import ceph 12.2.12

[ceph.git] / ceph / src / test / librbd / fsx.cc

// -*- mode:C++; tab-width:8; c-basic-offset:8; indent-tabs-mode:t -*-
// vim: ts=8 sw=8 smarttab
/*
 *      Copyright (C) 1991, NeXT Computer, Inc.  All Rights Reserverd.
 *
 *      File:   fsx.cc
 *      Author: Avadis Tevanian, Jr.
 *
 *      File system exerciser.
 *
 *      Rewritten 8/98 by Conrad Minshall.
 *
 *      Small changes to work under Linux -- davej.
 *
 *      Checks for mmap last-page zero fill.
 */

#include <sys/types.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <limits.h>
#include <time.h>
#include <strings.h>
#include <sys/file.h>
#include <sys/stat.h>
#include <sys/mman.h>
#include <linux/fs.h>
#include <sys/ioctl.h>
#ifdef HAVE_ERR_H
#include <err.h>
#endif
#include <signal.h>
#include <stdbool.h>
#include <stddef.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <stdarg.h>
#include <assert.h>
#include <errno.h>
#include <math.h>
#include <fcntl.h>
#include <random>

#include "include/intarith.h"
#include "include/krbd.h"
#include "include/rados/librados.h"
#include "include/rados/librados.hpp"
#include "include/rbd/librbd.h"
#include "include/rbd/librbd.hpp"
#include "common/Cond.h"
#include "common/SubProcess.h"
#include "common/safe_io.h"
#include "journal/Journaler.h"
#include "journal/ReplayEntry.h"
#include "journal/ReplayHandler.h"
#include "journal/Settings.h"

#include <boost/scope_exit.hpp>

#define NUMPRINTCOLUMNS 32      /* # columns of data to print on each line */

/*
 *      A log entry is an operation and a bunch of arguments.
 */

struct log_entry {
        int     operation;
        int     args[3];
};

#define LOGSIZE 1000

struct log_entry        oplog[LOGSIZE]; /* the log */
int                     logptr = 0;     /* current position in log */
int                     logcount = 0;   /* total ops */

/*
 * The operation matrix is complex due to conditional execution of different
 * features. Hence when we come to deciding what operation to run, we need to
 * be careful in how we select the different operations. The active operations
 * are mapped to numbers as follows:
 *
 *              lite    !lite
 * READ:        0       0
 * WRITE:       1       1
 * MAPREAD:     2       2
 * MAPWRITE:    3       3
 * TRUNCATE:    -       4
 * FALLOCATE:   -       5
 * PUNCH HOLE:  -       6
 * WRITESAME:   -       7
 * COMPAREANDWRITE:     -       8
 *
 * When mapped read/writes are disabled, they are simply converted to normal
 * reads and writes. When fallocate/fpunch calls are disabled, they are
 * converted to OP_SKIPPED. Hence OP_SKIPPED needs to have a number higher than
 * the operation selction matrix, as does the OP_CLOSEOPEN which is an
 * operation modifier rather than an operation in itself.
 *
 * Because of the "lite" version, we also need to have different "maximum
 * operation" defines to allow the ops to be selected correctly based on the
 * mode being run.
 */

/* common operations */
#define OP_READ         0
#define OP_WRITE        1
#define OP_MAPREAD      2
#define OP_MAPWRITE     3
#define OP_MAX_LITE     4

/* !lite operations */
#define OP_TRUNCATE     4
#define OP_FALLOCATE    5
#define OP_PUNCH_HOLE   6
#define OP_WRITESAME    7
#define OP_COMPARE_AND_WRITE    8
/* rbd-specific operations */
#define OP_CLONE        9
#define OP_FLATTEN      10
#define OP_MAX_FULL     11

/* operation modifiers */
#define OP_CLOSEOPEN    100
#define OP_SKIPPED      101

#undef PAGE_SIZE
#define PAGE_SIZE       getpagesize()
#undef PAGE_MASK
#define PAGE_MASK       (PAGE_SIZE - 1)


char    *original_buf;                  /* a pointer to the original data */
char    *good_buf;                      /* a pointer to the correct data */
char    *temp_buf;                      /* a pointer to the current data */

char    dirpath[1024];

off_t           file_size = 0;
off_t           biggest = 0;
unsigned long   testcalls = 0;          /* calls to function "test" */

unsigned long   simulatedopcount = 0;   /* -b flag */
int     closeprob = 0;                  /* -c flag */
int     debug = 0;                      /* -d flag */
unsigned long   debugstart = 0;         /* -D flag */
int     flush_enabled = 0;              /* -f flag */
int     holebdy = 1;                    /* -h flag */
bool    journal_replay = false;         /* -j flah */
int     keep_on_success = 0;            /* -k flag */
int     do_fsync = 0;                   /* -y flag */
unsigned long   maxfilelen = 256 * 1024;        /* -l flag */
int     sizechecks = 1;                 /* -n flag disables them */
int     maxoplen = 64 * 1024;           /* -o flag */
int     quiet = 0;                      /* -q flag */
unsigned long progressinterval = 0;     /* -p flag */
int     readbdy = 1;                    /* -r flag */
int     style = 0;                      /* -s flag */
int     prealloc = 0;                   /* -x flag */
int     truncbdy = 1;                   /* -t flag */
int     writebdy = 1;                   /* -w flag */
long    monitorstart = -1;              /* -m flag */
long    monitorend = -1;                /* -m flag */
int     lite = 0;                       /* -L flag */
long    numops = -1;                    /* -N flag */
int     randomoplen = 1;                /* -O flag disables it */
int     seed = 1;                       /* -S flag */
int     mapped_writes = 0;              /* -W flag disables */
int     fallocate_calls = 0;            /* -F flag disables */
int     punch_hole_calls = 1;           /* -H flag disables */
int     clone_calls = 1;                /* -C flag disables */
int     randomize_striping = 1;         /* -U flag disables */
int     randomize_parent_overlap = 1;
int     mapped_reads = 0;               /* -R flag disables it */
int     fsxgoodfd = 0;
int     o_direct = 0;                   /* -Z flag */

int num_clones = 0;

int page_size;
int page_mask;
int mmap_mask;

FILE *  fsxlogf = NULL;
int badoff = -1;
int closeopen = 0;

void
vwarnc(int code, const char *fmt, va_list ap) {
  fprintf(stderr, "fsx: ");
  if (fmt != NULL) {
        vfprintf(stderr, fmt, ap);
        fprintf(stderr, ": ");
  }
  fprintf(stderr, "%s\n", strerror(code));
}

void
warn(const char * fmt, ...)  {
        va_list ap;
        va_start(ap, fmt);
        vwarnc(errno, fmt, ap);
        va_end(ap);
}

#define BUF_SIZE 1024

void
prt(const char *fmt, ...)
{
        va_list args;
        char buffer[BUF_SIZE];

        va_start(args, fmt);
        vsnprintf(buffer, BUF_SIZE, fmt, args);
        va_end(args);
        fprintf(stdout, "%s", buffer);
        if (fsxlogf)
                fprintf(fsxlogf, "%s", buffer);
}

void
prterr(const char *prefix)
{
        prt("%s%s%s\n", prefix, prefix ? ": " : "", strerror(errno));
}

void
prterrcode(const char *prefix, int code)
{
        prt("%s%s%s\n", prefix, prefix ? ": " : "", strerror(-code));
}

void
simple_err(const char *msg, int err)
{
    fprintf(stderr, "%s: %s\n", msg, strerror(-err));
}

/*
 * random
 */
std::mt19937 random_generator;

uint_fast32_t
get_random(void)
{
        return random_generator();
}

void replay_imagename(char *buf, size_t len, int clones);

namespace {

static const std::string JOURNAL_CLIENT_ID("fsx");

struct ReplayHandler : public journal::ReplayHandler {
        journal::Journaler *journaler;
        journal::Journaler *replay_journaler;
        Context *on_finish;

        ReplayHandler(journal::Journaler *journaler,
                      journal::Journaler *replay_journaler, Context *on_finish)
                : journaler(journaler), replay_journaler(replay_journaler),
                  on_finish(on_finish) {
        }

        void get() override {
        }
        void put() override {
        }

        void handle_entries_available() override {
                while (true) {
                        journal::ReplayEntry replay_entry;
                        if (!journaler->try_pop_front(&replay_entry)) {
                                return;
                        }

                        replay_journaler->append(0, replay_entry.get_data());
                }
        }

        void handle_complete(int r) override {
                on_finish->complete(r);
        }
};

int get_image_id(librados::IoCtx &io_ctx, const char *image_name,
                 std::string *image_id) {
        librbd::RBD rbd;
        librbd::Image image;
        int r = rbd.open(io_ctx, image, image_name);
        if (r < 0) {
                simple_err("failed to open image", r);
                return r;
        }

        rbd_image_info_t info;
        r = image.stat(info, sizeof(info));
        if (r < 0) {
                simple_err("failed to stat image", r);
                return r;
        }

        *image_id = std::string(&info.block_name_prefix[strlen(RBD_DATA_PREFIX)]);
        return 0;
}

int register_journal(rados_ioctx_t ioctx, const char *image_name) {
        librados::IoCtx io_ctx;
        librados::IoCtx::from_rados_ioctx_t(ioctx, io_ctx);

        std::string image_id;
        int r = get_image_id(io_ctx, image_name, &image_id);
        if (r < 0) {
                return r;
        }

        journal::Journaler journaler(io_ctx, image_id, JOURNAL_CLIENT_ID, {});
        r = journaler.register_client(bufferlist());
        if (r < 0) {
                simple_err("failed to register journal client", r);
                return r;
        }
        return 0;
}

int unregister_journal(rados_ioctx_t ioctx, const char *image_name) {
        librados::IoCtx io_ctx;
        librados::IoCtx::from_rados_ioctx_t(ioctx, io_ctx);

        std::string image_id;
        int r = get_image_id(io_ctx, image_name, &image_id);
        if (r < 0) {
                return r;
        }

        journal::Journaler journaler(io_ctx, image_id, JOURNAL_CLIENT_ID, {});
        r = journaler.unregister_client();
        if (r < 0) {
                simple_err("failed to unregister journal client", r);
                return r;
        }
        return 0;
}

int create_replay_image(rados_ioctx_t ioctx, int order,
                        uint64_t stripe_unit, int stripe_count,
                        const char *replay_image_name,
                        const char *last_replay_image_name) {
        librados::IoCtx io_ctx;
        librados::IoCtx::from_rados_ioctx_t(ioctx, io_ctx);

        int r;
        librbd::RBD rbd;
        if (last_replay_image_name == nullptr) {
                r = rbd.create2(io_ctx, replay_image_name, 0,
                                RBD_FEATURES_ALL, &order);
        } else {
                r = rbd.clone2(io_ctx, last_replay_image_name, "snap",
                               io_ctx, replay_image_name, RBD_FEATURES_ALL,
                               &order, stripe_unit, stripe_count);
        }

        if (r < 0) {
                simple_err("failed to create replay image", r);
                return r;
        }

        return 0;
}

int replay_journal(rados_ioctx_t ioctx, const char *image_name,
                   const char *replay_image_name) {
        librados::IoCtx io_ctx;
        librados::IoCtx::from_rados_ioctx_t(ioctx, io_ctx);

        std::string image_id;
        int r = get_image_id(io_ctx, image_name, &image_id);
        if (r < 0) {
                return r;
        }

        std::string replay_image_id;
        r = get_image_id(io_ctx, replay_image_name, &replay_image_id);
        if (r < 0) {
                return r;
        }

        journal::Journaler journaler(io_ctx, image_id, JOURNAL_CLIENT_ID, {});
        C_SaferCond init_ctx;
        journaler.init(&init_ctx);
        BOOST_SCOPE_EXIT_ALL( (&journaler) ) {
                journaler.shut_down();
        };

        r = init_ctx.wait();
        if (r < 0) {
                simple_err("failed to initialize journal", r);
                return r;
        }

        journal::Journaler replay_journaler(io_ctx, replay_image_id, "", {});

