ceph/src/boost/libs/ptr_container/doc/ptr_container.html

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 291 </head>
 292 <body>
 293 <div class="document" id="boost-pointer-container-library">
 294 <h1 class="title"><img alt="Boost" src="boost.png" /> Pointer Container Library</h1>
 295 <table class="docinfo" frame="void" rules="none">
 296 <col class="docinfo-name" />
 297 <col class="docinfo-content" />
 298 <tbody valign="top">
 299 <tr><th class="docinfo-name">Author:</th>
 300 <td>Thorsten Ottosen</td></tr>
 301 <tr><th class="docinfo-name">Contact:</th>
 302 <td><a class="first reference" href="mailto:nesotto&#64;cs.aau.dk">nesotto&#64;cs.aau.dk</a> or <a class="last reference" href="mailto:tottosen&#64;dezide.com">tottosen&#64;dezide.com</a></td></tr>
 303 <tr class="field"><th class="docinfo-name">Organizations:</th><td class="field-body"><a class="reference" href="http://www.cs.aau.dk">Department of Computer Science</a>, Aalborg University, and <a class="reference" href="http://www.dezide.com">Dezide Aps</a></td>
 304 </tr>
 305 <tr><th class="docinfo-name">Date:</th>
 306 <td>27th of October 2007</td></tr>
 307 <tr><th class="docinfo-name">Copyright:</th>
 308 <td>Thorsten Ottosen 2004-2007. Use, modification and distribution is subject to the Boost Software License, Version 1.0 (see <a class="reference" href="http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt">LICENSE_1_0.txt</a>).</td></tr>
 309 </tbody>
 310 </table>
 311 <div class="section">
 312 <h1><a id="overview" name="overview">Overview</a></h1>
 313 <p>Boost.Pointer Container provides containers for holding heap-allocated
 314 objects in an exception-safe manner and with minimal overhead.
 315 The aim of the library is in particular to make OO programming
 316 easier in C++ by establishing a standard set of classes, methods
 317 and designs for dealing with OO specific problems</p>
 318 <ul class="simple">
 319 <li><a class="reference" href="#motivation">Motivation</a></li>
 320 <li><a class="reference" href="tutorial.html">Tutorial</a></li>
 321 <li><a class="reference" href="reference.html">Reference</a></li>
 322 <li><a class="reference" href="guidelines.html">Usage guidelines</a></li>
 323 <li><a class="reference" href="examples.html">Examples</a></li>
 324 <li><a class="reference" href="headers.html">Library headers</a></li>
 325 <li><a class="reference" href="faq.html">FAQ</a></li>
 326 <li><a class="reference" href="#upgrading-from-boost-v-1-33">Upgrading from Boost v. 1.33.*</a></li>
 327 <li><a class="reference" href="#upgrading-from-boost-v-1-34">Upgrading from Boost v. 1.34.*</a></li>
 328 <li><a class="reference" href="#upgrading-from-boost-v-1-35">Upgrading from Boost v. 1.35.*</a></li>
 329 <li><a class="reference" href="#future-developments">Future Developments</a></li>
 330 <li><a class="reference" href="#acknowledgements">Acknowledgements</a></li>
 331 <li><a class="reference" href="#references">References</a></li>
 332 </ul>
 333 <!-- - `Conventions <conventions.html>`_
 334 - `The Clonable Concept <reference.html#the-clonable-concept>`_
 335 - `The Clone Allocator Concept <reference.html#the-clone-allocator-concept>`_
 336 - `Pointer container adapters <reference.html#pointer-container-adapters>`_
 337 - `Sequence container classes <reference.html#sequence-containers>`_
 338
 339   - `ptr_vector <ptr_vector.html>`_
 340   - `ptr_deque <ptr_deque.html>`_
 341   - `ptr_list <ptr_list.html>`_
 342   - `ptr_array <ptr_array.html>`_
 343 - `Associative container classes  <reference.html#associative-containers>`_
 344
 345   - `ptr_set <ptr_set.html>`_
 346   - `ptr_multiset <ptr_multiset.html>`_
 347   - `ptr_map <ptr_map.html>`_
 348   - `ptr_multimap <ptr_multimap.html>`_
 349 - `Indirected functions <indirect_fun.html>`_
 350 - `Class nullable <reference.html#class-nullable>`_
 351 - `Exception classes <reference.html#exception-classes>`_ -->
