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22 - [Design goals](#design-goals)
23 - [Sponsors](#sponsors)
24 - [Support](#support) ([documentation](https://json.nlohmann.me), [FAQ](https://json.nlohmann.me/home/faq/), [discussions](https://github.com/nlohmann/json/discussions), [API](https://json.nlohmann.me/api/basic_json/), [bug issues](https://github.com/nlohmann/json/issues))
25 - [Examples](#examples)
26 - [JSON as first-class data type](#json-as-first-class-data-type)
27 - [Serialization / Deserialization](#serialization--deserialization)
28 - [STL-like access](#stl-like-access)
29 - [Conversion from STL containers](#conversion-from-stl-containers)
30 - [JSON Pointer and JSON Patch](#json-pointer-and-json-patch)
31 - [JSON Merge Patch](#json-merge-patch)
32 - [Implicit conversions](#implicit-conversions)
33 - [Conversions to/from arbitrary types](#arbitrary-types-conversions)
34 - [Specializing enum conversion](#specializing-enum-conversion)
35 - [Binary formats (BSON, CBOR, MessagePack, and UBJSON)](#binary-formats-bson-cbor-messagepack-and-ubjson)
36 - [Supported compilers](#supported-compilers)
37 - [Integration](#integration)
39 - [Package Managers](#package-managers)
40 - [Pkg-config](#pkg-config)
44 - [Used third-party tools](#used-third-party-tools)
45 - [Projects using JSON for Modern C++](#projects-using-json-for-modern-c)
47 - [Execute unit tests](#execute-unit-tests)
51 There are myriads of [JSON](https://json.org) libraries out there, and each may even have its reason to exist. Our class had these design goals:
53 - **Intuitive syntax**. In languages such as Python, JSON feels like a first class data type. We used all the operator magic of modern C++ to achieve the same feeling in your code. Check out the [examples below](#examples) and you'll know what I mean.
55 - **Trivial integration**. Our whole code consists of a single header file [`json.hpp`](https://github.com/nlohmann/json/blob/develop/single_include/nlohmann/json.hpp). That's it. No library, no subproject, no dependencies, no complex build system. The class is written in vanilla C++11. All in all, everything should require no adjustment of your compiler flags or project settings.
57 - **Serious testing**. Our class is heavily [unit-tested](https://github.com/nlohmann/json/tree/develop/test/src) and covers [100%](https://coveralls.io/r/nlohmann/json) of the code, including all exceptional behavior. Furthermore, we checked with [Valgrind](https://valgrind.org) and the [Clang Sanitizers](https://clang.llvm.org/docs/index.html) that there are no memory leaks. [Google OSS-Fuzz](https://github.com/google/oss-fuzz/tree/master/projects/json) additionally runs fuzz tests against all parsers 24/7, effectively executing billions of tests so far. To maintain high quality, the project is following the [Core Infrastructure Initiative (CII) best practices](https://bestpractices.coreinfrastructure.org/projects/289).
59 Other aspects were not so important to us:
61 - **Memory efficiency**. Each JSON object has an overhead of one pointer (the maximal size of a union) and one enumeration element (1 byte). The default generalization uses the following C++ data types: `std::string` for strings, `int64_t`, `uint64_t` or `double` for numbers, `std::map` for objects, `std::vector` for arrays, and `bool` for Booleans. However, you can template the generalized class `basic_json` to your needs.
63 - **Speed**. There are certainly [faster JSON libraries](https://github.com/miloyip/nativejson-benchmark#parsing-time) out there. However, if your goal is to speed up your development by adding JSON support with a single header, then this library is the way to go. If you know how to use a `std::vector` or `std::map`, you are already set.
65 See the [contribution guidelines](https://github.com/nlohmann/json/blob/master/.github/CONTRIBUTING.md#please-dont) for more information.
70 You can sponsor this library at [GitHub Sponsors](https://github.com/sponsors/nlohmann).
72 ### :label: Named Sponsors
74 - [Michael Hartmann](https://github.com/reFX-Mike)
75 - [Stefan Hagen](https://github.com/sthagen)
76 - [Steve Sperandeo](https://github.com/homer6)
77 - [Robert Jefe Lindstädt](https://github.com/eljefedelrodeodeljefe)
78 - [Steve Wagner](https://github.com/ciroque)
84 :question: If you have a **question**, please check if it is already answered in the [**FAQ**](https://json.nlohmann.me/home/faq/) or the [**Q&A**](https://github.com/nlohmann/json/discussions/categories/q-a) section. If not, please [**ask a new question**](https://github.com/nlohmann/json/discussions/new) there.
86 :books: If you want to **learn more** about how to use the library, check out the rest of the [**README**](#examples), have a look at [**code examples**](https://github.com/nlohmann/json/tree/develop/doc/examples), or browse through the [**help pages**](https://json.nlohmann.me).
88 :construction: If you want to understand the **API** better, check out the [**API Reference**](https://json.nlohmann.me/api/basic_json/) or the [**Doxygen documentation**](https://json.nlohmann.me/doxygen/index.html).
90 :bug: If you found a **bug**, please check the [**FAQ**](https://json.nlohmann.me/home/faq/) if it is a known issue or the result of a design decision. Please also have a look at the [**issue list**](https://github.com/nlohmann/json/issues) before you [**create a new issue**](https://github.com/nlohmann/json/issues/new/choose). Please provide as much information as possible to help us understand and reproduce your issue.
92 There is also a [**docset**](https://github.com/Kapeli/Dash-User-Contributions/tree/master/docsets/JSON_for_Modern_C%2B%2B) for the documentation browsers [Dash](https://kapeli.com/dash), [Velocity](https://velocity.silverlakesoftware.com), and [Zeal](https://zealdocs.org) that contains the full [documentation](https://json.nlohmann.me) as offline resource.
96 Beside the examples below, you may want to check the [documentation](https://nlohmann.github.io/json/) where each function contains a separate code example (e.g., check out [`emplace()`](https://nlohmann.github.io/json/api/basic_json/emplace/)). All [example files](https://github.com/nlohmann/json/tree/develop/doc/examples) can be compiled and executed on their own (e.g., file [emplace.cpp](https://github.com/nlohmann/json/blob/develop/doc/examples/emplace.cpp)).
98 ### JSON as first-class data type
100 Here are some examples to give you an idea how to use the class.
102 Assume you want to create the JSON object
121 With this library, you could write:
124 // create an empty structure (null)
127 // add a number that is stored as double (note the implicit conversion of j to an object)
130 // add a Boolean that is stored as bool
133 // add a string that is stored as std::string
136 // add another null object by passing nullptr
137 j["nothing"] = nullptr;
139 // add an object inside the object
140 j["answer"]["everything"] = 42;
142 // add an array that is stored as std::vector (using an initializer list)
143 j["list"] = { 1, 0, 2 };
145 // add another object (using an initializer list of pairs)
146 j["object"] = { {"currency", "USD"}, {"value", 42.99} };
148 // instead, you could also write (which looks very similar to the JSON above)
153 {"nothing", nullptr},
165 Note that in all these cases, you never need to "tell" the compiler which JSON value type you want to use. If you want to be explicit or express some edge cases, the functions [`json::array()`](https://nlohmann.github.io/json/api/basic_json/array/) and [`json::object()`](https://nlohmann.github.io/json/api/basic_json/object/) will help:
168 // a way to express the empty array []
169 json empty_array_explicit = json::array();
171 // ways to express the empty object {}
172 json empty_object_implicit = json({});
173 json empty_object_explicit = json::object();
175 // a way to express an _array_ of key/value pairs [["currency", "USD"], ["value", 42.99]]
176 json array_not_object = json::array({ {"currency", "USD"}, {"value", 42.99} });
179 ### Serialization / Deserialization
183 You can create a JSON value (deserialization) by appending `_json` to a string literal:
186 // create object from string literal
187 json j = "{ \"happy\": true, \"pi\": 3.141 }"_json;
189 // or even nicer with a raw string literal
198 Note that without appending the `_json` suffix, the passed string literal is not parsed, but just used as JSON string value. That is, `json j = "{ \"happy\": true, \"pi\": 3.141 }"` would just store the string `"{ "happy": true, "pi": 3.141 }"` rather than parsing the actual object.
200 The above example can also be expressed explicitly using [`json::parse()`](https://nlohmann.github.io/json/api/basic_json/parse/):
204 auto j3 = json::parse(R"({"happy": true, "pi": 3.141})");
207 You can also get a string representation of a JSON value (serialize):
210 // explicit conversion to string
211 std::string s = j.dump(); // {"happy":true,"pi":3.141}
213 // serialization with pretty printing
214 // pass in the amount of spaces to indent
215 std::cout << j.dump(4) << std::endl;
222 Note the difference between serialization and assignment:
225 // store a string in a JSON value
226 json j_string = "this is a string";
228 // retrieve the string value
229 auto cpp_string = j_string.get<std::string>();
230 // retrieve the string value (alternative when a variable already exists)
231 std::string cpp_string2;
232 j_string.get_to(cpp_string2);
234 // retrieve the serialized value (explicit JSON serialization)
235 std::string serialized_string = j_string.dump();
237 // output of original string
238 std::cout << cpp_string << " == " << cpp_string2 << " == " << j_string.get<std::string>() << '\n';
239 // output of serialized value
240 std::cout << j_string << " == " << serialized_string << std::endl;
243 [`.dump()`](https://nlohmann.github.io/json/api/basic_json/dump/) returns the originally stored string value.
245 Note the library only supports UTF-8. When you store strings with different encodings in the library, calling [`dump()`](https://nlohmann.github.io/json/api/basic_json/dump/) may throw an exception unless `json::error_handler_t::replace` or `json::error_handler_t::ignore` are used as error handlers.
247 #### To/from streams (e.g. files, string streams)
249 You can also use streams to serialize and deserialize:
252 // deserialize from standard input
256 // serialize to standard output
259 // the setw manipulator was overloaded to set the indentation for pretty printing
260 std::cout << std::setw(4) << j << std::endl;
263 These operators work for any subclasses of `std::istream` or `std::ostream`. Here is the same example with files:
267 std::ifstream i("file.json");
271 // write prettified JSON to another file
272 std::ofstream o("pretty.json");
273 o << std::setw(4) << j << std::endl;
276 Please note that setting the exception bit for `failbit` is inappropriate for this use case. It will result in program termination due to the `noexcept` specifier in use.
278 #### Read from iterator range
280 You can also parse JSON from an iterator range; that is, from any container accessible by iterators whose `value_type` is an integral type of 1, 2 or 4 bytes, which will be interpreted as UTF-8, UTF-16 and UTF-32 respectively. For instance, a `std::vector<std::uint8_t>`, or a `std::list<std::uint16_t>`:
283 std::vector<std::uint8_t> v = {'t', 'r', 'u', 'e'};
284 json j = json::parse(v.begin(), v.end());
287 You may leave the iterators for the range [begin, end):
290 std::vector<std::uint8_t> v = {'t', 'r', 'u', 'e'};
291 json j = json::parse(v);
294 #### Custom data source
296 Since the parse function accepts arbitrary iterator ranges, you can provide your own data sources by implementing the `LegacyInputIterator` concept.
