import ceph 15.2.14

[ceph.git] / ceph / src / cephadm / cephadm

#!/usr/bin/python3

DEFAULT_IMAGE='docker.io/ceph/ceph:v15'
DEFAULT_IMAGE_IS_MASTER=False
LATEST_STABLE_RELEASE = 'octopus'
DATA_DIR = '/var/lib/ceph'
LOG_DIR = '/var/log/ceph'
LOCK_DIR = '/run/cephadm'
LOGROTATE_DIR = '/etc/logrotate.d'
UNIT_DIR = '/etc/systemd/system'
LOG_DIR_MODE = 0o770
DATA_DIR_MODE = 0o700
CONTAINER_INIT=False
CONTAINER_PREFERENCE = ['podman', 'docker']  # prefer podman to docker
CUSTOM_PS1 = r'[ceph: \u@\h \W]\$ '
DEFAULT_TIMEOUT = None  # in seconds
DEFAULT_RETRY = 10
SHELL_DEFAULT_CONF = '/etc/ceph/ceph.conf'
SHELL_DEFAULT_KEYRING = '/etc/ceph/ceph.client.admin.keyring'

"""
You can invoke cephadm in two ways:

1. The normal way, at the command line.

2. By piping the script to the python3 binary.  In this latter case, you should
   prepend one or more lines to the beginning of the script.

   For arguments,

       injected_argv = [...]

   e.g.,

       injected_argv = ['ls']

   For reading stdin from the '--config-json -' argument,

       injected_stdin = '...'
"""
import argparse
import datetime
import fcntl
import ipaddress
import json
import logging
from logging.config import dictConfig
import os
import platform
import pwd
import random
import select
import shlex
import shutil
import socket
import string
import subprocess
import sys
import tempfile
import time
import errno
import struct
from enum import Enum
try:
    from typing import Dict, List, Tuple, Optional, Union, Any, NoReturn, Callable, IO
except ImportError:
    pass

import re
import uuid

from functools import wraps
from glob import glob
from threading import Thread

if sys.version_info >= (3, 0):
    from io import StringIO
else:
    from StringIO import StringIO

if sys.version_info >= (3, 2):
    from configparser import ConfigParser
else:
    from ConfigParser import SafeConfigParser

if sys.version_info >= (3, 0):
    from urllib.request import urlopen
    from urllib.error import HTTPError
else:
    from urllib2 import urlopen, HTTPError

if sys.version_info > (3, 0):
    unicode = str

container_path = ''
cached_stdin = None

DATEFMT = '%Y-%m-%dT%H:%M:%S.%fZ'

# Log and console output config
logging_config = {
    'version': 1,
    'disable_existing_loggers': True,
    'formatters': {
        'cephadm': {
            'format': '%(asctime)s %(levelname)s %(message)s'
        },
    },
    'handlers': {
        'console':{
            'level':'INFO',
            'class':'logging.StreamHandler',
        },
        'log_file': {
            'level': 'DEBUG',
            'class': 'logging.handlers.RotatingFileHandler',
            'formatter': 'cephadm',
            'filename': '%s/cephadm.log' % LOG_DIR,
            'maxBytes': 1024000,
            'backupCount': 1,
        }
    },
    'loggers': {
        '': {
            'level': 'DEBUG',
            'handlers': ['console', 'log_file'],
        }
    }
}

class termcolor:
    yellow = '\033[93m'
    red = '\033[31m'
    end = '\033[0m'


class Error(Exception):
    pass


class TimeoutExpired(Error):
    pass

##################################


class Ceph(object):
    daemons = ('mon', 'mgr', 'mds', 'osd', 'rgw', 'rbd-mirror',
               'crash')

##################################


class Monitoring(object):
    """Define the configs for the monitoring containers"""

    port_map = {
        "prometheus": [9095],  # Avoid default 9090, due to conflict with cockpit UI
        "node-exporter": [9100],
        "grafana": [3000],
        "alertmanager": [9093, 9094],
    }

    components = {
        "prometheus": {
            "image": "docker.io/prom/prometheus:v2.18.1",
            "cpus": '2',
            "memory": '4GB',
            "args": [
                "--config.file=/etc/prometheus/prometheus.yml",
                "--storage.tsdb.path=/prometheus",
                "--web.listen-address=:{}".format(port_map['prometheus'][0]),
            ],
            "config-json-files": [
                "prometheus.yml",
            ],
        },
        "node-exporter": {
            "image": "docker.io/prom/node-exporter:v0.18.1",
            "cpus": "1",
            "memory": "1GB",
            "args": [
                "--no-collector.timex",
            ],
        },
        "grafana": {
            "image": "docker.io/ceph/ceph-grafana:6.7.4",
            "cpus": "2",
            "memory": "4GB",
            "args": [],
            "config-json-files": [
                "grafana.ini",
                "provisioning/datasources/ceph-dashboard.yml",
                "certs/cert_file",
                "certs/cert_key",
            ],
        },
        "alertmanager": {
            "image": "docker.io/prom/alertmanager:v0.20.0",
            "cpus": "2",
            "memory": "2GB",
            "args": [
               "--web.listen-address=:{}".format(port_map['alertmanager'][0]),
               "--cluster.listen-address=:{}".format(port_map['alertmanager'][1]),
            ],
            "config-json-files": [
                "alertmanager.yml",
            ],
            "config-json-args": [
                "peers",
            ],
        },
    }  # type: ignore

    @staticmethod
    def get_version(container_path, container_id, daemon_type):
        # type: (str, str, str) -> str
        """
        :param: daemon_type Either "prometheus", "alertmanager" or "node-exporter"
        """
        assert daemon_type in ('prometheus', 'alertmanager', 'node-exporter')
        cmd = daemon_type.replace('-', '_')
        code = -1
        err = ''
        version = ''
        if daemon_type == 'alertmanager':
            for cmd in ['alertmanager', 'prometheus-alertmanager']:
                _, err, code = call([
                        container_path, 'exec', container_id, cmd,
                        '--version'
                    ], verbosity=CallVerbosity.SILENT)
                if code == 0:
                    break
            cmd = 'alertmanager'  # reset cmd for version extraction
        else:
            _, err, code = call([
                container_path, 'exec', container_id, cmd, '--version'
            ])
        if code == 0 and \
            err.startswith('%s, version ' % cmd):
            version = err.split(' ')[2]
        return version

##################################


class NFSGanesha(object):
    """Defines a NFS-Ganesha container"""

    daemon_type = 'nfs'
    entrypoint = '/usr/bin/ganesha.nfsd'
    daemon_args = ['-F', '-L', 'STDERR']

    required_files = ['ganesha.conf']

    port_map = {
        "nfs" : 2049,
    }

    def __init__(self,
                 fsid,
                 daemon_id,
                 config_json,
                 image=DEFAULT_IMAGE):
        # type: (str, Union[int, str], Dict, str) -> None
        self.fsid = fsid
        self.daemon_id = daemon_id
        self.image = image

        # config-json options
        self.pool = dict_get(config_json, 'pool', require=True)
        self.namespace = dict_get(config_json, 'namespace')
        self.userid = dict_get(config_json, 'userid')
        self.extra_args = dict_get(config_json, 'extra_args', [])
        self.files = dict_get(config_json, 'files', {})
        self.rgw = dict_get(config_json, 'rgw', {})

        # validate the supplied args
        self.validate()

    @classmethod
    def init(cls, fsid, daemon_id):
        # type: (str, Union[int, str]) -> NFSGanesha
        return cls(fsid, daemon_id, get_parm(args.config_json), args.image)

    def get_container_mounts(self, data_dir):
        # type: (str) -> Dict[str, str]
        mounts = dict()
        mounts[os.path.join(data_dir, 'config')] = '/etc/ceph/ceph.conf:z'
        mounts[os.path.join(data_dir, 'keyring')] = '/etc/ceph/keyring:z'
        mounts[os.path.join(data_dir, 'etc/ganesha')] = '/etc/ganesha:z'
        if self.rgw:
            cluster = self.rgw.get('cluster', 'ceph')
            rgw_user = self.rgw.get('user', 'admin')
            mounts[os.path.join(data_dir, 'keyring.rgw')] = \
                    '/var/lib/ceph/radosgw/%s-%s/keyring:z' % (cluster, rgw_user)
        return mounts

    @staticmethod
    def get_container_envs():
        # type: () -> List[str]
        envs = [
            'CEPH_CONF=%s' % ('/etc/ceph/ceph.conf')
        ]
        return envs

    @staticmethod
    def get_version(container_id):
        # type: (str) -> Optional[str]
        version = None
        out, err, code = call(
            [container_path, 'exec', container_id,
             NFSGanesha.entrypoint, '-v'])
        if code == 0:
            match = re.search(r'NFS-Ganesha Release\s*=\s*[V]*([\d.]+)', out)
            if match:
                version = match.group(1)
        return version

    def validate(self):
        # type: () -> None
        if not is_fsid(self.fsid):
            raise Error('not an fsid: %s' % self.fsid)
        if not self.daemon_id:
            raise Error('invalid daemon_id: %s' % self.daemon_id)
        if not self.image:
            raise Error('invalid image: %s' % self.image)

        # check for the required files
        if self.required_files:
            for fname in self.required_files:
                if fname not in self.files:
                    raise Error('required file missing from config-json: %s' % fname)

        # check for an RGW config
        if self.rgw:
            if not self.rgw.get('keyring'):
                raise Error('RGW keyring is missing')
            if not self.rgw.get('user'):
                raise Error('RGW user is missing')

    def get_daemon_name(self):
        # type: () -> str
        return '%s.%s' % (self.daemon_type, self.daemon_id)

    def get_container_name(self, desc=None):
        # type: (Optional[str]) -> str
        cname = 'ceph-%s-%s' % (self.fsid, self.get_daemon_name())
        if desc:
            cname = '%s-%s' % (cname, desc)
        return cname

    def get_daemon_args(self):
        # type: () -> List[str]
        return self.daemon_args + self.extra_args

    def create_daemon_dirs(self, data_dir, uid, gid):
        # type: (str, int, int) -> None
        """Create files under the container data dir"""
        if not os.path.isdir(data_dir):
            raise OSError('data_dir is not a directory: %s' % (data_dir))

        logger.info('Creating ganesha config...')