 352 </div>
 353 <div class="section">
 354 <h1><a id="motivation" name="motivation">Motivation</a></h1>
 355 <p>Whenever a programmer wants to have a container of pointers to
 356 heap-allocated objects, there is usually only one exception-safe way:
 357 to make a container of smart pointers like <a class="reference" href="../../smart_ptr/shared_ptr.htm">boost::shared_ptr</a>
 358 This approach is suboptimal if</p>
 359 <ol class="arabic simple">
 360 <li>the stored objects are not shared, but owned exclusively, or</li>
 361 </ol>
 362 <!--  -->
 363 <ol class="arabic simple" start="2">
 364 <li>the overhead implied by smart pointers is inappropriate</li>
 365 </ol>
 366 <p>This library therefore provides standard-like containers that are for storing
 367 heap-allocated or <a class="reference" href="reference.html#the-clonable-concept">cloned</a> objects (or in case of a map, the mapped object must be
 368 a heap-allocated or cloned object). For each of the standard
 369 containers there is a pointer container equivalent that takes ownership of
 370 the objects in an exception safe manner.  In this respect the library is intended
 371 to solve the so-called
 372 <a class="reference" href="faq.html#what-is-the-polymorphic-class-problem">polymorphic class problem</a>.</p>
 373 <p>The advantages of pointer containers are</p>
 374 <ol class="arabic simple">
 375 <li>Exception-safe pointer storage and manipulation.</li>
 376 </ol>
 377 <!--  -->
 378 <ol class="arabic simple" start="2">
 379 <li>Notational convenience compared to the use of containers of pointers.</li>
 380 </ol>
 381 <!--  -->
 382 <ol class="arabic simple" start="3">
 383 <li>Can be used for types that are neither Assignable nor Copy Constructible.</li>
 384 </ol>
 385 <!--  -->
 386 <ol class="arabic simple" start="4">
 387 <li>No memory-overhead as containers of smart pointers can have (see <a class="footnote-reference" href="#id23" id="id2" name="id2">[11]</a> and <a class="footnote-reference" href="#id25" id="id3" name="id3">[12]</a>).</li>
 388 </ol>
 389 <!--  -->
 390 <ol class="arabic simple" start="5">
 391 <li>Usually faster than using containers of smart pointers (see <a class="footnote-reference" href="#id23" id="id4" name="id4">[11]</a> and <a class="footnote-reference" href="#id25" id="id5" name="id5">[12]</a>).</li>
 392 </ol>
 393 <!--  -->
 394 <ol class="arabic simple" start="6">
 395 <li>The interface is slightly changed towards the domain of pointers
 396 instead of relying on the normal value-based interface. For example,
 397 now it is possible for <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">pop_back()</span></tt> to return the removed element.</li>
 398 </ol>
 399 <!--  -->
 400 <ol class="arabic simple" start="7">
 401 <li>Propagates constness such that one cannot modify the objects via a <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">const_iterator</span></tt>.</li>
 402 </ol>
 403 <!--  -->
 404 <ol class="arabic simple" start="8">
 405 <li>Built-in support for deep-copy semantics via the <a class="reference" href="reference.html#the-clonable-concept">the Clonable concept</a></li>
 406 </ol>
 407 <p>The disadvantages are</p>
 408 <ol class="arabic simple">
 409 <li>Less flexible than containers of smart pointers like <a class="reference" href="../../smart_ptr/shared_ptr.htm">boost::shared_ptr</a></li>
 410 </ol>
 411 <p>When you do need shared semantics, this library is not what you need.</p>
 412 </div>
 413 <div class="section">
 414 <h1><a id="upgrading-from-boost-v-1-33" name="upgrading-from-boost-v-1-33">Upgrading from Boost v. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">1.33.*</span></tt></a></h1>
 415 <p>If you upgrade from one of these versions of Boost, then there has been one
 416 major interface change: map iterators now mimic iterators from <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">std::map</span></tt>.