301 const char& get_current();
305 using difference_type = std::ptrdiff_t;
306 using value_type = char;
307 using pointer = const char*;
308 using reference = const char&;
309 using iterator_category = std::input_iterator_tag;
311 MyIterator& operator++() {
312 MyContainer.advance();
316 bool operator!=(const MyIterator& rhs) const {
317 return rhs.target != target;
320 reference operator*() const {
321 return target.get_current();
324 MyContainer* target = nullptr;
327 MyIterator begin(MyContainer& tgt) {
328 return MyIterator{&tgt};
331 MyIterator end(const MyContainer&) {
337 json j = json::parse(c);
343 The library uses a SAX-like interface with the following functions:
346 // called when null is parsed
349 // called when a boolean is parsed; value is passed
350 bool boolean(bool val);
352 // called when a signed or unsigned integer number is parsed; value is passed
353 bool number_integer(number_integer_t val);
354 bool number_unsigned(number_unsigned_t val);
356 // called when a floating-point number is parsed; value and original string is passed
357 bool number_float(number_float_t val, const string_t& s);
359 // called when a string is parsed; value is passed and can be safely moved away
360 bool string(string_t& val);
361 // called when a binary value is parsed; value is passed and can be safely moved away
362 bool binary(binary_t& val);
364 // called when an object or array begins or ends, resp. The number of elements is passed (or -1 if not known)
365 bool start_object(std::size_t elements);
367 bool start_array(std::size_t elements);
369 // called when an object key is parsed; value is passed and can be safely moved away
370 bool key(string_t& val);
372 // called when a parse error occurs; byte position, the last token, and an exception is passed
373 bool parse_error(std::size_t position, const std::string& last_token, const detail::exception& ex);
376 The return value of each function determines whether parsing should proceed.
378 To implement your own SAX handler, proceed as follows:
380 1. Implement the SAX interface in a class. You can use class `nlohmann::json_sax<json>` as base class, but you can also use any class where the functions described above are implemented and public.
381 2. Create an object of your SAX interface class, e.g. `my_sax`.
382 3. Call `bool json::sax_parse(input, &my_sax)`; where the first parameter can be any input like a string or an input stream and the second parameter is a pointer to your SAX interface.
384 Note the `sax_parse` function only returns a `bool` indicating the result of the last executed SAX event. It does not return a `json` value - it is up to you to decide what to do with the SAX events. Furthermore, no exceptions are thrown in case of a parse error - it is up to you what to do with the exception object passed to your `parse_error` implementation. Internally, the SAX interface is used for the DOM parser (class `json_sax_dom_parser`) as well as the acceptor (`json_sax_acceptor`), see file [`json_sax.hpp`](https://github.com/nlohmann/json/blob/develop/include/nlohmann/detail/input/json_sax.hpp).
388 We designed the JSON class to behave just like an STL container. In fact, it satisfies the [**ReversibleContainer**](https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/named_req/ReversibleContainer) requirement.
391 // create an array using push_back
397 // also use emplace_back
398 j.emplace_back(1.78);
401 for (json::iterator it = j.begin(); it != j.end(); ++it) {
402 std::cout << *it << '\n';
406 for (auto& element : j) {
407 std::cout << element << '\n';
411 const auto tmp = j[0].get<std::string>();
416 j == R"(["foo", 1, true, 1.78])"_json; // true
419 j.size(); // 4 entries
421 j.type(); // json::value_t::array
422 j.clear(); // the array is empty again
424 // convenience type checkers
439 o.emplace("weather", "sunny");
441 // special iterator member functions for objects
442 for (json::iterator it = o.begin(); it != o.end(); ++it) {
443 std::cout << it.key() << " : " << it.value() << "\n";
446 // the same code as range for
447 for (auto& el : o.items()) {
448 std::cout << el.key() << " : " << el.value() << "\n";
451 // even easier with structured bindings (C++17)
452 for (auto& [key, value] : o.items()) {
453 std::cout << key << " : " << value << "\n";
457 if (o.contains("foo")) {
458 // there is an entry with key "foo"
461 // or via find and an iterator
462 if (o.find("foo") != o.end()) {
463 // there is an entry with key "foo"
466 // or simpler using count()
467 int foo_present = o.count("foo"); // 1
468 int fob_present = o.count("fob"); // 0
475 ### Conversion from STL containers
477 Any sequence container (`std::array`, `std::vector`, `std::deque`, `std::forward_list`, `std::list`) whose values can be used to construct JSON values (e.g., integers, floating point numbers, Booleans, string types, or again STL containers described in this section) can be used to create a JSON array. The same holds for similar associative containers (`std::set`, `std::multiset`, `std::unordered_set`, `std::unordered_multiset`), but in these cases the order of the elements of the array depends on how the elements are ordered in the respective STL container.
480 std::vector<int> c_vector {1, 2, 3, 4};
481 json j_vec(c_vector);
484 std::deque<double> c_deque {1.2, 2.3, 3.4, 5.6};
485 json j_deque(c_deque);
486 // [1.2, 2.3, 3.4, 5.6]
488 std::list<bool> c_list {true, true, false, true};
490 // [true, true, false, true]
492 std::forward_list<int64_t> c_flist {12345678909876, 23456789098765, 34567890987654, 45678909876543};
493 json j_flist(c_flist);
494 // [12345678909876, 23456789098765, 34567890987654, 45678909876543]
496 std::array<unsigned long, 4> c_array {{1, 2, 3, 4}};
497 json j_array(c_array);
500 std::set<std::string> c_set {"one", "two", "three", "four", "one"};
501 json j_set(c_set); // only one entry for "one" is used
502 // ["four", "one", "three", "two"]
504 std::unordered_set<std::string> c_uset {"one", "two", "three", "four", "one"};
505 json j_uset(c_uset); // only one entry for "one" is used
506 // maybe ["two", "three", "four", "one"]
508 std::multiset<std::string> c_mset {"one", "two", "one", "four"};
509 json j_mset(c_mset); // both entries for "one" are used
510 // maybe ["one", "two", "one", "four"]
512 std::unordered_multiset<std::string> c_umset {"one", "two", "one", "four"};
513 json j_umset(c_umset); // both entries for "one" are used
514 // maybe ["one", "two", "one", "four"]
517 Likewise, any associative key-value containers (`std::map`, `std::multimap`, `std::unordered_map`, `std::unordered_multimap`) whose keys can construct an `std::string` and whose values can be used to construct JSON values (see examples above) can be used to create a JSON object. Note that in case of multimaps only one key is used in the JSON object and the value depends on the internal order of the STL container.
520 std::map<std::string, int> c_map { {"one", 1}, {"two", 2}, {"three", 3} };
522 // {"one": 1, "three": 3, "two": 2 }
524 std::unordered_map<const char*, double> c_umap { {"one", 1.2}, {"two", 2.3}, {"three", 3.4} };
526 // {"one": 1.2, "two": 2.3, "three": 3.4}
528 std::multimap<std::string, bool> c_mmap { {"one", true}, {"two", true}, {"three", false}, {"three", true} };
529 json j_mmap(c_mmap); // only one entry for key "three" is used
530 // maybe {"one": true, "two": true, "three": true}
532 std::unordered_multimap<std::string, bool> c_ummap { {"one", true}, {"two", true}, {"three", false}, {"three", true} };
533 json j_ummap(c_ummap); // only one entry for key "three" is used
534 // maybe {"one": true, "two": true, "three": true}
537 ### JSON Pointer and JSON Patch
539 The library supports **JSON Pointer** ([RFC 6901](https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc6901)) as alternative means to address structured values. On top of this, **JSON Patch** ([RFC 6902](https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc6902)) allows describing differences between two JSON values - effectively allowing patch and diff operations known from Unix.
543 json j_original = R"({
544 "baz": ["one", "two", "three"],
548 // access members with a JSON pointer (RFC 6901)
549 j_original["/baz/1"_json_pointer];
552 // a JSON patch (RFC 6902)
554 { "op": "replace", "path": "/baz", "value": "boo" },
555 { "op": "add", "path": "/hello", "value": ["world"] },
556 { "op": "remove", "path": "/foo"}
560 json j_result = j_original.patch(j_patch);
563 // "hello": ["world"]
566 // calculate a JSON patch from two JSON values
567 json::diff(j_result, j_original);
569 // { "op":" replace", "path": "/baz", "value": ["one", "two", "three"] },
570 // { "op": "remove","path": "/hello" },
571 // { "op": "add", "path": "/foo", "value": "bar" }
577 The library supports **JSON Merge Patch** ([RFC 7386](https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7386)) as a patch format. Instead of using JSON Pointer (see above) to specify values to be manipulated, it describes the changes using a syntax that closely mimics the document being modified.
581 json j_document = R"({
598 j_document.merge_patch(j_patch);
607 ### Implicit conversions
609 Supported types can be implicitly converted to JSON values.
611 It is recommended to **NOT USE** implicit conversions **FROM** a JSON value.
612 You can find more details about this recommendation [here](https://www.github.com/nlohmann/json/issues/958).
613 You can switch off implicit conversions by defining `JSON_USE_IMPLICIT_CONVERSIONS` to `0` before including the `json.hpp` header. When using CMake, you can also achieve this by setting the option `JSON_ImplicitConversions` to `OFF`.
617 std::string s1 = "Hello, world!";
619 auto s2 = js.get<std::string>();
628 auto b2 = jb.get<bool>();
637 auto f = jn.get<double>();
646 Note that `char` types are not automatically converted to JSON strings, but to integer numbers. A conversion to a string must be specified explicitly:
649 char ch = 'A'; // ASCII value 65
650 json j_default = ch; // stores integer number 65
651 json j_string = std::string(1, ch); // stores string "A"
654 ### Arbitrary types conversions
656 Every type can be serialized in JSON, not just STL containers and scalar types. Usually, you would do something along those lines:
660 // a simple struct to model a person
668 ns::person p = {"Ned Flanders", "744 Evergreen Terrace", 60};
670 // convert to JSON: copy each value into the JSON object
673 j["address"] = p.address;
678 // convert from JSON: copy each value from the JSON object
680 j["name"].get<std::string>(),
681 j["address"].get<std::string>(),
686 It works, but that's quite a lot of boilerplate... Fortunately, there's a better way:
690 ns::person p {"Ned Flanders", "744 Evergreen Terrace", 60};
692 // conversion: person -> json
695 std::cout << j << std::endl;
696 // {"address":"744 Evergreen Terrace","age":60,"name":"Ned Flanders"}
698 // conversion: json -> person
699 auto p2 = j.get<ns::person>();
707 To make this work with one of your types, you only need to provide two functions:
710 using json = nlohmann::json;
713 void to_json(json& j, const person& p) {
714 j = json{{"name", p.name}, {"address", p.address}, {"age", p.age}};
717 void from_json(const json& j, person& p) {
718 j.at("name").get_to(p.name);
719 j.at("address").get_to(p.address);
720 j.at("age").get_to(p.age);
725 That's all! When calling the `json` constructor with your type, your custom `to_json` method will be automatically called.
726 Likewise, when calling `get<your_type>()` or `get_to(your_type&)`, the `from_json` method will be called.
728 Some important things:
730 * Those methods **MUST** be in your type's namespace (which can be the global namespace), or the library will not be able to locate them (in this example, they are in namespace `ns`, where `person` is defined).
731 * Those methods **MUST** be available (e.g., proper headers must be included) everywhere you use these conversions. Look at [issue 1108](https://github.com/nlohmann/json/issues/1108) for errors that may occur otherwise.
732 * When using `get<your_type>()`, `your_type` **MUST** be [DefaultConstructible](https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/named_req/DefaultConstructible). (There is a way to bypass this requirement described later.)
733 * In function `from_json`, use function [`at()`](https://nlohmann.github.io/json/api/basic_json/at/) to access the object values rather than `operator[]`. In case a key does not exist, `at` throws an exception that you can handle, whereas `operator[]` exhibits undefined behavior.
734 * You do not need to add serializers or deserializers for STL types like `std::vector`: the library already implements these.
736 #### Simplify your life with macros
738 If you just want to serialize/deserialize some structs, the `to_json`/`from_json` functions can be a lot of boilerplate.
740 There are two macros to make your life easier as long as you (1) want to use a JSON object as serialization and (2) want to use the member variable names as object keys in that object:
742 - `NLOHMANN_DEFINE_TYPE_NON_INTRUSIVE(name, member1, member2, ...)` is to be defined inside the namespace of the class/struct to create code for.
743 - `NLOHMANN_DEFINE_TYPE_INTRUSIVE(name, member1, member2, ...)` is to be defined inside the class/struct to create code for. This macro can also access private members.
