for example, used by CacheFiles to copy data from a backing fs
page to a netfs page after the backing fs has read the page in.
If this option is used, op->fast_work and op->processor must be
initialised before submitting the operation:
INIT_WORK(&op->fast_work, do_some_work);
(3) The operation may be slow asynchronous (FSCACHE_OP_SLOW), in which case it
will be given to the slow work facility to process. Such an operation is
permitted to sleep on I/O.
This is, for example, used by FS-Cache to handle background writes of
pages that have just been fetched from a remote server.
If this option is used, op->slow_work and op->processor must be
initialised before submitting the operation:
fscache_operation_init_slow(op, processor)
Furthermore, operations may be one of two types:
(1) Exclusive (FSCACHE_OP_EXCLUSIVE). Operations of this type may not run in
conjunction with any other operation on the object being operated upon.
An example of this is the attribute change operation, in which the file
being written to may need truncation.
(2) Shareable. Operations of this type may be running simultaneously. It's
up to the operation implementation to prevent interference between other
operations running at the same time.
=========
PROCEDURE
=========
Operations are used through the following procedure:
(1) The submitting thread must allocate the operation and initialise it
itself. Normally this would be part of a more specific structure with the
generic op embedded within.
(2) The submitting thread must then submit the operation for processing using
one of the following two functions:
int fscache_submit_op(struct fscache_object *object,
struct fscache_operation *op);
int fscache_submit_exclusive_op(struct fscache_object *object,
struct fscache_operation *op);
The first function should be used to submit non-exclusive ops and the
second to submit exclusive ones. The caller must still set the
FSCACHE_OP_EXCLUSIVE flag.
If successful, both functions will assign the operation to the specified
object and return 0. -ENOBUFS will be returned if the object specified is
permanently unavailable.
The operation manager will defer operations on an object that is still
undergoing lookup or creation. The operation will also be deferred if an
operation of conflicting exclusivity is in progress on the object.
If the operation is asynchronous, the manager will retain a reference to
it, so the caller should put their reference to it by passing it to:
(3) If the submitting thread wants to do the work itself, and has marked the
operation with FSCACHE_OP_MYTHREAD, then it should monitor
FSCACHE_OP_WAITING as described above and check the state of the object if
necessary (the object might have died whilst the thread was waiting).
When it has finished doing its processing, it should call
fscache_put_operation() on it.
(4) The operation holds an effective lock upon the object, preventing other
exclusive ops conflicting until it is released. The operation can be
enqueued for further immediate asynchronous processing by adjusting the
CPU time provisioning option if necessary, eg:
When used in asynchronous mode, the worker thread pool will invoke the
processor method with a pointer to the operation. This should then get at the
container struct by using container_of():
The caller holds a reference on the operation, and will invoke
fscache_put_operation() when the processor function returns. The processor
function is at liberty to call fscache_enqueue_operation() or to take extra
references.
Signed-off-by: David Howells <dhowells@redhat.com> Acked-by: Steve Dickson <steved@redhat.com> Acked-by: Trond Myklebust <Trond.Myklebust@netapp.com> Acked-by: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk> Tested-by: Daire Byrne <Daire.Byrne@framestore.com>
David Howells [Fri, 3 Apr 2009 15:42:38 +0000 (16:42 +0100)]
FS-Cache: Implement the cookie management part of the netfs API
Implement the cookie management part of the FS-Cache netfs client API. The
documentation and API header file were added in a previous patch.
This patch implements the following three functions:
(1) fscache_acquire_cookie().
Acquire a cookie to represent an object to the netfs. If the object in
question is a non-index object, then that object and its parent indices
will be created on disk at this point if they don't already exist. Index
creation is deferred because an index may reside in multiple caches.
(2) fscache_relinquish_cookie().
Retire or release a cookie previously acquired. At this point, the
object on disk may be destroyed.
(3) fscache_update_cookie().
Update the in-cache representation of a cookie. This is used to update
the auxiliary data for coherency management purposes.
With this patch it is possible to have a netfs instruct a cache backend to
look up, validate and create metadata on disk and to destroy it again.
The ability to actually store and retrieve data in the objects so created is
added in later patches.
Note that these functions will never return an error. _All_ errors are
handled internally to FS-Cache.
The worst that can happen is that fscache_acquire_cookie() may return a NULL
pointer - which is considered a negative cookie pointer and can be passed back
to any function that takes a cookie without harm. A negative cookie pointer
merely suppresses caching at that level.
The stub in linux/fscache.h will detect inline the negative cookie pointer and
abort the operation as fast as possible. This means that the compiler doesn't
have to set up for a call in that case.
See the documentation in Documentation/filesystems/caching/netfs-api.txt for
more information.
Signed-off-by: David Howells <dhowells@redhat.com> Acked-by: Steve Dickson <steved@redhat.com> Acked-by: Trond Myklebust <Trond.Myklebust@netapp.com> Acked-by: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk> Tested-by: Daire Byrne <Daire.Byrne@framestore.com>
David Howells [Fri, 3 Apr 2009 15:42:38 +0000 (16:42 +0100)]
FS-Cache: Object management state machine
Implement the cache object management state machine.
The following documentation is added to illuminate the working of this state
machine. It will also be added as:
Documentation/filesystems/caching/object.txt
====================================================
IN-KERNEL CACHE OBJECT REPRESENTATION AND MANAGEMENT
====================================================
==============
REPRESENTATION
==============
FS-Cache maintains an in-kernel representation of each object that a netfs is
currently interested in. Such objects are represented by the fscache_cookie
struct and are referred to as cookies.
FS-Cache also maintains a separate in-kernel representation of the objects that
a cache backend is currently actively caching. Such objects are represented by
the fscache_object struct. The cache backends allocate these upon request, and
are expected to embed them in their own representations. These are referred to
as objects.
There is a 1:N relationship between cookies and objects. A cookie may be
represented by multiple objects - an index may exist in more than one cache -
or even by no objects (it may not be cached).
Furthermore, both cookies and objects are hierarchical. The two hierarchies
correspond, but the cookies tree is a superset of the union of the object trees
of multiple caches:
In the above illustration, ICookie and IObject represent indices and DCookie
and DObject represent data storage objects. Indices may have representation in
multiple caches, but currently, non-index objects may not. Objects of any type
may also be entirely unrepresented.