 417 Previously you may have written</p>
 418 <pre class="literal-block">
 419 for( boost::ptr_map&lt;std::string,T&gt;::iterator i = m.begin(), e = m.end();
 420      i != e; ++i )
 421 {
 422   std::cout &lt;&lt; &quot;key:&quot; &lt;&lt; i.key();
 423   std::cout &lt;&lt; &quot;value:&quot; &lt;&lt; *i;
 424   i-&gt;foo(); // call T::foo()
 425 }
 426 </pre>
 427 <p>and this now needs to be converted into</p>
 428 <pre class="literal-block">
 429 for( boost::ptr_map&lt;std::string,T&gt;::iterator i = m.begin(), e = m.end();
 430      i != e; ++i )
 431 {
 432   std::cout &lt;&lt; &quot;key:&quot; &lt;&lt; i-&gt;first;
 433   std::cout &lt;&lt; &quot;value:&quot; &lt;&lt; *i-&gt;second;
 434   i-&gt;second-&gt;foo(); // call T::foo()
 435 }
 436 </pre>
 437 <p>Apart from the above change, the library now also introduces</p>
 438 <ul>
 439 <li><p class="first"><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">std::auto_ptr&lt;T&gt;</span></tt> overloads:</p>
 440 <pre class="literal-block">
 441 std::auto_ptr&lt;T&gt; p( new T );
 442 container.push_back( p );
 443 </pre>
 444 </li>
 445 <li><p class="first">Derived-to-Base conversion in <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">transfer()</span></tt>:</p>
 446 <pre class="literal-block">
 447 boost::ptr_vector&lt;Base&gt;  vec;
 448 boost::ptr_list&lt;Derived&gt; list;
 449 ...
 450 vec.transfer( vec.begin(), list ); // now ok
 451 </pre>
 452 </li>
 453 </ul>
 454 <p>Also note that <a class="reference" href="../../assign/index.html">Boost.Assign</a> introduces better support
 455 for pointer containers.</p>
 456 </div>
 457 <div class="section">
 458 <h1><a id="upgrading-from-boost-v-1-34" name="upgrading-from-boost-v-1-34">Upgrading from Boost v. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">1.34.*</span></tt></a></h1>
 459 <p>Serialization has now been made optional thanks to Sebastian Ramacher.