        C_SaferCond replay_init_ctx;
        replay_journaler.init(&replay_init_ctx);
        BOOST_SCOPE_EXIT_ALL( (&replay_journaler) ) {
                replay_journaler.shut_down();
        };

        r = replay_init_ctx.wait();
        if (r < 0) {
                simple_err("failed to initialize replay journal", r);
                return r;
        }

        replay_journaler.start_append(0, 0, 0);

        C_SaferCond replay_ctx;
        ReplayHandler replay_handler(&journaler, &replay_journaler,
                                     &replay_ctx);

        // copy journal events from source image to replay image
        journaler.start_replay(&replay_handler);
        r = replay_ctx.wait();

        journaler.stop_replay();

        C_SaferCond stop_ctx;
        replay_journaler.stop_append(&stop_ctx);
        int stop_r = stop_ctx.wait();
        if (r == 0 && stop_r < 0) {
                r = stop_r;
        }

        if (r < 0) {
                simple_err("failed to replay journal", r);
                return r;
        }

        librbd::RBD rbd;
        librbd::Image image;
        r = rbd.open(io_ctx, image, replay_image_name);
        if (r < 0) {
                simple_err("failed to open replay image", r);
                return r;
        }

        // perform an IO op to initiate the journal replay
        bufferlist bl;
        r = static_cast<ssize_t>(image.write(0, 0, bl));
        if (r < 0) {
                simple_err("failed to write to replay image", r);
                return r;
        }
        return 0;
}

int finalize_journal(rados_ioctx_t ioctx, const char *imagename, int clones,
                     int order, uint64_t stripe_unit, int stripe_count) {
        char replayimagename[1024];
        replay_imagename(replayimagename, sizeof(replayimagename), clones);

        char lastreplayimagename[1024];
        if (clones > 0) {
                replay_imagename(lastreplayimagename,
                                 sizeof(lastreplayimagename), clones - 1);
        }

        int ret = create_replay_image(ioctx, order, stripe_unit,
                                      stripe_count, replayimagename,
                                      clones > 0 ? lastreplayimagename :
                                                   nullptr);
        if (ret < 0) {
                exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
        }

        ret = replay_journal(ioctx, imagename, replayimagename);
        if (ret < 0) {
                exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
        }
        return 0;
}

} // anonymous namespace

/*
 * rbd
 */

struct rbd_ctx {
        const char *name;       /* image name */
        rbd_image_t image;      /* image handle */
        const char *krbd_name;  /* image /dev/rbd<id> name */ /* reused for nbd test */
        int krbd_fd;            /* image /dev/rbd<id> fd */ /* reused for nbd test */
};

#define RBD_CTX_INIT    (struct rbd_ctx) { NULL, NULL, NULL, -1}

struct rbd_operations {
        int (*open)(const char *name, struct rbd_ctx *ctx);
        int (*close)(struct rbd_ctx *ctx);
        ssize_t (*read)(struct rbd_ctx *ctx, uint64_t off, size_t len, char *buf);
        ssize_t (*write)(struct rbd_ctx *ctx, uint64_t off, size_t len, const char *buf);
        int (*flush)(struct rbd_ctx *ctx);
        int (*discard)(struct rbd_ctx *ctx, uint64_t off, uint64_t len);
        int (*get_size)(struct rbd_ctx *ctx, uint64_t *size);
        int (*resize)(struct rbd_ctx *ctx, uint64_t size);
        int (*clone)(struct rbd_ctx *ctx, const char *src_snapname,
                     const char *dst_imagename, int *order, int stripe_unit,
                     int stripe_count);
        int (*flatten)(struct rbd_ctx *ctx);
        ssize_t (*writesame)(struct rbd_ctx *ctx, uint64_t off, size_t len,
                             const char *buf, size_t data_len);
        ssize_t (*compare_and_write)(struct rbd_ctx *ctx, uint64_t off, size_t len,
                                     const char *cmp_buf, const char *buf);
};

char *pool;                     /* name of the pool our test image is in */
char *iname;                    /* name of our test image */
rados_t cluster;                /* handle for our test cluster */
rados_ioctx_t ioctx;            /* handle for our test pool */
struct krbd_ctx *krbd;          /* handle for libkrbd */
bool skip_partial_discard;      /* rbd_skip_partial_discard config value*/

/*
 * librbd/krbd rbd_operations handlers.  Given the rest of fsx.c, no
 * attempt to do error handling is made in these handlers.
 */

int
__librbd_open(const char *name, struct rbd_ctx *ctx)
{
        rbd_image_t image;
        int ret;

        assert(!ctx->name && !ctx->image &&
               !ctx->krbd_name && ctx->krbd_fd < 0);

        ret = rbd_open(ioctx, name, &image, NULL);
        if (ret < 0) {
                prt("rbd_open(%s) failed\n", name);
                return ret;
        }

        ctx->name = strdup(name);
        ctx->image = image;
        ctx->krbd_name = NULL;
        ctx->krbd_fd = -1;

        return 0;
}

int
librbd_open(const char *name, struct rbd_ctx *ctx)
{
        return __librbd_open(name, ctx);
}

int
__librbd_close(struct rbd_ctx *ctx)
{
        int ret;

        assert(ctx->name && ctx->image);

        ret = rbd_close(ctx->image);
        if (ret < 0) {
                prt("rbd_close(%s) failed\n", ctx->name);
                return ret;
        }

        free((void *)ctx->name);

        ctx->name = NULL;
        ctx->image = NULL;

        return 0;
}

int
librbd_close(struct rbd_ctx *ctx)
{
        return __librbd_close(ctx);
}

int
librbd_verify_object_map(struct rbd_ctx *ctx)
{
        int n;
        uint64_t flags;
        n = rbd_get_flags(ctx->image, &flags);
        if (n < 0) {
                prt("rbd_get_flags() failed\n");
                return n;
        }

        if ((flags & RBD_FLAG_OBJECT_MAP_INVALID) != 0) {
                prt("rbd_get_flags() indicates object map is invalid\n");
                return -EINVAL;
        }
        return 0;
}

ssize_t
librbd_read(struct rbd_ctx *ctx, uint64_t off, size_t len, char *buf)
{
        ssize_t n;

        n = rbd_read(ctx->image, off, len, buf);
        if (n < 0)
                prt("rbd_read(%llu, %zu) failed\n", off, len);

        return n;
}

ssize_t
librbd_write(struct rbd_ctx *ctx, uint64_t off, size_t len, const char *buf)
{
        ssize_t n;
        int ret;

        n = rbd_write(ctx->image, off, len, buf);
        if (n < 0) {
                prt("rbd_write(%llu, %zu) failed\n", off, len);
                return n;
        }

        ret = librbd_verify_object_map(ctx);
        if (ret < 0) {
                return ret;
        }
        return n;
}

int
librbd_flush(struct rbd_ctx *ctx)
{
        int ret;

        ret = rbd_flush(ctx->image);
        if (ret < 0) {
                prt("rbd_flush failed\n");
                return ret;
        }

        return librbd_verify_object_map(ctx);
}

int
librbd_discard(struct rbd_ctx *ctx, uint64_t off, uint64_t len)
{
        int ret;

        ret = rbd_discard(ctx->image, off, len);
        if (ret < 0) {
                prt("rbd_discard(%llu, %llu) failed\n", off, len);
                return ret;
        }

        return librbd_verify_object_map(ctx);
}

ssize_t
librbd_writesame(struct rbd_ctx *ctx, uint64_t off, size_t len,
                 const char *buf, size_t data_len)
{
        ssize_t n;
        int ret;

        n = rbd_writesame(ctx->image, off, len, buf, data_len, 0);
        if (n < 0) {
                prt("rbd_writesame(%llu, %zu) failed\n", off, len);
                return n;
        }

        ret = librbd_verify_object_map(ctx);
        if (ret < 0) {
                return ret;
        }
        return n;
}

ssize_t
librbd_compare_and_write(struct rbd_ctx *ctx, uint64_t off, size_t len,
                         const char *cmp_buf, const char *buf)
{
        ssize_t n;
        int ret;
        uint64_t mismatch_off = 0;

        n = rbd_compare_and_write(ctx->image, off, len, cmp_buf, buf, &mismatch_off, 0);
        if (n == -EINVAL) {
                return n;
        } else if (n < 0) {
                prt("rbd_compare_and_write mismatch(%llu, %zu, %llu) failed\n",
                    off, len, mismatch_off);
                return n;
        }

        ret = librbd_verify_object_map(ctx);
        if (ret < 0) {
                return ret;
        }
        return n;

}

int
librbd_get_size(struct rbd_ctx *ctx, uint64_t *size)
{
        rbd_image_info_t info;
        int ret;

        ret = rbd_stat(ctx->image, &info, sizeof(info));
        if (ret < 0) {
                prt("rbd_stat failed\n");
                return ret;
        }

