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[ceph.git] / ceph / src / boost / libs / signals2 / doc / tutorial.xml

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<section last-revision="$Date: 2007-06-12 14:01:23 -0400 (Tue, 12 Jun 2007) $" id="signals2.tutorial">
  <title>Tutorial</title>

  <using-namespace name="boost::signals2"/>
  <using-namespace name="boost"/>
  <using-class name="boost::signals2::signal"/>
  <using-class name="boost::signals2::slot"/>

  <section>
    <title>How to Read this Tutorial</title>
<para>This tutorial is not meant to be read linearly. Its top-level
structure roughly separates different concepts in the library
(e.g., handling calling multiple slots, passing values to and from
slots) and in each of these concepts the basic ideas are presented
first and then more complex uses of the library are described
later. Each of the sections is marked <emphasis>Beginner</emphasis>,
<emphasis>Intermediate</emphasis>, or <emphasis>Advanced</emphasis> to help guide the
reader. The <emphasis>Beginner</emphasis> sections include information that all
library users should know; one can make good use of the Signals2
library after having read only the <emphasis>Beginner</emphasis> sections. The
<emphasis>Intermediate</emphasis> sections build on the <emphasis>Beginner</emphasis>
sections with slightly more complex uses of the library. Finally,
the <emphasis>Advanced</emphasis> sections detail very advanced uses of the
Signals2 library, that often require a solid working knowledge of
the <emphasis>Beginner</emphasis> and <emphasis>Intermediate</emphasis> topics; most users
will not need to read the <emphasis>Advanced</emphasis> sections.</para>
</section>

<section><title>Hello, World! (Beginner)</title>
<para>The following example writes "Hello, World!" using signals and
slots. First, we create a signal <code>sig</code>, a signal that
takes no arguments and has a void return value. Next, we connect
the <code>hello</code> function object to the signal using the
<code>connect</code> method. Finally, use the signal
<code>sig</code> like a function to call the slots, which in turns
invokes <code>HelloWorld::operator()</code> to print "Hello,
World!".</para>
<programlisting><xi:include href="hello_world_def_code_snippet.xml"
  xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XInclude" parse="xml"/></programlisting>
<programlisting><xi:include href="hello_world_single_code_snippet.xml"
  xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XInclude" parse="xml"/></programlisting>
</section>

<section><title>Calling Multiple Slots</title>
<section><title>Connecting Multiple Slots (Beginner)</title>
<para>Calling a single slot from a signal isn't very interesting, so
we can make the Hello, World program more interesting by splitting
the work of printing "Hello, World!" into two completely separate
slots. The first slot will print "Hello" and may look like
this:</para>
<programlisting><xi:include href="hello_def_code_snippet.xml"
  xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XInclude" parse="xml"/></programlisting>
<para>The second slot will print ", World!" and a newline, to complete
the program. The second slot may look like this:</para>
<programlisting><xi:include href="world_def_code_snippet.xml"
  xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XInclude" parse="xml"/></programlisting>
<para>Like in our previous example, we can create a signal
<code>sig</code> that takes no arguments and has a
<code>void</code> return value. This time, we connect both a
<code>hello</code> and a <code>world</code> slot to the same
signal, and when we call the signal both slots will be called.</para>
<programlisting><xi:include href="hello_world_multi_code_snippet.xml"
  xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XInclude" parse="xml"/></programlisting>
<para>By default, slots are pushed onto the back of the slot list,
so the output of this program will be as expected:</para>
<programlisting>
Hello, World!
</programlisting>
</section>