As far as the netfs API goes, the netfs is only actually permitted to see
pointers to the cookies. The cookies themselves and any objects attached to
those cookies are hidden from it.
===============================
OBJECT MANAGEMENT STATE MACHINE
===============================
Within FS-Cache, each active object is managed by its own individual state
machine. The state for an object is kept in the fscache_object struct, in
object->state. A cookie may point to a set of objects that are in different
states.
Each state has an action associated with it that is invoked when the machine
wakes up in that state. There are four logical sets of states:
(1) Preparation: states that wait for the parent objects to become ready. The
representations are hierarchical, and it is expected that an object must
be created or accessed with respect to its parent object.
(2) Initialisation: states that perform lookups in the cache and validate
what's found and that create on disk any missing metadata.
(3) Normal running: states that allow netfs operations on objects to proceed
and that update the state of objects.
(4) Termination: states that detach objects from their netfs cookies, that
delete objects from disk, that handle disk and system errors and that free
up in-memory resources.
In most cases, transitioning between states is in response to signalled events.
When a state has finished processing, it will usually set the mask of events in
which it is interested (object->event_mask) and relinquish the worker thread.
Then when an event is raised (by calling fscache_raise_event()), if the event
is not masked, the object will be queued for processing (by calling
fscache_enqueue_object()).
PROVISION OF CPU TIME
---------------------
The work to be done by the various states is given CPU time by the threads of
the slow work facility (see Documentation/slow-work.txt). This is used in
preference to the workqueue facility because:
(1) Threads may be completely occupied for very long periods of time by a
particular work item. These state actions may be doing sequences of
synchronous, journalled disk accesses (lookup, mkdir, create, setxattr,
getxattr, truncate, unlink, rmdir, rename).
(2) Threads may do little actual work, but may rather spend a lot of time
sleeping on I/O. This means that single-threaded and 1-per-CPU-threaded
workqueues don't necessarily have the right numbers of threads.
LOCKING SIMPLIFICATION
----------------------
Because only one worker thread may be operating on any particular object's
state machine at once, this simplifies the locking, particularly with respect
to disconnecting the netfs's representation of a cache object (fscache_cookie)
from the cache backend's representation (fscache_object) - which may be
requested from either end.
=================
THE SET OF STATES
=================
The object state machine has a set of states that it can be in. There are
preparation states in which the object sets itself up and waits for its parent
object to transit to a state that allows access to its children:
(1) State FSCACHE_OBJECT_INIT.
Initialise the object and wait for the parent object to become active. In
the cache, it is expected that it will not be possible to look an object
up from the parent object, until that parent object itself has been looked
up.
There are initialisation states in which the object sets itself up and accesses
disk for the object metadata:
(2) State FSCACHE_OBJECT_LOOKING_UP.
Look up the object on disk, using the parent as a starting point.
FS-Cache expects the cache backend to probe the cache to see whether this
object is represented there, and if it is, to see if it's valid (coherency
management).
The cache should call fscache_object_lookup_negative() to indicate lookup
failure for whatever reason, and should call fscache_obtained_object() to
indicate success.
At the completion of lookup, FS-Cache will let the netfs go ahead with
read operations, no matter whether the file is yet cached. If not yet
cached, read operations will be immediately rejected with ENODATA until
the first known page is uncached - as to that point there can be no data
to be read out of the cache for that file that isn't currently also held
in the pagecache.
(3) State FSCACHE_OBJECT_CREATING.
Create an object on disk, using the parent as a starting point. This
happens if the lookup failed to find the object, or if the object's
coherency data indicated what's on disk is out of date. In this state,
FS-Cache expects the cache to create
The cache should call fscache_obtained_object() if creation completes
successfully, fscache_object_lookup_negative() otherwise.
At the completion of creation, FS-Cache will start processing write
operations the netfs has queued for an object. If creation failed, the
write ops will be transparently discarded, and nothing recorded in the
cache.
There are some normal running states in which the object spends its time
servicing netfs requests:
(4) State FSCACHE_OBJECT_AVAILABLE.
A transient state in which pending operations are started, child objects
are permitted to advance from FSCACHE_OBJECT_INIT state, and temporary
lookup data is freed.
(5) State FSCACHE_OBJECT_ACTIVE.
The normal running state. In this state, requests the netfs makes will be
passed on to the cache.
(6) State FSCACHE_OBJECT_UPDATING.
The state machine comes here to update the object in the cache from the
netfs's records. This involves updating the auxiliary data that is used
to maintain coherency.
And there are terminal states in which an object cleans itself up, deallocates
memory and potentially deletes stuff from disk:
(7) State FSCACHE_OBJECT_LC_DYING.
The object comes here if it is dying because of a lookup or creation
error. This would be due to a disk error or system error of some sort.
Temporary data is cleaned up, and the parent is released.
(8) State FSCACHE_OBJECT_DYING.
The object comes here if it is dying due to an error, because its parent
cookie has been relinquished by the netfs or because the cache is being
withdrawn.
Any child objects waiting on this one are given CPU time so that they too
can destroy themselves. This object waits for all its children to go away
before advancing to the next state.
(9) State FSCACHE_OBJECT_ABORT_INIT.
The object comes to this state if it was waiting on its parent in
FSCACHE_OBJECT_INIT, but its parent died. The object will destroy itself
so that the parent may proceed from the FSCACHE_OBJECT_DYING state.
(10) State FSCACHE_OBJECT_RELEASING.
(11) State FSCACHE_OBJECT_RECYCLING.
The object comes to one of these two states when dying once it is rid of
all its children, if it is dying because the netfs relinquished its
cookie. In the first state, the cached data is expected to persist, and
in the second it will be deleted.
(12) State FSCACHE_OBJECT_WITHDRAWING.
The object transits to this state if the cache decides it wants to
withdraw the object from service, perhaps to make space, but also due to
error or just because the whole cache is being withdrawn.
(13) State FSCACHE_OBJECT_DEAD.
The object transits to this state when the in-memory object record is
ready to be deleted. The object processor shouldn't ever see an object in
this state.
THE SET OF EVENTS
-----------------
There are a number of events that can be raised to an object state machine:
(*) FSCACHE_OBJECT_EV_UPDATE
The netfs requested that an object be updated. The state machine will ask
the cache backend to update the object, and the cache backend will ask the
netfs for details of the change through its cookie definition ops.