745 In both macros, the first parameter is the name of the class/struct, and all remaining parameters name the members.
749 The `to_json`/`from_json` functions for the `person` struct above can be created with:
753 NLOHMANN_DEFINE_TYPE_NON_INTRUSIVE(person, name, address, age)
757 Here is an example with private members, where `NLOHMANN_DEFINE_TYPE_INTRUSIVE` is needed:
768 NLOHMANN_DEFINE_TYPE_INTRUSIVE(address, street, housenumber, postcode)
773 #### How do I convert third-party types?
775 This requires a bit more advanced technique. But first, let's see how this conversion mechanism works:
777 The library uses **JSON Serializers** to convert types to json.
778 The default serializer for `nlohmann::json` is `nlohmann::adl_serializer` (ADL means [Argument-Dependent Lookup](https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/language/adl)).
780 It is implemented like this (simplified):
783 template <typename T>
784 struct adl_serializer {
785 static void to_json(json& j, const T& value) {
786 // calls the "to_json" method in T's namespace
789 static void from_json(const json& j, T& value) {
790 // same thing, but with the "from_json" method
795 This serializer works fine when you have control over the type's namespace. However, what about `boost::optional` or `std::filesystem::path` (C++17)? Hijacking the `boost` namespace is pretty bad, and it's illegal to add something other than template specializations to `std`...
797 To solve this, you need to add a specialization of `adl_serializer` to the `nlohmann` namespace, here's an example:
800 // partial specialization (full specialization works too)
802 template <typename T>
803 struct adl_serializer<boost::optional<T>> {
804 static void to_json(json& j, const boost::optional<T>& opt) {
805 if (opt == boost::none) {
808 j = *opt; // this will call adl_serializer<T>::to_json which will
809 // find the free function to_json in T's namespace!
813 static void from_json(const json& j, boost::optional<T>& opt) {
817 opt = j.get<T>(); // same as above, but with
818 // adl_serializer<T>::from_json
825 #### How can I use `get()` for non-default constructible/non-copyable types?
827 There is a way, if your type is [MoveConstructible](https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/named_req/MoveConstructible). You will need to specialize the `adl_serializer` as well, but with a special `from_json` overload:
830 struct move_only_type {
831 move_only_type() = delete;
832 move_only_type(int ii): i(ii) {}
833 move_only_type(const move_only_type&) = delete;
834 move_only_type(move_only_type&&) = default;
841 struct adl_serializer<move_only_type> {
842 // note: the return type is no longer 'void', and the method only takes
844 static move_only_type from_json(const json& j) {
845 return {j.get<int>()};
848 // Here's the catch! You must provide a to_json method! Otherwise, you
849 // will not be able to convert move_only_type to json, since you fully
850 // specialized adl_serializer on that type
851 static void to_json(json& j, move_only_type t) {
858 #### Can I write my own serializer? (Advanced use)
860 Yes. You might want to take a look at [`unit-udt.cpp`](https://github.com/nlohmann/json/blob/develop/test/src/unit-udt.cpp) in the test suite, to see a few examples.
862 If you write your own serializer, you'll need to do a few things:
864 - use a different `basic_json` alias than `nlohmann::json` (the last template parameter of `basic_json` is the `JSONSerializer`)
865 - use your `basic_json` alias (or a template parameter) in all your `to_json`/`from_json` methods
866 - use `nlohmann::to_json` and `nlohmann::from_json` when you need ADL
868 Here is an example, without simplifications, that only accepts types with a size <= 32, and uses ADL.
871 // You should use void as a second template argument
872 // if you don't need compile-time checks on T
873 template<typename T, typename SFINAE = typename std::enable_if<sizeof(T) <= 32>::type>
874 struct less_than_32_serializer {
875 template <typename BasicJsonType>
876 static void to_json(BasicJsonType& j, T value) {
877 // we want to use ADL, and call the correct to_json overload
878 using nlohmann::to_json; // this method is called by adl_serializer,
879 // this is where the magic happens
883 template <typename BasicJsonType>
884 static void from_json(const BasicJsonType& j, T& value) {
886 using nlohmann::from_json;
892 Be **very** careful when reimplementing your serializer, you can stack overflow if you don't pay attention:
895 template <typename T, void>
896 struct bad_serializer
898 template <typename BasicJsonType>
899 static void to_json(BasicJsonType& j, const T& value) {
900 // this calls BasicJsonType::json_serializer<T>::to_json(j, value);
901 // if BasicJsonType::json_serializer == bad_serializer ... oops!
905 template <typename BasicJsonType>
906 static void to_json(const BasicJsonType& j, T& value) {
907 // this calls BasicJsonType::json_serializer<T>::from_json(j, value);
908 // if BasicJsonType::json_serializer == bad_serializer ... oops!
909 value = j.template get<T>(); // oops!
914 ### Specializing enum conversion
916 By default, enum values are serialized to JSON as integers. In some cases this could result in undesired behavior. If an enum is modified or re-ordered after data has been serialized to JSON, the later de-serialized JSON data may be undefined or a different enum value than was originally intended.
918 It is possible to more precisely specify how a given enum is mapped to and from JSON as shown below:
921 // example enum type declaration
929 // map TaskState values to JSON as strings
930 NLOHMANN_JSON_SERIALIZE_ENUM( TaskState, {
931 {TS_INVALID, nullptr},
932 {TS_STOPPED, "stopped"},
933 {TS_RUNNING, "running"},
934 {TS_COMPLETED, "completed"},
938 The `NLOHMANN_JSON_SERIALIZE_ENUM()` macro declares a set of `to_json()` / `from_json()` functions for type `TaskState` while avoiding repetition and boilerplate serialization code.
943 // enum to JSON as string
945 assert(j == "stopped");
947 // json string to enum
949 assert(j3.get<TaskState>() == TS_RUNNING);
951 // undefined json value to enum (where the first map entry above is the default)
953 assert(jPi.get<TaskState>() == TS_INVALID );
956 Just as in [Arbitrary Type Conversions](#arbitrary-types-conversions) above,
957 - `NLOHMANN_JSON_SERIALIZE_ENUM()` MUST be declared in your enum type's namespace (which can be the global namespace), or the library will not be able to locate it, and it will default to integer serialization.
958 - It MUST be available (e.g., proper headers must be included) everywhere you use the conversions.
960 Other Important points:
961 - When using `get<ENUM_TYPE>()`, undefined JSON values will default to the first pair specified in your map. Select this default pair carefully.
962 - If an enum or JSON value is specified more than once in your map, the first matching occurrence from the top of the map will be returned when converting to or from JSON.
964 ### Binary formats (BSON, CBOR, MessagePack, and UBJSON)
966 Though JSON is a ubiquitous data format, it is not a very compact format suitable for data exchange, for instance over a network. Hence, the library supports [BSON](https://bsonspec.org) (Binary JSON), [CBOR](https://cbor.io) (Concise Binary Object Representation), [MessagePack](https://msgpack.org), and [UBJSON](https://ubjson.org) (Universal Binary JSON Specification) to efficiently encode JSON values to byte vectors and to decode such vectors.
969 // create a JSON value
970 json j = R"({"compact": true, "schema": 0})"_json;
973 std::vector<std::uint8_t> v_bson = json::to_bson(j);
975 // 0x1B, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x08, 0x63, 0x6F, 0x6D, 0x70, 0x61, 0x63, 0x74, 0x00, 0x01, 0x10, 0x73, 0x63, 0x68, 0x65, 0x6D, 0x61, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00
978 json j_from_bson = json::from_bson(v_bson);
981 std::vector<std::uint8_t> v_cbor = json::to_cbor(j);
983 // 0xA2, 0x67, 0x63, 0x6F, 0x6D, 0x70, 0x61, 0x63, 0x74, 0xF5, 0x66, 0x73, 0x63, 0x68, 0x65, 0x6D, 0x61, 0x00
986 json j_from_cbor = json::from_cbor(v_cbor);
988 // serialize to MessagePack
989 std::vector<std::uint8_t> v_msgpack = json::to_msgpack(j);
991 // 0x82, 0xA7, 0x63, 0x6F, 0x6D, 0x70, 0x61, 0x63, 0x74, 0xC3, 0xA6, 0x73, 0x63, 0x68, 0x65, 0x6D, 0x61, 0x00
994 json j_from_msgpack = json::from_msgpack(v_msgpack);
996 // serialize to UBJSON
997 std::vector<std::uint8_t> v_ubjson = json::to_ubjson(j);
999 // 0x7B, 0x69, 0x07, 0x63, 0x6F, 0x6D, 0x70, 0x61, 0x63, 0x74, 0x54, 0x69, 0x06, 0x73, 0x63, 0x68, 0x65, 0x6D, 0x61, 0x69, 0x00, 0x7D
1002 json j_from_ubjson = json::from_ubjson(v_ubjson);
1005 The library also supports binary types from BSON, CBOR (byte strings), and MessagePack (bin, ext, fixext). They are stored by default as `std::vector<std::uint8_t>` to be processed outside the library.
1008 // CBOR byte string with payload 0xCAFE
1009 std::vector<std::uint8_t> v = {0x42, 0xCA, 0xFE};
1012 json j = json::from_cbor(v);
1014 // the JSON value has type binary
1015 j.is_binary(); // true
1017 // get reference to stored binary value
1018 auto& binary = j.get_binary();
1020 // the binary value has no subtype (CBOR has no binary subtypes)
1021 binary.has_subtype(); // false
1023 // access std::vector<std::uint8_t> member functions
1028 // set subtype to 0x10
1029 binary.set_subtype(0x10);
1031 // serialize to MessagePack
1032 auto cbor = json::to_msgpack(j); // 0xD5 (fixext2), 0x10, 0xCA, 0xFE
1036 ## Supported compilers
1038 Though it's 2022 already, the support for C++11 is still a bit sparse. Currently, the following compilers are known to work:
1040 - GCC 4.8 - 11.0 (and possibly later)
1041 - Clang 3.4 - 13.0 (and possibly later)
1042 - Apple Clang 9.1 - 13.0 (and possibly later)
1043 - Intel C++ Compiler 17.0.2 (and possibly later)
1044 - Nvidia CUDA Compiler 11.0.221 (and possibly later)
1045 - Microsoft Visual C++ 2015 / Build Tools 14.0.25123.0 (and possibly later)
1046 - Microsoft Visual C++ 2017 / Build Tools 15.5.180.51428 (and possibly later)
1047 - Microsoft Visual C++ 2019 / Build Tools 16.3.1+1def00d3d (and possibly later)
1049 I would be happy to learn about other compilers/versions.
1053 - GCC 4.8 has a bug [57824](https://gcc.gnu.org/bugzilla/show_bug.cgi?id=57824)): multiline raw strings cannot be the arguments to macros. Don't use multiline raw strings directly in macros with this compiler.
1054 - Android defaults to using very old compilers and C++ libraries. To fix this, add the following to your `Application.mk`. This will switch to the LLVM C++ library, the Clang compiler, and enable C++11 and other features disabled by default.
1057 APP_STL := c++_shared
1058 NDK_TOOLCHAIN_VERSION := clang3.6
1059 APP_CPPFLAGS += -frtti -fexceptions
1062 The code compiles successfully with [Android NDK](https://developer.android.com/ndk/index.html?hl=ml), Revision 9 - 11 (and possibly later) and [CrystaX's Android NDK](https://www.crystax.net/en/android/ndk) version 10.
1064 - For GCC running on MinGW or Android SDK, the error `'to_string' is not a member of 'std'` (or similarly, for `strtod` or `strtof`) may occur. Note this is not an issue with the code, but rather with the compiler itself. On Android, see above to build with a newer environment. For MinGW, please refer to [this site](https://tehsausage.com/mingw-to-string) and [this discussion](https://github.com/nlohmann/json/issues/136) for information on how to fix this bug. For Android NDK using `APP_STL := gnustl_static`, please refer to [this discussion](https://github.com/nlohmann/json/issues/219).
1066 - Unsupported versions of GCC and Clang are rejected by `#error` directives. This can be switched off by defining `JSON_SKIP_UNSUPPORTED_COMPILER_CHECK`. Note that you can expect no support in this case.