        # create the ganesha conf dir
        config_dir = os.path.join(data_dir, 'etc/ganesha')
        makedirs(config_dir, uid, gid, 0o755)

        # populate files from the config-json
        for fname in self.files:
            config_file = os.path.join(config_dir, fname)
            config_content = dict_get_join(self.files, fname)
            logger.info('Write file: %s' % (config_file))
            with open(config_file, 'w') as f:
                os.fchown(f.fileno(), uid, gid)
                os.fchmod(f.fileno(), 0o600)
                f.write(config_content)

        # write the RGW keyring
        if self.rgw:
            keyring_path = os.path.join(data_dir, 'keyring.rgw')
            with open(keyring_path, 'w') as f:
                os.fchmod(f.fileno(), 0o600)
                os.fchown(f.fileno(), uid, gid)
                f.write(self.rgw.get('keyring', ''))

    def get_rados_grace_container(self, action):
        # type: (str) -> CephContainer
        """Container for a ganesha action on the grace db"""
        entrypoint = '/usr/bin/ganesha-rados-grace'

        assert self.pool
        args=['--pool', self.pool]
        if self.namespace:
            args += ['--ns', self.namespace]
        if self.userid:
            args += ['--userid', self.userid]
        args += [action, self.get_daemon_name()]

        data_dir = get_data_dir(self.fsid, self.daemon_type, self.daemon_id)
        volume_mounts = self.get_container_mounts(data_dir)
        envs = self.get_container_envs()

        logger.info('Creating RADOS grace for action: %s' % action)
        c = CephContainer(
            image=self.image,
            entrypoint=entrypoint,
            args=args,
            volume_mounts=volume_mounts,
            cname=self.get_container_name(desc='grace-%s' % action),
            envs=envs
        )
        return c

##################################


class CephIscsi(object):
    """Defines a Ceph-Iscsi container"""

    daemon_type = 'iscsi'
    entrypoint = '/usr/bin/rbd-target-api'

    required_files = ['iscsi-gateway.cfg']

    def __init__(self,
                 fsid,
                 daemon_id,
                 config_json,
                 image=DEFAULT_IMAGE):
        # type: (str, Union[int, str], Dict, str) -> None
        self.fsid = fsid
        self.daemon_id = daemon_id
        self.image = image

        # config-json options
        self.files = dict_get(config_json, 'files', {})

        # validate the supplied args
        self.validate()

    @classmethod
    def init(cls, fsid, daemon_id):
        # type: (str, Union[int, str]) -> CephIscsi
        return cls(fsid, daemon_id, get_parm(args.config_json), args.image)

    @staticmethod
    def get_container_mounts(data_dir, log_dir):
        # type: (str, str) -> Dict[str, str]
        mounts = dict()
        mounts[os.path.join(data_dir, 'config')] = '/etc/ceph/ceph.conf:z'
        mounts[os.path.join(data_dir, 'keyring')] = '/etc/ceph/keyring:z'
        mounts[os.path.join(data_dir, 'iscsi-gateway.cfg')] = '/etc/ceph/iscsi-gateway.cfg:z'
        mounts[os.path.join(data_dir, 'configfs')] = '/sys/kernel/config'
        mounts[log_dir] = '/var/log/rbd-target-api:z'
        mounts['/dev'] = '/dev'
        return mounts

    @staticmethod
    def get_container_binds():
        # type: () -> List[List[str]]
        binds = []
        lib_modules = ['type=bind',
                       'source=/lib/modules',
                       'destination=/lib/modules',
                       'ro=true']
        binds.append(lib_modules)
        return binds

    @staticmethod
    def get_version(container_id):
        # type: (str) -> Optional[str]
        version = None
        out, err, code = call(
            [container_path, 'exec', container_id,
             '/usr/bin/python3', '-c', "import pkg_resources; print(pkg_resources.require('ceph_iscsi')[0].version)"])
        if code == 0:
            version = out.strip()
        return version

    def validate(self):
        # type: () -> None
        if not is_fsid(self.fsid):
            raise Error('not an fsid: %s' % self.fsid)
        if not self.daemon_id:
            raise Error('invalid daemon_id: %s' % self.daemon_id)
        if not self.image:
            raise Error('invalid image: %s' % self.image)

        # check for the required files
        if self.required_files:
            for fname in self.required_files:
                if fname not in self.files:
                    raise Error('required file missing from config-json: %s' % fname)

    def get_daemon_name(self):
        # type: () -> str
        return '%s.%s' % (self.daemon_type, self.daemon_id)

    def get_container_name(self, desc=None):
        # type: (Optional[str]) -> str
        cname = 'ceph-%s-%s' % (self.fsid, self.get_daemon_name())
        if desc:
            cname = '%s-%s' % (cname, desc)
        return cname

    def create_daemon_dirs(self, data_dir, uid, gid):
        # type: (str, int, int) -> None
        """Create files under the container data dir"""
        if not os.path.isdir(data_dir):
            raise OSError('data_dir is not a directory: %s' % (data_dir))

        logger.info('Creating ceph-iscsi config...')
        configfs_dir = os.path.join(data_dir, 'configfs')
        makedirs(configfs_dir, uid, gid, 0o755)

        # populate files from the config-json
        for fname in self.files:
            config_file = os.path.join(data_dir, fname)
            config_content = dict_get_join(self.files, fname)
            logger.info('Write file: %s' % (config_file))
            with open(config_file, 'w') as f:
                os.fchown(f.fileno(), uid, gid)
                os.fchmod(f.fileno(), 0o600)
                f.write(config_content)

    @staticmethod
    def configfs_mount_umount(data_dir, mount=True):
        # type: (str, bool) -> List[str]
        mount_path = os.path.join(data_dir, 'configfs')
        if mount:
            cmd = "if ! grep -qs {0} /proc/mounts; then " \
                  "mount -t configfs none {0}; fi".format(mount_path)
        else:
            cmd = "if grep -qs {0} /proc/mounts; then " \
                  "umount {0}; fi".format(mount_path)
        return cmd.split()

    def get_tcmu_runner_container(self):
        # type: () -> CephContainer
        tcmu_container = get_container(self.fsid, self.daemon_type, self.daemon_id)
        tcmu_container.entrypoint = "/usr/bin/tcmu-runner"
        tcmu_container.cname = self.get_container_name(desc='tcmu')
        # remove extra container args for tcmu container.
        # extra args could cause issue with forking service type
        tcmu_container.container_args = []
        return tcmu_container

##################################


class CustomContainer(object):
    """Defines a custom container"""
    daemon_type = 'container'

    def __init__(self, fsid: str, daemon_id: Union[int, str],
                 config_json: Dict, image: str) -> None:
        self.fsid = fsid
        self.daemon_id = daemon_id
        self.image = image

        # config-json options
        self.entrypoint = dict_get(config_json, 'entrypoint')
        self.uid = dict_get(config_json, 'uid', 65534)  # nobody
        self.gid = dict_get(config_json, 'gid', 65534)  # nobody
        self.volume_mounts = dict_get(config_json, 'volume_mounts', {})
        self.args = dict_get(config_json, 'args', [])
        self.envs = dict_get(config_json, 'envs', [])
        self.privileged = dict_get(config_json, 'privileged', False)
        self.bind_mounts = dict_get(config_json, 'bind_mounts', [])
        self.ports = dict_get(config_json, 'ports', [])
        self.dirs = dict_get(config_json, 'dirs', [])
        self.files = dict_get(config_json, 'files', {})

    @classmethod
    def init(cls, fsid: str, daemon_id: Union[int, str]) -> 'CustomContainer':
        return cls(fsid, daemon_id, get_parm(args.config_json), args.image)

    def create_daemon_dirs(self, data_dir: str, uid: int, gid: int) -> None:
        """
        Create dirs/files below the container data directory.
        """
        logger.info('Creating custom container configuration '
                    'dirs/files in {} ...'.format(data_dir))

        if not os.path.isdir(data_dir):
            raise OSError('data_dir is not a directory: %s' % data_dir)

        for dir_path in self.dirs:
            logger.info('Creating directory: {}'.format(dir_path))
            dir_path = os.path.join(data_dir, dir_path.strip('/'))
            makedirs(dir_path, uid, gid, 0o755)

        for file_path in self.files:
            logger.info('Creating file: {}'.format(file_path))
            content = dict_get_join(self.files, file_path)
            file_path = os.path.join(data_dir, file_path.strip('/'))
            with open(file_path, 'w', encoding='utf-8') as f:
                os.fchown(f.fileno(), uid, gid)
                os.fchmod(f.fileno(), 0o600)
                f.write(content)

    def get_daemon_args(self) -> List[str]:
        return []

    def get_container_args(self) -> List[str]:
        return self.args

    def get_container_envs(self) -> List[str]:
        return self.envs

    def get_container_mounts(self, data_dir: str) -> Dict[str, str]:
        """
        Get the volume mounts. Relative source paths will be located below
        `/var/lib/ceph/<cluster-fsid>/<daemon-name>`.

        Example:
        {
            /foo/conf: /conf
            foo/conf: /conf
        }
        becomes
        {
            /foo/conf: /conf
            /var/lib/ceph/<cluster-fsid>/<daemon-name>/foo/conf: /conf
        }
        """
        mounts = {}
        for source, destination in self.volume_mounts.items():
            source = os.path.join(data_dir, source)
            mounts[source] = destination
        return mounts

    def get_container_binds(self, data_dir: str) -> List[List[str]]:
        """
        Get the bind mounts. Relative `source=...` paths will be located below
        `/var/lib/ceph/<cluster-fsid>/<daemon-name>`.

        Example:
        [
            'type=bind',
            'source=lib/modules',
            'destination=/lib/modules',
            'ro=true'
        ]
        becomes
        [
            ...
            'source=/var/lib/ceph/<cluster-fsid>/<daemon-name>/lib/modules',
            ...
        ]
        """
        binds = self.bind_mounts.copy()
        for bind in binds:
            for index, value in enumerate(bind):
                match = re.match(r'^source=(.+)$', value)
                if match:
                    bind[index] = 'source={}'.format(os.path.join(
                        data_dir, match.group(1)))
        return binds

##################################


def dict_get(d: Dict, key: str, default: Any = None, require: bool = False) -> Any:
    """
    Helper function to get a key from a dictionary.
    :param d: The dictionary to process.
    :param key: The name of the key to get.
    :param default: The default value in case the key does not
        exist. Default is `None`.
    :param require: Set to `True` if the key is required. An
        exception will be raised if the key does not exist in
        the given dictionary.
    :return: Returns the value of the given key.
    :raises: :exc:`self.Error` if the given key does not exist
        and `require` is set to `True`.
    """
    if require and key not in d.keys():
        raise Error('{} missing from dict'.format(key))
    return d.get(key, default)

##################################


def dict_get_join(d: Dict, key: str) -> Any:
    """
    Helper function to get the value of a given key from a dictionary.
    `List` values will be converted to a string by joining them with a
    line break.
    :param d: The dictionary to process.
    :param key: The name of the key to get.
    :return: Returns the value of the given key. If it was a `list`, it
        will be joining with a line break.
    """
    value = d.get(key)
    if isinstance(value, list):
        value = '\n'.join(map(str, value))
    return value

##################################


def get_supported_daemons():
    # type: () -> List[str]
    supported_daemons = list(Ceph.daemons)
    supported_daemons.extend(Monitoring.components)
    supported_daemons.append(NFSGanesha.daemon_type)
    supported_daemons.append(CephIscsi.daemon_type)
    supported_daemons.append(CustomContainer.daemon_type)
    assert len(supported_daemons) == len(set(supported_daemons))
    return supported_daemons

##################################

class PortOccupiedError(Error):
    pass


def attempt_bind(s, address, port):
    # type: (socket.socket, str, int) -> None
    try:
        s.setsockopt(socket.SOL_SOCKET, socket.SO_REUSEADDR, 1)
        s.bind((address, port))
    except (socket.error, OSError) as e:  # py2 and py3
        if e.errno == errno.EADDRINUSE:
            msg = 'Cannot bind to IP %s port %d: %s' % (address, port, e)
            logger.warning(msg)
            raise PortOccupiedError(msg)
        else:
            raise e
    finally:
        s.close()


def port_in_use(port_num):
    # type: (int) -> bool
    """Detect whether a port is in use on the local machine - IPv4 and IPv6"""
    logger.info('Verifying port %d ...' % port_num)
    def _port_in_use(af, address):
        # type: (socket.AddressFamily, str) -> bool
        try:
            s = socket.socket(af, socket.SOCK_STREAM)
            attempt_bind(s, address, port_num)
        except PortOccupiedError:
            return True
        except OSError as e:
            if e.errno in (errno.EAFNOSUPPORT, errno.EADDRNOTAVAIL):
                # Ignore EAFNOSUPPORT and EADDRNOTAVAIL as two interfaces are
                # being tested here and one might be intentionally be disabled.
                # In that case no error should be raised.
                return False
            else:
                raise e
        return False
    return any(_port_in_use(af, address) for af, address in (
        (socket.AF_INET, '0.0.0.0'),
        (socket.AF_INET6, '::')
    ))


def check_ip_port(ip, port):
    # type: (str, int) -> None
    if not args.skip_ping_check:
        logger.info('Verifying IP %s port %d ...' % (ip, port))
        if is_ipv6(ip):
            s = socket.socket(socket.AF_INET6, socket.SOCK_STREAM)
            ip = unwrap_ipv6(ip)
        else:
            s = socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_STREAM)
        attempt_bind(s, ip, port)