(*) FSCACHE_OBJECT_EV_CLEARED
This is signalled in two circumstances:
(a) when an object's last child object is dropped and
(b) when the last operation outstanding on an object is completed.
This is used to proceed from the dying state.
(*) FSCACHE_OBJECT_EV_ERROR
This is signalled when an I/O error occurs during the processing of some
object.
These are signalled when the netfs relinquishes a cookie it was using.
The event selected depends on whether the netfs asks for the backing
object to be retired (deleted) or retained.
(*) FSCACHE_OBJECT_EV_WITHDRAW
This is signalled when the cache backend wants to withdraw an object.
This means that the object will have to be detached from the netfs's
cookie.
Because the withdrawing releasing/retiring events are all handled by the object
state machine, it doesn't matter if there's a collision with both ends trying
to sever the connection at the same time. The state machine can just pick
which one it wants to honour, and that effects the other.
Signed-off-by: David Howells <dhowells@redhat.com> Acked-by: Steve Dickson <steved@redhat.com> Acked-by: Trond Myklebust <Trond.Myklebust@netapp.com> Acked-by: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk> Tested-by: Daire Byrne <Daire.Byrne@framestore.com>
David Howells [Fri, 3 Apr 2009 15:42:38 +0000 (16:42 +0100)]
FS-Cache: Add netfs registration
Add functions to register and unregister a network filesystem or other client
of the FS-Cache service. This allocates and releases the cookie representing
the top-level index for a netfs, and makes it available to the netfs.
If the FS-Cache facility is disabled, then the calls are optimised away at
compile time.
Note that whilst this patch may appear to work with FS-Cache enabled and a
netfs attempting to use it, it will leak the cookie it allocates for the netfs
as fscache_relinquish_cookie() is implemented in a later patch. This will
cause the slab code to emit a warning when the module is removed.
Signed-off-by: David Howells <dhowells@redhat.com> Acked-by: Steve Dickson <steved@redhat.com> Acked-by: Trond Myklebust <Trond.Myklebust@netapp.com> Acked-by: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk> Tested-by: Daire Byrne <Daire.Byrne@framestore.com>
David Howells [Fri, 3 Apr 2009 15:42:37 +0000 (16:42 +0100)]
FS-Cache: Root index definition
Add a description of the root index of the cache for later patches to make use
of.
The root index is owned by FS-Cache itself. When a netfs requests caching
facilities, FS-Cache will, if one doesn't already exist, create an entry in
the root index with the key being the name of the netfs ("AFS" for example),
and the auxiliary data holding the index structure version supplied by the
netfs:
FSDEF
|
+-----------+
| |
NFS AFS
[v=1] [v=1]
If an entry with the appropriate name does already exist, the version is
compared. If the version is different, the entire subtree from that entry
will be discarded and a new entry created.
The new entry will be an index, and a cookie referring to it will be passed to
the netfs. This is then the root handle by which the netfs accesses the
cache. It can create whatever objects it likes in that index, including
further indices.
Signed-off-by: David Howells <dhowells@redhat.com> Acked-by: Steve Dickson <steved@redhat.com> Acked-by: Trond Myklebust <Trond.Myklebust@netapp.com> Acked-by: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk> Tested-by: Daire Byrne <Daire.Byrne@framestore.com>
David Howells [Fri, 3 Apr 2009 15:42:37 +0000 (16:42 +0100)]
FS-Cache: Add use of /proc and presentation of statistics
Make FS-Cache create its /proc interface and present various statistical
information through it. Also provide the functions for updating this
information.
David Howells [Fri, 3 Apr 2009 15:42:36 +0000 (16:42 +0100)]
FS-Cache: Add main configuration option, module entry points and debugging
Add the main configuration option, allowing FS-Cache to be selected; the
module entry and exit functions and the debugging stuff used by these patches.
The two configuration options added are:
CONFIG_FSCACHE
CONFIG_FSCACHE_DEBUG
The first enables the facility, and the second makes the debugging statements
enableable through the "debug" module parameter. The value of this parameter
is a bitmask as described in:
Documentation/filesystems/caching/fscache.txt
The module can be loaded at this point, but all it will do at this point in
the patch series is to start up the slow work facility and shut it down again.
Signed-off-by: David Howells <dhowells@redhat.com> Acked-by: Steve Dickson <steved@redhat.com> Acked-by: Trond Myklebust <Trond.Myklebust@netapp.com> Acked-by: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk> Tested-by: Daire Byrne <Daire.Byrne@framestore.com>
David Howells [Fri, 3 Apr 2009 15:42:36 +0000 (16:42 +0100)]
FS-Cache: Add the FS-Cache cache backend API and documentation
Add the API for a generic facility (FS-Cache) by which caches may declare them
selves open for business, and may obtain work to be done from network
filesystems. The header file is included by:
#include <linux/fscache-cache.h>
Documentation for the API is also added to:
Documentation/filesystems/caching/backend-api.txt
This API is not usable without the implementation of the utility functions
which will be added in further patches.
Signed-off-by: David Howells <dhowells@redhat.com> Acked-by: Steve Dickson <steved@redhat.com> Acked-by: Trond Myklebust <Trond.Myklebust@netapp.com> Acked-by: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk> Tested-by: Daire Byrne <Daire.Byrne@framestore.com>
David Howells [Fri, 3 Apr 2009 15:42:36 +0000 (16:42 +0100)]
FS-Cache: Add the FS-Cache netfs API and documentation
Add the API for a generic facility (FS-Cache) by which filesystems (such as AFS
or NFS) may call on local caching capabilities without having to know anything
about how the cache works, or even if there is a cache:
General documentation and documentation of the netfs specific API are provided
in addition to the header files.
As this patch stands, it is possible to build a filesystem against the facility
and attempt to use it. All that will happen is that all requests will be
immediately denied as if no cache is present.
Further patches will implement the core of the facility. The facility will
transfer requests from networking filesystems to appropriate caches if
possible, or else gracefully deny them.
If this facility is disabled in the kernel configuration, then all its
operations will trivially reduce to nothing during compilation.
WHY NOT I_MAPPING?