1068 The following compilers are currently used in continuous integration at [AppVeyor](https://ci.appveyor.com/project/nlohmann/json), [Drone CI](https://cloud.drone.io/nlohmann/json), and [GitHub Actions](https://github.com/nlohmann/json/actions):
1070 | Compiler | Operating System | CI Provider |
1071 |--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|--------------------|----------------|
1072 | Apple Clang 10.0.1 (clang-1001.0.46.4); Xcode 10.3 | macOS 10.15.7 | GitHub Actions |
1073 | Apple Clang 11.0.0 (clang-1100.0.33.12); Xcode 11.2.1 | macOS 10.15.7 | GitHub Actions |
1074 | Apple Clang 11.0.0 (clang-1100.0.33.17); Xcode 11.3.1 | macOS 10.15.7 | GitHub Actions |
1075 | Apple Clang 11.0.3 (clang-1103.0.32.59); Xcode 11.4.1 | macOS 10.15.7 | GitHub Actions |
1076 | Apple Clang 11.0.3 (clang-1103.0.32.62); Xcode 11.5 | macOS 10.15.7 | GitHub Actions |
1077 | Apple Clang 11.0.3 (clang-1103.0.32.62); Xcode 11.6 | macOS 10.15.7 | GitHub Actions |
1078 | Apple Clang 11.0.3 (clang-1103.0.32.62); Xcode 11.7 | macOS 10.15.7 | GitHub Actions |
1079 | Apple Clang 12.0.0 (clang-1200.0.32.2); Xcode 12 | macOS 10.15.7 | GitHub Actions |
1080 | Apple Clang 12.0.0 (clang-1200.0.32.21); Xcode 12.1 | macOS 10.15.7 | GitHub Actions |
1081 | Apple Clang 12.0.0 (clang-1200.0.32.21); Xcode 12.1.1 | macOS 10.15.7 | GitHub Actions |
1082 | Apple Clang 12.0.0 (clang-1200.0.32.27); Xcode 12.2 | macOS 10.15.7 | GitHub Actions |
1083 | Apple Clang 12.0.0 (clang-1200.0.32.28); Xcode 12.3 | macOS 10.15.7 | GitHub Actions |
1084 | Apple Clang 12.0.0 (clang-1200.0.32.29); Xcode 12.4 | macOS 10.15.7 | GitHub Actions |
1085 | GCC 4.8.5 (Ubuntu 4.8.5-4ubuntu2) | Ubuntu 20.04.3 LTS | GitHub Actions |
1086 | GCC 4.9.3 (Ubuntu 4.9.3-13ubuntu2) | Ubuntu 20.04.3 LTS | GitHub Actions |
1087 | GCC 5.4.0 (Ubuntu 5.4.0-6ubuntu1~16.04.12) | Ubuntu 20.04.3 LTS | GitHub Actions |
1088 | GCC 6.4.0 (Ubuntu 6.4.0-17ubuntu1) | Ubuntu 20.04.3 LTS | GitHub Actions |
1089 | GCC 7.5.0 (Ubuntu 7.5.0-6ubuntu2) | Ubuntu 20.04.3 LTS | GitHub Actions |
1090 | GCC 8.1.0 (x86_64-posix-seh-rev0, Built by MinGW-W64 project) | Windows-10.0.17763 | GitHub Actions |
1091 | GCC 8.1.0 (i686-posix-dwarf-rev0, Built by MinGW-W64 project) | Windows-10.0.17763 | GitHub Actions |
1092 | GCC 8.4.0 (Ubuntu 8.4.0-3ubuntu2) | Ubuntu 20.04.3 LTS | GitHub Actions |
1093 | GCC 9.3.0 (Ubuntu 9.3.0-17ubuntu1~20.04) | Ubuntu 20.04.3 LTS | GitHub Actions |
1094 | GCC 10.2.0 (Ubuntu 10.2.0-5ubuntu1~20.04) | Ubuntu 20.04.3 LTS | GitHub Actions |
1095 | GCC 11.0.1 20210321 (experimental) | Ubuntu 20.04.3 LTS | GitHub Actions |
1096 | GCC 11.1.0 | Ubuntu (aarch64) | Drone CI |
1097 | Clang 3.5.2 (3.5.2-3ubuntu1) | Ubuntu 20.04.3 LTS | GitHub Actions |
1098 | Clang 3.6.2 (3.6.2-3ubuntu2) | Ubuntu 20.04.3 LTS | GitHub Actions |
1099 | Clang 3.7.1 (3.7.1-2ubuntu2) | Ubuntu 20.04.3 LTS | GitHub Actions |
1100 | Clang 3.8.0 (3.8.0-2ubuntu4) | Ubuntu 20.04.3 LTS | GitHub Actions |
1101 | Clang 3.9.1 (3.9.1-4ubuntu3\~16.04.2) | Ubuntu 20.04.3 LTS | GitHub Actions |
1102 | Clang 4.0.0 (4.0.0-1ubuntu1\~16.04.2) | Ubuntu 20.04.3 LTS | GitHub Actions |
1103 | Clang 5.0.0 (5.0.0-3\~16.04.1) | Ubuntu 20.04.3 LTS | GitHub Actions |
1104 | Clang 6.0.1 (6.0.1-14) | Ubuntu 20.04.3 LTS | GitHub Actions |
1105 | Clang 7.0.1 (7.0.1-12) | Ubuntu 20.04.3 LTS | GitHub Actions |
1106 | Clang 8.0.1 (8.0.1-9) | Ubuntu 20.04.3 LTS | GitHub Actions |
1107 | Clang 9.0.1 (9.0.1-12) | Ubuntu 20.04.3 LTS | GitHub Actions |
1108 | Clang 10.0.0 (10.0.0-4ubuntu1) | Ubuntu 20.04.3 LTS | GitHub Actions |
1109 | Clang 10.0.0 with GNU-like command-line | Windows-10.0.17763 | GitHub Actions |
1110 | Clang 11.0.0 with GNU-like command-line | Windows-10.0.17763 | GitHub Actions |
1111 | Clang 11.0.0 with MSVC-like command-line | Windows-10.0.17763 | GitHub Actions |
1112 | Clang 11.0.0 (11.0.0-2~ubuntu20.04.1) | Ubuntu 20.04.3 LTS | GitHub Actions |
1113 | Clang 12.0.0 (12.0.0-3ubuntu1~20.04.3) | Ubuntu 20.04.3 LTS | GitHub Actions |
1114 | Clang 13.0.1 (13.0.1-++20211015123032+cf15ccdeb6d5-1exp120211015003613.5) | Ubuntu 20.04.3 LTS | GitHub Actions |
1115 | Clang 14.0.0 (14.0.0-++20211221052852+55c71c9eac9b-1exp120211221172954.95) | Ubuntu 20.04.3 LTS | GitHub Actions |
1116 | NVCC 11.0.221 | Ubuntu 20.04.3 LTS | GitHub Actions |
1117 | Visual Studio 14 2015 MSVC 19.0.24241.7 (Build Engine version 14.0.25420.1) | Windows-6.3.9600 | AppVeyor |
1118 | Visual Studio 15 2017 MSVC 19.16.27035.0 (Build Engine version 15.9.21+g9802d43bc3 for .NET Framework) | Windows-10.0.14393 | AppVeyor |
1119 | Visual Studio 15 2017 MSVC 19.16.27045.0 (Build Engine version 15.9.21+g9802d43bc3 for .NET Framework) | Windows-10.0.14393 | GitHub Actions |
1120 | Visual Studio 16 2019 MSVC 19.28.29912.0 (Build Engine version 16.9.0+57a23d249 for .NET Framework) | Windows-10.0.17763 | GitHub Actions |
1121 | Visual Studio 16 2019 MSVC 19.28.29912.0 (Build Engine version 16.9.0+57a23d249 for .NET Framework) | Windows-10.0.17763 | AppVeyor |
1126 [`json.hpp`](https://github.com/nlohmann/json/blob/develop/single_include/nlohmann/json.hpp) is the single required file in `single_include/nlohmann` or [released here](https://github.com/nlohmann/json/releases). You need to add
1129 #include <nlohmann/json.hpp>
1132 using json = nlohmann::json;
1135 to the files you want to process JSON and set the necessary switches to enable C++11 (e.g., `-std=c++11` for GCC and Clang).
1137 You can further use file [`include/nlohmann/json_fwd.hpp`](https://github.com/nlohmann/json/blob/develop/include/nlohmann/json_fwd.hpp) for forward-declarations. The installation of json_fwd.hpp (as part of cmake's install step), can be achieved by setting `-DJSON_MultipleHeaders=ON`.
1141 You can also use the `nlohmann_json::nlohmann_json` interface target in CMake. This target populates the appropriate usage requirements for `INTERFACE_INCLUDE_DIRECTORIES` to point to the appropriate include directories and `INTERFACE_COMPILE_FEATURES` for the necessary C++11 flags.
1145 To use this library from a CMake project, you can locate it directly with `find_package()` and use the namespaced imported target from the generated package configuration:
1149 find_package(nlohmann_json 3.2.0 REQUIRED)
1151 add_library(foo ...)
1153 target_link_libraries(foo PRIVATE nlohmann_json::nlohmann_json)
1156 The package configuration file, `nlohmann_jsonConfig.cmake`, can be used either from an install tree or directly out of the build tree.
1160 To embed the library directly into an existing CMake project, place the entire source tree in a subdirectory and call `add_subdirectory()` in your `CMakeLists.txt` file:
1163 # Typically you don't care so much for a third party library's tests to be
1164 # run from your own project's code.
1165 set(JSON_BuildTests OFF CACHE INTERNAL "")
1167 # If you only include this third party in PRIVATE source files, you do not
1168 # need to install it when your main project gets installed.
1169 # set(JSON_Install OFF CACHE INTERNAL "")
1171 # Don't use include(nlohmann_json/CMakeLists.txt) since that carries with it
1172 # unintended consequences that will break the build. It's generally
1173 # discouraged (although not necessarily well documented as such) to use
1174 # include(...) for pulling in other CMake projects anyways.
1175 add_subdirectory(nlohmann_json)
1177 add_library(foo ...)
1179 target_link_libraries(foo PRIVATE nlohmann_json::nlohmann_json)
1182 ##### Embedded (FetchContent)
1185 [FetchContent](https://cmake.org/cmake/help/v3.11/module/FetchContent.html) can
1186 be used to automatically download the repository as a dependency at configure time.
1190 include(FetchContent)
1192 FetchContent_Declare(json
1193 GIT_REPOSITORY https://github.com/nlohmann/json.git
1196 FetchContent_GetProperties(json)
1197 if(NOT json_POPULATED)
1198 FetchContent_Populate(json)
1199 add_subdirectory(${json_SOURCE_DIR} ${json_BINARY_DIR} EXCLUDE_FROM_ALL)
1202 target_link_libraries(foo PRIVATE nlohmann_json::nlohmann_json)
1205 **Note**: The repository https://github.com/nlohmann/json download size is huge.
1206 It contains all the dataset used for the benchmarks. You might want to depend on
1207 a smaller repository. For instance, you might want to replace the URL above by
1208 https://github.com/ArthurSonzogni/nlohmann_json_cmake_fetchcontent
1210 #### Supporting Both
1212 To allow your project to support either an externally supplied or an embedded JSON library, you can use a pattern akin to the following:
1215 # Top level CMakeLists.txt
1218 option(FOO_USE_EXTERNAL_JSON "Use an external JSON library" OFF)
1220 add_subdirectory(thirdparty)
1222 add_library(foo ...)
1224 # Note that the namespaced target will always be available regardless of the
1226 target_link_libraries(foo PRIVATE nlohmann_json::nlohmann_json)
1229 # thirdparty/CMakeLists.txt
1231 if(FOO_USE_EXTERNAL_JSON)
1232 find_package(nlohmann_json 3.2.0 REQUIRED)
1234 set(JSON_BuildTests OFF CACHE INTERNAL "")
1235 add_subdirectory(nlohmann_json)
1240 `thirdparty/nlohmann_json` is then a complete copy of this source tree.