<section><title>Ordering Slot Call Groups (Intermediate)</title>
<para>Slots are free to have side effects, and that can mean that some
slots will have to be called before others even if they are not connected in that order. The Boost.Signals2
library allows slots to be placed into groups that are ordered in
some way. For our Hello, World program, we want "Hello" to be
printed before ", World!", so we put "Hello" into a group that must
be executed before the group that ", World!" is in. To do this, we
can supply an extra parameter at the beginning of the
<code>connect</code> call that specifies the group. Group values
are, by default, <code>int</code>s, and are ordered by the integer
&lt; relation. Here's how we construct Hello, World:</para>
<programlisting><xi:include href="hello_world_ordered_code_snippet.xml"
  xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XInclude" parse="xml"/></programlisting>
<para>Invoking the signal will correctly print "Hello, World!", because the
<code>Hello</code> object is in group 0, which precedes group 1 where
the <code>World</code> object resides. The group
parameter is, in fact, optional. We omitted it in the first Hello,
World example because it was unnecessary when all of the slots are
independent. So what happens if we mix calls to connect that use the
group parameter and those that don't? The "unnamed" slots (i.e., those
that have been connected without specifying a group name) can be
placed at the front or back of the slot list (by passing
<code>boost::signals2::at_front</code> or <code>boost::signals2::at_back</code>
as the last parameter to <code><methodname
alt="boost::signals2::signal::connect">connect</methodname></code>, respectively),
and default to the end of the list. When
a group is specified, the final <code>at_front</code> or <code>at_back</code>
parameter describes where the slot
will be placed within the group ordering.  Ungrouped slots connected with
<code>at_front</code> will always precede all grouped slots.  Ungrouped
slots connected with <code>at_back</code> will always succeed all
grouped slots.
</para>
<para>
  If we add a new slot to our example like this:
</para>
<programlisting><xi:include href="good_morning_def_code_snippet.xml"
  xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XInclude" parse="xml"/></programlisting>
<programlisting><xi:include href="hello_world_ordered_invoke_code_snippet.xml"
  xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XInclude" parse="xml"/></programlisting>
<para>... we will get the result we wanted:</para>
<programlisting>
Hello, World!
... and good morning!
</programlisting>
</section>
</section>

<section><title>Passing Values to and from Slots</title>
<section><title>Slot Arguments (Beginner)</title>
<para>Signals can propagate arguments to each of the slots they call.
For instance, a signal that propagates mouse motion events might
want to pass along the new mouse coordinates and whether the mouse
buttons are pressed.</para>
<para>As an example, we'll create a signal that passes two
<code>float</code> arguments to its slots. Then we'll create a few
slots that print the results of various arithmetic operations on
these values.</para>
<programlisting><xi:include href="slot_arguments_slot_defs_code_snippet.xml"
  xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XInclude" parse="xml"/></programlisting>
<programlisting><xi:include href="slot_arguments_main_code_snippet.xml"
  xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XInclude" parse="xml"/></programlisting>
<para>This program will print out the following:</para>
<programlisting>The arguments are 5 and 3
The sum is 8
The product is 15
The difference is 2
The quotient is 1.66667</programlisting>
<para>So any values that are given to <code>sig</code> when it is
called like a function are passed to each of the slots. We have to
declare the types of these values up front when we create the
signal. The type <code><classname>boost::signals2::signal</classname>&lt;void (float,
float)&gt;</code> means that the signal has a <code>void</code>
return value and takes two <code>float</code> values. Any slot
connected to <code>sig</code> must therefore be able to take two
<code>float</code> values.</para>
</section>

<section><title>Signal Return Values (Advanced)</title>
<para>Just as slots can receive arguments, they can also return
values. These values can then be returned back to the caller of the
signal through a <firstterm>combiner</firstterm>. The combiner is a mechanism
that can take the results of calling slots (there may be no
results or a hundred; we don't know until the program runs) and
coalesces them into a single result to be returned to the caller.
The single result is often a simple function of the results of the
slot calls: the result of the last slot call, the maximum value
returned by any slot, or a container of all of the results are some
possibilities.</para>
<para>We can modify our previous arithmetic operations example
slightly so that the slots all return the results of computing the
product, quotient, sum, or difference. Then the signal itself can
return a value based on these results to be printed:</para>
<programlisting><xi:include href="signal_return_value_slot_defs_code_snippet.xml"
  xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XInclude" parse="xml"/></programlisting>
<programlisting>boost::signals2::signal&lt;float (float, float)&gt; sig;</programlisting>
<programlisting><xi:include href="signal_return_value_main_code_snippet.xml"
  xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XInclude" parse="xml"/></programlisting>