==================
I have added my own API to implement caching rather than using i_mapping to do
this for a number of reasons. These have been discussed a lot on the LKML and
CacheFS mailing lists, but to summarise the basics:
(1) Most filesystems don't do hole reportage. Holes in files are treated as
blocks of zeros and can't be distinguished otherwise, making it difficult
to distinguish blocks that have been read from the network and cached from
those that haven't.
(2) The backing inode must be fully populated before being exposed to
userspace through the main inode because the VM/VFS goes directly to the
backing inode and does not interrogate the front inode's VM ops.
Therefore:
(a) The backing inode must fit entirely within the cache.
(b) All backed files currently open must fit entirely within the cache at
the same time.
(c) A working set of files in total larger than the cache may not be
cached.
(d) A file may not grow larger than the available space in the cache.
(e) A file that's open and cached, and remotely grows larger than the
cache is potentially stuffed.
(3) Writes go to the backing filesystem, and can only be transferred to the
network when the file is closed.
(4) There's no record of what changes have been made, so the whole file must
be written back.
(5) The pages belong to the backing filesystem, and all metadata associated
with that page are relevant only to the backing filesystem, and not
anything stacked atop it.
OVERVIEW
========
FS-Cache provides (or will provide) the following facilities:
(1) Caches can be added / removed at any time, even whilst in use.
(2) Adds a facility by which tags can be used to refer to caches, even if
they're not available yet.
(3) More than one cache can be used at once. Caches can be selected
explicitly by use of tags.
(4) The netfs is provided with an interface that allows either party to
withdraw caching facilities from a file (required for (1)).
(5) A netfs may annotate cache objects that belongs to it. This permits the
storage of coherency maintenance data.
(6) Cache objects will be pinnable and space reservations will be possible.
(7) The interface to the netfs returns as few errors as possible, preferring
rather to let the netfs remain oblivious.
(8) Cookies are used to represent indices, files and other objects to the
netfs. The simplest cookie is just a NULL pointer - indicating nothing
cached there.
(9) The netfs is allowed to propose - dynamically - any index hierarchy it
desires, though it must be aware that the index search function is
recursive, stack space is limited, and indices can only be children of
indices.
(10) Indices can be used to group files together to reduce key size and to make
group invalidation easier. The use of indices may make lookup quicker,
but that's cache dependent.
(11) Data I/O is effectively done directly to and from the netfs's pages. The
netfs indicates that page A is at index B of the data-file represented by
cookie C, and that it should be read or written. The cache backend may or
may not start I/O on that page, but if it does, a netfs callback will be
invoked to indicate completion. The I/O may be either synchronous or
asynchronous.
(12) Cookies can be "retired" upon release. At this point FS-Cache will mark
them as obsolete and the index hierarchy rooted at that point will get
recycled.
(13) The netfs provides a "match" function for index searches. In addition to
saying whether a match was made or not, this can also specify that an
entry should be updated or deleted.
FS-Cache maintains a virtual index tree in which all indices, files, objects
and pages are kept. Bits of this tree may actually reside in one or more
caches.
In the example above, two netfs's can be seen to be backed: NFS and AFS. These
have different index hierarchies:
(*) The NFS primary index will probably contain per-server indices. Each
server index is indexed by NFS file handles to get data file objects.
Each data file objects can have an array of pages, but may also have
further child objects, such as extended attributes and directory entries.
Extended attribute objects themselves have page-array contents.
(*) The AFS primary index contains per-cell indices. Each cell index contains
per-logical-volume indices. Each of volume index contains up to three
indices for the read-write, read-only and backup mirrors of those volumes.
Each of these contains vnode data file objects, each of which contains an
array of pages.
The very top index is the FS-Cache master index in which individual netfs's
have entries.
Any index object may reside in more than one cache, provided it only has index
children. Any index with non-index object children will be assumed to only
reside in one cache.
The FS-Cache overview can be found in:
Documentation/filesystems/caching/fscache.txt
The netfs API to FS-Cache can be found in:
Documentation/filesystems/caching/netfs-api.txt
Signed-off-by: David Howells <dhowells@redhat.com> Acked-by: Steve Dickson <steved@redhat.com> Acked-by: Trond Myklebust <Trond.Myklebust@netapp.com> Acked-by: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk> Tested-by: Daire Byrne <Daire.Byrne@framestore.com>
David Howells [Fri, 3 Apr 2009 15:42:36 +0000 (16:42 +0100)]
FS-Cache: Recruit a page flags for cache management
Recruit a page flag to aid in cache management. The following extra flag is
defined:
(1) PG_fscache (PG_private_2)
The marked page is backed by a local cache and is pinning resources in the
cache driver.
If PG_fscache is set, then things that checked for PG_private will now also
check for that. This includes things like truncation and page invalidation.
The function page_has_private() had been added to make the checks for both
PG_private and PG_private_2 at the same time.
Signed-off-by: David Howells <dhowells@redhat.com> Acked-by: Steve Dickson <steved@redhat.com> Acked-by: Trond Myklebust <Trond.Myklebust@netapp.com> Acked-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com> Acked-by: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk> Tested-by: Daire Byrne <Daire.Byrne@framestore.com>
David Howells [Fri, 3 Apr 2009 15:42:35 +0000 (16:42 +0100)]
FS-Cache: Release page->private after failed readahead
The attached patch causes read_cache_pages() to release page-private data on a
page for which add_to_page_cache() fails. If the filler function fails, then
the problematic page is left attached to the pagecache (with appropriate flags
set, one presumes) and the remaining to-be-attached pages are invalidated and
discarded. This permits pages with caching references associated with them to
be cleaned up.
The invalidatepage() address space op is called (indirectly) to do the honours.
Signed-off-by: David Howells <dhowells@redhat.com> Acked-by: Steve Dickson <steved@redhat.com> Acked-by: Trond Myklebust <Trond.Myklebust@netapp.com> Acked-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com> Acked-by: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk> Tested-by: Daire Byrne <Daire.Byrne@framestore.com>
David Howells [Fri, 3 Apr 2009 15:42:35 +0000 (16:42 +0100)]
Make the slow work pool configurable
Make the slow work pool configurable through /proc/sys/kernel/slow-work.
(*) /proc/sys/kernel/slow-work/min-threads
The minimum number of threads that should be in the pool as long as it is
in use. This may be anywhere between 2 and max-threads.