1242 ### Package Managers
1244 :beer: If you are using OS X and [Homebrew](https://brew.sh), just type `brew install nlohmann-json` and you're set. If you want the bleeding edge rather than the latest release, use `brew install nlohmann-json --HEAD`. See [nlohmann-json](https://formulae.brew.sh/formula/nlohmann-json) for more information.
1246 If you are using the [Meson Build System](https://mesonbuild.com), add this source tree as a [meson subproject](https://mesonbuild.com/Subprojects.html#using-a-subproject). You may also use the `include.zip` published in this project's [Releases](https://github.com/nlohmann/json/releases) to reduce the size of the vendored source tree. Alternatively, you can get a wrap file by downloading it from [Meson WrapDB](https://wrapdb.mesonbuild.com/nlohmann_json), or simply use `meson wrap install nlohmann_json`. Please see the meson project for any issues regarding the packaging.
1248 The provided `meson.build` can also be used as an alternative to cmake for installing `nlohmann_json` system-wide in which case a pkg-config file is installed. To use it, simply have your build system require the `nlohmann_json` pkg-config dependency. In Meson, it is preferred to use the [`dependency()`](https://mesonbuild.com/Reference-manual.html#dependency) object with a subproject fallback, rather than using the subproject directly.
1250 If you are using [Conan](https://www.conan.io/) to manage your dependencies, merely add [`nlohmann_json/x.y.z`](https://conan.io/center/nlohmann_json) to your `conanfile`'s requires, where `x.y.z` is the release version you want to use. Please file issues [here](https://github.com/conan-io/conan-center-index/issues) if you experience problems with the packages.
1252 If you are using [Spack](https://www.spack.io/) to manage your dependencies, you can use the [`nlohmann-json` package](https://spack.readthedocs.io/en/latest/package_list.html#nlohmann-json). Please see the [spack project](https://github.com/spack/spack) for any issues regarding the packaging.
1254 If you are using [hunter](https://github.com/cpp-pm/hunter) on your project for external dependencies, then you can use the [nlohmann_json package](https://hunter.readthedocs.io/en/latest/packages/pkg/nlohmann_json.html). Please see the hunter project for any issues regarding the packaging.
1256 If you are using [Buckaroo](https://buckaroo.pm), you can install this library's module with `buckaroo add github.com/buckaroo-pm/nlohmann-json`. Please file issues [here](https://github.com/buckaroo-pm/nlohmann-json). There is a demo repo [here](https://github.com/njlr/buckaroo-nholmann-json-example).
1258 If you are using [vcpkg](https://github.com/Microsoft/vcpkg/) on your project for external dependencies, then you can install the [nlohmann-json package](https://github.com/Microsoft/vcpkg/tree/master/ports/nlohmann-json) with `vcpkg install nlohmann-json` and follow the then displayed descriptions. Please see the vcpkg project for any issues regarding the packaging.
1260 If you are using [cget](https://cget.readthedocs.io/en/latest/), you can install the latest development version with `cget install nlohmann/json`. A specific version can be installed with `cget install nlohmann/json@v3.1.0`. Also, the multiple header version can be installed by adding the `-DJSON_MultipleHeaders=ON` flag (i.e., `cget install nlohmann/json -DJSON_MultipleHeaders=ON`).
1262 If you are using [CocoaPods](https://cocoapods.org), you can use the library by adding pod `"nlohmann_json", '~>3.1.2'` to your podfile (see [an example](https://bitbucket.org/benman/nlohmann_json-cocoapod/src/master/)). Please file issues [here](https://bitbucket.org/benman/nlohmann_json-cocoapod/issues?status=new&status=open).
1264 If you are using [NuGet](https://www.nuget.org), you can use the package [nlohmann.json](https://www.nuget.org/packages/nlohmann.json/). Please check [this extensive description](https://github.com/nlohmann/json/issues/1132#issuecomment-452250255) on how to use the package. Please file issues [here](https://github.com/hnkb/nlohmann-json-nuget/issues).
1266 If you are using [conda](https://conda.io/), you can use the package [nlohmann_json](https://github.com/conda-forge/nlohmann_json-feedstock) from [conda-forge](https://conda-forge.org) executing `conda install -c conda-forge nlohmann_json`. Please file issues [here](https://github.com/conda-forge/nlohmann_json-feedstock/issues).
1268 If you are using [MSYS2](https://www.msys2.org/), you can use the [mingw-w64-nlohmann-json](https://packages.msys2.org/base/mingw-w64-nlohmann-json) package, just type `pacman -S mingw-w64-i686-nlohmann-json` or `pacman -S mingw-w64-x86_64-nlohmann-json` for installation. Please file issues [here](https://github.com/msys2/MINGW-packages/issues/new?title=%5Bnlohmann-json%5D) if you experience problems with the packages.
1270 If you are using [MacPorts](https://ports.macports.org), execute `sudo port install nlohmann-json` to install the [nlohmann-json](https://ports.macports.org/port/nlohmann-json/) package.
1272 If you are using [`build2`](https://build2.org), you can use the [`nlohmann-json`](https://cppget.org/nlohmann-json) package from the public repository https://cppget.org or directly from the [package's sources repository](https://github.com/build2-packaging/nlohmann-json). In your project's `manifest` file, just add `depends: nlohmann-json` (probably with some [version constraints](https://build2.org/build2-toolchain/doc/build2-toolchain-intro.xhtml#guide-add-remove-deps)). If you are not familiar with using dependencies in `build2`, [please read this introduction](https://build2.org/build2-toolchain/doc/build2-toolchain-intro.xhtml).
1273 Please file issues [here](https://github.com/build2-packaging/nlohmann-json) if you experience problems with the packages.
1275 If you are using [`wsjcpp`](https://wsjcpp.org), you can use the command `wsjcpp install "https://github.com/nlohmann/json:develop"` to get the latest version. Note you can change the branch ":develop" to an existing tag or another branch.
1277 If you are using [`CPM.cmake`](https://github.com/TheLartians/CPM.cmake), you can check this [`example`](https://github.com/TheLartians/CPM.cmake/tree/master/examples/json). After [adding CPM script](https://github.com/TheLartians/CPM.cmake#adding-cpm) to your project, implement the following snippet to your CMake:
1282 GITHUB_REPOSITORY nlohmann/json
1288 If you are using bare Makefiles, you can use `pkg-config` to generate the include flags that point to where the library is installed:
1291 pkg-config nlohmann_json --cflags
1294 Users of the Meson build system will also be able to use a system-wide library, which will be found by `pkg-config`:
1297 json = dependency('nlohmann_json', required: true)
1303 <img align="right" src="https://opensource.org/trademarks/opensource/OSI-Approved-License-100x137.png">
1305 The class is licensed under the [MIT License](https://opensource.org/licenses/MIT):
1307 Copyright © 2013-2022 [Niels Lohmann](https://nlohmann.me)
1309 Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the “Software”), to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
1311 The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
1313 THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED “AS IS”, WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
1317 The class contains the UTF-8 Decoder from Bjoern Hoehrmann which is licensed under the [MIT License](https://opensource.org/licenses/MIT) (see above). Copyright © 2008-2009 [Björn Hoehrmann](https://bjoern.hoehrmann.de/) <bjoern@hoehrmann.de>
1319 The class contains a slightly modified version of the Grisu2 algorithm from Florian Loitsch which is licensed under the [MIT License](https://opensource.org/licenses/MIT) (see above). Copyright © 2009 [Florian Loitsch](https://florian.loitsch.com/)
1321 The class contains a copy of [Hedley](https://nemequ.github.io/hedley/) from Evan Nemerson which is licensed as [CC0-1.0](https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/).
1323 The class contains parts of [Google Abseil](https://github.com/abseil/abseil-cpp) which is licensed under the [Apache 2.0 License](https://opensource.org/licenses/Apache-2.0).
1327 If you have questions regarding the library, I would like to invite you to [open an issue at GitHub](https://github.com/nlohmann/json/issues/new/choose). Please describe your request, problem, or question as detailed as possible, and also mention the version of the library you are using as well as the version of your compiler and operating system. Opening an issue at GitHub allows other users and contributors to this library to collaborate. For instance, I have little experience with MSVC, and most issues in this regard have been solved by a growing community. If you have a look at the [closed issues](https://github.com/nlohmann/json/issues?q=is%3Aissue+is%3Aclosed), you will see that we react quite timely in most cases.
1329 Only if your request would contain confidential information, please [send me an email](mailto:mail@nlohmann.me). For encrypted messages, please use [this key](https://keybase.io/nlohmann/pgp_keys.asc).
1333 [Commits by Niels Lohmann](https://github.com/nlohmann/json/commits) and [releases](https://github.com/nlohmann/json/releases) are signed with this [PGP Key](https://keybase.io/nlohmann/pgp_keys.asc?fingerprint=797167ae41c0a6d9232e48457f3cea63ae251b69).
1337 I deeply appreciate the help of the following people.
1339 <img src="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/nlohmann/json/develop/doc/avatars.png" align="right">
1341 - [Teemperor](https://github.com/Teemperor) implemented CMake support and lcov integration, realized escape and Unicode handling in the string parser, and fixed the JSON serialization.
1342 - [elliotgoodrich](https://github.com/elliotgoodrich) fixed an issue with double deletion in the iterator classes.
1343 - [kirkshoop](https://github.com/kirkshoop) made the iterators of the class composable to other libraries.
1344 - [wancw](https://github.com/wanwc) fixed a bug that hindered the class to compile with Clang.
1345 - Tomas Åblad found a bug in the iterator implementation.
1346 - [Joshua C. Randall](https://github.com/jrandall) fixed a bug in the floating-point serialization.
1347 - [Aaron Burghardt](https://github.com/aburgh) implemented code to parse streams incrementally. Furthermore, he greatly improved the parser class by allowing the definition of a filter function to discard undesired elements while parsing.
1348 - [Daniel Kopeček](https://github.com/dkopecek) fixed a bug in the compilation with GCC 5.0.
1349 - [Florian Weber](https://github.com/Florianjw) fixed a bug in and improved the performance of the comparison operators.
1350 - [Eric Cornelius](https://github.com/EricMCornelius) pointed out a bug in the handling with NaN and infinity values. He also improved the performance of the string escaping.
1351 - [易思龙](https://github.com/likebeta) implemented a conversion from anonymous enums.
1352 - [kepkin](https://github.com/kepkin) patiently pushed forward the support for Microsoft Visual studio.
1353 - [gregmarr](https://github.com/gregmarr) simplified the implementation of reverse iterators and helped with numerous hints and improvements. In particular, he pushed forward the implementation of user-defined types.
1354 - [Caio Luppi](https://github.com/caiovlp) fixed a bug in the Unicode handling.
1355 - [dariomt](https://github.com/dariomt) fixed some typos in the examples.
1356 - [Daniel Frey](https://github.com/d-frey) cleaned up some pointers and implemented exception-safe memory allocation.
1357 - [Colin Hirsch](https://github.com/ColinH) took care of a small namespace issue.
1358 - [Huu Nguyen](https://github.com/whoshuu) correct a variable name in the documentation.
1359 - [Silverweed](https://github.com/silverweed) overloaded `parse()` to accept an rvalue reference.
1360 - [dariomt](https://github.com/dariomt) fixed a subtlety in MSVC type support and implemented the `get_ref()` function to get a reference to stored values.
1361 - [ZahlGraf](https://github.com/ZahlGraf) added a workaround that allows compilation using Android NDK.
1362 - [whackashoe](https://github.com/whackashoe) replaced a function that was marked as unsafe by Visual Studio.
1363 - [406345](https://github.com/406345) fixed two small warnings.
1364 - [Glen Fernandes](https://github.com/glenfe) noted a potential portability problem in the `has_mapped_type` function.
1365 - [Corbin Hughes](https://github.com/nibroc) fixed some typos in the contribution guidelines.
