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<section id="string_algo.usage" last-revision="$Date$">
    <title>Usage</title>

    <using-namespace name="boost"/>
    <using-namespace name="boost::algorithm"/>


    <section>
        <title>First Example</title>
        
        <para>
            Using the algorithms is straightforward. Let us have a look at the first example:
        </para>
        <programlisting>
    #include &lt;boost/algorithm/string.hpp&gt;
    using namespace std;
    using namespace boost;
    
    // ...

    string str1(" hello world! ");
    to_upper(str1);  // str1 == " HELLO WORLD! "
    trim(str1);      // str1 == "HELLO WORLD!"

    string str2=
       to_lower_copy(
          ireplace_first_copy(
             str1,"hello","goodbye")); // str2 == "goodbye world!"
        </programlisting>
        <para>
            This example converts str1 to upper case and trims spaces from the start and the end
            of the string. str2 is then created as a copy of str1 with "hello" replaced with "goodbye".
            This example demonstrates several important concepts used in the library:
        </para>
        <itemizedlist>
            <listitem>
                <para><emphasis role="bold">Container parameters:</emphasis>
                    Unlike in the STL algorithms, parameters are not specified only in the form
                    of iterators. The STL convention allows for great flexibility,
                    but it has several limitations. It is not possible to <emphasis>stack</emphasis> algorithms together, 
                    because a container is passed in two parameters. Therefore it is not possible to use 
                    a return value from another algorithm. It is considerably easier to write
                    <code>to_lower(str1)</code>, than <code>to_lower(str1.begin(), str1.end())</code>.
                </para>
                <para>
                    The magic of <ulink url="../../libs/range/index.html">Boost.Range</ulink> 
                    provides a uniform way of handling different string types. 
                    If there is a need to pass a pair of iterators, 
                    <ulink url="../../libs/range/doc/html/range/reference/utilities/iterator_range.html"><code>boost::iterator_range</code></ulink>
                    can be used to package iterators into a structure with a compatible interface.
                </para>
            </listitem>
            <listitem>
                <para><emphasis role="bold">Copy vs. Mutable:</emphasis>
                    Many algorithms in the library are performing a transformation of the input. 
                    The transformation can be done in-place, mutating the input sequence, or a copy 
                    of the transformed input can be created, leaving the input intact. None of 
                    these possibilities is superior to the other one and both have different 
                    advantages and disadvantages. For this reason, both are provided with the library. 
                </para>
            </listitem>
            <listitem>
                <para><emphasis role="bold">Algorithm stacking:</emphasis>
                    Copy versions return a transformed input as a result, thus allow a simple chaining of
                    transformations within one expression (i.e. one can write <code>trim_copy(to_upper_copy(s))</code>). 
                    Mutable versions have <code>void</code> return, to avoid misuse.
                </para>
            </listitem>
            <listitem>
                <para><emphasis role="bold">Naming:</emphasis>
                    Naming follows the conventions from the Standard C++ Library. If there is a 
                    copy and a mutable version of the same algorithm, the mutable version has no suffix 
                    and the copy version has the suffix <emphasis>_copy</emphasis>. 
                    Some algorithms have the prefix <emphasis>i</emphasis> 
                    (e.g. <functionname>ifind_first()</functionname>).
                    This prefix identifies that the algorithm works in a case-insensitive manner.
                </para>
            </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
        <para>
            To use the library, include the <headername>boost/algorithm/string.hpp</headername> header. 
            If the regex related functions are needed, include the 
            <headername>boost/algorithm/string_regex.hpp</headername> header.
        </para>
    </section>
    <section>
        <title>Case conversion</title>
        
        <para>
            STL has a nice way of converting character case. Unfortunately, it works only
            for a single character and we want to convert a string, 
        </para>
        <programlisting>
    string str1("HeLlO WoRld!");
    to_upper(str1); // str1=="HELLO WORLD!"
        </programlisting>
        <para>
            <functionname>to_upper()</functionname> and <functionname>to_lower()</functionname> convert the case of 
            characters in a string using a specified locale.
        </para>
        <para>
            For more information see the reference for <headername>boost/algorithm/string/case_conv.hpp</headername>.
        </para>
    </section>
    <section>
        <title>Predicates and Classification</title>
        <para>
            A part of the library deals with string related predicates. Consider this example:
        </para>
        <programlisting>
    bool is_executable( string&amp; filename )
    {
        return 
            iends_with(filename, ".exe") ||
            iends_with(filename, ".com");
    }

    // ...
    string str1("command.com");
    cout 
        &lt;&lt; str1
        &lt;&lt; (is_executable(str1)? "is": "is not") 
        &lt;&lt; "an executable" 
        &lt;&lt; endl; // prints "command.com is an executable"
    
