ceph/src/boost/libs/multiprecision/doc/html/boost_multiprecision/tut/import_export.html

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  26 <div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
  27 <a name="boost_multiprecision.tut.import_export"></a><a class="link" href="import_export.html" title="Importing and Exporting Data to and from cpp_int and cpp_bin_float">Importing and
  28       Exporting Data to and from cpp_int and cpp_bin_float</a>
  29 </h3></div></div></div>
  30 <p>
  31         Any integer number type that uses <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">cpp_int_backend</span></code>
  32         as it's implementation layer can import or export it's bits via two non-member
  33         functions:
  34       </p>
  35 <pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">template</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">unsigned</span> <span class="identifier">MinBits</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">unsigned</span> <span class="identifier">MaxBits</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">cpp_integer_type</span> <span class="identifier">SignType</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">cpp_int_check_type</span> <span class="identifier">Checked</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="identifier">Allocator</span><span class="special">,</span>
  36           <span class="identifier">expression_template_option</span> <span class="identifier">ExpressionTemplates</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="identifier">OutputIterator</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
  37 <span class="identifier">OutputIterator</span> <span class="identifier">export_bits</span><span class="special">(</span>
  38    <span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="identifier">number</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="identifier">cpp_int_backend</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">MinBits</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">MaxBits</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">SignType</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">Checked</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">Allocator</span><span class="special">&gt;,</span> <span class="identifier">ExpressionTemplates</span><span class="special">&gt;&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">val</span><span class="special">,</span>
  39    <span class="identifier">OutputIterator</span> <span class="identifier">out</span><span class="special">,</span>
  40    <span class="keyword">unsigned</span> <span class="identifier">chunk_size</span><span class="special">,</span>
  41    <span class="keyword">bool</span> <span class="identifier">msv_first</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="keyword">true</span><span class="special">);</span>
  42
  43 <span class="keyword">template</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">unsigned</span> <span class="identifier">MinBits</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">unsigned</span> <span class="identifier">MaxBits</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">cpp_integer_type</span> <span class="identifier">SignType</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">cpp_int_check_type</span> <span class="identifier">Checked</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="identifier">Allocator</span><span class="special">,</span>
  44           <span class="identifier">expression_template_option</span> <span class="identifier">ExpressionTemplates</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="identifier">Iterator</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
  45 <span class="identifier">number</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">cpp_int_backend</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">MinBits</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">MaxBits</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">SignType</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">Checked</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">Allocator</span><span class="special">&gt;,</span> <span class="identifier">ExpressionTemplates</span><span class="special">&gt;&amp;</span>
  46    <span class="identifier">import_bits</span><span class="special">(</span>
  47       <span class="identifier">number</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">cpp_int_backend</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">MinBits</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">MaxBits</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">SignType</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">Checked</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">Allocator</span><span class="special">&gt;,</span> <span class="identifier">ExpressionTemplates</span><span class="special">&gt;&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">val</span><span class="special">,</span>
  48       <span class="identifier">Iterator</span> <span class="identifier">i</span><span class="special">,</span>
  49       <span class="identifier">Iterator</span> <span class="identifier">j</span><span class="special">,</span>
  50       <span class="keyword">unsigned</span> <span class="identifier">chunk_size</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="number">0</span><span class="special">,</span>