        *size = info.size;

        return 0;
}

int
__librbd_resize(struct rbd_ctx *ctx, uint64_t size)
{
        int ret;

        ret = rbd_resize(ctx->image, size);
        if (ret < 0) {
                prt("rbd_resize(%llu) failed\n", size);
                return ret;
        }

        return librbd_verify_object_map(ctx);
}

int
librbd_resize(struct rbd_ctx *ctx, uint64_t size)
{
        return __librbd_resize(ctx, size);
}

int
__librbd_clone(struct rbd_ctx *ctx, const char *src_snapname,
               const char *dst_imagename, int *order, int stripe_unit,
               int stripe_count, bool krbd)
{
        int ret;

        ret = rbd_snap_create(ctx->image, src_snapname);
        if (ret < 0) {
                prt("rbd_snap_create(%s@%s) failed\n", ctx->name,
                    src_snapname);
                return ret;
        }

        ret = rbd_snap_protect(ctx->image, src_snapname);
        if (ret < 0) {
                prt("rbd_snap_protect(%s@%s) failed\n", ctx->name,
                    src_snapname);
                return ret;
        }

        uint64_t features = RBD_FEATURES_ALL;
        if (krbd) {
                features &= ~(RBD_FEATURE_OBJECT_MAP     |
                              RBD_FEATURE_FAST_DIFF      |
                              RBD_FEATURE_DEEP_FLATTEN   |
                              RBD_FEATURE_JOURNALING);
        }
        ret = rbd_clone2(ioctx, ctx->name, src_snapname, ioctx,
                         dst_imagename, features, order,
                         stripe_unit, stripe_count);
        if (ret < 0) {
                prt("rbd_clone2(%s@%s -> %s) failed\n", ctx->name,
                    src_snapname, dst_imagename);
                return ret;
        }

        return 0;
}

int
librbd_clone(struct rbd_ctx *ctx, const char *src_snapname,
             const char *dst_imagename, int *order, int stripe_unit,
             int stripe_count)
{
        return __librbd_clone(ctx, src_snapname, dst_imagename, order,
                              stripe_unit, stripe_count, false);
}

int
__librbd_flatten(struct rbd_ctx *ctx)
{
        int ret;

        ret = rbd_flatten(ctx->image);
        if (ret < 0) {
                prt("rbd_flatten failed\n");
                return ret;
        }

        return librbd_verify_object_map(ctx);
}

int
librbd_flatten(struct rbd_ctx *ctx)
{
        return __librbd_flatten(ctx);
}

const struct rbd_operations librbd_operations = {
        librbd_open,
        librbd_close,
        librbd_read,
        librbd_write,
        librbd_flush,
        librbd_discard,
        librbd_get_size,
        librbd_resize,
        librbd_clone,
        librbd_flatten,
        librbd_writesame,
        librbd_compare_and_write,
};

int
krbd_open(const char *name, struct rbd_ctx *ctx)
{
        char *devnode;
        int fd;
        int ret;

        ret = __librbd_open(name, ctx);
        if (ret < 0)
                return ret;

        ret = krbd_map(krbd, pool, name, "", "", &devnode);
        if (ret < 0) {
                prt("krbd_map(%s) failed\n", name);
                return ret;
        }

        fd = open(devnode, O_RDWR | o_direct);
        if (fd < 0) {
                ret = -errno;
                prt("open(%s) failed\n", devnode);
                return ret;
        }

        ctx->krbd_name = devnode;
        ctx->krbd_fd = fd;

        return 0;
}

int
krbd_close(struct rbd_ctx *ctx)
{
        int ret;

        assert(ctx->krbd_name && ctx->krbd_fd >= 0);

        if (close(ctx->krbd_fd) < 0) {
                ret = -errno;
                prt("close(%s) failed\n", ctx->krbd_name);
                return ret;
        }

        ret = krbd_unmap(krbd, ctx->krbd_name, "");
        if (ret < 0) {
                prt("krbd_unmap(%s) failed\n", ctx->krbd_name);
                return ret;
        }

        free((void *)ctx->krbd_name);

        ctx->krbd_name = NULL;
        ctx->krbd_fd = -1;

        return __librbd_close(ctx);
}

ssize_t
krbd_read(struct rbd_ctx *ctx, uint64_t off, size_t len, char *buf)
{
        ssize_t n;

        n = pread(ctx->krbd_fd, buf, len, off);
        if (n < 0) {
                n = -errno;
                prt("pread(%llu, %zu) failed\n", off, len);
                return n;
        }

        return n;
}

ssize_t
krbd_write(struct rbd_ctx *ctx, uint64_t off, size_t len, const char *buf)
{
        ssize_t n;

        n = pwrite(ctx->krbd_fd, buf, len, off);
        if (n < 0) {
                n = -errno;
                prt("pwrite(%llu, %zu) failed\n", off, len);
                return n;
        }

        return n;
}

int
__krbd_flush(struct rbd_ctx *ctx, bool invalidate)
{
        int ret;

        if (o_direct)
                return 0;

        /*
         * BLKFLSBUF will sync the filesystem on top of the device (we
         * don't care about that here, since we write directly to it),
         * write out any dirty buffers and invalidate the buffer cache.
         * It won't do a hardware cache flush.
         *
         * fsync() will write out any dirty buffers and do a hardware
         * cache flush (which we don't care about either, because for
         * krbd it's a noop).  It won't try to empty the buffer cache
         * nor poke the filesystem before writing out.
         *
         * Given that, for our purposes, fsync is a flush, while
         * BLKFLSBUF is a flush+invalidate.
         */
        if (invalidate)
                ret = ioctl(ctx->krbd_fd, BLKFLSBUF, NULL);
        else
                ret = fsync(ctx->krbd_fd);
        if (ret < 0) {
                ret = -errno;
                prt("%s failed\n", invalidate ? "BLKFLSBUF" : "fsync");
                return ret;
        }

        return 0;
}

int
krbd_flush(struct rbd_ctx *ctx)
{
        return __krbd_flush(ctx, false);
}

int
krbd_discard(struct rbd_ctx *ctx, uint64_t off, uint64_t len)
{
        uint64_t range[2] = { off, len };
        int ret;

        /*
         * BLKZEROOUT goes straight to disk and doesn't do anything
         * about dirty buffers.  This means we need to flush so that
         *
         *   write 0..3M
         *   discard 1..2M
         *
         * results in "data 0000 data" rather than "data data data" on
         * disk and invalidate so that
         *
         *   discard 1..2M
         *   read 0..3M
         *
         * returns "data 0000 data" rather than "data data data" in
         * case 1..2M was cached.
         *
         * Note: These cache coherency issues are supposed to be fixed
         * in recent kernels.
         */
        ret = __krbd_flush(ctx, true);
        if (ret < 0)
                return ret;

        /*
         * off and len must be 512-byte aligned, otherwise BLKZEROOUT
         * will fail with -EINVAL.  This means that -K (enable krbd
         * mode) requires -h 512 or similar.
         */
        if (ioctl(ctx->krbd_fd, BLKZEROOUT, &range) < 0) {
                ret = -errno;
                prt("BLKZEROOUT(%llu, %llu) failed\n", off, len);
                return ret;
        }

        return 0;
}

int
krbd_get_size(struct rbd_ctx *ctx, uint64_t *size)
{
        uint64_t bytes;

        if (ioctl(ctx->krbd_fd, BLKGETSIZE64, &bytes) < 0) {
                int ret = -errno;
                prt("BLKGETSIZE64 failed\n");
                return ret;
        }

        *size = bytes;

        return 0;
}

int
krbd_resize(struct rbd_ctx *ctx, uint64_t size)
{
        int ret;

        assert(size % truncbdy == 0);

        /*
         * When krbd detects a size change, it calls revalidate_disk(),
         * which ends up calling invalidate_bdev(), which invalidates
         * clean pages and does nothing about dirty pages beyond the
         * new size.  The preceding cache flush makes sure those pages
         * are invalidated, which is what we need on shrink so that
         *
         *  write 0..1M
         *  resize 0
         *  resize 2M
         *  read 0..2M
         *
         * returns "0000 0000" rather than "data 0000".
         */
        ret = __krbd_flush(ctx, false);
        if (ret < 0)
                return ret;

        return __librbd_resize(ctx, size);
}

int
krbd_clone(struct rbd_ctx *ctx, const char *src_snapname,
           const char *dst_imagename, int *order, int stripe_unit,
           int stripe_count)
{
        int ret;

        ret = __krbd_flush(ctx, false);
        if (ret < 0)
                return ret;

        return __librbd_clone(ctx, src_snapname, dst_imagename, order,
                              stripe_unit, stripe_count, true);
}

int
krbd_flatten(struct rbd_ctx *ctx)
{
        int ret;

        ret = __krbd_flush(ctx, false);
        if (ret < 0)
                return ret;

        return __librbd_flatten(ctx);
}

const struct rbd_operations krbd_operations = {
        krbd_open,
        krbd_close,
        krbd_read,
        krbd_write,
        krbd_flush,
        krbd_discard,
        krbd_get_size,
        krbd_resize,
        krbd_clone,
        krbd_flatten,
        NULL,
};

int
nbd_open(const char *name, struct rbd_ctx *ctx)
{
        int r;
        int fd;
        char dev[4096];
        char *devnode;

        SubProcess process("rbd-nbd", SubProcess::KEEP, SubProcess::PIPE,
                           SubProcess::KEEP);
        process.add_cmd_arg("map");
        std::string img;
        img.append(pool);
        img.append("/");
        img.append(name);
        process.add_cmd_arg(img.c_str());

        r = __librbd_open(name, ctx);
        if (r < 0)
                return r;

        r = process.spawn();
        if (r < 0) {
                prt("nbd_open failed to run rbd-nbd error: %s\n", process.err().c_str());
                return r;
        }
        r = safe_read(process.get_stdout(), dev, sizeof(dev));
        if (r < 0) {
                prt("nbd_open failed to get nbd device path\n");
                return r;
        }
        for (int i = 0; i < r; ++i)
          if (dev[i] == 10 || dev[i] == 13)
            dev[i] = 0;
        dev[r] = 0;
        r = process.join();
        if (r) {
                prt("rbd-nbd failed with error: %s", process.err().c_str());
                return -EINVAL;
        }

        devnode = strdup(dev);
        if (!devnode)
                return -ENOMEM;

        fd = open(devnode, O_RDWR | o_direct);
        if (fd < 0) {
                r = -errno;
                prt("open(%s) failed\n", devnode);
                return r;
        }

        ctx->krbd_name = devnode;
        ctx->krbd_fd = fd;

        return 0;
}

int
nbd_close(struct rbd_ctx *ctx)
{
        int r;

        assert(ctx->krbd_name && ctx->krbd_fd >= 0);

        if (close(ctx->krbd_fd) < 0) {
                r = -errno;
                prt("close(%s) failed\n", ctx->krbd_name);
                return r;
        }