(*) /proc/sys/kernel/slow-work/max-threads
The maximum number of threads that should in the pool. This may be
anywhere between min-threads and 255 or NR_CPUS * 2, whichever is greater.
(*) /proc/sys/kernel/slow-work/vslow-percentage
The percentage of active threads in the pool that may be used to execute
very slow work items. This may be between 1 and 99. The resultant number
is bounded to between 1 and one fewer than the number of active threads.
This ensures there is always at least one thread that can process very
slow work items, and always at least one thread that won't.
Signed-off-by: David Howells <dhowells@redhat.com> Acked-by: Serge Hallyn <serue@us.ibm.com> Acked-by: Steve Dickson <steved@redhat.com> Acked-by: Trond Myklebust <Trond.Myklebust@netapp.com> Acked-by: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk> Tested-by: Daire Byrne <Daire.Byrne@framestore.com>
David Howells [Fri, 3 Apr 2009 15:42:35 +0000 (16:42 +0100)]
Make slow-work thread pool actually dynamic
Make the slow-work thread pool actually dynamic in the number of threads it
contains. With this patch, it will both create additional threads when it has
extra work to do, and cull excess threads that aren't doing anything.
Signed-off-by: David Howells <dhowells@redhat.com> Acked-by: Serge Hallyn <serue@us.ibm.com> Acked-by: Steve Dickson <steved@redhat.com> Acked-by: Trond Myklebust <Trond.Myklebust@netapp.com> Acked-by: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk> Tested-by: Daire Byrne <Daire.Byrne@framestore.com>
David Howells [Fri, 3 Apr 2009 15:42:35 +0000 (16:42 +0100)]
Create a dynamically sized pool of threads for doing very slow work items
Create a dynamically sized pool of threads for doing very slow work items, such
as invoking mkdir() or rmdir() - things that may take a long time and may
sleep, holding mutexes/semaphores and hogging a thread, and are thus unsuitable
for workqueues.
The number of threads is always at least a settable minimum, but more are
started when there's more work to do, up to a limit. Because of the nature of
the load, it's not suitable for a 1-thread-per-CPU type pool. A system with
one CPU may well want several threads.
This is used by FS-Cache to do slow caching operations in the background, such
as looking up, creating or deleting cache objects.
Signed-off-by: David Howells <dhowells@redhat.com> Acked-by: Serge Hallyn <serue@us.ibm.com> Acked-by: Steve Dickson <steved@redhat.com> Acked-by: Trond Myklebust <Trond.Myklebust@netapp.com> Acked-by: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk> Tested-by: Daire Byrne <Daire.Byrne@framestore.com>
Merge branch 'for-linus' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/viro/vfs-2.6
* 'for-linus' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/viro/vfs-2.6:
Remove two unneeded exports and make two symbols static in fs/mpage.c
Cleanup after commit 585d3bc06f4ca57f975a5a1f698f65a45ea66225
Trim includes of fdtable.h
Don't crap into descriptor table in binfmt_som
Trim includes in binfmt_elf
Don't mess with descriptor table in load_elf_binary()
Get rid of indirect include of fs_struct.h
New helper - current_umask()
check_unsafe_exec() doesn't care about signal handlers sharing
New locking/refcounting for fs_struct
Take fs_struct handling to new file (fs/fs_struct.c)
Get rid of bumping fs_struct refcount in pivot_root(2)
Kill unsharing fs_struct in __set_personality()
Merge branch 'drm-linus' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/airlied/drm-2.6
* 'drm-linus' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/airlied/drm-2.6: (21 commits)
drm/radeon: load the right microcode on rs780
drm: remove unused "can_grow" parameter from drm_crtc_helper_initial_config
drm: fix EDID backward compat check
drm: sync the mode validation for INTERLACE/DBLSCAN
drm: fix typo in edid vendor parsing.
DRM: drm_crtc_helper.h doesn't actually need i2c.h
drm: fix missing inline function on 32-bit powerpc.
drm: Use pgprot_writecombine in GEM GTT mapping to get the right bits for !PAT.
drm/i915: Add a spinlock to protect the active_list
drm/i915: Fix SDVO TV support
drm/i915: Fix SDVO CREATE_PREFERRED_INPUT_TIMING command
drm/i915: Fix error in SDVO DTD and modeline convert
drm/i915: Fix SDVO command debug function
drm/i915: fix TV mode setting in property change
drm/i915: only set TV mode when any property changed
drm/i915: clean up udelay usage
drm/i915: add VGA hotplug support for 945+
drm/i915: correctly set IGD device's gtt size for KMS.
drm/i915: avoid hanging on to a stale pointer to raw_edid.
drm/i915: check for -EINVAL from vm_insert_pfn
...
* git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/davem/net-2.6: (54 commits)
glge: remove unused #include <version.h>
dnet: remove unused #include <version.h>
tcp: miscounts due to tcp_fragment pcount reset
tcp: add helper for counter tweaking due mid-wq change
hso: fix for the 'invalid frame length' messages
hso: fix for crash when unplugging the device
fsl_pq_mdio: Fix compile failure
fsl_pq_mdio: Revive UCC MDIO support
ucc_geth: Pass proper device to DMA routines, otherwise oops happens
i.MX31: Fixing cs89x0 network building to i.MX31ADS
tc35815: Fix build error if NAPI enabled
hso: add Vendor/Product ID's for new devices
ucc_geth: Remove unused header
gianfar: Remove unused header
kaweth: Fix locking to be SMP-safe
net: allow multiple dev per napi with GRO
r8169: reset IntrStatus after chip reset
ixgbe: Fix potential memory leak/driver panic issue while setting up Tx & Rx ring parameters
ixgbe: fix ethtool -A|a behavior
ixgbe: Patch to fix driver panic while freeing up tx & rx resources
...
Jack Steiner [Thu, 2 Apr 2009 23:59:48 +0000 (16:59 -0700)]
cpumask: fix slab corruption caused by alloc_cpumask_var_node()
Fix slab corruption caused by alloc_cpumask_var_node() overwriting the
tail end of an off-stack cpumask.
The function zeros out cpumask bits beyond the last possible cpu. The
starting point for zeroing should be the beginning of the mask offset by a
byte count derived from the number of possible cpus. The offset was
calculated in bits instead of bytes. This resulted in overwriting the end
of the cpumask.