##################################

# this is an abbreviated version of
# https://github.com/benediktschmitt/py-filelock/blob/master/filelock.py
# that drops all of the compatibility (this is Unix/Linux only).

try:
    TimeoutError
except NameError:
    TimeoutError = OSError


class Timeout(TimeoutError):
    """
    Raised when the lock could not be acquired in *timeout*
    seconds.
    """

    def __init__(self, lock_file):
        """
        """
        #: The path of the file lock.
        self.lock_file = lock_file
        return None

    def __str__(self):
        temp = "The file lock '{}' could not be acquired."\
               .format(self.lock_file)
        return temp


class _Acquire_ReturnProxy(object):
    def __init__(self, lock):
        self.lock = lock
        return None

    def __enter__(self):
        return self.lock

    def __exit__(self, exc_type, exc_value, traceback):
        self.lock.release()
        return None


class FileLock(object):
    def __init__(self, name, timeout=-1):
        if not os.path.exists(LOCK_DIR):
            os.mkdir(LOCK_DIR, 0o700)
        self._lock_file = os.path.join(LOCK_DIR, name + '.lock')

        # The file descriptor for the *_lock_file* as it is returned by the
        # os.open() function.
        # This file lock is only NOT None, if the object currently holds the
        # lock.
        self._lock_file_fd = None
        self.timeout = timeout
        # The lock counter is used for implementing the nested locking
        # mechanism. Whenever the lock is acquired, the counter is increased and
        # the lock is only released, when this value is 0 again.
        self._lock_counter = 0
        return None

    @property
    def is_locked(self):
        return self._lock_file_fd is not None

    def acquire(self, timeout=None, poll_intervall=0.05):
        """
        Acquires the file lock or fails with a :exc:`Timeout` error.
        .. code-block:: python
            # You can use this method in the context manager (recommended)
            with lock.acquire():
                pass
            # Or use an equivalent try-finally construct:
            lock.acquire()
            try:
                pass
            finally:
                lock.release()
        :arg float timeout:
            The maximum time waited for the file lock.
            If ``timeout < 0``, there is no timeout and this method will
            block until the lock could be acquired.
            If ``timeout`` is None, the default :attr:`~timeout` is used.
        :arg float poll_intervall:
            We check once in *poll_intervall* seconds if we can acquire the
            file lock.
        :raises Timeout:
            if the lock could not be acquired in *timeout* seconds.
        .. versionchanged:: 2.0.0
            This method returns now a *proxy* object instead of *self*,
            so that it can be used in a with statement without side effects.
        """
        # Use the default timeout, if no timeout is provided.
        if timeout is None:
            timeout = self.timeout

        # Increment the number right at the beginning.
        # We can still undo it, if something fails.
        self._lock_counter += 1

        lock_id = id(self)
        lock_filename = self._lock_file
        start_time = time.time()
        try:
            while True:
                if not self.is_locked:
                    logger.debug('Acquiring lock %s on %s', lock_id,
                                 lock_filename)
                    self._acquire()

                if self.is_locked:
                    logger.debug('Lock %s acquired on %s', lock_id,
                                 lock_filename)
                    break
                elif timeout >= 0 and time.time() - start_time > timeout:
                    logger.warning('Timeout acquiring lock %s on %s', lock_id,
                                   lock_filename)
                    raise Timeout(self._lock_file)
                else:
                    logger.debug(
                        'Lock %s not acquired on %s, waiting %s seconds ...',
                        lock_id, lock_filename, poll_intervall
                    )
                    time.sleep(poll_intervall)
        except:  # noqa
            # Something did go wrong, so decrement the counter.
            self._lock_counter = max(0, self._lock_counter - 1)

            raise
        return _Acquire_ReturnProxy(lock = self)

    def release(self, force=False):
        """
        Releases the file lock.
        Please note, that the lock is only completly released, if the lock
        counter is 0.
        Also note, that the lock file itself is not automatically deleted.
        :arg bool force:
            If true, the lock counter is ignored and the lock is released in
            every case.
        """
        if self.is_locked:
            self._lock_counter -= 1

            if self._lock_counter == 0 or force:
                lock_id = id(self)
                lock_filename = self._lock_file

                logger.debug('Releasing lock %s on %s', lock_id, lock_filename)
                self._release()
                self._lock_counter = 0
                logger.debug('Lock %s released on %s', lock_id, lock_filename)

        return None

    def __enter__(self):
        self.acquire()
        return self

    def __exit__(self, exc_type, exc_value, traceback):
        self.release()
        return None

    def __del__(self):
        self.release(force=True)
        return None

    def _acquire(self):
        open_mode = os.O_RDWR | os.O_CREAT | os.O_TRUNC
        fd = os.open(self._lock_file, open_mode)

        try:
            fcntl.flock(fd, fcntl.LOCK_EX | fcntl.LOCK_NB)
        except (IOError, OSError):
            os.close(fd)
        else:
            self._lock_file_fd = fd
        return None

    def _release(self):
        # Do not remove the lockfile:
        #
        #   https://github.com/benediktschmitt/py-filelock/issues/31
        #   https://stackoverflow.com/questions/17708885/flock-removing-locked-file-without-race-condition
        fd = self._lock_file_fd
        self._lock_file_fd = None
        fcntl.flock(fd, fcntl.LOCK_UN)  # type: ignore
        os.close(fd)  # type: ignore
        return None


##################################
# Popen wrappers, lifted from ceph-volume

class CallVerbosity(Enum):
    SILENT = 0
    # log stdout/stderr to logger.debug
    DEBUG = 1
    # On a non-zero exit status, it will forcefully set
    # logging ON for the terminal
    VERBOSE_ON_FAILURE = 2
    # log at info (instead of debug) level.
    VERBOSE = 3


def call(command: List[str],
         desc: Optional[str] = None,
         verbosity: CallVerbosity = CallVerbosity.VERBOSE_ON_FAILURE,
         timeout: Optional[int] = DEFAULT_TIMEOUT,
         **kwargs) -> Tuple[str, str, int]:
    """
    Wrap subprocess.Popen to

    - log stdout/stderr to a logger,
    - decode utf-8
    - cleanly return out, err, returncode

    :param timeout: timeout in seconds
    """
    if desc is None:
        desc = command[0]
    if desc:
        desc += ': '
    timeout = timeout or args.timeout

    logger.debug("Running command: %s" % ' '.join(command))
    process = subprocess.Popen(
        command,
        stdout=subprocess.PIPE,
        stderr=subprocess.PIPE,
        close_fds=True,
        **kwargs
    )
    # get current p.stdout flags, add O_NONBLOCK
    assert process.stdout is not None
    assert process.stderr is not None
    stdout_flags = fcntl.fcntl(process.stdout, fcntl.F_GETFL)
    stderr_flags = fcntl.fcntl(process.stderr, fcntl.F_GETFL)
    fcntl.fcntl(process.stdout, fcntl.F_SETFL, stdout_flags | os.O_NONBLOCK)
    fcntl.fcntl(process.stderr, fcntl.F_SETFL, stderr_flags | os.O_NONBLOCK)

    out = ''
    err = ''
    reads = None
    stop = False
    out_buffer = ''   # partial line (no newline yet)
    err_buffer = ''   # partial line (no newline yet)
    start_time = time.time()
    end_time = None
    if timeout:
        end_time = start_time + timeout
    while not stop:
        if end_time and (time.time() >= end_time):
            stop = True
            if process.poll() is None:
                logger.info(desc + 'timeout after %s seconds' % timeout)
                process.kill()
        if reads and process.poll() is not None:
            # we want to stop, but first read off anything remaining
            # on stdout/stderr
            stop = True
        else:
            reads, _, _ = select.select(
                [process.stdout.fileno(), process.stderr.fileno()],
                [], [], timeout
            )
        for fd in reads:
            try:
                message_b = os.read(fd, 1024)
                if isinstance(message_b, bytes):
                    message = message_b.decode('utf-8')
                if isinstance(message_b, str):
                    message = message_b
                if stop and message:
                    # process has terminated, but have more to read still, so not stopping yet
                    # (os.read returns '' when it encounters EOF)
                    stop = False
                if not message:
                    continue
                if fd == process.stdout.fileno():
                    out += message
                    message = out_buffer + message
                    lines = message.split('\n')
                    out_buffer = lines.pop()
                    for line in lines:
                        if verbosity == CallVerbosity.VERBOSE:
                            logger.info(desc + 'stdout ' + line)
                        elif verbosity != CallVerbosity.SILENT:
                            logger.debug(desc + 'stdout ' + line)
                elif fd == process.stderr.fileno():
                    err += message
                    message = err_buffer + message
                    lines = message.split('\n')
                    err_buffer = lines.pop()
                    for line in lines:
                        if verbosity == CallVerbosity.VERBOSE:
                            logger.info(desc + 'stderr ' + line)
                        elif verbosity != CallVerbosity.SILENT:
                            logger.debug(desc + 'stderr ' + line)
                else:
                    assert False
            except (IOError, OSError):
                pass
        if verbosity == CallVerbosity.VERBOSE:
            logger.debug(desc + 'profile rt=%s, stop=%s, exit=%s, reads=%s'
                % (time.time()-start_time, stop, process.poll(), reads))

    returncode = process.wait()

    if out_buffer != '':
        if verbosity == CallVerbosity.VERBOSE:
            logger.info(desc + 'stdout ' + out_buffer)
        elif verbosity != CallVerbosity.SILENT:
            logger.debug(desc + 'stdout ' + out_buffer)
    if err_buffer != '':
        if verbosity == CallVerbosity.VERBOSE:
            logger.info(desc + 'stderr ' + err_buffer)
        elif verbosity != CallVerbosity.SILENT:
            logger.debug(desc + 'stderr ' + err_buffer)

    if returncode != 0 and verbosity == CallVerbosity.VERBOSE_ON_FAILURE:
        # dump stdout + stderr
        logger.info('Non-zero exit code %d from %s' % (returncode, ' '.join(command)))
        for line in out.splitlines():
            logger.info(desc + 'stdout ' + line)
        for line in err.splitlines():
            logger.info(desc + 'stderr ' + line)

    return out, err, returncode


def call_throws(command: List[str],
         desc: Optional[str] = None,
         verbosity: CallVerbosity = CallVerbosity.VERBOSE_ON_FAILURE,
         timeout: Optional[int] = DEFAULT_TIMEOUT,
         **kwargs) -> Tuple[str, str, int]:
    out, err, ret = call(command, desc, verbosity, timeout, **kwargs)
    if ret:
        raise RuntimeError('Failed command: %s' % ' '.join(command))
    return out, err, ret


def call_timeout(command, timeout):
    # type: (List[str], int) -> int

    logger.debug('Running command (timeout=%s): %s'
            % (timeout, ' '.join(command)))

    def raise_timeout(command, timeout):
        # type: (List[str], int) -> NoReturn
        msg = 'Command \'%s\' timed out after %s seconds' % (command, timeout)
        logger.debug(msg)
        raise TimeoutExpired(msg)

    def call_timeout_py2(command, timeout):
        # type: (List[str], int) -> int
        proc = subprocess.Popen(command)
        thread = Thread(target=proc.wait)
        thread.start()
        thread.join(timeout)
        if thread.is_alive():
            proc.kill()
            thread.join()
            raise_timeout(command, timeout)
        return proc.returncode

    def call_timeout_py3(command, timeout):
        # type: (List[str], int) -> int
        try:
            return subprocess.call(command, timeout=timeout)
        except subprocess.TimeoutExpired as e:
            raise_timeout(command, timeout)

    ret = 1
    if sys.version_info >= (3, 3):
        ret = call_timeout_py3(command, timeout)
    else:
        # py2 subprocess has no timeout arg
        ret = call_timeout_py2(command, timeout)
    return ret

##################################


def is_available(what, func):
    # type: (str, Callable[[], bool]) -> None
    """
    Wait for a service to become available