        SubProcess process("rbd-nbd");
        process.add_cmd_arg("unmap");
        process.add_cmd_arg(ctx->krbd_name);

        r = process.spawn();
        if (r < 0) {
                prt("nbd_close failed to run rbd-nbd error: %s\n", process.err().c_str());
                return r;
        }
        r = process.join();
        if (r) {
                prt("rbd-nbd failed with error: %d", process.err().c_str());
                return -EINVAL;
        }

        free((void *)ctx->krbd_name);

        ctx->krbd_name = NULL;
        ctx->krbd_fd = -1;

        return __librbd_close(ctx);
}

int
nbd_clone(struct rbd_ctx *ctx, const char *src_snapname,
          const char *dst_imagename, int *order, int stripe_unit,
          int stripe_count)
{
        int ret;

        ret = __krbd_flush(ctx, false);
        if (ret < 0)
                return ret;

        return __librbd_clone(ctx, src_snapname, dst_imagename, order,
                              stripe_unit, stripe_count, false);
}

const struct rbd_operations nbd_operations = {
        nbd_open,
        nbd_close,
        krbd_read,
        krbd_write,
        krbd_flush,
        krbd_discard,
        krbd_get_size,
        krbd_resize,
        nbd_clone,
        krbd_flatten,
        NULL,
};

struct rbd_ctx ctx = RBD_CTX_INIT;
const struct rbd_operations *ops = &librbd_operations;

static bool rbd_image_has_parent(struct rbd_ctx *ctx)
{
        int ret;

        ret = rbd_get_parent_info(ctx->image, NULL, 0, NULL, 0, NULL, 0);
        if (ret < 0 && ret != -ENOENT) {
                prterrcode("rbd_get_parent_info", ret);
                exit(1);
        }

        return !ret;
}

/*
 * fsx
 */

void
log4(int operation, int arg0, int arg1, int arg2)
{
        struct log_entry *le;

        le = &oplog[logptr];
        le->operation = operation;
        if (closeopen)
                le->operation = ~ le->operation;
        le->args[0] = arg0;
        le->args[1] = arg1;
        le->args[2] = arg2;
        logptr++;
        logcount++;
        if (logptr >= LOGSIZE)
                logptr = 0;
}

void
logdump(void)
{
        int     i, count, down;
        struct log_entry        *lp;
        const char *falloc_type[3] = {"PAST_EOF", "EXTENDING", "INTERIOR"};

        prt("LOG DUMP (%d total operations):\n", logcount);
        if (logcount < LOGSIZE) {
                i = 0;
                count = logcount;
        } else {
                i = logptr;
                count = LOGSIZE;
        }
        for ( ; count > 0; count--) {
                int opnum;

                opnum = i+1 + (logcount/LOGSIZE)*LOGSIZE;
                prt("%d(%3d mod 256): ", opnum, opnum%256);
                lp = &oplog[i];
                if ((closeopen = lp->operation < 0))
                        lp->operation = ~ lp->operation;
                        
                switch (lp->operation) {
                case OP_MAPREAD:
                        prt("MAPREAD  0x%x thru 0x%x\t(0x%x bytes)",
                            lp->args[0], lp->args[0] + lp->args[1] - 1,
                            lp->args[1]);
                        if (badoff >= lp->args[0] && badoff <
                                                     lp->args[0] + lp->args[1])
                                prt("\t***RRRR***");
                        break;
                case OP_MAPWRITE:
                        prt("MAPWRITE 0x%x thru 0x%x\t(0x%x bytes)",
                            lp->args[0], lp->args[0] + lp->args[1] - 1,
                            lp->args[1]);
                        if (badoff >= lp->args[0] && badoff <
                                                     lp->args[0] + lp->args[1])
                                prt("\t******WWWW");
                        break;
                case OP_READ:
                        prt("READ     0x%x thru 0x%x\t(0x%x bytes)",
                            lp->args[0], lp->args[0] + lp->args[1] - 1,
                            lp->args[1]);
                        if (badoff >= lp->args[0] &&
                            badoff < lp->args[0] + lp->args[1])
                                prt("\t***RRRR***");
                        break;
                case OP_WRITE:
                        prt("WRITE    0x%x thru 0x%x\t(0x%x bytes)",
                            lp->args[0], lp->args[0] + lp->args[1] - 1,
                            lp->args[1]);
                        if (lp->args[0] > lp->args[2])
                                prt(" HOLE");
                        else if (lp->args[0] + lp->args[1] > lp->args[2])
                                prt(" EXTEND");
                        if ((badoff >= lp->args[0] || badoff >=lp->args[2]) &&
                            badoff < lp->args[0] + lp->args[1])
                                prt("\t***WWWW");
                        break;
                case OP_TRUNCATE:
                        down = lp->args[0] < lp->args[1];
                        prt("TRUNCATE %s\tfrom 0x%x to 0x%x",
                            down ? "DOWN" : "UP", lp->args[1], lp->args[0]);
                        if (badoff >= lp->args[!down] &&
                            badoff < lp->args[!!down])
                                prt("\t******WWWW");
                        break;
                case OP_FALLOCATE:
                        /* 0: offset 1: length 2: where alloced */
                        prt("FALLOC   0x%x thru 0x%x\t(0x%x bytes) %s",
                                lp->args[0], lp->args[0] + lp->args[1],
                                lp->args[1], falloc_type[lp->args[2]]);
                        if (badoff >= lp->args[0] &&
                            badoff < lp->args[0] + lp->args[1])
                                prt("\t******FFFF");
                        break;
                case OP_PUNCH_HOLE:
                        prt("PUNCH    0x%x thru 0x%x\t(0x%x bytes)",
                            lp->args[0], lp->args[0] + lp->args[1] - 1,
                            lp->args[1]);
                        if (badoff >= lp->args[0] && badoff <
                                                     lp->args[0] + lp->args[1])
                                prt("\t******PPPP");
                        break;
                case OP_WRITESAME:
                        prt("WRITESAME    0x%x thru 0x%x\t(0x%x bytes) data_size 0x%x",
                            lp->args[0], lp->args[0] + lp->args[1] - 1,
                            lp->args[1], lp->args[2]);
                        if (badoff >= lp->args[0] &&
                                badoff < lp->args[0] + lp->args[1])
                                prt("\t***WSWSWSWS");
                        break;
                case OP_COMPARE_AND_WRITE:
                        prt("COMPARE_AND_WRITE    0x%x thru 0x%x\t(0x%x bytes)",
                            lp->args[0], lp->args[0] + lp->args[1] - 1,
                            lp->args[1]);
                        if (lp->args[0] > lp->args[2])
                            prt(" HOLE");
                        else if (lp->args[0] + lp->args[1] > lp->args[2])
                            prt(" EXTEND");
                        if ((badoff >= lp->args[0] || badoff >=lp->args[2]) &&
                                badoff < lp->args[0] + lp->args[1])
                                prt("\t***WWWW");
                        break;
                case OP_CLONE:
                        prt("CLONE");
                        break;
                case OP_FLATTEN:
                        prt("FLATTEN");
                        break;
                case OP_SKIPPED:
                        prt("SKIPPED (no operation)");
                        break;
                default:
                        prt("BOGUS LOG ENTRY (operation code = %d)!",
                            lp->operation);
                }
                if (closeopen)
                        prt("\n\t\tCLOSE/OPEN");
                prt("\n");
                i++;
                if (i == LOGSIZE)
                        i = 0;
        }
}

void
save_buffer(char *buffer, off_t bufferlength, int fd)
{
        off_t ret;
        ssize_t byteswritten;

        if (fd <= 0 || bufferlength == 0)
                return;

        if (bufferlength > SSIZE_MAX) {
                prt("fsx flaw: overflow in save_buffer\n");
                exit(67);
        }

        ret = lseek(fd, (off_t)0, SEEK_SET);
        if (ret == (off_t)-1)
                prterr("save_buffer: lseek 0");
        
        byteswritten = write(fd, buffer, (size_t)bufferlength);
        if (byteswritten != bufferlength) {
                if (byteswritten == -1)
                        prterr("save_buffer write");
                else
                        warn("save_buffer: short write, 0x%x bytes instead of 0x%llx\n",
                             (unsigned)byteswritten,
                             (unsigned long long)bufferlength);
        }
}


void
report_failure(int status)
{
        logdump();
        
        if (fsxgoodfd) {
                if (good_buf) {
                        save_buffer(good_buf, file_size, fsxgoodfd);
                        prt("Correct content saved for comparison\n");
                        prt("(maybe hexdump \"%s\" vs \"%s.fsxgood\")\n",
                            iname, iname);
                }
                close(fsxgoodfd);
        }
        sleep(3);   // so the log can flush to disk.  KLUDGEY!
        exit(status);
}

#define short_at(cp) ((unsigned short)((*((unsigned char *)(cp)) << 8) | \
                                        *(((unsigned char *)(cp)) + 1)))

int
fsxcmp(char *good_buf, char *temp_buf, unsigned size)
{
        if (!skip_partial_discard) {
                return memcmp(good_buf, temp_buf, size);
        }

        for (unsigned i = 0; i < size; i++) {
                if (good_buf[i] != temp_buf[i] && good_buf[i] != 0) {
                        return good_buf[i] - temp_buf[i];
                }
        }
        return 0;
}

void
check_buffers(char *good_buf, char *temp_buf, unsigned offset, unsigned size)
{
        if (fsxcmp(good_buf + offset, temp_buf, size) != 0) {
                unsigned i = 0;
                unsigned n = 0;

                prt("READ BAD DATA: offset = 0x%x, size = 0x%x, fname = %s\n",
                    offset, size, iname);
                prt("OFFSET\tGOOD\tBAD\tRANGE\n");
                while (size > 0) {
                        unsigned char c = good_buf[offset];
                        unsigned char t = temp_buf[i];
                        if (c != t) {
                                if (n < 16) {
                                        unsigned bad = short_at(&temp_buf[i]);
                                        prt("0x%5x\t0x%04x\t0x%04x", offset,
                                            short_at(&good_buf[offset]), bad);
                                        unsigned op = temp_buf[(offset & 1) ? i+1 : i];
                                        prt("\t0x%5x\n", n);
                                        if (op)
                                                prt("operation# (mod 256) for "
                                                  "the bad data may be %u\n",
                                                ((unsigned)op & 0xff));
                                        else
                                                prt("operation# (mod 256) for "
                                                  "the bad data unknown, check"
                                                  " HOLE and EXTEND ops\n");
                                }
                                n++;
                                badoff = offset;
                        }
                        offset++;
                        i++;
                        size--;
                }
                report_failure(110);
        }
}


void
check_size(void)
{
        uint64_t size;
        int ret;

        ret = ops->get_size(&ctx, &size);
        if (ret < 0)
                prterrcode("check_size: ops->get_size", ret);

        if ((uint64_t)file_size != size) {
                prt("Size error: expected 0x%llx stat 0x%llx\n",
                    (unsigned long long)file_size,
                    (unsigned long long)size);
                report_failure(120);
        }
}