 460 You simply include <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">&lt;boost/ptr_container/serialize.hpp&gt;</span></tt> or perhaps
 461 just one of the more specialized headers.</p>
 462 <p>All containers are now copy-constructible and assignable. So you can e.g. now
 463 do:</p>
 464 <pre class="literal-block">
 465 boost::ptr_vector&lt;Derived&gt; derived = ...;
 466 boost::ptr_vector&lt;Base&gt;    base( derived );
 467 base = derived;
 468 </pre>
 469 <p>As the example shows, derived-to-base class conversions are also allowed.</p>
 470 <p>A few general functions have been added:</p>
 471 <pre class="literal-block">
 472 VoidPtrContainer&amp;       base();
 473 const VoidPtrContainer&amp; base() const;
 474 </pre>
 475 <p>These allow direct access to the wrapped container which is
 476 sometimes needed when you want to provide extra functionality.</p>
 477 <p>A few new functions have been added to sequences:</p>
 478 <pre class="literal-block">
 479 void resize( size_type size );
 480 void resize( size_type size, T* to_clone );
 481 </pre>
 482 <p><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">ptr_vector&lt;T&gt;</span></tt> has a few new helper functions to integrate better with C-arrays:</p>
 483 <pre class="literal-block">
 484 void transfer( iterator before, T** from, size_type size, bool delete_from = true );
 485 T**  c_array();
 486 </pre>
 487 <p>Finally, you can now also &quot;copy&quot; and &quot;assign&quot; an <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">auto_type</span></tt> ptr by calling <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">move()</span></tt>:</p>
 488 <pre class="literal-block">
 489 boost::ptr_vector&lt;T&gt;::auto_type move_ptr = ...;
 490 return boost::ptr_container::move( move_ptr );
 491 </pre>
 492 </div>
 493 <div class="section">
 494 <h1><a id="upgrading-from-boost-v-1-35" name="upgrading-from-boost-v-1-35">Upgrading from Boost v. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">1.35.*</span></tt></a></h1>
 495 <p>The library has been fairly stable, but a few new containers have been supported:</p>
 496 <ul class="simple">
 497 <li><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">boost::ptr_unordered_set&lt;T&gt;</span></tt> in <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">&lt;boost/ptr_container/ptr_unordered_set.hpp&gt;</span></tt></li>
 498 <li><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">boost::ptr_unordered_map&lt;Key,T&gt;</span></tt> in <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">&lt;boost/ptr_container/ptr_unordered_map.hpp&gt;</span></tt></li>
 499 <li><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">boost::ptr_circular_buffer&lt;T&gt;</span></tt> in <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">&lt;boost/ptr_container/ptr_circular_buffer.hpp&gt;</span></tt></li>
 500 </ul>
 501 <p>There are no docs for these classes yet, but they are almost identical to
 502 <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">boost::ptr_set&lt;T&gt;</span></tt>, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">boost::ptr_map&lt;Key,T&gt;</span></tt> and <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">boost::ptr_array&lt;T,N&gt;</span></tt>, respectively.
 503 The underlying containers stem from the two boost libraries</p>
 504 <ul class="simple">
 505 <li><a class="reference" href="../../unordered/index.html">Boost.Unordered</a></li>
 506 <li><a class="reference" href="../../circular_buffer/index.html">Boost.Circular Buffer</a></li>
 507 </ul>
 508 <p>Furthermore, <a class="reference" href="ptr_inserter.html">insert iterators</a> have been added.</p>
 509 </div>
 510 <div class="section">
 511 <h1><a id="future-developments" name="future-developments">Future Developments</a></h1>
 512 <p>There are indications that the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">void*</span></tt> implementation has a slight
 513 performance overhead compared to a <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">T*</span></tt> based implementation. Furthermore, a
 514 <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">T*</span></tt> based implementation is so much easier to use type-safely
 515 with algorithms. Therefore I anticipate to move to a <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">T*</span></tt> based implementation.</p>
 516 <p>Furthermore, the clone allocator might be allowed to have state.
 517 This design requires some thought, so if you have good ideas and use-cases'
 518 for this, please don't hesitate to contact me.</p>
 519 <p>Also, support for Boost.Interprocess is on the todo list.</p>
 520 <p>There has been a few request for <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">boost::ptr_multi_index_container&lt;T,...&gt;</span></tt>.