Signed-off-by: Jack Steiner <steiner@sgi.com> Acked-by: Mike Travis <travis.sgi.com> Acked-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu> Cc: Rusty Russell <rusty@rustcorp.com.au> Cc: Stephen Rothwell <sfr@canb.auug.org.au> Cc: <stable@kernel.org> [2.6.29.x] Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Robin Holt [Thu, 2 Apr 2009 23:59:45 +0000 (16:59 -0700)]
Factor out #ifdefs from kernel/spinlock.c to LOCK_CONTENDED_FLAGS
SGI has observed that on large systems, interrupts are not serviced for a
long period of time when waiting for a rwlock. The following patch series
re-enables irqs while waiting for the lock, resembling the code which is
already there for spinlocks.
I only made the ia64 version, because the patch adds some overhead to the
fast path. I assume there is currently no demand to have this for other
architectures, because the systems are not so large. Of course, the
possibility to implement raw_{read|write}_lock_flags for any architecture
is still there.
This patch:
The new macro LOCK_CONTENDED_FLAGS expands to the correct implementation
depending on the config options, so that IRQ's are re-enabled when
possible, but they remain disabled if CONFIG_LOCKDEP is set.
Signed-off-by: Petr Tesarik <ptesarik@suse.cz> Signed-off-by: Robin Holt <holt@sgi.com> Cc: <linux-arch@vger.kernel.org> Cc: Ingo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu> Cc: Peter Zijlstra <a.p.zijlstra@chello.nl> Cc: "Luck, Tony" <tony.luck@intel.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Coly Li [Thu, 2 Apr 2009 23:59:41 +0000 (16:59 -0700)]
fs/reiserfs: return f_fsid for statfs(2)
Make reiserfs3 return f_fsid info for statfs(2). By Andreas' suggestion,
this patch populates a persistent f_fsid between boots/mounts with help of
on-disk uuid record.
Randy Dunlap reported a compiling error from v2 patch like:
fs/built-in.o: In function `reiserfs_statfs':
super.c:(.text+0x7332b): undefined reference to `crc32_le'
super.c:(.text+0x7333f): undefined reference to `crc32_le'
Also he provided helpful solution to fix this error. The modification of v3
patch is based on Randy's suggestion, add 'select CRC32' in fs/reiserfs/Kconfig.
Signed-off-by: Coly Li <coly.li@suse.de> Cc: Randy Dunlap <randy.dunlap@oracle.com> Cc: Jeff Mahoney <jeffm@suse.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Coly Li [Thu, 2 Apr 2009 23:59:38 +0000 (16:59 -0700)]
fs/isofs: return f_fsid for statfs(2)
Make isofs return f_fsid info for statfs(2).
Signed-off-by: Coly Li <coly.li@suse.de> Cc: Jan Kara <jack@ucw.cz> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Coly Li [Thu, 2 Apr 2009 23:59:27 +0000 (16:59 -0700)]
fs/adfs: return f_fsid for statfs(2)
Currently many file systems in Linux kernel do not return f_fsid in statfs
info, the value is set as 0 in vfs layer. Anyway, in some conditions,
f_fsid from statfs(2) is useful, especially being used as (f_fsid, ino)
pair to uniquely identify a file.
Basic idea of the patches is generating a unique fs ID by
huge_encode_dev(sb->s_bdev->bd_dev) during file system mounting life time
(no endian consistent issue). sb is a point of struct super_block of
current mounted file system being accessed by statfs(2).
This patch:
Make adfs return f_fsid info for statfs(2), and do a little variable
renaming in adfs_statfs().
Signed-off-by: Coly Li <coly.li@suse.de> Cc: Roman Zippel <zippel@linux-m68k.org> Cc: "Sergey S. Kostyliov" <rathamahata@php4.ru> Cc: OGAWA Hirofumi <hirofumi@mail.parknet.co.jp> Cc: Mikulas Patocka <mikulas@artax.karlin.mff.cuni.cz> Cc: Dave Kleikamp <shaggy@austin.ibm.com> Cc: Bob Copeland <me@bobcopeland.com> Cc: Anders Larsen <al@alarsen.net> Cc: Phillip Lougher <phillip@lougher.demon.co.uk> Cc: Christoph Hellwig <hch@infradead.org> Cc: Evgeniy Dushistov <dushistov@mail.ru> Cc: Jan Kara <jack@suse.cz> Cc: Andreas Dilger <adilger@sun.com> Cc: Jamie Lokier <jamie@shareable.org> Cc: Theodore Ts'o <tytso@mit.edu> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
preadv/pwritev: Add preadv and pwritev system calls.
This patch adds preadv and pwritev system calls. These syscalls are a
pretty straightforward combination of pread and readv (same for write).
They are quite useful for doing vectored I/O in threaded applications.
Using lseek+readv instead opens race windows you'll have to plug with
locking.
Other systems have such system calls too, for example NetBSD, check
here: http://www.daemon-systems.org/man/preadv.2.html
The application-visible interface provided by glibc should look like
this to be compatible to the existing implementations in the *BSD family:
This prototype has one problem though: On 32bit archs is the (64bit)
offset argument unaligned, which the syscall ABI of several archs doesn't
allow to do. At least s390 needs a wrapper in glibc to handle this. As
we'll need a wrappers in glibc anyway I've decided to push problem to
glibc entriely and use a syscall prototype which works without
arch-specific wrappers inside the kernel: The offset argument is
explicitly splitted into two 32bit values.
The patch sports the actual system call implementation and the windup in
the x86 system call tables. Other archs follow as separate patches.
David VomLehn [Thu, 2 Apr 2009 23:59:15 +0000 (16:59 -0700)]
cramfs: propagate uncompression errors
Decompression errors can arise due to corruption of compressed blocks on
flash or in memory. This patch propagates errors detected during
decompression back to the block layer.