<para>This example program will output <code>2</code>. This is because the
default behavior of a signal that has a return type
(<code>float</code>, the first template argument given to the
<code><classname>boost::signals2::signal</classname></code> class template) is to call all slots and
then return a <classname>boost::optional</classname> containing
the result returned by the last slot called. This
behavior is admittedly silly for this example, because slots have
no side effects and the result is the last slot connected.</para>
<para>A more interesting signal result would be the maximum of the
values returned by any slot. To do this, we create a custom
combiner that looks like this:</para>
<programlisting><xi:include href="custom_combiners_maximum_def_code_snippet.xml"
  xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XInclude" parse="xml"/></programlisting>
<para>The <code>maximum</code> class template acts as a function
object. Its result type is given by its template parameter, and
this is the type it expects to be computing the maximum based on
(e.g., <code>maximum&lt;float&gt;</code> would find the maximum
<code>float</code> in a sequence of <code>float</code>s). When a
<code>maximum</code> object is invoked, it is given an input
iterator sequence <code>[first, last)</code> that includes the
results of calling all of the slots. <code>maximum</code> uses this
input iterator sequence to calculate the maximum element, and
returns that maximum value.</para>
<para>We actually use this new function object type by installing it
as a combiner for our signal. The combiner template argument
follows the signal's calling signature:</para>
<programlisting>
<classname>boost::signals2::signal</classname>&lt;float (float x, float y),
              maximum&lt;float&gt; &gt; sig;
</programlisting>
<para>Now we can connect slots that perform arithmetic functions and
use the signal:</para>
<programlisting><xi:include href="custom_combiners_maximum_usage_code_snippet.xml"
  xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XInclude" parse="xml"/></programlisting>
<para>The output of this program will be <code>15</code>, because
regardless of the order in which the slots are connected, the product
of 5 and 3 will be larger than the quotient, sum, or
difference.</para>
<para>In other cases we might want to return all of the values
computed by the slots together, in one large data structure. This
is easily done with a different combiner:</para>
<programlisting><xi:include href="custom_combiners_aggregate_values_def_code_snippet.xml"
  xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XInclude" parse="xml"/></programlisting>
<para>
Again, we can create a signal with this new combiner:
</para>
<programlisting>
<classname>boost::signals2::signal</classname>&lt;float (float, float),
    aggregate_values&lt;std::vector&lt;float&gt; &gt; &gt; sig;</programlisting>
<programlisting><xi:include href="custom_combiners_aggregate_values_usage_code_snippet.xml"
  xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XInclude" parse="xml"/></programlisting>
<para>The output of this program will contain 15, 8, 1.6667, and 2. It
is interesting here that
the first template argument for the <code>signal</code> class,
<code>float</code>, is not actually the return type of the signal.
Instead, it is the return type used by the connected slots and will
also be the <code>value_type</code> of the input iterators passed
to the combiner. The combiner itself is a function object and its
<code>result_type</code> member type becomes the return type of the
signal.</para>
<para>The input iterators passed to the combiner transform dereference
operations into slot calls. Combiners therefore have the option to
invoke only some slots until some particular criterion is met. For
instance, in a distributed computing system, the combiner may ask
each remote system whether it will handle the request. Only one
remote system needs to handle a particular request, so after a
remote system accepts the work we do not want to ask any other
remote systems to perform the same task. Such a combiner need only
check the value returned when dereferencing the iterator, and
return when the value is acceptable. The following combiner returns
the first non-NULL pointer to a <code>FulfilledRequest</code> data
structure, without asking any later slots to fulfill the
request:</para>
<programlisting>
struct DistributeRequest {
  typedef FulfilledRequest* result_type;

  template&lt;typename InputIterator&gt;
  result_type operator()(InputIterator first, InputIterator last) const
  {
    while (first != last) {
      if (result_type fulfilled = *first)
        return fulfilled;
      ++first;
    }
    return 0;
  }
};
</programlisting>
</section>
</section>