    :param what: the name of the service
    :param func: the callable object that determines availability
    """
    retry = args.retry
    logger.info('Waiting for %s...' % what)
    num = 1
    while True:
        if func():
            logger.info('%s is available'
                        % what)
            break
        elif num > retry:
            raise Error('%s not available after %s tries'
                    % (what, retry))

        logger.info('%s not available, waiting (%s/%s)...'
                % (what, num, retry))

        num += 1
        time.sleep(1)


def read_config(fn):
    # type: (Optional[str]) -> ConfigParser
    # bend over backwards here because py2's ConfigParser doesn't like
    # whitespace before config option names (e.g., '\n foo = bar\n').
    # Yeesh!
    if sys.version_info >= (3, 2):
        cp = ConfigParser()
    else:
        cp = SafeConfigParser()

    if fn:
        with open(fn, 'r') as f:
            raw_conf = f.read()
        nice_conf = re.sub(r'\n(\s)+', r'\n', raw_conf)
        s_io = StringIO(nice_conf)
        if sys.version_info >= (3, 2):
            cp.read_file(s_io)
        else:
            cp.readfp(s_io)

    return cp


def pathify(p):
    # type: (str) -> str
    p = os.path.expanduser(p)
    return os.path.abspath(p)


def get_file_timestamp(fn):
    # type: (str) -> Optional[str]
    try:
        mt = os.path.getmtime(fn)
        return datetime.datetime.fromtimestamp(
            mt, tz=datetime.timezone.utc
        ).strftime(DATEFMT)
    except Exception:
        return None


def try_convert_datetime(s):
    # type: (str) -> Optional[str]
    # This is super irritating because
    #  1) podman and docker use different formats
    #  2) python's strptime can't parse either one
    #
    # I've seen:
    #  docker 18.09.7:  2020-03-03T09:21:43.636153304Z
    #  podman 1.7.0:    2020-03-03T15:52:30.136257504-06:00
    #                   2020-03-03 15:52:30.136257504 -0600 CST
    # (In the podman case, there is a different string format for
    # 'inspect' and 'inspect --format {{.Created}}'!!)

    # In *all* cases, the 9 digit second precision is too much for
    # python's strptime.  Shorten it to 6 digits.
    p = re.compile(r'(\.[\d]{6})[\d]*')
    s = p.sub(r'\1', s)

    # replace trailing Z with -0000, since (on python 3.6.8) it won't parse
    if s and s[-1] == 'Z':
        s = s[:-1] + '-0000'

    # cut off the redundant 'CST' part that strptime can't parse, if
    # present.
    v = s.split(' ')
    s = ' '.join(v[0:3])

    # try parsing with several format strings
    fmts = [
        '%Y-%m-%dT%H:%M:%S.%f%z',
        '%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S.%f %z',
    ]
    for f in fmts:
        try:
            # return timestamp normalized to UTC, rendered as DATEFMT.
            return datetime.datetime.strptime(s, f).astimezone(tz=datetime.timezone.utc).strftime(DATEFMT)
        except ValueError:
            pass
    return None


def get_podman_version():
    # type: () -> Tuple[int, ...]
    if 'podman' not in container_path:
        raise ValueError('not using podman')
    out, _, _ = call_throws([container_path, '--version'])
    return _parse_podman_version(out)


def _parse_podman_version(out):
    # type: (str) -> Tuple[int, ...]
    _, _, version_str = out.strip().split()

    def to_int(val, org_e=None):
        if not val and org_e:
            raise org_e
        try:
            return int(val)
        except ValueError as e:
            return to_int(val[0:-1], org_e or e)

    return tuple(map(to_int, version_str.split('.')))


def get_hostname():
    # type: () -> str
    return socket.gethostname()


def get_fqdn():
    # type: () -> str
    return socket.getfqdn() or socket.gethostname()


def get_arch():
    # type: () -> str
    return platform.uname().machine


def generate_service_id():
    # type: () -> str
    return get_hostname() + '.' + ''.join(random.choice(string.ascii_lowercase)
                                          for _ in range(6))


def generate_password():
    # type: () -> str
    return ''.join(random.choice(string.ascii_lowercase + string.digits)
                   for i in range(10))


def normalize_container_id(i):
    # type: (str) -> str
    # docker adds the sha256: prefix, but AFAICS both
    # docker (18.09.7 in bionic at least) and podman
    # both always use sha256, so leave off the prefix
    # for consistency.
    prefix = 'sha256:'
    if i.startswith(prefix):
        i = i[len(prefix):]
    return i


def make_fsid():
    # type: () -> str
    return str(uuid.uuid1())


def is_fsid(s):
    # type: (str) -> bool
    try:
        uuid.UUID(s)
    except ValueError:
        return False
    return True


def infer_fsid(func):
    """
    If we only find a single fsid in /var/lib/ceph/*, use that
    """
    @wraps(func)
    def _infer_fsid():
        if args.fsid:
            logger.debug('Using specified fsid: %s' % args.fsid)
            return func()

        fsids_set = set()
        daemon_list = list_daemons(detail=False)
        for daemon in daemon_list:
            if not is_fsid(daemon['fsid']):
                # 'unknown' fsid
                continue
            elif 'name' not in args or not args.name:
                # args.name not specified
                fsids_set.add(daemon['fsid'])
            elif daemon['name'] == args.name:
                # args.name is a match
                fsids_set.add(daemon['fsid'])
        fsids = sorted(fsids_set)

        if not fsids:
            # some commands do not always require an fsid
            pass
        elif len(fsids) == 1:
            logger.info('Inferring fsid %s' % fsids[0])
            args.fsid = fsids[0]
        else:
            raise Error('Cannot infer an fsid, one must be specified: %s' % fsids)
        return func()

    return _infer_fsid


def infer_config(func):
    """
    If we find a MON daemon, use the config from that container
    """
    @wraps(func)
    def _infer_config():
        if args.config:
            logger.debug('Using specified config: %s' % args.config)
            return func()
        config = None
        if args.fsid:
            name = args.name
            if not name:
                daemon_list = list_daemons(detail=False)
                for daemon in daemon_list:
                    if daemon['name'].startswith('mon.'):
                        name = daemon['name']
                        break
            if name:
                config = '/var/lib/ceph/{}/{}/config'.format(args.fsid, name)
        if config:
            logger.info('Inferring config %s' % config)
            args.config = config
        elif os.path.exists(SHELL_DEFAULT_CONF):
            logger.debug('Using default config: %s' % SHELL_DEFAULT_CONF)
            args.config = SHELL_DEFAULT_CONF
        return func()

    return _infer_config


def _get_default_image():
    if DEFAULT_IMAGE_IS_MASTER:
        warn = '''This is a development version of cephadm.
For information regarding the latest stable release:
    https://docs.ceph.com/docs/{}/cephadm/install
'''.format(LATEST_STABLE_RELEASE)
        for line in warn.splitlines():
            logger.warning('{}{}{}'.format(termcolor.yellow, line, termcolor.end))
    return DEFAULT_IMAGE


def infer_image(func):
    """
    Use the most recent ceph image
    """
    @wraps(func)
    def _infer_image():
        if not args.image:
            args.image = os.environ.get('CEPHADM_IMAGE')
        if not args.image:
            args.image = get_last_local_ceph_image()
        if not args.image:
            args.image = _get_default_image()
        return func()

    return _infer_image


def default_image(func):
    @wraps(func)
    def _default_image():
        if not args.image:
            if 'name' in args and args.name:
                type_ = args.name.split('.', 1)[0]
                if type_ in Monitoring.components:
                    args.image = Monitoring.components[type_]['image']
            if not args.image:
                args.image = os.environ.get('CEPHADM_IMAGE')
            if not args.image:
                args.image = _get_default_image()

        return func()

    return _default_image


def get_last_local_ceph_image():
    """
    :return: The most recent local ceph image (already pulled)
    """
    out, _, _ = call_throws(
        [container_path, 'images',
         '--filter', 'label=ceph=True',
         '--filter', 'dangling=false',
         '--format', '{{.Repository}}@{{.Digest}}'])
    return _filter_last_local_ceph_image(out)


def _filter_last_local_ceph_image(out):
    # str -> Optional[str]
    for image in out.splitlines():
        if image and not image.endswith('@'):
            logger.info('Using recent ceph image %s' % image)
            return image
    return None


def write_tmp(s, uid, gid):
    # type: (str, int, int) -> Any
    tmp_f = tempfile.NamedTemporaryFile(mode='w',
                                        prefix='ceph-tmp')
    os.fchown(tmp_f.fileno(), uid, gid)
    tmp_f.write(s)
    tmp_f.flush()

    return tmp_f


def makedirs(dir, uid, gid, mode):
    # type: (str, int, int, int) -> None
    if not os.path.exists(dir):
        os.makedirs(dir, mode=mode)
    else:
        os.chmod(dir, mode)
    os.chown(dir, uid, gid)
    os.chmod(dir, mode)   # the above is masked by umask...


def get_data_dir(fsid, t, n):
    # type: (str, str, Union[int, str]) -> str
    return os.path.join(args.data_dir, fsid, '%s.%s' % (t, n))


def get_log_dir(fsid):
    # type: (str) -> str
    return os.path.join(args.log_dir, fsid)


def make_data_dir_base(fsid, uid, gid):
    # type: (str, int, int) -> str
    data_dir_base = os.path.join(args.data_dir, fsid)
    makedirs(data_dir_base, uid, gid, DATA_DIR_MODE)
    makedirs(os.path.join(data_dir_base, 'crash'), uid, gid, DATA_DIR_MODE)
    makedirs(os.path.join(data_dir_base, 'crash', 'posted'), uid, gid,
             DATA_DIR_MODE)
    return data_dir_base


def make_data_dir(fsid, daemon_type, daemon_id, uid=None, gid=None):
    # type: (str, str, Union[int, str], Optional[int], Optional[int]) -> str
    if uid is None or gid is None:
        uid, gid = extract_uid_gid()
    make_data_dir_base(fsid, uid, gid)
    data_dir = get_data_dir(fsid, daemon_type, daemon_id)
    makedirs(data_dir, uid, gid, DATA_DIR_MODE)
    return data_dir


def make_log_dir(fsid, uid=None, gid=None):
    # type: (str, Optional[int], Optional[int]) -> str
    if uid is None or gid is None:
        uid, gid = extract_uid_gid()
    log_dir = get_log_dir(fsid)
    makedirs(log_dir, uid, gid, LOG_DIR_MODE)
    return log_dir


def make_var_run(fsid, uid, gid):
    # type: (str, int, int) -> None
    call_throws(['install', '-d', '-m0770', '-o', str(uid), '-g', str(gid),
                 '/var/run/ceph/%s' % fsid])


def copy_tree(src, dst, uid=None, gid=None):
    # type: (List[str], str, Optional[int], Optional[int]) -> None
    """
    Copy a directory tree from src to dst
    """
    if uid is None or gid is None:
        (uid, gid) = extract_uid_gid()

    for src_dir in src:
        dst_dir = dst
        if os.path.isdir(dst):
            dst_dir = os.path.join(dst, os.path.basename(src_dir))

        logger.debug('copy directory \'%s\' -> \'%s\'' % (src_dir, dst_dir))
        shutil.rmtree(dst_dir, ignore_errors=True)
        shutil.copytree(src_dir, dst_dir) # dirs_exist_ok needs python 3.8

        for dirpath, dirnames, filenames in os.walk(dst_dir):
            logger.debug('chown %s:%s \'%s\'' % (uid, gid, dirpath))
            os.chown(dirpath, uid, gid)
            for filename in filenames:
                logger.debug('chown %s:%s \'%s\'' % (uid, gid, filename))
                os.chown(os.path.join(dirpath, filename), uid, gid)


def copy_files(src, dst, uid=None, gid=None):
    # type: (List[str], str, Optional[int], Optional[int]) -> None
    """
    Copy a files from src to dst
    """
    if uid is None or gid is None:
        (uid, gid) = extract_uid_gid()

    for src_file in src:
        dst_file = dst
        if os.path.isdir(dst):
            dst_file = os.path.join(dst, os.path.basename(src_file))

        logger.debug('copy file \'%s\' -> \'%s\'' % (src_file, dst_file))
        shutil.copyfile(src_file, dst_file)

        logger.debug('chown %s:%s \'%s\'' % (uid, gid, dst_file))
        os.chown(dst_file, uid, gid)


def move_files(src, dst, uid=None, gid=None):
    # type: (List[str], str, Optional[int], Optional[int]) -> None
    """
    Move files from src to dst
    """
    if uid is None or gid is None:
        (uid, gid) = extract_uid_gid()

    for src_file in src:
        dst_file = dst
        if os.path.isdir(dst):
            dst_file = os.path.join(dst, os.path.basename(src_file))

        if os.path.islink(src_file):
            # shutil.move() in py2 does not handle symlinks correctly
            src_rl = os.readlink(src_file)
            logger.debug("symlink '%s' -> '%s'" % (dst_file, src_rl))
            os.symlink(src_rl, dst_file)
            os.unlink(src_file)
        else:
            logger.debug("move file '%s' -> '%s'" % (src_file, dst_file))
            shutil.move(src_file, dst_file)
            logger.debug('chown %s:%s \'%s\'' % (uid, gid, dst_file))
            os.chown(dst_file, uid, gid)