Signed-off-by: David VomLehn <dvomlehn@cisco.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Robin Holt [Thu, 2 Apr 2009 23:59:14 +0000 (16:59 -0700)]
xpc_sn2: fix max() warning about pointers of different types
Fix a minor compile warning when building on ia64.
drivers/misc/sgi-xp/xpc_sn2.c: In function `xpc_clear_remote_msgqueue_flags_sn2':
drivers/misc/sgi-xp/xpc_sn2.c:1746: warning: comparison of distinct pointer types lacks a cast
Signed-off-by: Robin Holt <holt@sgi.com> Cc: Sam Ravnborg <sam@ravnborg.org> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Robin Holt [Thu, 2 Apr 2009 23:59:13 +0000 (16:59 -0700)]
sgi-gru: remove SGI_GRU as a valid config option for ia64 configs with SGI_UV
Some current configs turn on GRU for ia64. The GRU code does not
correctly load on boot on ia64 (GRU does continue to work for x86-64), so
changing the IA64 Kconfig to not select GRU on ia64 configs for now until
we have time to fix.
Signed-off-by: Robin Holt <holt@sgi.com> Acked-by: Jack Steiner <steiner@sgi.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Jack Steiner [Thu, 2 Apr 2009 23:59:10 +0000 (16:59 -0700)]
sgi-gru: add support to the GRU driver for message queue interrupts
Add support to the GRU driver for message queue interrupts.
Signed-off-by: Jack Steiner <steiner@sgi.com> Signed-off-by: Dean Nelson <dcn@sgi.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Jack Steiner [Thu, 2 Apr 2009 23:59:08 +0000 (16:59 -0700)]
sgi-gru: aSID (context management) bug fixes
This patch fixes bugs related to ASID (context id) management in the GRU
driver. These changes are all internal to the SGI GRU driver and have no
effect on the base kernel.
Signed-off-by: Jack Steiner <steiner@sgi.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Jack Steiner [Thu, 2 Apr 2009 23:59:06 +0000 (16:59 -0700)]
sgi-gru: change GRU CCH commands from inline functions to outofline functions
Change the GRU instructions that manage contexts from inline functions to
out-of-line functions. This simplifies adding statistics & error checking
to these functions.
Signed-off-by: Jack Steiner <steiner@sgi.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Jack Steiner [Thu, 2 Apr 2009 23:59:03 +0000 (16:59 -0700)]
sgi-gru: add macros for using the UV hub to send interrupts
Add macros for using the UV hub to send interrupts. Change the IPI code
to use these macros. These macros will also be used in additional patches
that will follow.
Signed-off-by: Jack Steiner <steiner@sgi.com> Cc: "Luck, Tony" <tony.luck@intel.com> Cc: Ingo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu> Cc: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de> Cc: "H. Peter Anvin" <hpa@zytor.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Dmitri Vorobiev [Thu, 2 Apr 2009 23:58:58 +0000 (16:58 -0700)]
kexec: vmcoreinfo_data[] can become static
The vmcoreinfo_data[] array is not used outside of kernel/kexec.c, and
can therefore become static. This patch adds the relevant keyword to the
definition of the array.
Noticed by sparse.
Signed-off-by: Dmitri Vorobiev <dmitri.vorobiev@movial.com> Cc: "Eric W. Biederman" <ebiederm@xmission.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Neil Horman [Thu, 2 Apr 2009 23:58:57 +0000 (16:58 -0700)]
kexec: add dmesg log symbols to /proc/vmcoreinfo lists
It would be nice to be able to extract the dmesg log from a vmcore file
without needing to keep the debug symbols for the running kernel handy all
the time. We have a facility to do this in /proc/vmcore. This patch adds
the log_buf and log_end symbols to the vmcoreinfo area so that tools (like
makedumpfile) can easily extract the dmesg logs from a vmcore image.
[akpm@linux-foundation.org: several fixes and cleanups]
[akpm@linux-foundation.org: fix unused log_buf_kexec_setup()]
[akpm@linux-foundation.org: build fix] Signed-off-by: Neil Horman <nhorman@tuxdriver.com> Cc: Simon Horman <horms@verge.net.au> Acked-by: Vivek Goyal <vgoyal@redhat.com> Cc: Neil Horman <nhorman@tuxdriver.com> Cc: Simon Horman <horms@verge.net.au> Cc: Vivek Goyal <vgoyal@redhat.com> Cc: Randy Dunlap <randy.dunlap@oracle.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
netmos serial/parallel adapters come in different flavour differing only
by the number of parallel and serial ports, which are encoded in the
subdevice ID.
Last fix of Christian Pellegrin for 9855 2P2S broke support for 9855 1P4S,
and works only by side-effect for the first parallel port of a 2P2S, as
this first parallel port is found by reading the second addr entry of
(struct parport_pc_pci) cards[netmos_9855], which is not initialized, and
hence has value 0, which happens to be the BAR of the first parallel port.
netmos_9xx5_combo entry in (struct parport_pc_pci) cards[], which is used
for a 9845 1P4S must also be fixed for the parallel port support when
there are 4 serial ports because this entry currently gives 2 as BAR index
for the parallel port. Actually, in this case, BAR 2 is the 3rd serial
port while the parallel port is at BAR 4.
I fixed 9845 1P4S and 9855 1P4S support, while preserving 9855 2P2S support,
- by creating a netmos_9855_2p entry and using it for 9855 boards with 2
parallel ports : 9855 2P2S and 9855 2P0S boards,
- and by allowing netmos_parallel_init to change not only the number of
parallel ports (0 or 1), but making it also change the BAR index of the
parallel port when the serial ports are before the parallel port.
PS: the netmos_9855_2p entry in (struct pciserial_board)
pci_parport_serial_boards[] is needed because netmos_parallel_init has no
clean way to replace FL_BASE2 by FL_BASE4 in the description of the serial
ports in function of the number of parallel ports on the card.
Tested with 9845 1P4S, 9855 1P4S and 9855 2P2S boards.
Signed-off-by: Philippe De Muyter <phdm@macqel.be> Tested-by: Christian Pellegrin <chripell@fsfe.org> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Harry Ciao [Thu, 2 Apr 2009 23:58:50 +0000 (16:58 -0700)]
edac: AMD8131 driver source file
Introduce AMD8131 EDAC driver source file, which makes use of error
detections on the PCI-X Bridge Controllers on the AMD8131 HyperTransport
PCI-X Tunnel.
Signed-off-by: Harry Ciao <qingtao.cao@windriver.com> Cc: Doug Thompson <norsk5@yahoo.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Harry Ciao [Thu, 2 Apr 2009 23:58:49 +0000 (16:58 -0700)]
edac: AMD8131 driver header file
Introduce AMD8131 EDAC driver header file, which adds register and bits
definitions for the PCI-X Bridge Controller on the AMD8131 HyperTransport
I/O Hub.