<section><title>Connection Management</title>
<section><title>Disconnecting Slots (Beginner)</title>
<para>Slots aren't expected to exist indefinitely after they are
connected. Often slots are only used to receive a few events and
are then disconnected, and the programmer needs control to decide
when a slot should no longer be connected.</para>
<para>The entry point for managing connections explicitly is the
<code><classname>boost::signals2::connection</classname></code> class. The
<code>connection</code> class uniquely represents the connection
between a particular signal and a particular slot. The
<code><methodname alt="connection::connected">connected</methodname>()</code> method checks if the signal and slot are
still connected, and the <code><methodname alt="connection::disconnect">disconnect()</methodname></code> method
disconnects the signal and slot if they are connected before it is
called. Each call to the signal's <code>connect()</code> method
returns a connection object, which can be used to determine if the
connection still exists or to disconnect the signal and slot.</para>
<programlisting><xi:include href="disconnect_code_snippet.xml"
  xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XInclude" parse="xml"/></programlisting>
</section>

<section><title>Blocking Slots (Beginner)</title>

<para>Slots can be temporarily "blocked", meaning that they will be
ignored when the signal is invoked but have not been permanently disconnected.
This is typically used to prevent infinite recursion in cases where
otherwise running a slot would cause the signal it is connected to to be
invoked again.  A
<classname>boost::signals2::shared_connection_block</classname> object will
temporarily block a slot.  The connection is unblocked by either
destroying or calling
<methodname alt="shared_connection_block::unblock">unblock</methodname>
on all the
<code>shared_connection_block</code> objects that reference the connection.
Here is an example of
blocking/unblocking slots:</para>

<programlisting><xi:include href="block_code_snippet.xml"
  xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XInclude" parse="xml"/></programlisting>

</section>

<section><title>Scoped Connections (Intermediate)</title>
<para>The <classname>boost::signals2::scoped_connection</classname> class
references a signal/slot connection that will be disconnected when
the <code>scoped_connection</code> class goes out of scope. This
ability is useful when a connection need only be temporary,
e.g.,</para>
<programlisting><xi:include href="scoped_connection_code_snippet.xml"
  xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XInclude" parse="xml"/></programlisting>

<para>
  Note, attempts to initialize a scoped_connection with the assignment syntax
  will fail due to it being noncopyable.  Either the explicit initialization syntax
  or default construction followed by assignment from a <classname>signals2::connection</classname>
  will work:
</para>
<programlisting>
// doesn't compile due to compiler attempting to copy a temporary scoped_connection object
// boost::signals2::scoped_connection c0 = sig.<methodname>connect</methodname>(ShortLived());

// okay
boost::signals2::scoped_connection c1(sig.<methodname>connect</methodname>(ShortLived()));

// also okay
boost::signals2::scoped_connection c2;
c2 = sig.<methodname>connect</methodname>(ShortLived());
</programlisting>
</section>

<section><title>Disconnecting Equivalent Slots (Intermediate)</title>
<para>One can disconnect slots that are equivalent to a given function
object using a form of the
<code><methodname>signal::disconnect</methodname></code> method, so long as
the type of the function object has an accessible <code>==</code>
operator. For instance:

</para>
<programlisting><xi:include href="disconnect_by_slot_def_code_snippet.xml"
  xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XInclude" parse="xml"/></programlisting>
<programlisting><classname>boost::signals2::signal</classname>&lt;void ()&gt; sig;</programlisting>
</section>
<programlisting><xi:include href="disconnect_by_slot_usage_code_snippet.xml"
  xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XInclude" parse="xml"/></programlisting>

<section id="signals2.tutorial.connection-management"><title>Automatic Connection Management (Intermediate)</title>
<para>Boost.Signals2 can automatically track the lifetime of objects
involved in signal/slot connections, including automatic
disconnection of slots when objects involved in the slot call are
destroyed. For instance, consider a simple news delivery service,
where clients connect to a news provider that then sends news to
all connected clients as information arrives. The news delivery
service may be constructed like this: </para>
<programlisting>
class NewsItem { /* ... */ };

typedef boost::signals2::signal&lt;void (const NewsItem&amp;)&gt; signal_type;
signal_type deliverNews;
</programlisting>