1366 - [twelsby](https://github.com/twelsby) fixed the array subscript operator, an issue that failed the MSVC build, and floating-point parsing/dumping. He further added support for unsigned integer numbers and implemented better roundtrip support for parsed numbers.
1367 - [Volker Diels-Grabsch](https://github.com/vog) fixed a link in the README file.
1368 - [msm-](https://github.com/msm-) added support for American Fuzzy Lop.
1369 - [Annihil](https://github.com/Annihil) fixed an example in the README file.
1370 - [Themercee](https://github.com/Themercee) noted a wrong URL in the README file.
1371 - [Lv Zheng](https://github.com/lv-zheng) fixed a namespace issue with `int64_t` and `uint64_t`.
1372 - [abc100m](https://github.com/abc100m) analyzed the issues with GCC 4.8 and proposed a [partial solution](https://github.com/nlohmann/json/pull/212).
1373 - [zewt](https://github.com/zewt) added useful notes to the README file about Android.
1374 - [Róbert Márki](https://github.com/robertmrk) added a fix to use move iterators and improved the integration via CMake.
1375 - [Chris Kitching](https://github.com/ChrisKitching) cleaned up the CMake files.
1376 - [Tom Needham](https://github.com/06needhamt) fixed a subtle bug with MSVC 2015 which was also proposed by [Michael K.](https://github.com/Epidal).
1377 - [Mário Feroldi](https://github.com/thelostt) fixed a small typo.
1378 - [duncanwerner](https://github.com/duncanwerner) found a really embarrassing performance regression in the 2.0.0 release.
1379 - [Damien](https://github.com/dtoma) fixed one of the last conversion warnings.
1380 - [Thomas Braun](https://github.com/t-b) fixed a warning in a test case and adjusted MSVC calls in the CI.
1381 - [Théo DELRIEU](https://github.com/theodelrieu) patiently and constructively oversaw the long way toward [iterator-range parsing](https://github.com/nlohmann/json/issues/290). He also implemented the magic behind the serialization/deserialization of user-defined types and split the single header file into smaller chunks.
1382 - [Stefan](https://github.com/5tefan) fixed a minor issue in the documentation.
1383 - [Vasil Dimov](https://github.com/vasild) fixed the documentation regarding conversions from `std::multiset`.
1384 - [ChristophJud](https://github.com/ChristophJud) overworked the CMake files to ease project inclusion.
1385 - [Vladimir Petrigo](https://github.com/vpetrigo) made a SFINAE hack more readable and added Visual Studio 17 to the build matrix.
1386 - [Denis Andrejew](https://github.com/seeekr) fixed a grammar issue in the README file.
1387 - [Pierre-Antoine Lacaze](https://github.com/palacaze) found a subtle bug in the `dump()` function.
1388 - [TurpentineDistillery](https://github.com/TurpentineDistillery) pointed to [`std::locale::classic()`](https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/locale/locale/classic) to avoid too much locale joggling, found some nice performance improvements in the parser, improved the benchmarking code, and realized locale-independent number parsing and printing.
1389 - [cgzones](https://github.com/cgzones) had an idea how to fix the Coverity scan.
1390 - [Jared Grubb](https://github.com/jaredgrubb) silenced a nasty documentation warning.
1391 - [Yixin Zhang](https://github.com/qwename) fixed an integer overflow check.
1392 - [Bosswestfalen](https://github.com/Bosswestfalen) merged two iterator classes into a smaller one.
1393 - [Daniel599](https://github.com/Daniel599) helped to get Travis execute the tests with Clang's sanitizers.
1394 - [Jonathan Lee](https://github.com/vjon) fixed an example in the README file.
1395 - [gnzlbg](https://github.com/gnzlbg) supported the implementation of user-defined types.
1396 - [Alexej Harm](https://github.com/qis) helped to get the user-defined types working with Visual Studio.
1397 - [Jared Grubb](https://github.com/jaredgrubb) supported the implementation of user-defined types.
1398 - [EnricoBilla](https://github.com/EnricoBilla) noted a typo in an example.
1399 - [Martin Hořeňovský](https://github.com/horenmar) found a way for a 2x speedup for the compilation time of the test suite.
1400 - [ukhegg](https://github.com/ukhegg) found proposed an improvement for the examples section.
1401 - [rswanson-ihi](https://github.com/rswanson-ihi) noted a typo in the README.
1402 - [Mihai Stan](https://github.com/stanmihai4) fixed a bug in the comparison with `nullptr`s.
1403 - [Tushar Maheshwari](https://github.com/tusharpm) added [cotire](https://github.com/sakra/cotire) support to speed up the compilation.
1404 - [TedLyngmo](https://github.com/TedLyngmo) noted a typo in the README, removed unnecessary bit arithmetic, and fixed some `-Weffc++` warnings.
1405 - [Krzysztof Woś](https://github.com/krzysztofwos) made exceptions more visible.
1406 - [ftillier](https://github.com/ftillier) fixed a compiler warning.
1407 - [tinloaf](https://github.com/tinloaf) made sure all pushed warnings are properly popped.
1408 - [Fytch](https://github.com/Fytch) found a bug in the documentation.
1409 - [Jay Sistar](https://github.com/Type1J) implemented a Meson build description.
1410 - [Henry Lee](https://github.com/HenryRLee) fixed a warning in ICC and improved the iterator implementation.
1411 - [Vincent Thiery](https://github.com/vthiery) maintains a package for the Conan package manager.
1412 - [Steffen](https://github.com/koemeet) fixed a potential issue with MSVC and `std::min`.
1413 - [Mike Tzou](https://github.com/Chocobo1) fixed some typos.
1414 - [amrcode](https://github.com/amrcode) noted a misleading documentation about comparison of floats.
1415 - [Oleg Endo](https://github.com/olegendo) reduced the memory consumption by replacing `<iostream>` with `<iosfwd>`.
1416 - [dan-42](https://github.com/dan-42) cleaned up the CMake files to simplify including/reusing of the library.
1417 - [Nikita Ofitserov](https://github.com/himikof) allowed for moving values from initializer lists.
1418 - [Greg Hurrell](https://github.com/wincent) fixed a typo.
1419 - [Dmitry Kukovinets](https://github.com/DmitryKuk) fixed a typo.
1420 - [kbthomp1](https://github.com/kbthomp1) fixed an issue related to the Intel OSX compiler.
1421 - [Markus Werle](https://github.com/daixtrose) fixed a typo.
1422 - [WebProdPP](https://github.com/WebProdPP) fixed a subtle error in a precondition check.
1423 - [Alex](https://github.com/leha-bot) noted an error in a code sample.
1424 - [Tom de Geus](https://github.com/tdegeus) reported some warnings with ICC and helped to fix them.
1425 - [Perry Kundert](https://github.com/pjkundert) simplified reading from input streams.
1426 - [Sonu Lohani](https://github.com/sonulohani) fixed a small compilation error.
1427 - [Jamie Seward](https://github.com/jseward) fixed all MSVC warnings.
1428 - [Nate Vargas](https://github.com/eld00d) added a Doxygen tag file.
1429 - [pvleuven](https://github.com/pvleuven) helped to fix a warning in ICC.
1430 - [Pavel](https://github.com/crea7or) helped to fix some warnings in MSVC.
1431 - [Jamie Seward](https://github.com/jseward) avoided unnecessary string copies in `find()` and `count()`.
1432 - [Mitja](https://github.com/Itja) fixed some typos.
1433 - [Jorrit Wronski](https://github.com/jowr) updated the Hunter package links.
1434 - [Matthias Möller](https://github.com/TinyTinni) added a `.natvis` for the MSVC debug view.
1435 - [bogemic](https://github.com/bogemic) fixed some C++17 deprecation warnings.
1436 - [Eren Okka](https://github.com/erengy) fixed some MSVC warnings.
1437 - [abolz](https://github.com/abolz) integrated the Grisu2 algorithm for proper floating-point formatting, allowing more roundtrip checks to succeed.
1438 - [Vadim Evard](https://github.com/Pipeliner) fixed a Markdown issue in the README.
1439 - [zerodefect](https://github.com/zerodefect) fixed a compiler warning.
1440 - [Kert](https://github.com/kaidokert) allowed to template the string type in the serialization and added the possibility to override the exceptional behavior.
1441 - [mark-99](https://github.com/mark-99) helped fixing an ICC error.
1442 - [Patrik Huber](https://github.com/patrikhuber) fixed links in the README file.
1443 - [johnfb](https://github.com/johnfb) found a bug in the implementation of CBOR's indefinite length strings.
1444 - [Paul Fultz II](https://github.com/pfultz2) added a note on the cget package manager.
1445 - [Wilson Lin](https://github.com/wla80) made the integration section of the README more concise.
1446 - [RalfBielig](https://github.com/ralfbielig) detected and fixed a memory leak in the parser callback.
1447 - [agrianius](https://github.com/agrianius) allowed to dump JSON to an alternative string type.
1448 - [Kevin Tonon](https://github.com/ktonon) overworked the C++11 compiler checks in CMake.
1449 - [Axel Huebl](https://github.com/ax3l) simplified a CMake check and added support for the [Spack package manager](https://spack.io).
1450 - [Carlos O'Ryan](https://github.com/coryan) fixed a typo.
1451 - [James Upjohn](https://github.com/jammehcow) fixed a version number in the compilers section.
1452 - [Chuck Atkins](https://github.com/chuckatkins) adjusted the CMake files to the CMake packaging guidelines and provided documentation for the CMake integration.
1453 - [Jan Schöppach](https://github.com/dns13) fixed a typo.
1454 - [martin-mfg](https://github.com/martin-mfg) fixed a typo.
1455 - [Matthias Möller](https://github.com/TinyTinni) removed the dependency from `std::stringstream`.
1456 - [agrianius](https://github.com/agrianius) added code to use alternative string implementations.
1457 - [Daniel599](https://github.com/Daniel599) allowed to use more algorithms with the `items()` function.
1458 - [Julius Rakow](https://github.com/jrakow) fixed the Meson include directory and fixed the links to [cppreference.com](cppreference.com).
1459 - [Sonu Lohani](https://github.com/sonulohani) fixed the compilation with MSVC 2015 in debug mode.
1460 - [grembo](https://github.com/grembo) fixed the test suite and re-enabled several test cases.
1461 - [Hyeon Kim](https://github.com/simnalamburt) introduced the macro `JSON_INTERNAL_CATCH` to control the exception handling inside the library.
1462 - [thyu](https://github.com/thyu) fixed a compiler warning.
1463 - [David Guthrie](https://github.com/LEgregius) fixed a subtle compilation error with Clang 3.4.2.
1464 - [Dennis Fischer](https://github.com/dennisfischer) allowed to call `find_package` without installing the library.
1465 - [Hyeon Kim](https://github.com/simnalamburt) fixed an issue with a double macro definition.
1466 - [Ben Berman](https://github.com/rivertam) made some error messages more understandable.
1467 - [zakalibit](https://github.com/zakalibit) fixed a compilation problem with the Intel C++ compiler.
1468 - [mandreyel](https://github.com/mandreyel) fixed a compilation problem.
1469 - [Kostiantyn Ponomarenko](https://github.com/koponomarenko) added version and license information to the Meson build file.
1470 - [Henry Schreiner](https://github.com/henryiii) added support for GCC 4.8.
1471 - [knilch](https://github.com/knilch0r) made sure the test suite does not stall when run in the wrong directory.
1472 - [Antonio Borondo](https://github.com/antonioborondo) fixed an MSVC 2017 warning.
1473 - [Dan Gendreau](https://github.com/dgendreau) implemented the `NLOHMANN_JSON_SERIALIZE_ENUM` macro to quickly define an enum/JSON mapping.
1474 - [efp](https://github.com/efp) added line and column information to parse errors.
1475 - [julian-becker](https://github.com/julian-becker) added BSON support.
1476 - [Pratik Chowdhury](https://github.com/pratikpc) added support for structured bindings.