Signed-off-by: Harry Ciao <qingtao.cao@windriver.com> Cc: Doug Thompson <norsk5@yahoo.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Harry Ciao [Thu, 2 Apr 2009 23:58:47 +0000 (16:58 -0700)]
edac: Add edac_pci_alloc_index()
Add edac_pci_alloc_index(), because for MAPLE platform there may exist
several EDAC driver modules that could make use of edac_pci_ctl_info
structure at the same time. The index allocation for these structures
should be taken care of by EDAC core.
Signed-off-by: Harry Ciao <qingtao.cao@windriver.com> Cc: Doug Thompson <norsk5@yahoo.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Harry Ciao [Thu, 2 Apr 2009 23:58:46 +0000 (16:58 -0700)]
edac: AMD8111 driver source file
Introduce AMD8111 EDAC driver source file, which makes use of error
detections on the LPC Bridge Controller and PCI Bridge Controller on the
AMD8111 HyperTransport I/O Hub.
Signed-off-by: Harry Ciao <qingtao.cao@windriver.com> Cc: Doug Thompson <norsk5@yahoo.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Harry Ciao [Thu, 2 Apr 2009 23:58:46 +0000 (16:58 -0700)]
edac: AMD8111 driver header file
Introduce AMD8111 EDAC driver header file, which adds register and bits
definitions for the LPC Bridge Controller and PCI Bridge Controller on the
AMD8111 HyperTransport I/O Hub.
Signed-off-by: Harry Ciao <qingtao.cao@windriver.com> Cc: Doug Thompson <norsk5@yahoo.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Grant Erickson [Thu, 2 Apr 2009 23:58:45 +0000 (16:58 -0700)]
edac: new ppc4xx driver module
This adds support for an EDAC memory controller adaptation driver for the
"ibm,sdram-4xx-ddr2" ECC controller realized in the AMCC PowerPC 405EX[r].
At present, this driver has been developed and tested against the
controller realization in the AMCC PPC405EX[r] on the AMCC Kilauea and
Haleakala boards (256 MiB w/o ECC memory soldered onto the board) and a
proprietary board based on those designs (128 MiB ECC memory, also
soldered onto the board).
In the future, dynamic feature detection and handling needs to be added
for the other realizations of this controller found in the 440SP, 440SPe,
460EX, 460GT and 460SX.
Eventually, this driver will likely be evolved and adapted to the above
variant realizations of this controller as well as broken apart to handle
the other known ECC-capable controllers prevalent in other PPC4xx
processors:
- IBM SDRAM (405GP, 405CR and 405EP) "ibm,sdram-4xx"
- IBM DDR1 (440GP, 440GX, 440EP and 440GR) "ibm,sdram-4xx-ddr"
- Denali DDR1/DDR2 (440EPX and 440GRX) "denali,sdram-4xx-ddr2"
[akpm@linux-foundation.org: coding-style fixes] Signed-off-by: Grant Erickson <gerickson@nuovations.com> Signed-off-by: Doug Thompson <dougthompson@xmission.com> Cc: Benjamin Herrenschmidt <benh@kernel.crashing.org> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
After 3 years, this is a patch to remove the EXPERIMENTAL tag on EDAC. We
now have many module drivers submitters in EDAC and believe EDAC is no
longer EXPERIMENTAL
A patch for making a debugging information more verbose for use in
development debugging.
By enabling the new option "More verbose debugging", information about
source file and line number will be added to debugging message.
This is sample output,
EDAC MC0: Giving out device to 'e7xxx_edac' 'E7205': DEV 0000:00:00.0
EDAC DEBUG: in drivers/edac/edac_pci.c, line at 48: edac_pci_alloc_ctl_info()
EDAC DEBUG: in drivers/edac/edac_pci.c, line at 334: edac_pci_add_device()
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
Pavel Machek [Thu, 2 Apr 2009 23:58:42 +0000 (16:58 -0700)]
nbd: trivial cleanups
Trivial cleanups for nbd: only the return -EIO one really changes code,
and I've verified all the callers (plus 0 == success, 1 == error
convention is really ugly).
Signed-off-by: Pavel Machek <pavel@suse.cz> Acked-by: Paul Clements <paul.clements@steeleye.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
pids: refactor vnr/nr_ns helpers to make them safe
Inho, the safety rules for vnr/nr_ns helpers are horrible and buggy.
task_pid_nr_ns(task) needs rcu/tasklist depending on task == current.
As for "special" pids, vnr/nr_ns helpers always need rcu. However, if
task != current, they are unsafe even under rcu lock, we can't trust
task->group_leader without the special checks.
And almost every helper has a callsite which needs a fix.
Also, it is a bit annoying that the implementations of, say,
task_pgrp_vnr() and task_pgrp_nr_ns() are not "symmetrical".
This patch introduces the new helper, __task_pid_nr_ns(), which is always
safe to use, and turns all other helpers into the trivial wrappers.
After this I'll send another patch which converts task_tgid_xxx() as well,
they're are a bit special.
Signed-off-by: Oleg Nesterov <oleg@redhat.com> Cc: Louis Rilling <Louis.Rilling@kerlabs.com> Cc: "Eric W. Biederman" <ebiederm@xmission.com> Cc: Pavel Emelyanov <xemul@openvz.org> Cc: Sukadev Bhattiprolu <sukadev@linux.vnet.ibm.com> Cc: Roland McGrath <roland@redhat.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
pids: improve get_task_pid() to fix the unsafe sys_wait4()->task_pgrp()
sys_wait4() does get_pid(task_pgrp(current)), this is not safe. We can
add rcu lock/unlock around, but we already have get_task_pid() which can
be improved to handle the special pids in more reliable manner.
Signed-off-by: Oleg Nesterov <oleg@redhat.com> Cc: Louis Rilling <Louis.Rilling@kerlabs.com> Cc: "Eric W. Biederman" <ebiederm@xmission.com> Cc: Pavel Emelyanov <xemul@openvz.org> Cc: Sukadev Bhattiprolu <sukadev@linux.vnet.ibm.com> Cc: Roland McGrath <roland@redhat.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
projects / mirror_ubuntu-eoan-kernel.git / log