  51       <span class="keyword">bool</span> <span class="identifier">msv_first</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="keyword">true</span><span class="special">);</span>
  52 </pre>
  53 <p>
  54         These functions are designed for data-interchange with other storage formats,
  55         and since <a class="link" href="floats/cpp_bin_float.html" title="cpp_bin_float">cpp_bin_float</a>
  56         uses <a class="link" href="ints/cpp_int.html" title="cpp_int">cpp_int</a>
  57         internally, by extension they can be used for floating point numbers based
  58         on that backend as well (see example below). Parameters and use are as follows:
  59       </p>
  60 <pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">template</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">unsigned</span> <span class="identifier">MinBits</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">unsigned</span> <span class="identifier">MaxBits</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">cpp_integer_type</span> <span class="identifier">SignType</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">cpp_int_check_type</span> <span class="identifier">Checked</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="identifier">Allocator</span><span class="special">,</span>
  61           <span class="identifier">expression_template_option</span> <span class="identifier">ExpressionTemplates</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="identifier">OutputIterator</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
  62 <span class="identifier">OutputIterator</span> <span class="identifier">export_bits</span><span class="special">(</span>
  63    <span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="identifier">number</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="identifier">cpp_int_backend</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">MinBits</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">MaxBits</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">SignType</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">Checked</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">Allocator</span><span class="special">&gt;,</span> <span class="identifier">ExpressionTemplates</span><span class="special">&gt;&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">val</span><span class="special">,</span>
  64    <span class="identifier">OutputIterator</span> <span class="identifier">out</span><span class="special">,</span>
  65    <span class="keyword">unsigned</span> <span class="identifier">chunk_size</span><span class="special">,</span>
  66    <span class="keyword">bool</span> <span class="identifier">msv_first</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="keyword">true</span><span class="special">);</span>
  67 </pre>
  68 <p>
  69         Exports the absolute value of <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">val</span></code>
  70         to OutputIterator <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">out</span></code>. The
  71         function will write <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">chunk_size</span></code>
  72         bits at a time to the OutputIterator, and if <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">msv_first</span></code>
  73         is true, will write the most-significant block first. Byte and bit order
  74         within each <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">chunk_size</span></code> block
  75         is always in the machines native format. Further, each block is stored in
  76         a <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">uintmax_t</span></code> when it's assigned to <code class="computeroutput"><span class="special">*</span><span class="identifier">out</span></code>.
  77       </p>
  78 <div class="note"><table border="0" summary="Note">
  79 <tr>
  80 <td rowspan="2" align="center" valign="top" width="25"><img alt="[Note]" src="../../../../../../doc/src/images/note.png"></td>
  81 <th align="left">Note</th>
  82 </tr>
  83 <tr><td align="left" valign="top"><p>
  84           Unfortunately, the standard's OutputIterator concept provides no means
  85           of deducing the type to output since <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">iterator_traits</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">OutputIteratorType</span><span class="special">&gt;::</span><span class="identifier">value_type</span></code>
  86           is type <code class="computeroutput"><span class="keyword">void</span></code>. This is why
  87           the bit count for each block has to be specified manually. It may also
  88           result in compiler warnings about the value being narrowed.
  89         </p></td></tr>
  90 </table></div>
  91 <div class="tip"><table border="0" summary="Tip">
  92 <tr>
  93 <td rowspan="2" align="center" valign="top" width="25"><img alt="[Tip]" src="../../../../../../doc/src/images/tip.png"></td>
  94 <th align="left">Tip</th>
  95 </tr>
  96 <tr><td align="left" valign="top"><p>
  97           If you're exporting to non-native byte layout, then use <a href="http://www.boost.org/doc/libs/release/libs/endian/doc/index.html" target="_top">Boost.Endian</a>
  98           to create a custom OutputIterator that reverses the byte order of each
  99           chunk prior to actually storing the result.