1477 - [David Avedissian](https://github.com/davedissian) added support for Clang 5.0.1 (PS4 version).
1478 - [Jonathan Dumaresq](https://github.com/dumarjo) implemented an input adapter to read from `FILE*`.
1479 - [kjpus](https://github.com/kjpus) fixed a link in the documentation.
1480 - [Manvendra Singh](https://github.com/manu-chroma) fixed a typo in the documentation.
1481 - [ziggurat29](https://github.com/ziggurat29) fixed an MSVC warning.
1482 - [Sylvain Corlay](https://github.com/SylvainCorlay) added code to avoid an issue with MSVC.
1483 - [mefyl](https://github.com/mefyl) fixed a bug when JSON was parsed from an input stream.
1484 - [Millian Poquet](https://github.com/mpoquet) allowed to install the library via Meson.
1485 - [Michael Behrns-Miller](https://github.com/moodboom) found an issue with a missing namespace.
1486 - [Nasztanovics Ferenc](https://github.com/naszta) fixed a compilation issue with libc 2.12.
1487 - [Andreas Schwab](https://github.com/andreas-schwab) fixed the endian conversion.
1488 - [Mark-Dunning](https://github.com/Mark-Dunning) fixed a warning in MSVC.
1489 - [Gareth Sylvester-Bradley](https://github.com/garethsb-sony) added `operator/` for JSON Pointers.
1490 - [John-Mark](https://github.com/johnmarkwayve) noted a missing header.
1491 - [Vitaly Zaitsev](https://github.com/xvitaly) fixed compilation with GCC 9.0.
1492 - [Laurent Stacul](https://github.com/stac47) fixed compilation with GCC 9.0.
1493 - [Ivor Wanders](https://github.com/iwanders) helped to reduce the CMake requirement to version 3.1.
1494 - [njlr](https://github.com/njlr) updated the Buckaroo instructions.
1495 - [Lion](https://github.com/lieff) fixed a compilation issue with GCC 7 on CentOS.
1496 - [Isaac Nickaein](https://github.com/nickaein) improved the integer serialization performance and implemented the `contains()` function.
1497 - [past-due](https://github.com/past-due) suppressed an unfixable warning.
1498 - [Elvis Oric](https://github.com/elvisoric) improved Meson support.
1499 - [Matěj Plch](https://github.com/Afforix) fixed an example in the README.
1500 - [Mark Beckwith](https://github.com/wythe) fixed a typo.
1501 - [scinart](https://github.com/scinart) fixed bug in the serializer.
1502 - [Patrick Boettcher](https://github.com/pboettch) implemented `push_back()` and `pop_back()` for JSON Pointers.
1503 - [Bruno Oliveira](https://github.com/nicoddemus) added support for Conda.
1504 - [Michele Caini](https://github.com/skypjack) fixed links in the README.
1505 - [Hani](https://github.com/hnkb) documented how to install the library with NuGet.
1506 - [Mark Beckwith](https://github.com/wythe) fixed a typo.
1507 - [yann-morin-1998](https://github.com/yann-morin-1998) helped to reduce the CMake requirement to version 3.1.
1508 - [Konstantin Podsvirov](https://github.com/podsvirov) maintains a package for the MSYS2 software distro.
1509 - [remyabel](https://github.com/remyabel) added GNUInstallDirs to the CMake files.
1510 - [Taylor Howard](https://github.com/taylorhoward92) fixed a unit test.
1511 - [Gabe Ron](https://github.com/Macr0Nerd) implemented the `to_string` method.
1512 - [Watal M. Iwasaki](https://github.com/heavywatal) fixed a Clang warning.
1513 - [Viktor Kirilov](https://github.com/onqtam) switched the unit tests from [Catch](https://github.com/philsquared/Catch) to [doctest](https://github.com/onqtam/doctest)
1514 - [Juncheng E](https://github.com/ejcjason) fixed a typo.
1515 - [tete17](https://github.com/tete17) fixed a bug in the `contains` function.
1516 - [Xav83](https://github.com/Xav83) fixed some cppcheck warnings.
1517 - [0xflotus](https://github.com/0xflotus) fixed some typos.
1518 - [Christian Deneke](https://github.com/chris0x44) added a const version of `json_pointer::back`.
1519 - [Julien Hamaide](https://github.com/crazyjul) made the `items()` function work with custom string types.
1520 - [Evan Nemerson](https://github.com/nemequ) updated fixed a bug in Hedley and updated this library accordingly.
1521 - [Florian Pigorsch](https://github.com/flopp) fixed a lot of typos.
1522 - [Camille Bégué](https://github.com/cbegue) fixed an issue in the conversion from `std::pair` and `std::tuple` to `json`.
1523 - [Anthony VH](https://github.com/AnthonyVH) fixed a compile error in an enum deserialization.
1524 - [Yuriy Vountesmery](https://github.com/ua-code-dragon) noted a subtle bug in a preprocessor check.
1525 - [Chen](https://github.com/dota17) fixed numerous issues in the library.
1526 - [Antony Kellermann](https://github.com/aokellermann) added a CI step for GCC 10.1.
1527 - [Alex](https://github.com/gistrec) fixed an MSVC warning.
1528 - [Rainer](https://github.com/rvjr) proposed an improvement in the floating-point serialization in CBOR.
1529 - [Francois Chabot](https://github.com/FrancoisChabot) made performance improvements in the input adapters.
1530 - [Arthur Sonzogni](https://github.com/ArthurSonzogni) documented how the library can be included via `FetchContent`.
1531 - [Rimas Misevičius](https://github.com/rmisev) fixed an error message.
1532 - [Alexander Myasnikov](https://github.com/alexandermyasnikov) fixed some examples and a link in the README.
1533 - [Hubert Chathi](https://github.com/uhoreg) made CMake's version config file architecture-independent.
1534 - [OmnipotentEntity](https://github.com/OmnipotentEntity) implemented the binary values for CBOR, MessagePack, BSON, and UBJSON.
1535 - [ArtemSarmini](https://github.com/ArtemSarmini) fixed a compilation issue with GCC 10 and fixed a leak.
1536 - [Evgenii Sopov](https://github.com/sea-kg) integrated the library to the wsjcpp package manager.
1537 - [Sergey Linev](https://github.com/linev) fixed a compiler warning.
1538 - [Miguel Magalhães](https://github.com/magamig) fixed the year in the copyright.
1539 - [Gareth Sylvester-Bradley](https://github.com/garethsb-sony) fixed a compilation issue with MSVC.
1540 - [Alexander “weej” Jones](https://github.com/alex-weej) fixed an example in the README.
1541 - [Antoine Cœur](https://github.com/Coeur) fixed some typos in the documentation.
1542 - [jothepro](https://github.com/jothepro) updated links to the Hunter package.
1543 - [Dave Lee](https://github.com/kastiglione) fixed link in the README.
1544 - [Joël Lamotte](https://github.com/Klaim) added instruction for using Build2's package manager.
1545 - [Paul Jurczak](https://github.com/pauljurczak) fixed an example in the README.
1546 - [Sonu Lohani](https://github.com/sonulohani) fixed a warning.
1547 - [Carlos Gomes Martinho](https://github.com/gocarlos) updated the Conan package source.
1548 - [Konstantin Podsvirov](https://github.com/podsvirov) fixed the MSYS2 package documentation.
1549 - [Tridacnid](https://github.com/Tridacnid) improved the CMake tests.
1550 - [Michael](https://github.com/MBalszun) fixed MSVC warnings.
1551 - [Quentin Barbarat](https://github.com/quentin-dev) fixed an example in the documentation.
1552 - [XyFreak](https://github.com/XyFreak) fixed a compiler warning.
1553 - [TotalCaesar659](https://github.com/TotalCaesar659) fixed links in the README.
1554 - [Tanuj Garg](https://github.com/tanuj208) improved the fuzzer coverage for UBSAN input.
1555 - [AODQ](https://github.com/AODQ) fixed a compiler warning.
1556 - [jwittbrodt](https://github.com/jwittbrodt) made `NLOHMANN_DEFINE_TYPE_NON_INTRUSIVE` inline.
1557 - [pfeatherstone](https://github.com/pfeatherstone) improved the upper bound of arguments of the `NLOHMANN_DEFINE_TYPE_NON_INTRUSIVE`/`NLOHMANN_DEFINE_TYPE_INTRUSIVE` macros.
1558 - [Jan Procházka](https://github.com/jprochazk) fixed a bug in the CBOR parser for binary and string values.
1559 - [T0b1-iOS](https://github.com/T0b1-iOS) fixed a bug in the new hash implementation.
1560 - [Matthew Bauer](https://github.com/matthewbauer) adjusted the CBOR writer to create tags for binary subtypes.
1561 - [gatopeich](https://github.com/gatopeich) implemented an ordered map container for `nlohmann::ordered_json`.
1562 - [Érico Nogueira Rolim](https://github.com/ericonr) added support for pkg-config.
1563 - [KonanM](https://github.com/KonanM) proposed an implementation for the `NLOHMANN_DEFINE_TYPE_NON_INTRUSIVE`/`NLOHMANN_DEFINE_TYPE_INTRUSIVE` macros.
1564 - [Guillaume Racicot](https://github.com/gracicot) implemented `string_view` support and allowed C++20 support.
1565 - [Alex Reinking](https://github.com/alexreinking) improved CMake support for `FetchContent`.
1566 - [Hannes Domani](https://github.com/ssbssa) provided a GDB pretty printer.
1567 - Lars Wirzenius reviewed the README file.
1568 - [Jun Jie](https://github.com/ongjunjie) fixed a compiler path in the CMake scripts.
1569 - [Ronak Buch](https://github.com/rbuch) fixed typos in the documentation.
1570 - [Alexander Karzhenkov](https://github.com/karzhenkov) fixed a move constructor and the Travis builds.
1571 - [Leonardo Lima](https://github.com/leozz37) added CPM.Cmake support.
1572 - [Joseph Blackman](https://github.com/jbzdarkid) fixed a warning.
1573 - [Yaroslav](https://github.com/YarikTH) updated doctest and implemented unit tests.
1574 - [Martin Stump](https://github.com/globberwops) fixed a bug in the CMake files.
1575 - [Jaakko Moisio](https://github.com/jasujm) fixed a bug in the input adapters.
1576 - [bl-ue](https://github.com/bl-ue) fixed some Markdown issues in the README file.
1577 - [William A. Wieselquist](https://github.com/wawiesel) fixed an example from the README.
1578 - [abbaswasim](https://github.com/abbaswasim) fixed an example from the README.
1579 - [Remy Jette](https://github.com/remyjette) fixed a warning.
1580 - [Fraser](https://github.com/frasermarlow) fixed the documentation.
1581 - [Ben Beasley](https://github.com/musicinmybrain) updated doctest.
1582 - [Doron Behar](https://github.com/doronbehar) fixed pkg-config.pc.
1583 - [raduteo](https://github.com/raduteo) fixed a warning.
1584 - [David Pfahler](https://github.com/theShmoo) added the possibility to compile the library without I/O support.
1585 - [Morten Fyhn Amundsen](https://github.com/mortenfyhn) fixed a typo.
1586 - [jpl-mac](https://github.com/jpl-mac) allowed to treat the library as a system header in CMake.
1587 - [Jason Dsouza](https://github.com/jasmcaus) fixed the indentation of the CMake file.
1588 - [offa](https://github.com/offa) added a link to Conan Center to the documentation.
1589 - [TotalCaesar659](https://github.com/TotalCaesar659) updated the links in the documentation to use HTTPS.
1590 - [Rafail Giavrimis](https://github.com/grafail) fixed the Google Benchmark default branch.
1591 - [Louis Dionne](https://github.com/ldionne) fixed a conversion operator.
1592 - [justanotheranonymoususer](https://github.com/justanotheranonymoususer) made the examples in the README more consistent.
1593 - [Finkman](https://github.com/Finkman) suppressed some `-Wfloat-equal` warnings.