#define TRUNC_HACK_SIZE (200ULL << 9)   /* 512-byte aligned for krbd */

void
check_trunc_hack(void)
{
        uint64_t size;
        int ret;

        ret = ops->resize(&ctx, 0ULL);
        if (ret < 0)
                prterrcode("check_trunc_hack: ops->resize pre", ret);

        ret = ops->resize(&ctx, TRUNC_HACK_SIZE);
        if (ret < 0)
                prterrcode("check_trunc_hack: ops->resize actual", ret);

        ret = ops->get_size(&ctx, &size);
        if (ret < 0)
                prterrcode("check_trunc_hack: ops->get_size", ret);

        if (size != TRUNC_HACK_SIZE) {
                prt("no extend on truncate! not posix!\n");
                exit(130);
        }

        ret = ops->resize(&ctx, 0ULL);
        if (ret < 0)
                prterrcode("check_trunc_hack: ops->resize post", ret);
}

int
create_image()
{
        int r;
        int order = 0;
        char buf[32];

        r = rados_create(&cluster, NULL);
        if (r < 0) {
                simple_err("Could not create cluster handle", r);
                return r;
        }
        rados_conf_parse_env(cluster, NULL);
        r = rados_conf_read_file(cluster, NULL);
        if (r < 0) {
                simple_err("Error reading ceph config file", r);
                goto failed_shutdown;
        }
        r = rados_connect(cluster);
        if (r < 0) {
                simple_err("Error connecting to cluster", r);
                goto failed_shutdown;
        }
        r = krbd_create_from_context(rados_cct(cluster), &krbd);
        if (r < 0) {
                simple_err("Could not create libkrbd handle", r);
                goto failed_shutdown;
        }

        r = rados_pool_create(cluster, pool);
        if (r < 0 && r != -EEXIST) {
                simple_err("Error creating pool", r);
                goto failed_krbd;
        }
        r = rados_ioctx_create(cluster, pool, &ioctx);
        if (r < 0) {
                simple_err("Error creating ioctx", r);
                goto failed_krbd;
        }
        rados_application_enable(ioctx, "rbd", 1);

        if (clone_calls || journal_replay) {
                uint64_t features = 0;
                if (clone_calls) {
                        features |= RBD_FEATURE_LAYERING;
                }
                if (journal_replay) {
                        features |= (RBD_FEATURE_EXCLUSIVE_LOCK |
                                     RBD_FEATURE_JOURNALING);
                }
                r = rbd_create2(ioctx, iname, 0, features, &order);
        } else {
                r = rbd_create(ioctx, iname, 0, &order);
        }
        if (r < 0) {
                simple_err("Error creating image", r);
                goto failed_open;
        }

        if (journal_replay) {
                r = register_journal(ioctx, iname);
                if (r < 0) {
                        goto failed_open;
                }
        }

        r = rados_conf_get(cluster, "rbd_skip_partial_discard", buf,
                           sizeof(buf));
        if (r < 0) {
                simple_err("Could not get rbd_skip_partial_discard value", r);
                goto failed_open;
        }
        skip_partial_discard = (strcmp(buf, "true") == 0);

        return 0;

 failed_open:
        rados_ioctx_destroy(ioctx);
 failed_krbd:
        krbd_destroy(krbd);
 failed_shutdown:
        rados_shutdown(cluster);
        return r;
}

void
doflush(unsigned offset, unsigned size)
{
        int ret;

        if (o_direct)
                return;

        ret = ops->flush(&ctx);
        if (ret < 0)
                prterrcode("doflush: ops->flush", ret);
}

void
doread(unsigned offset, unsigned size)
{
        int ret;

        offset -= offset % readbdy;
        if (o_direct)
                size -= size % readbdy;
        if (size == 0) {
                if (!quiet && testcalls > simulatedopcount && !o_direct)
                        prt("skipping zero size read\n");
                log4(OP_SKIPPED, OP_READ, offset, size);
                return;
        }
        if (size + offset > file_size) {
                if (!quiet && testcalls > simulatedopcount)
                        prt("skipping seek/read past end of file\n");
                log4(OP_SKIPPED, OP_READ, offset, size);
                return;
        }

        log4(OP_READ, offset, size, 0);

        if (testcalls <= simulatedopcount)
                return;

        if (!quiet &&
                ((progressinterval && testcalls % progressinterval == 0)  ||
                (debug &&
                       (monitorstart == -1 ||
                        (static_cast<long>(offset + size) > monitorstart &&
                         (monitorend == -1 ||
                          static_cast<long>(offset) <= monitorend))))))
                prt("%lu read\t0x%x thru\t0x%x\t(0x%x bytes)\n", testcalls,
                    offset, offset + size - 1, size);

        ret = ops->read(&ctx, offset, size, temp_buf);
        if (ret != (int)size) {
                if (ret < 0)
                        prterrcode("doread: ops->read", ret);
                else
                        prt("short read: 0x%x bytes instead of 0x%x\n",
                            ret, size);
                report_failure(141);
        }

        check_buffers(good_buf, temp_buf, offset, size);
}


void
check_eofpage(char *s, unsigned offset, char *p, int size)
{
        unsigned long last_page, should_be_zero;

        if (offset + size <= (file_size & ~page_mask))
                return;
        /*
         * we landed in the last page of the file
         * test to make sure the VM system provided 0's 
         * beyond the true end of the file mapping
         * (as required by mmap def in 1996 posix 1003.1)
         */
        last_page = ((unsigned long)p + (offset & page_mask) + size) & ~page_mask;

        for (should_be_zero = last_page + (file_size & page_mask);
             should_be_zero < last_page + page_size;
             should_be_zero++)
                if (*(char *)should_be_zero) {
                        prt("Mapped %s: non-zero data past EOF (0x%llx) page offset 0x%x is 0x%04x\n",
                            s, file_size - 1, should_be_zero & page_mask,
                            short_at(should_be_zero));
                        report_failure(205);
                }
}


void
gendata(char *original_buf, char *good_buf, unsigned offset, unsigned size)
{
        while (size--) {
                good_buf[offset] = testcalls % 256; 
                if (offset % 2)
                        good_buf[offset] += original_buf[offset];
                offset++;
        }
}


void
dowrite(unsigned offset, unsigned size)
{
        ssize_t ret;
        off_t newsize;

        offset -= offset % writebdy;
        if (o_direct)
                size -= size % writebdy;
        if (size == 0) {
                if (!quiet && testcalls > simulatedopcount && !o_direct)
                        prt("skipping zero size write\n");
                log4(OP_SKIPPED, OP_WRITE, offset, size);
                return;
        }

        log4(OP_WRITE, offset, size, file_size);

        gendata(original_buf, good_buf, offset, size);
        if (file_size < offset + size) {
                newsize = ceil(((double)offset + size) / truncbdy) * truncbdy;
                if (file_size < newsize)
                        memset(good_buf + file_size, '\0', newsize - file_size);
                file_size = newsize;
                if (lite) {
                        warn("Lite file size bug in fsx!");
                        report_failure(149);
                }
                ret = ops->resize(&ctx, newsize);
                if (ret < 0) {
                        prterrcode("dowrite: ops->resize", ret);
                        report_failure(150);
                }
        }

        if (testcalls <= simulatedopcount)
                return;

        if (!quiet &&
                ((progressinterval && testcalls % progressinterval == 0) ||
                       (debug &&
                       (monitorstart == -1 ||
                        (static_cast<long>(offset + size) > monitorstart &&
                         (monitorend == -1 ||
                          static_cast<long>(offset) <= monitorend))))))
                prt("%lu write\t0x%x thru\t0x%x\t(0x%x bytes)\n", testcalls,
                    offset, offset + size - 1, size);

        ret = ops->write(&ctx, offset, size, good_buf + offset);
        if (ret != (ssize_t)size) {
                if (ret < 0)
                        prterrcode("dowrite: ops->write", ret);
                else
                        prt("short write: 0x%x bytes instead of 0x%x\n",
                            ret, size);
                report_failure(151);
        }

        if (flush_enabled)
                doflush(offset, size);
}


void
dotruncate(unsigned size)
{
        int oldsize = file_size;
        int ret;

        size -= size % truncbdy;
        if (size > biggest) {
                biggest = size;
                if (!quiet && testcalls > simulatedopcount)
                        prt("truncating to largest ever: 0x%x\n", size);
        }

        log4(OP_TRUNCATE, size, (unsigned)file_size, 0);

        if (size > file_size)
                memset(good_buf + file_size, '\0', size - file_size);
        else if (size < file_size)
                memset(good_buf + size, '\0', file_size - size);
        file_size = size;

        if (testcalls <= simulatedopcount)
                return;

        if ((progressinterval && testcalls % progressinterval == 0) ||
            (debug && (monitorstart == -1 || monitorend == -1 ||
                       (long)size <= monitorend)))
                prt("%lu trunc\tfrom 0x%x to 0x%x\n", testcalls, oldsize, size);

        ret = ops->resize(&ctx, size);
        if (ret < 0) {
                prterrcode("dotruncate: ops->resize", ret);
                report_failure(160);
        }
}

void
do_punch_hole(unsigned offset, unsigned length)
{
        unsigned end_offset;
        int max_offset = 0;
        int max_len = 0;
        int ret;

        offset -= offset % holebdy;
        length -= length % holebdy;
        if (length == 0) {
                if (!quiet && testcalls > simulatedopcount)
                        prt("skipping zero length punch hole\n");
                log4(OP_SKIPPED, OP_PUNCH_HOLE, offset, length);
                return;
        }

        if (file_size <= (loff_t)offset) {
                if (!quiet && testcalls > simulatedopcount)
                        prt("skipping hole punch off the end of the file\n");
                log4(OP_SKIPPED, OP_PUNCH_HOLE, offset, length);
                return;
        }

        end_offset = offset + length;

        log4(OP_PUNCH_HOLE, offset, length, 0);

        if (testcalls <= simulatedopcount)
                return;

        if ((progressinterval && testcalls % progressinterval == 0) ||
            (debug && (monitorstart == -1 || monitorend == -1 ||
                       (long)end_offset <= monitorend))) {
                prt("%lu punch\tfrom 0x%x to 0x%x, (0x%x bytes)\n", testcalls,
                        offset, offset+length, length);
        }

        ret = ops->discard(&ctx, (unsigned long long)offset,
                           (unsigned long long)length);
        if (ret < 0) {
                prterrcode("do_punch_hole: ops->discard", ret);
                report_failure(161);
        }

        max_offset = offset < file_size ? offset : file_size;
        max_len = max_offset + length <= file_size ? length :
                        file_size - max_offset;
        memset(good_buf + max_offset, '\0', max_len);
}

unsigned get_data_size(unsigned size)
{
        unsigned i;
        unsigned hint;
        unsigned max = sqrt((double)size) + 1;
        unsigned good = 1;
        unsigned curr = good;