<para>Clients that wish to receive news updates need only connect a
function object that can receive news items to the
<code>deliverNews</code> signal. For instance, we may have a
special message area in our application specifically for news,
e.g.,:</para>
<programlisting>
struct NewsMessageArea : public MessageArea
{
public:
  // ...

  void displayNews(const NewsItem&amp; news) const
  {
    messageText = news.text();
    update();
  }
};

// ...
NewsMessageArea *newsMessageArea = new NewsMessageArea(/* ... */);
// ...
deliverNews.<methodname>connect</methodname>(boost::bind(&amp;NewsMessageArea::displayNews,
  newsMessageArea, _1));
</programlisting>
<para>However, what if the user closes the news message area,
destroying the <code>newsMessageArea</code> object that
<code>deliverNews</code> knows about? Most likely, a segmentation
fault will occur. However, with Boost.Signals2 one may track any object
which is managed by a shared_ptr, by using
<methodname alt="boost::signals2::slot::track">slot::track</methodname>.  A slot will automatically
disconnect when any of its tracked objects expire.  In
addition, Boost.Signals2 will ensure that no tracked object expires
while the slot it is associated with is in mid-execution.  It does so by creating
temporary shared_ptr copies of the slot's tracked objects before executing it.
To track <code>NewsMessageArea</code>, we use a shared_ptr to manage
its lifetime, and pass the shared_ptr to the slot via its
<methodname alt="boost::signals2::slot::track">slot::track</methodname>
method before connecting it,
e.g.:</para>
<programlisting>
// ...
boost::shared_ptr&lt;NewsMessageArea&gt; newsMessageArea(new NewsMessageArea(/* ... */));
// ...
deliverNews.<methodname>connect</methodname>(signal_type::slot_type(&amp;NewsMessageArea::displayNews,
  newsMessageArea.get(), _1).track(newsMessageArea));
</programlisting>
<para>
  Note there is no explicit call to bind() needed in the above example.  If the
  <classname>signals2::slot</classname> constructor is passed more than one
  argument, it will automatically pass all the arguments to <code>bind</code> and use the
  returned function object.
</para>
<para>Also note, we pass an ordinary pointer as the
  second argument to the slot constructor, using <code>newsMessageArea.get()</code>
  instead of passing the <code>shared_ptr</code> itself.  If we had passed the
  <code>newsMessageArea</code> itself, a copy of the <code>shared_ptr</code> would
  have been bound into the slot function, preventing the <code>shared_ptr</code>
  from expiring.  However, the use of
  <methodname alt="boost::signals2::slot::track">slot::track</methodname>
  implies we wish to allow the tracked object to expire, and automatically
  disconnect the connection when this occurs.
</para>
<para>
  <code>shared_ptr</code> classes other than <classname>boost::shared_ptr</classname>
  (such as <code>std::shared_ptr</code>) may also be tracked for connection management
  purposes.  They are supported by the <methodname>slot::track_foreign</methodname> method.
</para>
</section>

  <section id="signals2.tutorial.deconstruct">
    <title>Postconstructors and Predestructors (Advanced)</title>
    <para>One limitation of using <code>shared_ptr</code> for tracking is that
      an object cannot setup tracking of itself in its constructor.  However, it is
      possible to set up tracking in a post-constructor which is called after the
      object has been created and passed to a <classname>shared_ptr</classname>.
      The Boost.Signals2
      library provides support for post-constructors and pre-destructors
      via the <functionname>deconstruct()</functionname> factory function.
    </para>
    <para>
      For most cases, the simplest and most robust way to setup postconstructors
      for a class is to define an associated <code>adl_postconstruct</code> function
      which can be found by <functionname>deconstruct()</functionname>,
      make the class' constructors private, and give <functionname>deconstruct</functionname>
      access to the private constructors by declaring <classname>deconstruct_access</classname>
      a friend.  This will ensure that objects of the class may only be created
      through the <functionname>deconstruct()</functionname> function, and their
      associated <code>adl_postconstruct()</code> function will always be called.
    </para>
    <para>The <link linkend="signals2.examples.deconstruct">examples</link> section
      contains several examples of defining classes with postconstructors and
      predestructors, and creating objects of these classes using
      <functionname>deconstruct()</functionname>
    </para>
    <para>
      Be aware that the postconstructor/predestructor support in Boost.Signals2
      is in no way essential to the use of the library.  The use of
      <functionname>deconstruct</functionname>
      is purely optional.  One alternative is to
      define static factory functions for your classes.  The
      factory function can create an object, pass ownership of the object to
      a <classname>shared_ptr</classname>, setup tracking for the object,
      then return the <classname>shared_ptr</classname>.
    </para>
  </section>