 521 I investigated how difficult it would be, and it did turn out to be difficult, albeit
 522 not impossible. But I don't have the resources to implement this beast
 523 for years to come, so if someone really needs this container, I suggest that they
 524 talk with me in private about how it can be done.</p>
 525 </div>
 526 <div class="section">
 527 <h1><a id="acknowledgements" name="acknowledgements">Acknowledgements</a></h1>
 528 <p>The following people have been very helpful:</p>
 529 <ul class="simple">
 530 <li>Bjørn D. Rasmussen for unintentionally motivating me to start this library</li>
 531 <li>Pavel Vozenilek for asking me to make the adapters</li>
 532 <li>David Abrahams for the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">indirect_fun</span></tt> design</li>
 533 <li>Pavol Droba for being review manager</li>
 534 <li>Ross Boylan for trying out a prototype for real</li>
 535 <li>Felipe Magno de Almeida for giving fedback based on using the
 536 library in production code even before the library was part of boost</li>
 537 <li>Jonathan Turkanis for supplying his <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">move_ptr</span></tt> framework
 538 which is used internally</li>
 539 <li>Stefan Slapeta and Howard Hinnant for Metrowerks support</li>
 540 <li>Russell Hind for help with Borland compatibility</li>
 541 <li>Jonathan Wakely for his great help with GCC compatibility and bug fixes</li>
 542 <li>Pavel Chikulaev for comments and bug-fixes</li>
 543 <li>Andreas Hommel for fixing the nasty Metrowerks bug</li>
 544 <li>Charles Brockman for his many comments on the documentation</li>
 545 <li>Sebastian Ramacher for implementing the optional serialization support</li>
 546 </ul>
 547 </div>
 548 <div class="section">
 549 <h1><a id="references" name="references">References</a></h1>
 550 <table class="docutils footnote" frame="void" id="id8" rules="none">
 551 <colgroup><col class="label" /><col /></colgroup>
 552 <tbody valign="top">
 553 <tr><td class="label"><a name="id8">[1]</a></td><td>Matt Austern: <a class="reference" href="http://www.cuj.com/documents/s=7990/cujcexp1910austern/">&quot;The Standard Librarian: Containers of Pointers&quot;</a> , C/C++ Users Journal Experts Forum.</td></tr>
 554 </tbody>
 555 </table>
 556 <table class="docutils footnote" frame="void" id="id10" rules="none">
 557 <colgroup><col class="label" /><col /></colgroup>
 558 <tbody valign="top">
 559 <tr><td class="label"><a name="id10">[2]</a></td><td>Bjarne Stroustrup, &quot;The C++ Programming Language&quot;, <a class="reference" href="http://www.research.att.com/~bs/3rd_safe.pdf">Appendix E: &quot;Standard-Library Exception Safety&quot;</a></td></tr>
 560 </tbody>
 561 </table>
 562 <table class="docutils footnote" frame="void" id="id12" rules="none">
 563 <colgroup><col class="label" /><col /></colgroup>
 564 <tbody valign="top">
 565 <tr><td class="label"><a name="id12">[3]</a></td><td>Herb Sutter, &quot;Exceptional C++&quot;.</td></tr>
 566 </tbody>
 567 </table>
 568 <table class="docutils footnote" frame="void" id="id13" rules="none">
 569 <colgroup><col class="label" /><col /></colgroup>
 570 <tbody valign="top">
 571 <tr><td class="label"><a name="id13">[4]</a></td><td>Herb Sutter, &quot;More Exceptional C++&quot;.</td></tr>
 572 </tbody>
 573 </table>
 574 <table class="docutils footnote" frame="void" id="id14" rules="none">
 575 <colgroup><col class="label" /><col /></colgroup>
 576 <tbody valign="top">
 577 <tr><td class="label"><a name="id14">[5]</a></td><td>Kevlin Henney: <a class="reference" href="http://www.cuj.com/documents/s=7986/cujcexp2002henney/henney.htm">&quot;From Mechanism to Method: The Safe Stacking of Cats&quot;</a> , C++ Experts Forum, February 2002.</td></tr>
 578 </tbody>
 579 </table>
 580 <table class="docutils footnote" frame="void" id="id16" rules="none">
 581 <colgroup><col class="label" /><col /></colgroup>
 582 <tbody valign="top">
 583 <tr><td class="label"><a name="id16">[6]</a></td><td>Some of the few earlier attempts of pointer containers I have seen are the rather interesting <a class="reference" href="http://www.ntllib.org/asp.html">NTL</a> and the
 584 <a class="reference" href="http://ootips.org/yonat/4dev/pointainer.h">pointainer</a>.