        hint = get_random() % max;

        for (i = 1; i < max && curr < hint; i++) {
                if (size % i == 0) {
                        good = curr;
                        curr = i;
                }
        }

        if (curr == hint)
                good = curr;

        return good;
}

void
dowritesame(unsigned offset, unsigned size)
{
        ssize_t ret;
        off_t newsize;
        unsigned buf_off;
        unsigned data_size;
        int n;

        offset -= offset % writebdy;
        if (o_direct)
                size -= size % writebdy;
        if (size == 0) {
                if (!quiet && testcalls > simulatedopcount && !o_direct)
                        prt("skipping zero size writesame\n");
                log4(OP_SKIPPED, OP_WRITESAME, offset, size);
                return;
        }

        data_size = get_data_size(size);

        log4(OP_WRITESAME, offset, size, data_size);

        gendata(original_buf, good_buf, offset, data_size);
        if (file_size < offset + size) {
                newsize = ceil(((double)offset + size) / truncbdy) * truncbdy;
                if (file_size < newsize)
                        memset(good_buf + file_size, '\0', newsize - file_size);
                file_size = newsize;
                if (lite) {
                        warn("Lite file size bug in fsx!");
                        report_failure(162);
                }
                ret = ops->resize(&ctx, newsize);
                if (ret < 0) {
                        prterrcode("dowritesame: ops->resize", ret);
                        report_failure(163);
                }
        }

        for (n = size / data_size, buf_off = data_size; n > 1; n--) {
                memcpy(good_buf + offset + buf_off, good_buf + offset, data_size);
                buf_off += data_size;
        }

        if (testcalls <= simulatedopcount)
                return;

        if (!quiet &&
                ((progressinterval && testcalls % progressinterval == 0) ||
                       (debug &&
                       (monitorstart == -1 ||
                        (static_cast<long>(offset + size) > monitorstart &&
                         (monitorend == -1 ||
                          static_cast<long>(offset) <= monitorend))))))
                prt("%lu writesame\t0x%x thru\t0x%x\tdata_size\t0x%x(0x%x bytes)\n", testcalls,
                    offset, offset + size - 1, data_size, size);

        ret = ops->writesame(&ctx, offset, size, good_buf + offset, data_size);
        if (ret != (ssize_t)size) {
                if (ret < 0)
                        prterrcode("dowritesame: ops->writesame", ret);
                else
                        prt("short writesame: 0x%x bytes instead of 0x%x\n",
                            ret, size);
                report_failure(164);
        }

        if (flush_enabled)
                doflush(offset, size);
}

void
docompareandwrite(unsigned offset, unsigned size)
{
        int ret;

        if (skip_partial_discard) {
                if (!quiet && testcalls > simulatedopcount)
                        prt("compare and write disabled\n");
                log4(OP_SKIPPED, OP_COMPARE_AND_WRITE, offset, size);
                return;
        }

        offset -= offset % writebdy;
        if (o_direct)
                size -= size % writebdy;

        if (size == 0) {
                if (!quiet && testcalls > simulatedopcount && !o_direct)
                        prt("skipping zero size read\n");
                log4(OP_SKIPPED, OP_READ, offset, size);
                return;
        }

        if (size + offset > file_size) {
                if (!quiet && testcalls > simulatedopcount)
                        prt("skipping seek/compare past end of file\n");
                log4(OP_SKIPPED, OP_COMPARE_AND_WRITE, offset, size);
                return;
        }

        memcpy(temp_buf + offset, good_buf + offset, size);
        gendata(original_buf, good_buf, offset, size);
        log4(OP_COMPARE_AND_WRITE, offset, size, 0);

        if (testcalls <= simulatedopcount)
                return;

        if (!quiet &&
                ((progressinterval && testcalls % progressinterval == 0) ||
                       (debug &&
                       (monitorstart == -1 ||
                        (static_cast<long>(offset + size) > monitorstart &&
                         (monitorend == -1 ||
                          static_cast<long>(offset) <= monitorend))))))
                prt("%lu compareandwrite\t0x%x thru\t0x%x\t(0x%x bytes)\n", testcalls,
                    offset, offset + size - 1, size);

        ret = ops->compare_and_write(&ctx, offset, size, temp_buf + offset,
                                     good_buf + offset);
        if (ret != (ssize_t)size) {
                if (ret == -EINVAL) {
                        memcpy(good_buf + offset, temp_buf + offset, size);
                        return;
                }
                if (ret < 0)
                        prterrcode("docompareandwrite: ops->compare_and_write", ret);
                else
                        prt("short write: 0x%x bytes instead of 0x%x\n", ret, size);
                report_failure(151);
                return;
        }

        if (flush_enabled)
                doflush(offset, size);
}

void clone_filename(char *buf, size_t len, int clones)
{
        snprintf(buf, len, "%s/fsx-%s-parent%d",
                 dirpath, iname, clones);
}

void clone_imagename(char *buf, size_t len, int clones)
{
        if (clones > 0)
                snprintf(buf, len, "%s-clone%d", iname, clones);
        else
                strncpy(buf, iname, len);
        buf[len - 1] = '\0';
}

void replay_imagename(char *buf, size_t len, int clones)
{
        clone_imagename(buf, len, clones);
        strncat(buf, "-replay", len - strlen(buf));
        buf[len - 1] = '\0';
}

void check_clone(int clonenum, bool replay_image);

void
do_clone()
{
        char filename[1024];
        char imagename[1024];
        char lastimagename[1024];
        int ret, fd;
        int order = 0, stripe_unit = 0, stripe_count = 0;
        uint64_t newsize = file_size;

        log4(OP_CLONE, 0, 0, 0);
        ++num_clones;

        if (randomize_striping) {
                order = 18 + get_random() % 8;
                stripe_unit = 1ull << (order - 1 - (get_random() % 8));
                stripe_count = 2 + get_random() % 14;
        }

        prt("%lu clone\t%d order %d su %d sc %d\n", testcalls, num_clones,
            order, stripe_unit, stripe_count);

        clone_imagename(imagename, sizeof(imagename), num_clones);
        clone_imagename(lastimagename, sizeof(lastimagename),
                        num_clones - 1);
        assert(strcmp(lastimagename, ctx.name) == 0);

        ret = ops->clone(&ctx, "snap", imagename, &order, stripe_unit,
                         stripe_count);
        if (ret < 0) {
                prterrcode("do_clone: ops->clone", ret);
                exit(165);
        }

        if (randomize_parent_overlap && rbd_image_has_parent(&ctx)) {
                int rand = get_random() % 16 + 1; // [1..16]

                if (rand < 13) {
                        uint64_t overlap;

                        ret = rbd_get_overlap(ctx.image, &overlap);
                        if (ret < 0) {
                                prterrcode("do_clone: rbd_get_overlap", ret);
                                exit(1);
                        }

                        if (rand < 10) {        // 9/16
                                newsize = overlap * ((double)rand / 10);
                                newsize -= newsize % truncbdy;
                        } else {                // 3/16
                                newsize = 0;
                        }

                        assert(newsize != (uint64_t)file_size);
                        prt("truncating image %s from 0x%llx (overlap 0x%llx) to 0x%llx\n",
                            ctx.name, file_size, overlap, newsize);

                        ret = ops->resize(&ctx, newsize);
                        if (ret < 0) {
                                prterrcode("do_clone: ops->resize", ret);
                                exit(1);
                        }
                } else if (rand < 15) {         // 2/16
                        prt("flattening image %s\n", ctx.name);

                        ret = ops->flatten(&ctx);
                        if (ret < 0) {
                                prterrcode("do_clone: ops->flatten", ret);
                                exit(1);
                        }
                } else {                        // 2/16
                        prt("leaving image %s intact\n", ctx.name);
                }
        }

        clone_filename(filename, sizeof(filename), num_clones);
        if ((fd = open(filename, O_WRONLY|O_CREAT|O_TRUNC, 0666)) < 0) {
                simple_err("do_clone: open", -errno);
                exit(162);
        }
        save_buffer(good_buf, newsize, fd);
        if ((ret = close(fd)) < 0) {
                simple_err("do_clone: close", -errno);
                exit(163);
        }

        /*
         * Close parent.
         */
        if ((ret = ops->close(&ctx)) < 0) {
                prterrcode("do_clone: ops->close", ret);
                exit(174);
        }

        if (journal_replay) {
                ret = finalize_journal(ioctx, lastimagename, num_clones - 1,
                                       order, stripe_unit, stripe_count);
                if (ret < 0) {
                        exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
                }

                ret = register_journal(ioctx, imagename);
                if (ret < 0) {
                        exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
                }
        }

        /*
         * Open freshly made clone.
         */
        if ((ret = ops->open(imagename, &ctx)) < 0) {
                prterrcode("do_clone: ops->open", ret);
                exit(166);
        }

        if (num_clones > 1) {
                if (journal_replay) {
                        check_clone(num_clones - 2, true);
                }
                check_clone(num_clones - 2, false);
        }
}

void
check_clone(int clonenum, bool replay_image)
{
        char filename[128];
        char imagename[128];
        int ret, fd;
        struct rbd_ctx cur_ctx = RBD_CTX_INIT;
        struct stat file_info;
        char *good_buf, *temp_buf;

        if (replay_image) {
                replay_imagename(imagename, sizeof(imagename), clonenum);
        } else {
                clone_imagename(imagename, sizeof(imagename), clonenum);
        }

        if ((ret = ops->open(imagename, &cur_ctx)) < 0) {
                prterrcode("check_clone: ops->open", ret);
                exit(167);
        }

        clone_filename(filename, sizeof(filename), clonenum + 1);
        if ((fd = open(filename, O_RDONLY)) < 0) {
                simple_err("check_clone: open", -errno);
                exit(168);
        }

        prt("checking clone #%d, image %s against file %s\n",
            clonenum, imagename, filename);
        if ((ret = fstat(fd, &file_info)) < 0) {
                simple_err("check_clone: fstat", -errno);
                exit(169);
        }

        good_buf = NULL;
        ret = posix_memalign((void **)&good_buf,
                             MAX(writebdy, (int)sizeof(void *)),
                             file_info.st_size);
        if (ret > 0) {
                prterrcode("check_clone: posix_memalign(good_buf)", -ret);
                exit(96);
        }

        temp_buf = NULL;
        ret = posix_memalign((void **)&temp_buf,
                             MAX(readbdy, (int)sizeof(void *)),
                             file_info.st_size);
        if (ret > 0) {
                prterrcode("check_clone: posix_memalign(temp_buf)", -ret);
                exit(97);
        }