## copied from distutils ##
def find_executable(executable, path=None):
    """Tries to find 'executable' in the directories listed in 'path'.
    A string listing directories separated by 'os.pathsep'; defaults to
    os.environ['PATH'].  Returns the complete filename or None if not found.
    """
    _, ext = os.path.splitext(executable)
    if (sys.platform == 'win32') and (ext != '.exe'):
        executable = executable + '.exe'

    if os.path.isfile(executable):
        return executable

    if path is None:
        path = os.environ.get('PATH', None)
        if path is None:
            try:
                path = os.confstr("CS_PATH")
            except (AttributeError, ValueError):
                # os.confstr() or CS_PATH is not available
                path = os.defpath
        # bpo-35755: Don't use os.defpath if the PATH environment variable is
        # set to an empty string

    # PATH='' doesn't match, whereas PATH=':' looks in the current directory
    if not path:
        return None

    paths = path.split(os.pathsep)
    for p in paths:
        f = os.path.join(p, executable)
        if os.path.isfile(f):
            # the file exists, we have a shot at spawn working
            return f
    return None


def find_program(filename):
    # type: (str) -> str
    name = find_executable(filename)
    if name is None:
        raise ValueError('%s not found' % filename)
    return name


def get_unit_name(fsid, daemon_type, daemon_id=None):
    # type: (str, str, Optional[Union[int, str]]) -> str
    # accept either name or type + id
    if daemon_id is not None:
        return 'ceph-%s@%s.%s' % (fsid, daemon_type, daemon_id)
    else:
        return 'ceph-%s@%s' % (fsid, daemon_type)


def get_unit_name_by_daemon_name(fsid, name):
    daemon = get_daemon_description(fsid, name)
    try:
        return daemon['systemd_unit']
    except KeyError:
        raise Error('Failed to get unit name for {}'.format(daemon))


def check_unit(unit_name):
    # type: (str) -> Tuple[bool, str, bool]
    # NOTE: we ignore the exit code here because systemctl outputs
    # various exit codes based on the state of the service, but the
    # string result is more explicit (and sufficient).
    enabled = False
    installed = False
    try:
        out, err, code = call(['systemctl', 'is-enabled', unit_name],
                              verbosity=CallVerbosity.DEBUG)
        if code == 0:
            enabled = True
            installed = True
        elif "disabled" in out:
            installed = True
    except Exception as e:
        logger.warning('unable to run systemctl: %s' % e)
        enabled = False
        installed = False

    state = 'unknown'
    try:
        out, err, code = call(['systemctl', 'is-active', unit_name],
                              verbosity=CallVerbosity.DEBUG)
        out = out.strip()
        if out in ['active']:
            state = 'running'
        elif out in ['inactive']:
            state = 'stopped'
        elif out in ['failed', 'auto-restart']:
            state = 'error'
        else:
            state = 'unknown'
    except Exception as e:
        logger.warning('unable to run systemctl: %s' % e)
        state = 'unknown'
    return (enabled, state, installed)


def check_units(units, enabler=None):
    # type: (List[str], Optional[Packager]) -> bool
    for u in units:
        (enabled, state, installed) = check_unit(u)
        if enabled and state == 'running':
            logger.info('Unit %s is enabled and running' % u)
            return True
        if enabler is not None:
            if installed:
                logger.info('Enabling unit %s' % u)
                enabler.enable_service(u)
    return False


def is_container_running(name: str) -> bool:
    out, err, ret = call_throws([
        container_path, 'ps',
        '--format', '{{.Names}}'])
    return name in out


def get_legacy_config_fsid(cluster, legacy_dir=None):
    # type: (str, Optional[str]) -> Optional[str]
    config_file = '/etc/ceph/%s.conf' % cluster
    if legacy_dir is not None:
        config_file = os.path.abspath(legacy_dir + config_file)

    if os.path.exists(config_file):
        config = read_config(config_file)
        if config.has_section('global') and config.has_option('global', 'fsid'):
            return config.get('global', 'fsid')
    return None


def get_legacy_daemon_fsid(cluster, daemon_type, daemon_id, legacy_dir=None):
    # type: (str, str, Union[int, str], Optional[str]) -> Optional[str]
    fsid = None
    if daemon_type == 'osd':
        try:
            fsid_file = os.path.join(args.data_dir,
                                     daemon_type,
                                     'ceph-%s' % daemon_id,
                                     'ceph_fsid')
            if legacy_dir is not None:
                fsid_file = os.path.abspath(legacy_dir + fsid_file)
            with open(fsid_file, 'r') as f:
                fsid = f.read().strip()
        except IOError:
            pass
    if not fsid:
        fsid = get_legacy_config_fsid(cluster, legacy_dir=legacy_dir)
    return fsid


def get_daemon_args(fsid, daemon_type, daemon_id):
    # type: (str, str, Union[int, str]) -> List[str]
    r = list()  # type: List[str]

    if daemon_type in Ceph.daemons and daemon_type != 'crash':
        r += [
            '--setuser', 'ceph',
            '--setgroup', 'ceph',
            '--default-log-to-file=false',
            '--default-log-to-stderr=true',
            '--default-log-stderr-prefix=debug ',
        ]
        if daemon_type == 'mon':
            r += [
                '--default-mon-cluster-log-to-file=false',
                '--default-mon-cluster-log-to-stderr=true',
            ]
    elif daemon_type in Monitoring.components:
        metadata = Monitoring.components[daemon_type]
        r += metadata.get('args', list())
        if daemon_type == 'alertmanager':
            config = get_parm(args.config_json)
            peers = config.get('peers', list())  # type: ignore
            for peer in peers:
                r += ["--cluster.peer={}".format(peer)]
            # some alertmanager, by default, look elsewhere for a config
            r += ["--config.file=/etc/alertmanager/alertmanager.yml"]
    elif daemon_type == NFSGanesha.daemon_type:
        nfs_ganesha = NFSGanesha.init(fsid, daemon_id)
        r += nfs_ganesha.get_daemon_args()
    elif daemon_type == CustomContainer.daemon_type:
        cc = CustomContainer.init(fsid, daemon_id)
        r.extend(cc.get_daemon_args())

    return r


def create_daemon_dirs(fsid, daemon_type, daemon_id, uid, gid,
                       config=None, keyring=None):
    # type: (str, str, Union[int, str], int, int, Optional[str], Optional[str]) ->  None
    data_dir = make_data_dir(fsid, daemon_type, daemon_id, uid=uid, gid=gid)
    make_log_dir(fsid, uid=uid, gid=gid)

    if config:
        config_path = os.path.join(data_dir, 'config')
        with open(config_path, 'w') as f:
            os.fchown(f.fileno(), uid, gid)
            os.fchmod(f.fileno(), 0o600)
            f.write(config)

    if keyring:
        keyring_path = os.path.join(data_dir, 'keyring')
        with open(keyring_path, 'w') as f:
            os.fchmod(f.fileno(), 0o600)
            os.fchown(f.fileno(), uid, gid)
            f.write(keyring)

    if daemon_type in Monitoring.components.keys():
        config_json: Dict[str, Any] = get_parm(args.config_json)

        # Set up directories specific to the monitoring component
        config_dir = ''
        if daemon_type == 'prometheus':
            data_dir_root = get_data_dir(fsid, daemon_type, daemon_id)
            config_dir = 'etc/prometheus'
            makedirs(os.path.join(data_dir_root, config_dir), uid, gid, 0o755)
            makedirs(os.path.join(data_dir_root, config_dir, 'alerting'), uid, gid, 0o755)
            makedirs(os.path.join(data_dir_root, 'data'), uid, gid, 0o755)
        elif daemon_type == 'grafana':
            data_dir_root = get_data_dir(fsid, daemon_type, daemon_id)
            config_dir = 'etc/grafana'
            makedirs(os.path.join(data_dir_root, config_dir), uid, gid, 0o755)
            makedirs(os.path.join(data_dir_root, config_dir, 'certs'), uid, gid, 0o755)
            makedirs(os.path.join(data_dir_root, config_dir, 'provisioning/datasources'), uid, gid, 0o755)
            makedirs(os.path.join(data_dir_root, 'data'), uid, gid, 0o755)
        elif daemon_type == 'alertmanager':
            data_dir_root = get_data_dir(fsid, daemon_type, daemon_id)
            config_dir = 'etc/alertmanager'
            makedirs(os.path.join(data_dir_root, config_dir), uid, gid, 0o755)
            makedirs(os.path.join(data_dir_root, config_dir, 'data'), uid, gid, 0o755)

        # populate the config directory for the component from the config-json
        if 'files' in config_json:
            for fname in config_json['files']:
                content = dict_get_join(config_json['files'], fname)
                if os.path.isabs(fname):
                    fpath = os.path.join(data_dir_root, fname.lstrip(os.path.sep))
                else:
                    fpath = os.path.join(data_dir_root, config_dir, fname)
                with open(fpath, 'w', encoding='utf-8') as f:
                    os.fchown(f.fileno(), uid, gid)
                    os.fchmod(f.fileno(), 0o600)
                    f.write(content)

    elif daemon_type == NFSGanesha.daemon_type:
        nfs_ganesha = NFSGanesha.init(fsid, daemon_id)
        nfs_ganesha.create_daemon_dirs(data_dir, uid, gid)

    elif daemon_type == CephIscsi.daemon_type:
        ceph_iscsi = CephIscsi.init(fsid, daemon_id)
        ceph_iscsi.create_daemon_dirs(data_dir, uid, gid)

    elif daemon_type == CustomContainer.daemon_type:
        cc = CustomContainer.init(fsid, daemon_id)
        cc.create_daemon_dirs(data_dir, uid, gid)


def get_parm(option):
    # type: (str) -> Dict[str, str]

    if not option:
        return dict()

    global cached_stdin
    if option == '-':
        if cached_stdin is not None:
            j = cached_stdin
        else:
            try:
                j = injected_stdin  # type: ignore
            except NameError:
                j = sys.stdin.read()
                cached_stdin = j
    else:
        # inline json string
        if option[0] == '{' and option[-1] == '}':
            j = option
        # json file
        elif os.path.exists(option):
            with open(option, 'r') as f:
                j = f.read()
        else:
            raise Error("Config file {} not found".format(option))

    try:
        js = json.loads(j)
    except ValueError as e:
        raise Error("Invalid JSON in {}: {}".format(option, e))
    else:
        return js


def get_config_and_keyring():
    # type: () -> Tuple[Optional[str], Optional[str]]
    config = None
    keyring = None

    if 'config_json' in args and args.config_json:
        d = get_parm(args.config_json)
        config = d.get('config')
        keyring = d.get('keyring')