<section><title>When Can Disconnections Occur? (Intermediate)</title>
<para>Signal/slot disconnections occur when any of these conditions
occur:</para>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem><para>The connection is explicitly disconnected via the connection's
<code>disconnect</code> method directly, or indirectly via the
signal's <code>disconnect</code> method, or
<code>scoped_connection</code>'s destructor.</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>An object tracked by the slot is
destroyed.</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>The signal is destroyed.</para></listitem></itemizedlist>
<para>These events can occur at any time without disrupting a signal's
calling sequence. If a signal/slot connection is disconnected at
any time during a signal's calling sequence, the calling sequence
will still continue but will not invoke the disconnected slot.
Additionally, a signal may be destroyed while it is in a calling
sequence, and which case it will complete its slot call sequence
but may not be accessed directly.</para>
<para>Signals may be invoked recursively (e.g., a signal A calls a
slot B that invokes signal A...). The disconnection behavior does
not change in the recursive case, except that the slot calling
sequence includes slot calls for all nested invocations of the
signal.</para>
<para>
  Note, even after a connection is disconnected, its's associated slot
  may still be in the process of executing.  In other words, disconnection
  does not block waiting for the connection's associated slot to complete execution.
  This situation may occur in a multi-threaded environment if the
  disconnection occurs concurrently with signal invocation,
  or in a single-threaded environment if a slot disconnects itself.
</para>
</section>

<section><title>Passing Slots (Intermediate)</title>
<para>Slots in the Boost.Signals2 library are created from arbitrary
function objects, and therefore have no fixed type. However, it is
commonplace to require that slots be passed through interfaces that
cannot be templates. Slots can be passed via the
<code>slot_type</code> for each particular signal type and any
function object compatible with the signature of the signal can be
passed to a <code>slot_type</code> parameter. For instance:</para>
<programlisting><xi:include href="passing_slots_defs_code_snippet.xml"
  xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XInclude" parse="xml"/></programlisting>
<programlisting>
<xi:include href="passing_slots_usage_code_snippet.xml"
  xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XInclude" parse="xml"/></programlisting>

<para>The <code>doOnClick</code> method is now functionally equivalent
to the <code>connect</code> method of the <code>onClick</code>
signal, but the details of the <code>doOnClick</code> method can be
hidden in an implementation detail file.</para>
</section>
</section>

<section id="signals2.tutorial.document-view">
  <title>Example: Document-View</title>

  <para>Signals can be used to implement flexible Document-View
  architectures. The document will contain a signal to which each of
  the views can connect. The following <code>Document</code> class
  defines a simple text document that supports mulitple views. Note
  that it stores a single signal to which all of the views will be
  connected.</para>

  <programlisting><xi:include href="document_def_code_snippet.xml"
    xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XInclude" parse="xml"/></programlisting>

  <para>
    Next, we can begin to define views. The
    following <code>TextView</code> class provides a simple view of the
    document text.
  </para>

  <programlisting><xi:include href="text_view_def_code_snippet.xml"
    xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XInclude" parse="xml"/></programlisting>

  <para>Alternatively, we can provide a view of the document
    translated into hex values using the <code>HexView</code>
    view:</para>

  <programlisting><xi:include href="hex_view_def_code_snippet.xml"
    xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XInclude" parse="xml"/></programlisting>

  <para>
    To tie the example together, here is a
    simple <code>main</code> function that sets up two views and then
    modifies the document:
  </para>

  <programlisting><xi:include href="document_view_main_code_snippet.xml"
    xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XInclude" parse="xml"/></programlisting>