    //..
    char text1[]="hello";
    cout 
        &lt;&lt; text1 
        &lt;&lt; (all( text1, is_lower() )? " is": " is not")
        &lt;&lt; " written in the lower case" 
        &lt;&lt; endl; // prints "hello is written in the lower case"
        </programlisting>
        <para>
            The predicates determine whether if a substring is contained in the input string
            under various conditions. The conditions are: a string starts with the substring, 
            ends with the substring, 
            simply contains the substring or if both strings are equal. See the reference for 
            <headername>boost/algorithm/string/predicate.hpp</headername> for more details. 
        </para>
        <para>  
            Note that if we had used "hello world" as the input to the test, it would have
            output "hello world is not written in the lower case" because the space in the
            input string is not a lower case letter.
        </para>
        <para>  
            In addition the algorithm <functionname>all()</functionname> checks
            all elements of a container to satisfy a condition specified by a predicate. 
            This predicate can be any unary predicate, but the library provides a bunch of 
            useful string-related predicates and combinators ready for use.
            These are located in the <headername>boost/algorithm/string/classification.hpp</headername> header.
            Classification predicates can be combined using logical combinators to form
            a more complex expressions. For example: <code>is_from_range('a','z') || is_digit()</code>
        </para>
    </section>
    <section>
        <title>Trimming</title>
        
        <para>
            When parsing the input from a user, strings often have unwanted leading or trailing 
            characters. To get rid of them, we need trim functions:
        </para>
        <programlisting>
    string str1="     hello world!     ";
    string str2=trim_left_copy(str1);   // str2 == "hello world!     "
    string str3=trim_right_copy(str1);  // str3 == "     hello world!"
    trim(str1);                         // str1 == "hello world!"

    string phone="00423333444";
    // remove leading 0 from the phone number
    trim_left_if(phone,is_any_of("0")); // phone == "423333444"
        </programlisting>
        <para>
            It is possible to trim the spaces on the right, on the left or on both sides of a string.
            And for those cases when there is a need to remove something else than blank space, there
            are <emphasis>_if</emphasis> variants. Using these, a user can specify a functor which will 
            select the <emphasis>space</emphasis> to be removed. It is possible to use classification 
            predicates like <functionname>is_digit()</functionname> mentioned in the previous paragraph.
            See the reference for the <headername>boost/algorithm/string/trim.hpp</headername>.
        </para>
    </section>
    <section>
        <title>Find algorithms</title>
        
        <para>
            The library contains a set of find algorithms. Here is an example:
        </para>
        <programlisting>
    char text[]="hello dolly!";
    iterator_range&lt;char*&gt; result=find_last(text,"ll");

    transform( result.begin(), result.end(), result.begin(), bind2nd(plus&lt;char&gt;(), 1) );
    // text = "hello dommy!"            

    to_upper(result); // text == "hello doMMy!"

    // iterator_range is convertible to bool
    if(find_first(text, "dolly"))
    {
        cout &lt;&lt; "Dolly is there" &lt;&lt; endl;
    }
        </programlisting>
        <para>
            We have used <functionname>find_last()</functionname> to search the <code>text</code> for "ll".
            The result is given in the <ulink url="../../libs/range/doc/html/range/reference/utilities/iterator_range.html"><code>boost::iterator_range</code></ulink>. 
            This range delimits the
            part of the input which satisfies the find criteria. In our example it is the last occurrence of "ll".
            
            As we can see, input of the <functionname>find_last()</functionname> algorithm can be also 
            char[] because this type is supported by 
            <ulink url="../../libs/range/index.html">Boost.Range</ulink>.

            The following lines transform the result. Notice that 
            <ulink url="../../libs/range/doc/html/range/reference/utilities/iterator_range.html"><code>boost::iterator_range</code></ulink> has familiar 
            <code>begin()</code> and <code>end()</code> methods, so it can be used like any other STL container.
            Also it is convertible to bool therefore it is easy to use find algorithms for a simple containment checking.
        </para>
        <para>
            Find algorithms are located in <headername>boost/algorithm/string/find.hpp</headername>.
        </para>
    </section>
    <section>
        <title>Replace Algorithms</title>
        <para>
            Find algorithms can be used for searching for a specific part of string. Replace goes one step
            further. After a matching part is found, it is substituted with something else. The substitution is computed
            from the original, using some transformation. 
        </para>
        <programlisting>
    string str1="Hello  Dolly,   Hello World!"
    replace_first(str1, "Dolly", "Jane");      // str1 == "Hello  Jane,   Hello World!"
    replace_last(str1, "Hello", "Goodbye");    // str1 == "Hello  Jane,   Goodbye World!"
    erase_all(str1, " ");                      // str1 == "HelloJane,GoodbyeWorld!"
    erase_head(str1, 6);                       // str1 == "Jane,GoodbyeWorld!"
        </programlisting>
        <para>
            For the complete list of replace and erase functions see the 
            <link linkend="string_algo.reference">reference</link>.
            There is a lot of predefined function for common usage, however, the library allows you to 
            define a custom <code>replace()</code> that suits a specific need. There is a generic <functionname>find_format()</functionname> 
            function which takes two parameters.
            The first one is a <link linkend="string_algo.finder_concept">Finder</link> object, the second one is 
            a <link linkend="string_algo.formatter_concept">Formatter</link> object. 
            The Finder object is a functor which performs the searching for the replacement part. The Formatter object
            takes the result of the Finder (usually a reference to the found substring) and creates a 
            substitute for it. Replace algorithm puts these two together and makes the desired substitution. 
        </para>
        <para>
            Check <headername>boost/algorithm/string/replace.hpp</headername>, <headername>boost/algorithm/string/erase.hpp</headername> and
            <headername>boost/algorithm/string/find_format.hpp</headername> for reference.
        </para>
    </section>
    <section>
        <title>Find Iterator</title>