    if 'config' in args and args.config:
        with open(args.config, 'r') as f:
            config = f.read()

    if 'key' in args and args.key:
        keyring = '[%s]\n\tkey = %s\n' % (args.name, args.key)
    elif 'keyring' in args and args.keyring:
        with open(args.keyring, 'r') as f:
            keyring = f.read()

    return config, keyring


def get_container_binds(fsid, daemon_type, daemon_id):
    # type: (str, str, Union[int, str, None]) -> List[List[str]]
    binds = list()

    if daemon_type == CephIscsi.daemon_type:
        binds.extend(CephIscsi.get_container_binds())
    elif daemon_type == CustomContainer.daemon_type:
        assert daemon_id
        cc = CustomContainer.init(fsid, daemon_id)
        data_dir = get_data_dir(fsid, daemon_type, daemon_id)
        binds.extend(cc.get_container_binds(data_dir))

    return binds


def get_container_mounts(fsid, daemon_type, daemon_id,
                         no_config=False):
    # type: (str, str, Union[int, str, None], Optional[bool]) -> Dict[str, str]
    mounts = dict()

    if daemon_type in Ceph.daemons:
        if fsid:
            run_path = os.path.join('/var/run/ceph', fsid);
            if os.path.exists(run_path):
                mounts[run_path] = '/var/run/ceph:z'
            log_dir = get_log_dir(fsid)
            mounts[log_dir] = '/var/log/ceph:z'
            crash_dir = '/var/lib/ceph/%s/crash' % fsid
            if os.path.exists(crash_dir):
                mounts[crash_dir] = '/var/lib/ceph/crash:z'

    if daemon_type in Ceph.daemons and daemon_id:
        data_dir = get_data_dir(fsid, daemon_type, daemon_id)
        if daemon_type == 'rgw':
            cdata_dir = '/var/lib/ceph/radosgw/ceph-rgw.%s' % (daemon_id)
        else:
            cdata_dir = '/var/lib/ceph/%s/ceph-%s' % (daemon_type, daemon_id)
        if daemon_type != 'crash':
            mounts[data_dir] = cdata_dir + ':z'
        if not no_config:
            mounts[data_dir + '/config'] = '/etc/ceph/ceph.conf:z'
        if daemon_type == 'rbd-mirror' or daemon_type == 'crash':
            # these do not search for their keyrings in a data directory
            mounts[data_dir + '/keyring'] = '/etc/ceph/ceph.client.%s.%s.keyring' % (daemon_type, daemon_id)

    if daemon_type in ['mon', 'osd']:
        mounts['/dev'] = '/dev'  # FIXME: narrow this down?
        mounts['/run/udev'] = '/run/udev'
    if daemon_type == 'osd':
        mounts['/sys'] = '/sys'  # for numa.cc, pick_address, cgroups, ...
        mounts['/run/lvm'] = '/run/lvm'
        mounts['/run/lock/lvm'] = '/run/lock/lvm'

    try:
        if args.shared_ceph_folder:  # make easy manager modules/ceph-volume development
            ceph_folder = pathify(args.shared_ceph_folder)
            if os.path.exists(ceph_folder):
                mounts[ceph_folder + '/src/ceph-volume/ceph_volume'] = '/usr/lib/python3.6/site-packages/ceph_volume'
                mounts[ceph_folder + '/src/pybind/mgr'] = '/usr/share/ceph/mgr'
                mounts[ceph_folder + '/src/python-common/ceph'] = '/usr/lib/python3.6/site-packages/ceph'
                mounts[ceph_folder + '/monitoring/grafana/dashboards'] = '/etc/grafana/dashboards/ceph-dashboard'
                mounts[ceph_folder + '/monitoring/prometheus/alerts'] = '/etc/prometheus/ceph'
            else:
                logger.error('{}{}{}'.format(termcolor.red,
                'Ceph shared source folder does not exist.',
                termcolor.end))
    except AttributeError:
        pass

    if daemon_type in Monitoring.components and daemon_id:
        data_dir = get_data_dir(fsid, daemon_type, daemon_id)
        if daemon_type == 'prometheus':
            mounts[os.path.join(data_dir, 'etc/prometheus')] = '/etc/prometheus:Z'
            mounts[os.path.join(data_dir, 'data')] = '/prometheus:Z'
        elif daemon_type == 'node-exporter':
            mounts['/proc'] = '/host/proc:ro'
            mounts['/sys'] = '/host/sys:ro'
            mounts['/'] = '/rootfs:ro'
        elif daemon_type == "grafana":
            mounts[os.path.join(data_dir, 'etc/grafana/grafana.ini')] = '/etc/grafana/grafana.ini:Z'
            mounts[os.path.join(data_dir, 'etc/grafana/provisioning/datasources')] = '/etc/grafana/provisioning/datasources:Z'
            mounts[os.path.join(data_dir, 'etc/grafana/certs')] = '/etc/grafana/certs:Z'
        elif daemon_type == 'alertmanager':
            mounts[os.path.join(data_dir, 'etc/alertmanager')] = '/etc/alertmanager:Z'

    if daemon_type == NFSGanesha.daemon_type:
        assert daemon_id
        data_dir = get_data_dir(fsid, daemon_type, daemon_id)
        nfs_ganesha = NFSGanesha.init(fsid, daemon_id)
        mounts.update(nfs_ganesha.get_container_mounts(data_dir))

    if daemon_type == CephIscsi.daemon_type:
        assert daemon_id
        data_dir = get_data_dir(fsid, daemon_type, daemon_id)
        log_dir = get_log_dir(fsid)
        mounts.update(CephIscsi.get_container_mounts(data_dir, log_dir))

    if daemon_type == CustomContainer.daemon_type:
        assert daemon_id
        cc = CustomContainer.init(fsid, daemon_id)
        data_dir = get_data_dir(fsid, daemon_type, daemon_id)
        mounts.update(cc.get_container_mounts(data_dir))

    return mounts


def get_container(fsid: str, daemon_type: str, daemon_id: Union[int, str],
                  privileged: bool = False,
                  ptrace: bool = False,
                  container_args: Optional[List[str]] = None) -> 'CephContainer':
    entrypoint: str = ''
    name: str = ''
    ceph_args: List[str] = []
    envs: List[str] = []
    host_network: bool = True

    if container_args is None:
        container_args = []
    if daemon_type in ['mon', 'osd']:
        # mon and osd need privileged in order for libudev to query devices
        privileged = True
    if daemon_type == 'rgw':
        entrypoint = '/usr/bin/radosgw'
        name = 'client.rgw.%s' % daemon_id
    elif daemon_type == 'rbd-mirror':
        entrypoint = '/usr/bin/rbd-mirror'
        name = 'client.rbd-mirror.%s' % daemon_id
    elif daemon_type == 'crash':
        entrypoint = '/usr/bin/ceph-crash'
        name = 'client.crash.%s' % daemon_id
    elif daemon_type in ['mon', 'mgr', 'mds', 'osd']:
        entrypoint = '/usr/bin/ceph-' + daemon_type
        name = '%s.%s' % (daemon_type, daemon_id)
    elif daemon_type in Monitoring.components:
        entrypoint = ''
    elif daemon_type == NFSGanesha.daemon_type:
        entrypoint = NFSGanesha.entrypoint
        name = '%s.%s' % (daemon_type, daemon_id)
        envs.extend(NFSGanesha.get_container_envs())
    elif daemon_type == CephIscsi.daemon_type:
        entrypoint = CephIscsi.entrypoint
        name = '%s.%s' % (daemon_type, daemon_id)
        # So the container can modprobe iscsi_target_mod and have write perms
        # to configfs we need to make this a privileged container.
        privileged = True
    elif daemon_type == CustomContainer.daemon_type:
        cc = CustomContainer.init(fsid, daemon_id)
        entrypoint = cc.entrypoint
        host_network = False
        envs.extend(cc.get_container_envs())
        container_args.extend(cc.get_container_args())

    if daemon_type in Monitoring.components:
        uid, gid = extract_uid_gid_monitoring(daemon_type)
        monitoring_args = [
            '--user',
            str(uid),
            # FIXME: disable cpu/memory limits for the time being (not supported
            # by ubuntu 18.04 kernel!)
        ]
        container_args.extend(monitoring_args)
    elif daemon_type == 'crash':
        ceph_args = ['-n', name]
    elif daemon_type in Ceph.daemons:
        ceph_args = ['-n', name, '-f']

    # if using podman, set -d, --conmon-pidfile & --cidfile flags
    # so service can have Type=Forking
    if 'podman' in container_path:
        runtime_dir = '/run'
        container_args.extend(['-d',
            '--conmon-pidfile',
            runtime_dir + '/ceph-%s@%s.%s.service-pid' % (fsid, daemon_type, daemon_id),
            '--cidfile',
            runtime_dir + '/ceph-%s@%s.%s.service-cid' % (fsid, daemon_type, daemon_id)])

    return CephContainer(
        image=args.image,
        entrypoint=entrypoint,
        args=ceph_args + get_daemon_args(fsid, daemon_type, daemon_id),
        container_args=container_args,
        volume_mounts=get_container_mounts(fsid, daemon_type, daemon_id),
        bind_mounts=get_container_binds(fsid, daemon_type, daemon_id),
        cname='ceph-%s-%s.%s' % (fsid, daemon_type, daemon_id),
        envs=envs,
        privileged=privileged,
        ptrace=ptrace,
        host_network=host_network,
    )


def extract_uid_gid(img='', file_path='/var/lib/ceph'):
    # type: (str, Union[str, List[str]]) -> Tuple[int, int]

    if not img:
        img = args.image

    if isinstance(file_path, str):
        paths = [file_path]
    else:
        paths = file_path

    for fp in paths:
        try:
            out = CephContainer(
                image=img,
                entrypoint='stat',
                args=['-c', '%u %g', fp]
            ).run()
            uid, gid = out.split(' ')
            return int(uid), int(gid)
        except RuntimeError:
            pass
    raise RuntimeError('uid/gid not found')


def deploy_daemon(fsid, daemon_type, daemon_id, c, uid, gid,
                  config=None, keyring=None,
                  osd_fsid=None,
                  reconfig=False,
                  ports=None):
    # type: (str, str, Union[int, str], CephContainer, int, int, Optional[str], Optional[str], Optional[str], Optional[bool], Optional[List[int]]) -> None

    ports = ports or []
    if any([port_in_use(port) for port in ports]):
        raise Error("TCP Port(s) '{}' required for {} already in use".format(",".join(map(str, ports)), daemon_type))

    data_dir = get_data_dir(fsid, daemon_type, daemon_id)
    if reconfig and not os.path.exists(data_dir):
        raise Error('cannot reconfig, data path %s does not exist' % data_dir)
    if daemon_type == 'mon' and not os.path.exists(data_dir):
        assert config
        assert keyring
        # tmp keyring file
        tmp_keyring = write_tmp(keyring, uid, gid)

        # tmp config file
        tmp_config = write_tmp(config, uid, gid)

        # --mkfs
        create_daemon_dirs(fsid, daemon_type, daemon_id, uid, gid)
        mon_dir = get_data_dir(fsid, 'mon', daemon_id)
        log_dir = get_log_dir(fsid)
        out = CephContainer(
            image=args.image,
            entrypoint='/usr/bin/ceph-mon',
            args=['--mkfs',
                  '-i', str(daemon_id),
                  '--fsid', fsid,
                  '-c', '/tmp/config',
                  '--keyring', '/tmp/keyring',
            ] + get_daemon_args(fsid, 'mon', daemon_id),
            volume_mounts={
                log_dir: '/var/log/ceph:z',
                mon_dir: '/var/lib/ceph/mon/ceph-%s:z' % (daemon_id),
                tmp_keyring.name: '/tmp/keyring:z',
                tmp_config.name: '/tmp/config:z',
            },
        ).run()