 100         </p></td></tr>
 101 </table></div>
 102 <pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">template</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">unsigned</span> <span class="identifier">MinBits</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">unsigned</span> <span class="identifier">MaxBits</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">cpp_integer_type</span> <span class="identifier">SignType</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">cpp_int_check_type</span> <span class="identifier">Checked</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="identifier">Allocator</span><span class="special">,</span>
 103           <span class="identifier">expression_template_option</span> <span class="identifier">ExpressionTemplates</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="identifier">ForwardIterator</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
 104 <span class="identifier">number</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">cpp_int_backend</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">MinBits</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">MaxBits</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">SignType</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">Checked</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">Allocator</span><span class="special">&gt;,</span> <span class="identifier">ExpressionTemplates</span><span class="special">&gt;&amp;</span>
 105    <span class="identifier">import_bits</span><span class="special">(</span>
 106       <span class="identifier">number</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">cpp_int_backend</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">MinBits</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">MaxBits</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">SignType</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">Checked</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">Allocator</span><span class="special">&gt;,</span> <span class="identifier">ExpressionTemplates</span><span class="special">&gt;&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">val</span><span class="special">,</span>
 107       <span class="identifier">ForwardIterator</span> <span class="identifier">i</span><span class="special">,</span>
 108       <span class="identifier">ForwardIterator</span> <span class="identifier">j</span><span class="special">,</span>
 109       <span class="keyword">unsigned</span> <span class="identifier">chunk_size</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="number">0</span><span class="special">,</span>
 110       <span class="keyword">bool</span> <span class="identifier">msv_first</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="keyword">true</span><span class="special">);</span>
 111 </pre>
 112 <p>
 113         Imports bits from the iterator range <span class="emphasis"><em>[i,j)</em></span> and stores
 114         them in <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">val</span></code> to produce an
 115         unsigned result (if the result is to be signed you will need to handle that
 116         separately). When <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">msv_first</span></code>
 117         is true, takes <code class="computeroutput"><span class="special">*</span><span class="identifier">i</span></code>
 118         as the most significant chunk. Assumes there are <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">chunk_size</span></code>
 119         bits in each value read from the iterator range, and that these are in machine
 120         native bit/byte order. When <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">chunk_size</span></code>
 121         is zero, then assumes that each chunk contains <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">numeric_limits</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">iterator_traits</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">ForwardIterator</span><span class="special">&gt;::</span><span class="identifier">value_type</span><span class="special">&gt;::</span><span class="identifier">digits</span></code>,
 122         note that this will give the wrong result if dereferencing the iterators
 123         leads to a signed-integer type, <span class="bold"><strong>and</strong></span> the
 124         sign bit is significant (be particularly careful if you expect type <code class="computeroutput"><span class="keyword">char</span></code> to contain 8-bit values, as by default
 125         it will extract only 7-bits at a time if <code class="computeroutput"><span class="keyword">char</span></code>
 126         is signed). As with exporting, if the external data is to be in a non-native
 127         byte order (within each chunk), then you will need to create an iterator
 128         adaptor that presents it in native order (see <a href="http://www.boost.org/doc/libs/release/libs/endian/doc/index.html" target="_top">Boost.Endian</a>).
 129       </p>
 130 <div class="note"><table border="0" summary="Note">
 131 <tr>
 132 <td rowspan="2" align="center" valign="top" width="25"><img alt="[Note]" src="../../../../../../doc/src/images/note.png"></td>
 133 <th align="left">Note</th>
 134 </tr>
 135 <tr><td align="left" valign="top"><p>
 136           Note that this function is optimized for the case where the data can be
 137           memcpy'ed from the source to the integer - in this case both iterators
 138           much be pointers, and everything must be little-endian.
 139         </p></td></tr>
 140 </table></div>
 141 <h5>
 142 <a name="boost_multiprecision.tut.import_export.h0"></a>
 143         <span class="phrase"><a name="boost_multiprecision.tut.import_export.examples"></a></span><a class="link" href="import_export.html#boost_multiprecision.tut.import_export.examples">Examples</a>
 144       </h5>
 145 <p>
 146         In this simple example, we'll import/export the bits of a cpp_int to a vector
 147         of 8-bit unsigned values:
 148       </p>
 149 <pre class="programlisting"><span class="preprocessor">#include</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">multiprecision</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">cpp_int</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">hpp</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
 150 <span class="preprocessor">#include</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">iostream</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
 151 <span class="preprocessor">#include</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">iomanip</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
 152 <span class="preprocessor">#include</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">vector</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
 153 <span class="preprocessor">#include</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">iterator</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
 154
 155
 156 <span class="keyword">int</span> <span class="identifier">main</span><span class="special">()</span>
 157 <span class="special">{</span>
 158    <span class="keyword">using</span> <span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">multiprecision</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">cpp_int</span><span class="special">;</span>
 159    <span class="comment">// Create a cpp_int with just a couple of bits set:</span>
 160    <span class="identifier">cpp_int</span> <span class="identifier">i</span><span class="special">;</span>
