+sub openat($$$;$) {
+ my ($dirfd, $pathname, $flags, $mode) = @_;
+ my $fd = syscall(PVE::Syscall::openat, $dirfd, $pathname, $flags, $mode//0);
+ return undef if $fd < 0;
+ # sysopen() doesn't deal with numeric file descriptors apparently
+ # so we need to convert to a mode string for IO::Handle->new_from_fd
+ my $flagstr = ($flags & O_RDWR) ? 'rw' : ($flags & O_WRONLY) ? 'w' : 'r';
+ my $handle = IO::Handle->new_from_fd($fd, $flagstr);
+ return $handle if $handle;
+ my $err = $!; # save error before closing the raw fd
+ syscall(PVE::Syscall::close, $fd); # close
+ $! = $err;
+ return undef;
+}
+
+sub mkdirat($$$) {
+ my ($dirfd, $name, $mode) = @_;
+ return syscall(PVE::Syscall::mkdirat, $dirfd, $name, $mode) == 0;
+}
+
+my $salt_starter = time();
+
+sub encrypt_pw {
+ my ($pw) = @_;
+
+ $salt_starter++;
+ my $salt = substr(Digest::SHA::sha1_base64(time() + $salt_starter + $$), 0, 8);
+
+ # crypt does not want '+' in salt (see 'man crypt')
+ $salt =~ s/\+/X/g;
+
+ return crypt(encode("utf8", $pw), "\$5\$$salt\$");
+}
+
+# intended usage: convert_size($val, "kb" => "gb")
+# we round up to the next integer by default
+# E.g. `convert_size(1023, "b" => "kb")` returns 1
+# use $no_round_up to switch this off, above example would then return 0
+# this is also true for converting down e.g. 0.0005 gb to mb returns 1
+# (0 if $no_round_up is true)
+# allowed formats for value:
+# 1234
+# 1234.
+# 1234.1234
+# .1234
+sub convert_size {
+ my ($value, $from, $to, $no_round_up) = @_;
+
+ my $units = {
+ b => 0,
+ kb => 1,
+ mb => 2,
+ gb => 3,
+ tb => 4,
+ pb => 5,
+ };
+
+ die "no value given"
+ if !defined($value) || $value eq "";
+
+ $from = lc($from // ''); $to = lc($to // '');
+ die "unknown 'from' and/or 'to' units ($from => $to)"
+ if !defined($units->{$from}) || !defined($units->{$to});
+
+ die "value '$value' is not a valid, positive number"
+ if $value !~ m/^(?:[0-9]+\.?[0-9]*|[0-9]*\.[0-9]+)$/;
+
+ my $shift_amount = ($units->{$from} - $units->{$to}) * 10;
+
+ $value *= 2**$shift_amount;
+ $value++ if !$no_round_up && ($value - int($value)) > 0.0;
+
+ return int($value);
+}
+