1594 - [Ferry Huberts](https://github.com/fhuberts) fixed `-Wswitch-enum` warnings.
1595 - [Arseniy Terekhin](https://github.com/senyai) made the GDB pretty-printer robust against unset variable names.
1596 - [Amir Masoud Abdol](https://github.com/amirmasoudabdol) updated the Homebrew command as nlohmann/json is now in homebrew-core.
1597 - [Hallot](https://github.com/Hallot) fixed some `-Wextra-semi-stmt warnings`.
1598 - [Giovanni Cerretani](https://github.com/gcerretani) fixed `-Wunused` warnings on `JSON_DIAGNOSTICS`.
1599 - [Bogdan Popescu](https://github.com/Kapeli) hosts the [docset](https://github.com/Kapeli/Dash-User-Contributions/tree/master/docsets/JSON_for_Modern_C%2B%2B) for offline documentation viewers.
1600 - [Carl Smedstad](https://github.com/carlsmedstad) fixed an assertion error when using `JSON_DIAGNOSTICS`.
1601 - [miikka75](https://github.com/miikka75) provided an important fix to compile C++17 code with Clang 9.
1602 - [Maarten Becker](https://github.com/kernie) fixed a warning for shadowed variables.
1603 - [Cristi Vîjdea](https://github.com/axnsan12) fixed typos in the `operator[]` documentation.
1604 - [Alex Beregszaszi](https://github.com/axic) fixed spelling mistakes in comments.
1605 - [Dirk Stolle](https://github.com/striezel) fixed typos in documentation.
1606 - [Daniel Albuschat](https://github.com/daniel-kun) corrected the parameter name in the `parse` documentation.
1607 - [Prince Mendiratta](https://github.com/Prince-Mendiratta) fixed a link to the FAQ.
1609 Thanks a lot for helping out! Please [let me know](mailto:mail@nlohmann.me) if I forgot someone.
1612 ## Used third-party tools
1614 The library itself consists of a single header file licensed under the MIT license. However, it is built, tested, documented, and whatnot using a lot of third-party tools and services. Thanks a lot!
1616 - [**amalgamate.py - Amalgamate C source and header files**](https://github.com/edlund/amalgamate) to create a single header file
1617 - [**American fuzzy lop**](https://lcamtuf.coredump.cx/afl/) for fuzz testing
1618 - [**AppVeyor**](https://www.appveyor.com) for [continuous integration](https://ci.appveyor.com/project/nlohmann/json) on Windows
1619 - [**Artistic Style**](http://astyle.sourceforge.net) for automatic source code indentation
1620 - [**Clang**](https://clang.llvm.org) for compilation with code sanitizers
1621 - [**CMake**](https://cmake.org) for build automation
1622 - [**Codacity**](https://www.codacy.com) for further [code analysis](https://www.codacy.com/app/nlohmann/json)
1623 - [**Coveralls**](https://coveralls.io) to measure [code coverage](https://coveralls.io/github/nlohmann/json)
1624 - [**Coverity Scan**](https://scan.coverity.com) for [static analysis](https://scan.coverity.com/projects/nlohmann-json)
1625 - [**cppcheck**](http://cppcheck.sourceforge.net) for static analysis
1626 - [**doctest**](https://github.com/onqtam/doctest) for the unit tests
1627 - [**Doxygen**](https://www.doxygen.nl/index.html) to generate [documentation](https://nlohmann.github.io/json/doxygen/index.html)
1628 - [**git-update-ghpages**](https://github.com/rstacruz/git-update-ghpages) to upload the documentation to gh-pages
1629 - [**GitHub Changelog Generator**](https://github.com/skywinder/github-changelog-generator) to generate the [ChangeLog](https://github.com/nlohmann/json/blob/develop/ChangeLog.md)
1630 - [**Google Benchmark**](https://github.com/google/benchmark) to implement the benchmarks
1631 - [**Hedley**](https://nemequ.github.io/hedley/) to avoid re-inventing several compiler-agnostic feature macros
1632 - [**lcov**](http://ltp.sourceforge.net/coverage/lcov.php) to process coverage information and create an HTML view
1633 - [**libFuzzer**](https://llvm.org/docs/LibFuzzer.html) to implement fuzz testing for OSS-Fuzz
1634 - [**OSS-Fuzz**](https://github.com/google/oss-fuzz) for continuous fuzz testing of the library ([project repository](https://github.com/google/oss-fuzz/tree/master/projects/json))
1635 - [**Probot**](https://probot.github.io) for automating maintainer tasks such as closing stale issues, requesting missing information, or detecting toxic comments.
1636 - [**Valgrind**](https://valgrind.org) to check for correct memory management
1639 ## Projects using JSON for Modern C++
1641 The library is currently used in Apple macOS Sierra and iOS 10. I am not sure what they are using the library for, but I am happy that it runs on so many devices.
1646 ### Character encoding
1648 The library supports **Unicode input** as follows:
1650 - Only **UTF-8** encoded input is supported which is the default encoding for JSON according to [RFC 8259](https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc8259.html#section-8.1).
1651 - `std::u16string` and `std::u32string` can be parsed, assuming UTF-16 and UTF-32 encoding, respectively. These encodings are not supported when reading from files or other input containers.
1652 - Other encodings such as Latin-1 or ISO 8859-1 are **not** supported and will yield parse or serialization errors.
1653 - [Unicode noncharacters](https://www.unicode.org/faq/private_use.html#nonchar1) will not be replaced by the library.
1654 - Invalid surrogates (e.g., incomplete pairs such as `\uDEAD`) will yield parse errors.
1655 - The strings stored in the library are UTF-8 encoded. When using the default string type (`std::string`), note that its length/size functions return the number of stored bytes rather than the number of characters or glyphs.
1656 - When you store strings with different encodings in the library, calling [`dump()`](https://nlohmann.github.io/json/api/basic_json/dump/) may throw an exception unless `json::error_handler_t::replace` or `json::error_handler_t::ignore` are used as error handlers.
1657 - To store wide strings (e.g., `std::wstring`), you need to convert them to a UTF-8 encoded `std::string` before, see [an example](https://json.nlohmann.me/home/faq/#wide-string-handling).
1659 ### Comments in JSON
1661 This library does not support comments by default. It does so for three reasons:
1663 1. Comments are not part of the [JSON specification](https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc8259). You may argue that `//` or `/* */` are allowed in JavaScript, but JSON is not JavaScript.
1664 2. This was not an oversight: Douglas Crockford [wrote on this](https://plus.google.com/118095276221607585885/posts/RK8qyGVaGSr) in May 2012:
1666 > I removed comments from JSON because I saw people were using them to hold parsing directives, a practice which would have destroyed interoperability. I know that the lack of comments makes some people sad, but it shouldn't.
1668 > Suppose you are using JSON to keep configuration files, which you would like to annotate. Go ahead and insert all the comments you like. Then pipe it through JSMin before handing it to your JSON parser.
1670 3. It is dangerous for interoperability if some libraries would add comment support while others don't. Please check [The Harmful Consequences of the Robustness Principle](https://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-iab-protocol-maintenance-01) on this.
1672 However, you can pass set parameter `ignore_comments` to true in the `parse` function to ignore `//` or `/* */` comments. Comments will then be treated as whitespace.
1674 ### Order of object keys
1676 By default, the library does not preserve the **insertion order of object elements**. This is standards-compliant, as the [JSON standard](https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc8259.html) defines objects as "an unordered collection of zero or more name/value pairs".
1678 If you do want to preserve the insertion order, you can try the type [`nlohmann::ordered_json`](https://github.com/nlohmann/json/issues/2179). Alternatively, you can use a more sophisticated ordered map like [`tsl::ordered_map`](https://github.com/Tessil/ordered-map) ([integration](https://github.com/nlohmann/json/issues/546#issuecomment-304447518)) or [`nlohmann::fifo_map`](https://github.com/nlohmann/fifo_map) ([integration](https://github.com/nlohmann/json/issues/485#issuecomment-333652309)).
1682 We checked with Valgrind and the Address Sanitizer (ASAN) that there are no memory leaks.
1684 If you find that a parsing program with this library does not release memory, please consider the following case, and it may be unrelated to this library.
1686 **Your program is compiled with glibc.** There is a tunable threshold that glibc uses to decide whether to actually return memory to the system or whether to cache it for later reuse. If in your program you make lots of small allocations and those small allocations are not a contiguous block and are presumably below the threshold, then they will not get returned to the OS.
1687 Here is a related issue [#1924](https://github.com/nlohmann/json/issues/1924).
1691 - The code contains numerous debug **assertions** which can be switched off by defining the preprocessor macro `NDEBUG`, see the [documentation of `assert`](https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/error/assert). In particular, note [`operator[]`](https://nlohmann.github.io/json/api/basic_json/operator%5B%5D/) implements **unchecked access** for const objects: If the given key is not present, the behavior is undefined (think of a dereferenced null pointer) and yields an [assertion failure](https://github.com/nlohmann/json/issues/289) if assertions are switched on. If you are not sure whether an element in an object exists, use checked access with the [`at()` function](https://nlohmann.github.io/json/api/basic_json/at/). Furthermore, you can define `JSON_ASSERT(x)` to replace calls to `assert(x)`.
1692 - As the exact number type is not defined in the [JSON specification](https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc8259.html), this library tries to choose the best fitting C++ number type automatically. As a result, the type `double` may be used to store numbers which may yield [**floating-point exceptions**](https://github.com/nlohmann/json/issues/181) in certain rare situations if floating-point exceptions have been unmasked in the calling code. These exceptions are not caused by the library and need to be fixed in the calling code, such as by re-masking the exceptions prior to calling library functions.
1693 - The code can be compiled without C++ **runtime type identification** features; that is, you can use the `-fno-rtti` compiler flag.
1694 - **Exceptions** are used widely within the library. They can, however, be switched off with either using the compiler flag `-fno-exceptions` or by defining the symbol `JSON_NOEXCEPTION`. In this case, exceptions are replaced by `abort()` calls. You can further control this behavior by defining `JSON_THROW_USER` (overriding `throw`), `JSON_TRY_USER` (overriding `try`), and `JSON_CATCH_USER` (overriding `catch`). Note that `JSON_THROW_USER` should leave the current scope (e.g., by throwing or aborting), as continuing after it may yield undefined behavior. Note the explanatory [`what()`](https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/error/exception/what) string of exceptions is not available for MSVC if exceptions are disabled, see [#2824](https://github.com/nlohmann/json/discussions/2824).
1696 ## Execute unit tests
1698 To compile and run the tests, you need to execute
1703 $ cmake .. -DJSON_BuildTests=On
1705 $ ctest --output-on-failure
1708 Note that during the `ctest` stage, several JSON test files are downloaded from an [external repository](https://github.com/nlohmann/json_test_data). If policies forbid downloading artifacts during testing, you can download the files yourself and pass the directory with the test files via `-DJSON_TestDataDirectory=path` to CMake. Then, no Internet connectivity is required. See [issue #2189](https://github.com/nlohmann/json/issues/2189) for more information.
1710 In case you have downloaded the library rather than checked out the code via Git, test `cmake_fetch_content_configure` will fail. Please execute `ctest -LE git_required` to skip these tests. See [issue #2189](https://github.com/nlohmann/json/issues/2189) for more information.
1712 Some tests change the installed files and hence make the whole process not reproducible. Please execute `ctest -LE not_reproducible` to skip these tests. See [issue #2324](https://github.com/nlohmann/json/issues/2324) for more information.
1714 Note you need to call `cmake -LE "not_reproducible|git_required"` to exclude both labels. See [issue #2596](https://github.com/nlohmann/json/issues/2596) for more information.
1716 As Intel compilers use unsafe floating point optimization by default, the unit tests may fail. Use flag [`/fp:precise`](https://software.intel.com/content/www/us/en/develop/documentation/cpp-compiler-developer-guide-and-reference/top/compiler-reference/compiler-options/compiler-option-details/floating-point-options/fp-model-fp.html) then.
projects / ceph.git / blob