        if ((ret = pread(fd, good_buf, file_info.st_size, 0)) < 0) {
                simple_err("check_clone: pread", -errno);
                exit(170);
        }
        if ((ret = ops->read(&cur_ctx, 0, file_info.st_size, temp_buf)) < 0) {
                prterrcode("check_clone: ops->read", ret);
                exit(171);
        }
        close(fd);
        if ((ret = ops->close(&cur_ctx)) < 0) {
                prterrcode("check_clone: ops->close", ret);
                exit(174);
        }
        check_buffers(good_buf, temp_buf, 0, file_info.st_size);

        if (!replay_image) {
                unlink(filename);
        }

        free(good_buf);
        free(temp_buf);
}

void
writefileimage()
{
        ssize_t ret;

        ret = ops->write(&ctx, 0, file_size, good_buf);
        if (ret != file_size) {
                if (ret < 0)
                        prterrcode("writefileimage: ops->write", ret);
                else
                        prt("short write: 0x%x bytes instead of 0x%llx\n",
                            ret, (unsigned long long)file_size);
                report_failure(172);
        }

        if (!lite) {
                ret = ops->resize(&ctx, file_size);
                if (ret < 0) {
                        prterrcode("writefileimage: ops->resize", ret);
                        report_failure(173);
                }
        }
}

void
do_flatten()
{
        int ret;

        if (!rbd_image_has_parent(&ctx)) {
                log4(OP_SKIPPED, OP_FLATTEN, 0, 0);
                return;
        }
        log4(OP_FLATTEN, 0, 0, 0);
        prt("%lu flatten\n", testcalls);

        ret = ops->flatten(&ctx);
        if (ret < 0) {
                prterrcode("writefileimage: ops->flatten", ret);
                exit(177);
        }
}

void
docloseopen(void)
{
        char *name;
        int ret;

        if (testcalls <= simulatedopcount)
                return;

        name = strdup(ctx.name);

        if (debug)
                prt("%lu close/open\n", testcalls);

        ret = ops->close(&ctx);
        if (ret < 0) {
                prterrcode("docloseopen: ops->close", ret);
                report_failure(180);
        }

        ret = ops->open(name, &ctx);
        if (ret < 0) {
                prterrcode("docloseopen: ops->open", ret);
                report_failure(181);
        }

        free(name);
}

#define TRIM_OFF_LEN(off, len, size)    \
do {                                    \
        if (size)                       \
                (off) %= (size);        \
        else                            \
                (off) = 0;              \
        if ((unsigned)(off) + (unsigned)(len) > (unsigned)(size))       \
                (len) = (size) - (off); \
} while (0)

void
test(void)
{
        unsigned long   offset;
        unsigned long   size = maxoplen;
        unsigned long   rv = get_random();
        unsigned long   op;

        if (simulatedopcount > 0 && testcalls == simulatedopcount)
                writefileimage();

        testcalls++;

        if (closeprob)
                closeopen = (rv >> 3) < (1u << 28) / (unsigned)closeprob;

        if (debugstart > 0 && testcalls >= debugstart)
                debug = 1;

        if (!quiet && testcalls < simulatedopcount && testcalls % 100000 == 0)
                prt("%lu...\n", testcalls);

        offset = get_random();
        if (randomoplen)
                size = get_random() % (maxoplen + 1);

        /* calculate appropriate op to run */
        if (lite)
                op = rv % OP_MAX_LITE;
        else
                op = rv % OP_MAX_FULL;

        switch (op) {
        case OP_MAPREAD:
                if (!mapped_reads)
                        op = OP_READ;
                break;
        case OP_MAPWRITE:
                if (!mapped_writes)
                        op = OP_WRITE;
                break;
        case OP_FALLOCATE:
                if (!fallocate_calls) {
                        log4(OP_SKIPPED, OP_FALLOCATE, offset, size);
                        goto out;
                }
                break;
        case OP_PUNCH_HOLE:
                if (!punch_hole_calls) {
                        log4(OP_SKIPPED, OP_PUNCH_HOLE, offset, size);
                        goto out;
                }
                break;
        case OP_CLONE:
                /* clone, 8% chance */
                if (!clone_calls || file_size == 0 || get_random() % 100 >= 8) {
                        log4(OP_SKIPPED, OP_CLONE, 0, 0);
                        goto out;
                }
                break;
        case OP_FLATTEN:
                /* flatten four times as rarely as clone, 2% chance */
                if (get_random() % 100 >= 2) {
                        log4(OP_SKIPPED, OP_FLATTEN, 0, 0);
                        goto out;
                }
                break;
        case OP_WRITESAME:
                /* writesame not implemented */
                if (!ops->writesame) {
                        log4(OP_SKIPPED, OP_WRITESAME, offset, size);
                        goto out;
                }
                break;
        case OP_COMPARE_AND_WRITE:
                /* compare_and_write not implemented */
                if (!ops->compare_and_write) {
                        log4(OP_SKIPPED, OP_COMPARE_AND_WRITE, offset, size);
                        goto out;
                }
                break;
        }

        switch (op) {
        case OP_READ:
                TRIM_OFF_LEN(offset, size, file_size);
                doread(offset, size);
                break;

        case OP_WRITE:
                TRIM_OFF_LEN(offset, size, maxfilelen);
                dowrite(offset, size);
                break;

        case OP_MAPREAD:
                TRIM_OFF_LEN(offset, size, file_size);
                exit(183);
                break;

        case OP_MAPWRITE:
                TRIM_OFF_LEN(offset, size, maxfilelen);
                exit(182);
                break;

        case OP_TRUNCATE:
                if (!style)
                        size = get_random() % maxfilelen;
                dotruncate(size);
                break;

        case OP_PUNCH_HOLE:
                TRIM_OFF_LEN(offset, size, file_size);
                do_punch_hole(offset, size);
                break;

        case OP_WRITESAME:
                TRIM_OFF_LEN(offset, size, maxfilelen);
                dowritesame(offset, size);
                break;
        case OP_COMPARE_AND_WRITE:
                TRIM_OFF_LEN(offset, size, file_size);
                docompareandwrite(offset, size);
                break;

        case OP_CLONE:
                do_clone();
                break;

        case OP_FLATTEN:
                do_flatten();
                break;

        default:
                prterr("test: unknown operation");
                report_failure(42);
                break;
        }

out:
        if (sizechecks && testcalls > simulatedopcount)
                check_size();
        if (closeopen)
                docloseopen();
}


void
cleanup(int sig)
{
        if (sig)
                prt("signal %d\n", sig);
        prt("testcalls = %lu\n", testcalls);
        exit(sig);
}


void
usage(void)
{
        fprintf(stdout, "usage: %s",
                "fsx [-dfjknqxyACFHKLORUWZ] [-b opnum] [-c Prob] [-h holebdy] [-l flen] [-m start:end] [-o oplen] [-p progressinterval] [-r readbdy] [-s style] [-t truncbdy] [-w writebdy] [-D startingop] [-N numops] [-P dirpath] [-S seed] pname iname\n\
        -b opnum: beginning operation number (default 1)\n\
        -c P: 1 in P chance of file close+open at each op (default infinity)\n\
        -d: debug output for all operations\n\
        -f: flush and invalidate cache after I/O\n\
        -h holebdy: 4096 would make discards page aligned (default 1)\n\
        -j: journal replay stress test\n\
        -k: keep data on success (default 0)\n\
        -l flen: the upper bound on file size (default 262144)\n\
        -m startop:endop: monitor (print debug output) specified byte range (default 0:infinity)\n\
        -n: no verifications of file size\n\
        -o oplen: the upper bound on operation size (default 65536)\n\
        -p progressinterval: debug output at specified operation interval\n\
        -q: quieter operation\n\
        -r readbdy: 4096 would make reads page aligned (default 1)\n\
        -s style: 1 gives smaller truncates (default 0)\n\
        -t truncbdy: 4096 would make truncates page aligned (default 1)\n\
        -w writebdy: 4096 would make writes page aligned (default 1)\n\
        -x: preallocate file space before starting, XFS only (default 0)\n\
        -y: synchronize changes to a file\n"

"       -C: do not use clone calls\n\
        -D startingop: debug output starting at specified operation\n"
#ifdef FALLOCATE
"       -F: Do not use fallocate (preallocation) calls\n"
#endif
"       -H: do not use punch hole calls\n\
        -K: enable krbd mode (use -t and -h too)\n\
        -M: enable rbd-nbd mode (use -t and -h too)\n\
        -L: fsxLite - no file creations & no file size changes\n\
        -N numops: total # operations to do (default infinity)\n\
        -O: use oplen (see -o flag) for every op (default random)\n\
        -P dirpath: save .fsxlog and .fsxgood files in dirpath (default ./)\n\
        -R: read() system calls only (mapped reads disabled)\n\
        -S seed: for random # generator (default 1) 0 gets timestamp\n\
        -U: disable randomized striping\n\
        -W: mapped write operations DISabled\n\
        -Z: O_DIRECT (use -R, -W, -r and -w too)\n\
        poolname: this is REQUIRED (no default)\n\
        imagename: this is REQUIRED (no default)\n");
        exit(89);
}


int
getnum(char *s, char **e)
{
        int ret;

        *e = (char *) 0;
        ret = strtol(s, e, 0);
        if (*e)
                switch (**e) {
                case 'b':
                case 'B':
                        ret *= 512;
                        *e = *e + 1;
                        break;
                case 'k':
                case 'K':
                        ret *= 1024;
                        *e = *e + 1;
                        break;
                case 'm':
                case 'M':
                        ret *= 1024*1024;
                        *e = *e + 1;
                        break;
                case 'w':
                case 'W':
                        ret *= 4;
                        *e = *e + 1;
                        break;
                }
        return (ret);
}

void
test_fallocate()
{
#ifdef FALLOCATE
        if (!lite && fallocate_calls) {
                if (fallocate(fd, 0, 0, 1) && errno == EOPNOTSUPP) {
                        if(!quiet)
                                warn("main: filesystem does not support fallocate, disabling\n");
                        fallocate_calls = 0;
                } else {
                        ftruncate(fd, 0);
                }
        }
#else /* ! FALLOCATE */
        fallocate_calls = 0;
#endif