  <para>The complete example source, contributed by Keith MacDonald,
    is available in the <link linkend="signals2.examples.document-view">examples</link> section.
    We also provide variations on the program which employ automatic connection management
    to disconnect views on their destruction.
  </para>
</section>

  <section id="signals2.tutorial.extended-slot-type">
    <title>Giving a Slot Access to its Connection (Advanced)</title>
    <para>
      You may encounter situations where you wish to disconnect or block a slot's
      connection from within the slot itself.  For example, suppose you have a group
      of asynchronous tasks, each of which emits a signal when it completes.
      You wish to connect a slot to all the tasks to retrieve their results as
      each completes.  Once a
      given task completes and the slot is run, the slot no longer needs to be
      connected to the completed task.
      Therefore, you may wish to clean up old connections by having the slot
      disconnect its invoking connection when it runs.
    </para>
    <para>
      For a slot to disconnect (or block) its invoking connection, it must have
      access to a <classname>signals2::connection</classname> object which references
      the invoking signal-slot connection.  The difficulty is,
      the <code>connection</code> object is returned by the
      <methodname>signal::connect</methodname>
      method, and therefore is not available until after the slot is
      already connected to the signal.  This can be particularly troublesome
      in a multi-threaded environment where the signal may be invoked
      concurrently by a different thread while the slot is being connected.
    </para>
    <para>
      Therefore, the signal classes provide
      <methodname>signal::connect_extended</methodname>
      methods, which allow slots which take an extra argument to be connected to a signal.
      The extra argument is a <classname>signals2::connection</classname> object which refers
      to the signal-slot connection currently invoking the slot.
      <methodname>signal::connect_extended</methodname>
      uses slots of the type given by the
      <classname>signal::extended_slot_type</classname>
      typedef.
    </para>
    <para>
      The examples section includes an
      <link linkend="signals2.examples.tutorial.extended_slot">extended_slot</link>
      program which demonstrates the syntax for using
      <methodname>signal::connect_extended</methodname>.
    </para>
  </section>

  <section id="signals2.tutorial.signal-mutex-template-parameter">
    <title>Changing the <code>Mutex</code> Type of a Signal (Advanced).</title>
    <para>
      For most cases the default type of <classname>boost::signals2::mutex</classname> for
      a <classname>signals2::signal</classname>'s <code>Mutex</code> template type parameter should
      be fine.  If you wish to use an alternate mutex type, it must be default-constructible
      and fulfill the <code>Lockable</code> concept defined by the Boost.Thread library.
      That is, it must have <code>lock()</code> and <code>unlock()</code> methods
      (the <code>Lockable</code> concept also includes a <code>try_lock()</code> method
      but this library does not require try locking).
    </para>
    <para>
      The Boost.Signals2 library provides one alternate mutex class for use with <code>signal</code>:
      <classname>boost::signals2::dummy_mutex</classname>.  This is a fake mutex for
      use in single-threaded programs, where locking a real mutex would be useless
      overhead.  Other mutex types you could use with <code>signal</code> include
      <classname>boost::mutex</classname>, or the <code>std::mutex</code> from
      C++11.
    </para>
    <para>
      Changing a signal's <code>Mutex</code> template type parameter can be tedious, due to
      the large number of template parameters which precede it.  The
      <classname>signal_type</classname> metafunction is particularly useful in this case,
      since it enables named template type parameters for the <classname>signals2::signal</classname>
      class.  For example, to declare a signal which takes an <code>int</code> as
      an argument and uses a <classname>boost::signals2::dummy_mutex</classname>
      for its <code>Mutex</code> types, you could write:
    </para>
<programlisting>namespace bs2 = boost::signals2;
using namespace bs2::keywords;
bs2::signal_type&lt;void (int), mutex_type&lt;bs2::dummy_mutex&gt; &gt;::type sig;
</programlisting>

  </section>

  <section>
    <title>Linking against the Signals2 library</title>
    <para>Unlike the original Boost.Signals library, Boost.Signals2 is currently header-only.
    </para>
  </section>

</section>