        # write conf
        with open(mon_dir + '/config', 'w') as f:
            os.fchown(f.fileno(), uid, gid)
            os.fchmod(f.fileno(), 0o600)
            f.write(config)
    else:
        # dirs, conf, keyring
        create_daemon_dirs(
            fsid, daemon_type, daemon_id,
            uid, gid,
            config, keyring)

    if not reconfig:
        deploy_daemon_units(fsid, uid, gid, daemon_type, daemon_id, c,
                            osd_fsid=osd_fsid)

    if not os.path.exists(data_dir + '/unit.created'):
        with open(data_dir + '/unit.created', 'w') as f:
            os.fchmod(f.fileno(), 0o600)
            os.fchown(f.fileno(), uid, gid)
            f.write('mtime is time the daemon deployment was created\n')

    with open(data_dir + '/unit.configured', 'w') as f:
        f.write('mtime is time we were last configured\n')
        os.fchmod(f.fileno(), 0o600)
        os.fchown(f.fileno(), uid, gid)

    update_firewalld(daemon_type)

    # Open ports explicitly required for the daemon
    if ports:
        fw = Firewalld()
        fw.open_ports(ports)
        fw.apply_rules()

    if reconfig and daemon_type not in Ceph.daemons:
        # ceph daemons do not need a restart; others (presumably) do to pick
        # up the new config
        call_throws(['systemctl', 'reset-failed',
                     get_unit_name(fsid, daemon_type, daemon_id)])
        call_throws(['systemctl', 'restart',
                     get_unit_name(fsid, daemon_type, daemon_id)])

def _write_container_cmd_to_bash(file_obj, container, comment=None, background=False):
    # type: (IO[str], CephContainer, Optional[str], Optional[bool]) -> None
    if comment:
        # Sometimes adding a comment, especially if there are multiple containers in one
        # unit file, makes it easier to read and grok.
        file_obj.write('# ' + comment + '\n')
    # Sometimes, adding `--rm` to a run_cmd doesn't work. Let's remove the container manually
    file_obj.write('! '+ ' '.join(container.rm_cmd()) + ' 2> /dev/null\n')
    # Sometimes, `podman rm` doesn't find the container. Then you'll have to add `--storage`
    if 'podman' in container_path:
        file_obj.write(
            '! '
            + ' '.join([shlex.quote(a) for a in container.rm_cmd(storage=True)])
            + ' 2> /dev/null\n')

    # container run command
    file_obj.write(
        ' '.join([shlex.quote(a) for a in container.run_cmd()])
        + (' &' if background else '') + '\n')


def deploy_daemon_units(fsid, uid, gid, daemon_type, daemon_id, c,
                        enable=True, start=True,
                        osd_fsid=None):
    # type: (str, int, int, str, Union[int, str], CephContainer, bool, bool, Optional[str]) -> None
    # cmd
    data_dir = get_data_dir(fsid, daemon_type, daemon_id)
    with open(data_dir + '/unit.run.new', 'w') as f:
        f.write('set -e\n')

        if daemon_type in Ceph.daemons:
            install_path = find_program('install')
            f.write('{install_path} -d -m0770 -o {uid} -g {gid} /var/run/ceph/{fsid}\n'.format(install_path=install_path, fsid=fsid, uid=uid, gid=gid))

        # pre-start cmd(s)
        if daemon_type == 'osd':
            # osds have a pre-start step
            assert osd_fsid
            simple_fn = os.path.join('/etc/ceph/osd',
                                     '%s-%s.json.adopted-by-cephadm' % (daemon_id, osd_fsid))
            if os.path.exists(simple_fn):
                f.write('# Simple OSDs need chown on startup:\n')
                for n in ['block', 'block.db', 'block.wal']:
                    p = os.path.join(data_dir, n)
                    f.write('[ ! -L {p} ] || chown {uid}:{gid} {p}\n'.format(p=p, uid=uid, gid=gid))
            else:
                prestart = CephContainer(
                    image=args.image,
                    entrypoint='/usr/sbin/ceph-volume',
                    args=[
                        'lvm', 'activate',
                        str(daemon_id), osd_fsid,
                        '--no-systemd'
                    ],
                    privileged=True,
                    volume_mounts=get_container_mounts(fsid, daemon_type, daemon_id),
                    bind_mounts=get_container_binds(fsid, daemon_type, daemon_id),
                    cname='ceph-%s-%s.%s-activate' % (fsid, daemon_type, daemon_id),
                )
                _write_container_cmd_to_bash(f, prestart, 'LVM OSDs use ceph-volume lvm activate')
        elif daemon_type == NFSGanesha.daemon_type:
            # add nfs to the rados grace db
            nfs_ganesha = NFSGanesha.init(fsid, daemon_id)
            prestart = nfs_ganesha.get_rados_grace_container('add')
            _write_container_cmd_to_bash(f, prestart,  'add daemon to rados grace')
        elif daemon_type == CephIscsi.daemon_type:
            f.write(' '.join(CephIscsi.configfs_mount_umount(data_dir, mount=True)) + '\n')
            ceph_iscsi = CephIscsi.init(fsid, daemon_id)
            tcmu_container = ceph_iscsi.get_tcmu_runner_container()
            _write_container_cmd_to_bash(f, tcmu_container, 'iscsi tcmu-runnter container', background=True)

        _write_container_cmd_to_bash(f, c, '%s.%s' % (daemon_type, str(daemon_id)))
        os.fchmod(f.fileno(), 0o600)
        os.rename(data_dir + '/unit.run.new',
                  data_dir + '/unit.run')

    # post-stop command(s)
    with open(data_dir + '/unit.poststop.new', 'w') as f:
        if daemon_type == 'osd':
            assert osd_fsid
            poststop = CephContainer(
                image=args.image,
                entrypoint='/usr/sbin/ceph-volume',
                args=[
                    'lvm', 'deactivate',
                    str(daemon_id), osd_fsid,
                ],
                privileged=True,
                volume_mounts=get_container_mounts(fsid, daemon_type, daemon_id),
                bind_mounts=get_container_binds(fsid, daemon_type, daemon_id),
                cname='ceph-%s-%s.%s-deactivate' % (fsid, daemon_type,
                                                    daemon_id),
            )
            _write_container_cmd_to_bash(f, poststop, 'deactivate osd')
        elif daemon_type == NFSGanesha.daemon_type:
            # remove nfs from the rados grace db
            nfs_ganesha = NFSGanesha.init(fsid, daemon_id)
            poststop = nfs_ganesha.get_rados_grace_container('remove')
            _write_container_cmd_to_bash(f, poststop, 'remove daemon from rados grace')
        elif daemon_type == CephIscsi.daemon_type:
            # make sure we also stop the tcmu container
            ceph_iscsi = CephIscsi.init(fsid, daemon_id)
            tcmu_container = ceph_iscsi.get_tcmu_runner_container()
            f.write('! '+ ' '.join(tcmu_container.stop_cmd()) + '\n')
            f.write(' '.join(CephIscsi.configfs_mount_umount(data_dir, mount=False)) + '\n')
        os.fchmod(f.fileno(), 0o600)
        os.rename(data_dir + '/unit.poststop.new',
                  data_dir + '/unit.poststop')

    with open(data_dir + '/unit.image.new', 'w') as f:
        f.write(c.image + '\n')
        os.fchmod(f.fileno(), 0o600)
        os.rename(data_dir + '/unit.image.new',
                  data_dir + '/unit.image')

    # systemd
    install_base_units(fsid)
    unit = get_unit_file(fsid)
    unit_file = 'ceph-%s@.service' % (fsid)
    with open(args.unit_dir + '/' + unit_file + '.new', 'w') as f:
        f.write(unit)
        os.rename(args.unit_dir + '/' + unit_file + '.new',
                  args.unit_dir + '/' + unit_file)
    call_throws(['systemctl', 'daemon-reload'])

    unit_name = get_unit_name(fsid, daemon_type, daemon_id)
    call(['systemctl', 'stop', unit_name],
         verbosity=CallVerbosity.DEBUG)
    call(['systemctl', 'reset-failed', unit_name],
         verbosity=CallVerbosity.DEBUG)
    if enable:
        call_throws(['systemctl', 'enable', unit_name])
    if start:
        call_throws(['systemctl', 'start', unit_name])



class Firewalld(object):
    def __init__(self):
        # type: () -> None
        self.available = self.check()

    def check(self):
        # type: () -> bool
        self.cmd = find_executable('firewall-cmd')
        if not self.cmd:
            logger.debug('firewalld does not appear to be present')
            return False
        (enabled, state, _) = check_unit('firewalld.service')
        if not enabled:
            logger.debug('firewalld.service is not enabled')
            return False
        if state != "running":
            logger.debug('firewalld.service is not running')
            return False

        logger.info("firewalld ready")
        return True

    def enable_service_for(self, daemon_type):
        # type: (str) -> None
        if not self.available:
            logger.debug('Not possible to enable service <%s>. firewalld.service is not available' % daemon_type)
            return

        if daemon_type == 'mon':
            svc = 'ceph-mon'
        elif daemon_type in ['mgr', 'mds', 'osd']:
            svc = 'ceph'
        elif daemon_type == NFSGanesha.daemon_type:
            svc = 'nfs'
        else:
            return

        out, err, ret = call([self.cmd, '--permanent', '--query-service', svc], verbosity=CallVerbosity.DEBUG)
        if ret:
            logger.info('Enabling firewalld service %s in current zone...' % svc)
            out, err, ret = call([self.cmd, '--permanent', '--add-service', svc])
            if ret:
                raise RuntimeError(
                    'unable to add service %s to current zone: %s' % (svc, err))
        else:
            logger.debug('firewalld service %s is enabled in current zone' % svc)

    def open_ports(self, fw_ports):
        # type: (List[int]) -> None
        if not self.available:
            logger.debug('Not possible to open ports <%s>. firewalld.service is not available' % fw_ports)
            return

        for port in fw_ports:
            tcp_port = str(port) + '/tcp'
            out, err, ret = call([self.cmd, '--permanent', '--query-port', tcp_port], verbosity=CallVerbosity.DEBUG)
            if ret:
                logger.info('Enabling firewalld port %s in current zone...' % tcp_port)
                out, err, ret = call([self.cmd, '--permanent', '--add-port', tcp_port])
                if ret:
                    raise RuntimeError('unable to add port %s to current zone: %s' %
                                    (tcp_port, err))
            else:
                logger.debug('firewalld port %s is enabled in current zone' % tcp_port)

    def apply_rules(self):
        # type: () -> None
        if not self.available:
            return

        call_throws([self.cmd, '--reload'])


def update_firewalld(daemon_type):
    # type: (str) -> None
    firewall = Firewalld()

    firewall.enable_service_for(daemon_type)

    fw_ports = []

    if daemon_type in Monitoring.port_map.keys():
        fw_ports.extend(Monitoring.port_map[daemon_type])  # prometheus etc

    firewall.open_ports(fw_ports)
    firewall.apply_rules()

def install_base_units(fsid):
    # type: (str) -> None
    """
    Set up ceph.target and ceph-$fsid.target units.
    """
    # global unit
    existed = os.path.exists(args.unit_dir + '/ceph.target')
    with open(args.unit_dir + '/ceph.target.new', 'w') as f:
        f.write('[Unit]\n'
                'Description=All Ceph clusters and services\n'
                '\n'
                '[Install]\n'
                'WantedBy=multi-user.target\n')
        os.rename(args.unit_dir + '/ceph.target.new',
                  args.unit_dir + '/ceph.target')
    if not existed:
        # we disable before enable in case a different ceph.target
        # (from the traditional package) is present; while newer
        # systemd is smart enough to disable the old
        # (/lib/systemd/...) and enable the new (/etc/systemd/...),
        # some older versions of systemd error out with EEXIST.
        call_throws(['systemctl', 'disable', 'ceph.target'])
        call_throws(['systemctl', 'enable', 'ceph.target'])
        call_throws(['systemctl', 'start', 'ceph.target'])