}

void remove_image(rados_ioctx_t ioctx, char *imagename, bool remove_snap,
                  bool unregister) {
        rbd_image_t image;
        char errmsg[128];
        int ret;

        if ((ret = rbd_open(ioctx, imagename, &image, NULL)) < 0) {
                sprintf(errmsg, "rbd_open %s", imagename);
                prterrcode(errmsg, ret);
                report_failure(101);
        }
        if (remove_snap) {
                if ((ret = rbd_snap_unprotect(image, "snap")) < 0) {
                        sprintf(errmsg, "rbd_snap_unprotect %s@snap",
                                imagename);
                        prterrcode(errmsg, ret);
                        report_failure(102);
                }
                if ((ret = rbd_snap_remove(image, "snap")) < 0) {
                        sprintf(errmsg, "rbd_snap_remove %s@snap",
                                imagename);
                        prterrcode(errmsg, ret);
                        report_failure(103);
                }
        }
        if ((ret = rbd_close(image)) < 0) {
                sprintf(errmsg, "rbd_close %s", imagename);
                prterrcode(errmsg, ret);
                report_failure(104);
        }

        if (unregister &&
            (ret = unregister_journal(ioctx, imagename)) < 0) {
                report_failure(105);
        }

        if ((ret = rbd_remove(ioctx, imagename)) < 0) {
                sprintf(errmsg, "rbd_remove %s", imagename);
                prterrcode(errmsg, ret);
                report_failure(106);
        }
}

int
main(int argc, char **argv)
{
        int     i, style, ch, ret;
        char    *endp;
        char goodfile[1024];
        char logfile[1024];

        goodfile[0] = 0;
        logfile[0] = 0;

        page_size = getpagesize();
        page_mask = page_size - 1;
        mmap_mask = page_mask;

        setvbuf(stdout, (char *)0, _IOLBF, 0); /* line buffered stdout */

        while ((ch = getopt(argc, argv, "b:c:dfh:jkl:m:no:p:qr:s:t:w:xyCD:FHKMLN:OP:RS:UWZ"))
               != EOF)
                switch (ch) {
                case 'b':
                        simulatedopcount = getnum(optarg, &endp);
                        if (!quiet)
                                fprintf(stdout, "Will begin at operation %lu\n",
                                        simulatedopcount);
                        if (simulatedopcount == 0)
                                usage();
                        simulatedopcount -= 1;
                        break;
                case 'c':
                        closeprob = getnum(optarg, &endp);
                        if (!quiet)
                                fprintf(stdout,
                                        "Chance of close/open is 1 in %d\n",
                                        closeprob);
                        if (closeprob <= 0)
                                usage();
                        break;
                case 'd':
                        debug = 1;
                        break;
                case 'f':
                        flush_enabled = 1;
                        break;
                case 'h':
                        holebdy = getnum(optarg, &endp);
                        if (holebdy <= 0)
                                usage();
                        break;
                case 'j':
                        journal_replay = true;
                        break;
                case 'k':
                        keep_on_success = 1;
                        break;
                case 'l':
                        {
                                int _num = getnum(optarg, &endp);
                                if (_num <= 0)
                                        usage();
                                maxfilelen = _num;
                        }
                        break;
                case 'm':
                        monitorstart = getnum(optarg, &endp);
                        if (monitorstart < 0)
                                usage();
                        if (!endp || *endp++ != ':')
                                usage();
                        monitorend = getnum(endp, &endp);
                        if (monitorend < 0)
                                usage();
                        if (monitorend == 0)
                                monitorend = -1; /* aka infinity */
                        debug = 1;
                        break;
                case 'n':
                        sizechecks = 0;
                        break;
                case 'o':
                        maxoplen = getnum(optarg, &endp);
                        if (maxoplen <= 0)
                                usage();
                        break;
                case 'p':
                        progressinterval = getnum(optarg, &endp);
                        if (progressinterval == 0)
                                usage();
                        break;
                case 'q':
                        quiet = 1;
                        break;
                case 'r':
                        readbdy = getnum(optarg, &endp);
                        if (readbdy <= 0)
                                usage();
                        break;
                case 's':
                        style = getnum(optarg, &endp);
                        if (style < 0 || style > 1)
                                usage();
                        break;
                case 't':
                        truncbdy = getnum(optarg, &endp);
                        if (truncbdy <= 0)
                                usage();
                        break;
                case 'w':
                        writebdy = getnum(optarg, &endp);
                        if (writebdy <= 0)
                                usage();
                        break;
                case 'x':
                        prealloc = 1;
                        break;
                case 'y':
                        do_fsync = 1;
                        break;
                case 'C':
                        clone_calls = 0;
                        break;
                case 'D':
                        debugstart = getnum(optarg, &endp);
                        if (debugstart < 1)
                                usage();
                        break;
                case 'F':
                        fallocate_calls = 0;
                        break;
                case 'H':
                        punch_hole_calls = 0;
                        break;
                case 'K':
                        prt("krbd mode enabled\n");
                        ops = &krbd_operations;
                        break;
                case 'M':
                        prt("rbd-nbd mode enabled\n");
                        ops = &nbd_operations;
                        break;
                case 'L':
                        prt("lite mode not supported for rbd\n");
                        exit(1);
                        break;
                case 'N':
                        numops = getnum(optarg, &endp);
                        if (numops < 0)
                                usage();
                        break;
                case 'O':
                        randomoplen = 0;
                        break;
                case 'P':
                        strncpy(dirpath, optarg, sizeof(dirpath)-1);
                        dirpath[sizeof(dirpath)-1] = '\0';
                        strncpy(goodfile, dirpath, sizeof(goodfile)-1);
                        goodfile[sizeof(goodfile)-1] = '\0';
                        if (strlen(goodfile) < sizeof(goodfile)-2) {
                                strcat(goodfile, "/");
                        } else {
                                prt("file name to long\n");
                                exit(1);
                        }
                        strncpy(logfile, dirpath, sizeof(logfile)-1);
                        logfile[sizeof(logfile)-1] = '\0';
                        if (strlen(logfile) < sizeof(logfile)-2) {
                                strcat(logfile, "/");
                        } else {
                                prt("file path to long\n");
                                exit(1);
                        }
                        break;
                case 'R':
                        mapped_reads = 0;
                        if (!quiet)
                                fprintf(stdout, "mapped reads DISABLED\n");
                        break;
                case 'S':
                        seed = getnum(optarg, &endp);
                        if (seed == 0)
                                seed = time(0) % 10000;
                        if (!quiet)
                                fprintf(stdout, "Seed set to %d\n", seed);
                        if (seed < 0)
                                usage();
                        break;
                case 'U':
                        randomize_striping = 0;
                        break;
                case 'W':
                        mapped_writes = 0;
                        if (!quiet)
                                fprintf(stdout, "mapped writes DISABLED\n");
                        break;
                case 'Z':
                        o_direct = O_DIRECT;
                        break;
                default:
                        usage();
                        /* NOTREACHED */
                }
        argc -= optind;
        argv += optind;
        if (argc != 2)
                usage();
        pool = argv[0];
        iname = argv[1];

        signal(SIGHUP,  cleanup);
        signal(SIGINT,  cleanup);
        signal(SIGPIPE, cleanup);
        signal(SIGALRM, cleanup);
        signal(SIGTERM, cleanup);
        signal(SIGXCPU, cleanup);
        signal(SIGXFSZ, cleanup);
        signal(SIGVTALRM,       cleanup);
        signal(SIGUSR1, cleanup);
        signal(SIGUSR2, cleanup);

        random_generator.seed(seed);

        ret = create_image();
        if (ret < 0) {
                prterrcode(iname, ret);
                exit(90);
        }
        ret = ops->open(iname, &ctx);
        if (ret < 0) {
                simple_err("Error opening image", ret);
                exit(91);
        }
        if (!dirpath[0])
                strcat(dirpath, ".");
        strncat(goodfile, iname, 256);
        strcat (goodfile, ".fsxgood");
        fsxgoodfd = open(goodfile, O_RDWR|O_CREAT|O_TRUNC, 0666);
        if (fsxgoodfd < 0) {
                prterr(goodfile);
                exit(92);
        }
        strncat(logfile, iname, 256);
        strcat (logfile, ".fsxlog");
        fsxlogf = fopen(logfile, "w");
        if (fsxlogf == NULL) {
                prterr(logfile);
                exit(93);
        }

        original_buf = (char *) malloc(maxfilelen);
        for (i = 0; i < (int)maxfilelen; i++)
                original_buf[i] = get_random() % 256;

        ret = posix_memalign((void **)&good_buf,
                             MAX(writebdy, (int)sizeof(void *)), maxfilelen);
        if (ret > 0) {
                if (ret == EINVAL)
                        prt("writebdy is not a suitable power of two\n");
                else
                        prterrcode("main: posix_memalign(good_buf)", -ret);
                exit(94);
        }
        memset(good_buf, '\0', maxfilelen);

        ret = posix_memalign((void **)&temp_buf,
                             MAX(readbdy, (int)sizeof(void *)), maxfilelen);
        if (ret > 0) {
                if (ret == EINVAL)
                        prt("readbdy is not a suitable power of two\n");
                else
                        prterrcode("main: posix_memalign(temp_buf)", -ret);
                exit(95);
        }
        memset(temp_buf, '\0', maxfilelen);

        if (lite) {     /* zero entire existing file */
                ssize_t written;

                written = ops->write(&ctx, 0, (size_t)maxfilelen, good_buf);
                if (written != (ssize_t)maxfilelen) {
                        if (written < 0) {
                                prterrcode(iname, written);
                                warn("main: error on write");
                        } else
                                warn("main: short write, 0x%x bytes instead "
                                        "of 0x%lx\n",
                                        (unsigned)written,
                                        maxfilelen);
                        exit(98);
                }
        } else
                check_trunc_hack();

        //test_fallocate();

        while (numops == -1 || numops--)
                test();

        ret = ops->close(&ctx);
        if (ret < 0) {
                prterrcode("ops->close", ret);
                report_failure(99);
        }

        if (journal_replay) {
                char imagename[1024];
                clone_imagename(imagename, sizeof(imagename), num_clones);
                ret = finalize_journal(ioctx, imagename, num_clones, 0, 0, 0);
                if (ret < 0) {
                        report_failure(100);
                }
        }

        if (num_clones > 0) {
                if (journal_replay) {
                        check_clone(num_clones - 1, true);
                }
                check_clone(num_clones - 1, false);
        }

        if (!keep_on_success) {
                while (num_clones >= 0) {
                        static bool remove_snap = false;

                        if (journal_replay) {
                                char replayimagename[1024];
                                replay_imagename(replayimagename,
                                                 sizeof(replayimagename),
                                                 num_clones);
                                remove_image(ioctx, replayimagename,
                                             remove_snap,
                                             false);
                        }

                        char clonename[128];
                        clone_imagename(clonename, 128, num_clones);
                        remove_image(ioctx, clonename, remove_snap,
                                     journal_replay);

                        remove_snap = true;
                        num_clones--;
                }
        }

        prt("All operations completed A-OK!\n");
        fclose(fsxlogf);

        rados_ioctx_destroy(ioctx);
        krbd_destroy(krbd);
        rados_shutdown(cluster);

        free(original_buf);
        free(good_buf);
        free(temp_buf);

        exit(0);
        return 0;
}