 585 As of this writing both libraries are not exceptions-safe and can leak.</td></tr>
 586 </tbody>
 587 </table>
 588 <table class="docutils footnote" frame="void" id="id17" rules="none">
 589 <colgroup><col class="label" /><col /></colgroup>
 590 <tbody valign="top">
 591 <tr><td class="label"><a name="id17">[7]</a></td><td>INTERNATIONAL STANDARD, Programming languages --- C++, ISO/IEC 14882, 1998. See section 23 in particular.</td></tr>
 592 </tbody>
 593 </table>
 594 <table class="docutils footnote" frame="void" id="id18" rules="none">
 595 <colgroup><col class="label" /><col /></colgroup>
 596 <tbody valign="top">
 597 <tr><td class="label"><a name="id18">[8]</a></td><td>C++ Standard Library Closed Issues List (Revision 27),
 598 Item 218, <a class="reference" href="http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/lwg-closed.html#218">Algorithms do not use binary predicate objects for default comparisons</a>.</td></tr>
 599 </tbody>
 600 </table>
 601 <table class="docutils footnote" frame="void" id="id20" rules="none">
 602 <colgroup><col class="label" /><col /></colgroup>
 603 <tbody valign="top">
 604 <tr><td class="label"><a name="id20">[9]</a></td><td>C++ Standard Library Active Issues List (Revision 27),
 605 Item 226, <a class="reference" href="http://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/libstdc++/ext/lwg-active.html#226">User supplied specializations or overloads of namespace std function templates</a>.</td></tr>
 606 </tbody>
 607 </table>
 608 <table class="docutils footnote" frame="void" id="id22" rules="none">
 609 <colgroup><col class="label" /><col /></colgroup>
 610 <tbody valign="top">
 611 <tr><td class="label"><a name="id22">[10]</a></td><td>Harald Nowak, &quot;A remove_if for vector&quot;, C/C++ Users Journal, July 2001.</td></tr>
 612 </tbody>
 613 </table>
 614 <table class="docutils footnote" frame="void" id="id23" rules="none">
 615 <colgroup><col class="label" /><col /></colgroup>
 616 <tbody valign="top">
 617 <tr><td class="label"><a name="id23">[11]</a></td><td><em>(<a class="fn-backref" href="#id2">1</a>, <a class="fn-backref" href="#id4">2</a>)</em> Boost smart pointer <a class="reference" href="http://www.boost.org/libs/smart_ptr/smarttests.htm">timings</a></td></tr>
 618 </tbody>
 619 </table>
 620 <table class="docutils footnote" frame="void" id="id25" rules="none">
 621 <colgroup><col class="label" /><col /></colgroup>
 622 <tbody valign="top">
 623 <tr><td class="label"><a name="id25">[12]</a></td><td><em>(<a class="fn-backref" href="#id3">1</a>, <a class="fn-backref" href="#id5">2</a>)</em> <a class="reference" href="http://www.ntllib.org/asp.html">NTL</a>: Array vs std::vector and boost::shared_ptr</td></tr>
 624 </tbody>
 625 </table>
 626 <table class="docutils footnote" frame="void" id="id26" rules="none">
 627 <colgroup><col class="label" /><col /></colgroup>
 628 <tbody valign="top">
 629 <tr><td class="label"><a name="id26">[13]</a></td><td>Kevlin Henney, <a class="reference" href="http://www.two-sdg.demon.co.uk/curbralan/papers/europlop/NullObject.pdf">Null Object</a>, 2002.</td></tr>
 630 </tbody>
 631 </table>
 632 <hr><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
 633 <col class="field-name" />
 634 <col class="field-body" />
 635 <tbody valign="top">
 636 <tr class="field"><th class="field-name">Copyright:</th><td class="field-body">Thorsten Ottosen 2004-2006.</td>
 637 </tr>
 638 </tbody>
 639 </table>
 640 </div>
 641 </div>
 642 </body>
 643 </html>