 161    <span class="identifier">bit_set</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">i</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="number">5000</span><span class="special">);</span> <span class="comment">// set the 5000'th bit</span>
 162    <span class="identifier">bit_set</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">i</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="number">200</span><span class="special">);</span>
 163    <span class="identifier">bit_set</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">i</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="number">50</span><span class="special">);</span>
 164    <span class="comment">// export into 8-bit unsigned values, most significant bit first:</span>
 165    <span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">vector</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">unsigned</span> <span class="keyword">char</span><span class="special">&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">v</span><span class="special">;</span>
 166    <span class="identifier">export_bits</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">i</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">back_inserter</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">v</span><span class="special">),</span> <span class="number">8</span><span class="special">);</span>
 167    <span class="comment">// import back again, and check for equality:</span>
 168    <span class="identifier">cpp_int</span> <span class="identifier">j</span><span class="special">;</span>
 169    <span class="identifier">import_bits</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">j</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">v</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">begin</span><span class="special">(),</span> <span class="identifier">v</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">end</span><span class="special">());</span>
 170    <span class="identifier">assert</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">i</span> <span class="special">==</span> <span class="identifier">j</span><span class="special">);</span>
 171 <span class="special">}</span>
 172 </pre>
 173 <p>
 174         Importing or exporting cpp_bin_float is similar, but we must procede via
 175         an intermediate integer:
 176       </p>
 177 <pre class="programlisting"><span class="preprocessor">#include</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">multiprecision</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">cpp_bin_float</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">hpp</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
 178 <span class="preprocessor">#include</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">iostream</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
 179 <span class="preprocessor">#include</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">iomanip</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
 180 <span class="preprocessor">#include</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">vector</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
 181 <span class="preprocessor">#include</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">iterator</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
 182
 183
 184 <span class="keyword">int</span> <span class="identifier">main</span><span class="special">()</span>
 185 <span class="special">{</span>
 186    <span class="keyword">using</span> <span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">multiprecision</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">cpp_bin_float_100</span><span class="special">;</span>
 187    <span class="keyword">using</span> <span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">multiprecision</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">cpp_int</span><span class="special">;</span>
 188    <span class="comment">// Create a cpp_bin_float to import/export:</span>
 189    <span class="identifier">cpp_bin_float_100</span> <span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="number">1</span><span class="special">);</span>
 190    <span class="identifier">f</span> <span class="special">/=</span> <span class="number">3</span><span class="special">;</span>
 191    <span class="comment">// export into 8-bit unsigned values, most significant bit first:</span>
 192    <span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">vector</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">unsigned</span> <span class="keyword">char</span><span class="special">&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">v</span><span class="special">;</span>
 193    <span class="identifier">export_bits</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">cpp_int</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">backend</span><span class="special">().</span><span class="identifier">bits</span><span class="special">()),</span> <span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">back_inserter</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">v</span><span class="special">),</span> <span class="number">8</span><span class="special">);</span>
 194    <span class="comment">// Grab the exponent as well:</span>
 195    <span class="keyword">int</span> <span class="identifier">e</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">backend</span><span class="special">().</span><span class="identifier">exponent</span><span class="special">();</span>
 196    <span class="comment">// Import back again, and check for equality, we have to procede via</span>
 197    <span class="comment">// an intermediate integer:</span>
 198    <span class="identifier">cpp_int</span> <span class="identifier">i</span><span class="special">;</span>
 199    <span class="identifier">import_bits</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">i</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">v</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">begin</span><span class="special">(),</span> <span class="identifier">v</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">end</span><span class="special">());</span>
 200    <span class="identifier">cpp_bin_float_100</span> <span class="identifier">g</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">i</span><span class="special">);</span>
 201    <span class="identifier">g</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">backend</span><span class="special">().</span><span class="identifier">exponent</span><span class="special">()</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">e</span><span class="special">;</span>
 202    <span class="identifier">assert</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">f</span> <span class="special">==</span> <span class="identifier">g</span><span class="special">);</span>
 203 <span class="special">}</span>
 204 </pre>
 205 </div>
 206 <table xmlns:rev="http://www.cs.rpi.edu/~gregod/boost/tools/doc/revision" width="100%"><tr>
 207 <td align="left"></td>
 208 <td align="right"><div class="copyright-footer">Copyright &#169; 2002-2013 John Maddock and Christopher Kormanyos<p>
 209         Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying
 210         file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at <a href="http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt" target="_top">http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt</a>)
 211       </p>
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