        <para>
            An extension to find algorithms it the Find Iterator. Instead of searching for just a one part of a string, 
            the find iterator allows us to iterate over the substrings matching the specified criteria.
            This facility is using the <link linkend="string_algo.finder_concept">Finder</link> to incrementally
            search the string. 
            Dereferencing a find iterator yields an <ulink url="../../libs/range/doc/html/range/reference/utilities/iterator_range.html"><code>boost::iterator_range</code></ulink> 
            object, that delimits the current match.
        </para>
        <para>
            There are two iterators provided <classname>find_iterator</classname> and 
            <classname>split_iterator</classname>. The former iterates over substrings that are found using the specified
            Finder. The latter iterates over the gaps between these substrings.
        </para>
        <programlisting>
    string str1("abc-*-ABC-*-aBc");
    // Find all 'abc' substrings (ignoring the case)
    // Create a find_iterator
    typedef find_iterator&lt;string::iterator&gt; string_find_iterator;
    for(string_find_iterator It=
            make_find_iterator(str1, first_finder("abc", is_iequal()));
        It!=string_find_iterator();
        ++It)
    {
        cout &lt;&lt; copy_range&lt;std::string&gt;(*It) &lt;&lt; endl;
    }

    // Output will be:
    // abc
    // ABC
    // aBC
    
    typedef split_iterator&lt;string::iterator&gt; string_split_iterator;
    for(string_split_iterator It=
        make_split_iterator(str1, first_finder("-*-", is_iequal()));
        It!=string_split_iterator();
        ++It)
    {
        cout &lt;&lt; copy_range&lt;std::string&gt;(*It) &lt;&lt; endl;
    }

    // Output will be:
    // abc
    // ABC
    // aBC
        </programlisting>
        <para>
            Note that the find iterators have only one template parameter. It is the base iterator type.
            The Finder is specified at runtime. This allows us to typedef a find iterator for
            common string types and reuse it. Additionally make_*_iterator functions help
            to construct a find iterator for a particular range.
        </para>
        <para>
            See the reference in <headername>boost/algorithm/string/find_iterator.hpp</headername>.
        </para>
    </section>
    <section>
        <title>Split</title>

        <para>
            Split algorithms are an extension to the find iterator for one common usage scenario.
            These algorithms use a find iterator and store all matches into the provided
            container. This container must be able to hold copies (e.g. <code>std::string</code>) or 
            references (e.g. <code>iterator_range</code>) of the extracted substrings.
        </para>
        <para>
            Two algorithms are provided. <functionname>find_all()</functionname> finds all copies
            of a string in the input. <functionname>split()</functionname> splits the input into parts.
        </para>

        <programlisting>
    string str1("hello abc-*-ABC-*-aBc goodbye");

    typedef vector&lt; iterator_range&lt;string::iterator&gt; &gt; find_vector_type;
    
    find_vector_type FindVec; // #1: Search for separators
    ifind_all( FindVec, str1, "abc" ); // FindVec == { [abc],[ABC],[aBc] }

    typedef vector&lt; string &gt; split_vector_type;
    
    split_vector_type SplitVec; // #2: Search for tokens
    split( SplitVec, str1, is_any_of("-*"), token_compress_on ); // SplitVec == { "hello abc","ABC","aBc goodbye" }
        </programlisting>
        <para>
            <code>[hello]</code> designates an <code>iterator_range</code> delimiting this substring.                       
        </para>
        <para>
            First example show how to construct a container to hold references to all extracted
            substrings. Algorithm <functionname>ifind_all()</functionname> puts into FindVec references
            to all substrings that are in case-insensitive manner equal to "abc".
        </para>
        <para>
            Second example uses <functionname>split()</functionname> to split string str1 into parts
            separated by characters '-' or '*'. These parts are then put into the SplitVec.
            It is possible to specify if adjacent separators are concatenated or not.
        </para>
        <para>
            More information can be found in the reference: <headername>boost/algorithm/string/split.hpp</headername>.
        </para>
   </section>
</section>