    # cluster unit
    existed = os.path.exists(args.unit_dir + '/ceph-%s.target' % fsid)
    with open(args.unit_dir + '/ceph-%s.target.new' % fsid, 'w') as f:
        f.write('[Unit]\n'
                'Description=Ceph cluster {fsid}\n'
                'PartOf=ceph.target\n'
                'Before=ceph.target\n'
                '\n'
                '[Install]\n'
                'WantedBy=multi-user.target ceph.target\n'.format(
                    fsid=fsid)
        )
        os.rename(args.unit_dir + '/ceph-%s.target.new' % fsid,
                  args.unit_dir + '/ceph-%s.target' % fsid)
    if not existed:
        call_throws(['systemctl', 'enable', 'ceph-%s.target' % fsid])
        call_throws(['systemctl', 'start', 'ceph-%s.target' % fsid])

    # logrotate for the cluster
    with open(args.logrotate_dir + '/ceph-%s' % fsid, 'w') as f:
        """
        This is a bit sloppy in that the killall/pkill will touch all ceph daemons
        in all containers, but I don't see an elegant way to send SIGHUP *just* to
        the daemons for this cluster.  (1) systemd kill -s will get the signal to
        podman, but podman will exit.  (2) podman kill will get the signal to the
        first child (bash), but that isn't the ceph daemon.  This is simpler and
        should be harmless.
        """
        f.write("""# created by cephadm
/var/log/ceph/%s/*.log {
    rotate 7
    daily
    compress
    sharedscripts
    postrotate
        killall -q -1 ceph-mon ceph-mgr ceph-mds ceph-osd ceph-fuse radosgw rbd-mirror || pkill -1 -x "ceph-mon|ceph-mgr|ceph-mds|ceph-osd|ceph-fuse|radosgw|rbd-mirror" || true
    endscript
    missingok
    notifempty
    su root root
}
""" % fsid)


def get_unit_file(fsid):
    # type: (str) -> str
    extra_args = ''
    if 'podman' in container_path:
        extra_args = ('ExecStartPre=-/bin/rm -f /%t/%n-pid /%t/%n-cid\n'
            'ExecStopPost=-/bin/rm -f /%t/%n-pid /%t/%n-cid\n'
            'Type=forking\n'
            'PIDFile=/%t/%n-pid\n')

    docker = 'docker' in container_path
    u = """# generated by cephadm
[Unit]
Description=Ceph %i for {fsid}

# According to:
#   http://www.freedesktop.org/wiki/Software/systemd/NetworkTarget
# these can be removed once ceph-mon will dynamically change network
# configuration.
After=network-online.target local-fs.target time-sync.target{docker_after}
Wants=network-online.target local-fs.target time-sync.target
{docker_requires}

PartOf=ceph-{fsid}.target
Before=ceph-{fsid}.target

[Service]
LimitNOFILE=1048576
LimitNPROC=1048576
EnvironmentFile=-/etc/environment
ExecStart=/bin/bash {data_dir}/{fsid}/%i/unit.run
ExecStop=-{container_path} stop ceph-{fsid}-%i
ExecStopPost=-/bin/bash {data_dir}/{fsid}/%i/unit.poststop
KillMode=none
Restart=on-failure
RestartSec=10s
TimeoutStartSec=120
TimeoutStopSec=120
StartLimitInterval=30min
StartLimitBurst=5
{extra_args}
[Install]
WantedBy=ceph-{fsid}.target
""".format(
    container_path=container_path,
    fsid=fsid,
    data_dir=args.data_dir,
    extra_args=extra_args,
    # if docker, we depend on docker.service
    docker_after=' docker.service' if docker else '',
    docker_requires='Requires=docker.service\n' if docker else '',
)

    return u

##################################


class CephContainer:
    def __init__(self,
                 image: str,
                 entrypoint: str,
                 args: List[str] = [],
                 volume_mounts: Dict[str, str] = {},
                 cname: str = '',
                 container_args: List[str] = [],
                 envs: Optional[List[str]] = None,
                 privileged: bool = False,
                 ptrace: bool = False,
                 bind_mounts: Optional[List[List[str]]] = None,
                 init: Optional[bool] = None,
                 host_network: bool = True,
                 ) -> None:
        self.image = image
        self.entrypoint = entrypoint
        self.args = args
        self.volume_mounts = volume_mounts
        self.cname = cname
        self.container_args = container_args
        self.envs = envs
        self.privileged = privileged
        self.ptrace = ptrace
        self.bind_mounts = bind_mounts if bind_mounts else []
        self.init = init if init else container_init
        self.host_network = host_network

    def run_cmd(self) -> List[str]:
        cmd_args: List[str] = [
            str(container_path),
            'run',
            '--rm',
            '--ipc=host',
        ]
        envs: List[str] = [
            '-e', 'CONTAINER_IMAGE=%s' % self.image,
            '-e', 'NODE_NAME=%s' % get_hostname(),
        ]
        vols: List[str] = []
        binds: List[str] = []

        if self.host_network:
            cmd_args.append('--net=host')
        if self.entrypoint:
            cmd_args.extend(['--entrypoint', self.entrypoint])
        if self.privileged:
            cmd_args.extend([
                '--privileged',
                # let OSD etc read block devs that haven't been chowned
                '--group-add=disk'])
        if self.ptrace and not self.privileged:
            # if privileged, the SYS_PTRACE cap is already added
            # in addition, --cap-add and --privileged are mutually
            # exclusive since podman >= 2.0
            cmd_args.append('--cap-add=SYS_PTRACE')
        if self.init:
            cmd_args.append('--init')
            envs += ['-e', 'CEPH_USE_RANDOM_NONCE=1']
        if self.cname:
            cmd_args.extend(['--name', self.cname])
        if self.envs:
            for env in self.envs:
                envs.extend(['-e', env])

        vols = sum(
            [['-v', '%s:%s' % (host_dir, container_dir)]
             for host_dir, container_dir in self.volume_mounts.items()], [])
        binds = sum([['--mount', '{}'.format(','.join(bind))]
                     for bind in self.bind_mounts], [])

        return cmd_args + self.container_args + envs + vols + binds + [
                   self.image,
               ] + self.args  # type: ignore

    def shell_cmd(self, cmd: List[str]) -> List[str]:
        cmd_args: List[str] = [
            str(container_path),
            'run',
            '--rm',
            '--ipc=host',
        ]
        envs: List[str] = [
            '-e', 'CONTAINER_IMAGE=%s' % self.image,
            '-e', 'NODE_NAME=%s' % get_hostname(),
        ]
        vols: List[str] = []
        binds: List[str] = []

        if self.host_network:
            cmd_args.append('--net=host')
        if self.privileged:
            cmd_args.extend([
                '--privileged',
                # let OSD etc read block devs that haven't been chowned
                '--group-add=disk',
            ])
        if self.init:
            cmd_args.append('--init')
            envs += ['-e', 'CEPH_USE_RANDOM_NONCE=1']
        if self.envs:
            for env in self.envs:
                envs.extend(['-e', env])

        vols = sum(
            [['-v', '%s:%s' % (host_dir, container_dir)]
             for host_dir, container_dir in self.volume_mounts.items()], [])
        binds = sum([['--mount', '{}'.format(','.join(bind))]
                     for bind in self.bind_mounts], [])

        return cmd_args + self.container_args + envs + vols + binds + [
            '--entrypoint', cmd[0],
            self.image,
        ] + cmd[1:]

    def exec_cmd(self, cmd):
        # type: (List[str]) -> List[str]
        return [
            str(container_path),
            'exec',
        ] + self.container_args + [
            self.cname,
        ] + cmd

    def rm_cmd(self, storage=False):
        # type: (bool) -> List[str]
        ret = [
            str(container_path),
            'rm', '-f',
        ]
        if storage:
            ret.append('--storage')
        ret.append(self.cname)
        return ret

    def stop_cmd(self):
        # type () -> List[str]
        ret = [
            str(container_path),
            'stop', self.cname,
        ]
        return ret

    def run(self, timeout=DEFAULT_TIMEOUT):
        # type: (Optional[int]) -> str
        out, _, _ = call_throws(
                self.run_cmd(), desc=self.entrypoint, timeout=timeout)
        return out

##################################


@infer_image
def command_version():
    # type: () -> int
    out = CephContainer(args.image, 'ceph', ['--version']).run()
    print(out.strip())
    return 0

##################################


@infer_image
def command_pull():
    # type: () -> int

    _pull_image(args.image)
    return command_inspect_image()


def _pull_image(image):
    # type: (str) -> None
    logger.info('Pulling container image %s...' % image)

    ignorelist = [
        "error creating read-write layer with ID",
        "net/http: TLS handshake timeout",
        "Digest did not match, expected",
    ]

    cmd = [container_path, 'pull', image]
    cmd_str = ' '.join(cmd)

    for sleep_secs in [1, 4, 25]:
        out, err, ret = call(cmd)
        if not ret:
            return

        if not any(pattern in err for pattern in ignorelist):
            raise RuntimeError('Failed command: %s' % cmd_str)

        logger.info('"%s failed transiently. Retrying. waiting %s seconds...' % (cmd_str, sleep_secs))
        time.sleep(sleep_secs)

    raise RuntimeError('Failed command: %s: maximum retries reached' % cmd_str)
##################################


@infer_image
def command_inspect_image():
    # type: () -> int
    out, err, ret = call_throws([
        container_path, 'inspect',
        '--format', '{{.ID}},{{.RepoDigests}}',
        args.image])
    if ret:
        return errno.ENOENT
    info_from = get_image_info_from_inspect(out.strip(), args.image)

    ver = CephContainer(args.image, 'ceph', ['--version']).run().strip()
    info_from['ceph_version'] = ver

    print(json.dumps(info_from, indent=4, sort_keys=True))
    return 0


def get_image_info_from_inspect(out, image):
    # type: (str, str) -> Dict[str, str]
    image_id, digests = out.split(',', 1)
    if not out:
        raise Error('inspect {}: empty result'.format(image))
    r = {
        'image_id': normalize_container_id(image_id)
    }
    if digests:
        json_digests = digests[1:-1].split(' ')
        if json_digests:
            r['repo_digest'] = json_digests[0]
    return r


##################################


def unwrap_ipv6(address):
    # type: (str) -> str
    if address.startswith('[') and address.endswith(']'):
        return address[1:-1]
    return address


def wrap_ipv6(address):
    # type: (str) -> str

    # We cannot assume it's already wrapped or even an IPv6 address if
    # it's already wrapped it'll not pass (like if it's a hostname) and trigger
    # the ValueError
    try:
        if ipaddress.ip_address(unicode(address)).version == 6:
            return f"[{address}]"
    except ValueError:
        pass

    return address


def is_ipv6(address):
    # type: (str) -> bool
    address = unwrap_ipv6(address)
    try:
        return ipaddress.ip_address(unicode(address)).version == 6
    except ValueError:
        logger.warning("Address: {} isn't a valid IP address".format(address))
        return False


@default_image
def command_bootstrap():
    # type: () -> int

    if not args.output_config:
        args.output_config = os.path.join(args.output_dir, 'ceph.conf')
    if not args.output_keyring:
        args.output_keyring = os.path.join(args.output_dir,
                                           'ceph.client.admin.keyring')
    if not args.output_pub_ssh_key:
        args.output_pub_ssh_key = os.path.join(args.output_dir, 'ceph.pub')

    # verify output files
    for f in [args.output_config, args.output_keyring, args.output_pub_ssh_key]:
        if not args.allow_overwrite:
            if os.path.exists(f):
                raise Error('%s already exists; delete or pass '
                              '--allow-overwrite to overwrite' % f)
        dirname = os.path.dirname(f)
        if dirname and not os.path.exists(dirname):
            fname = os.path.basename(f)
            logger.info(f"Creating directory {dirname} for {fname}")
            try:
                # use makedirs to create intermediate missing dirs
                os.makedirs(dirname, 0o755)
            except PermissionError:
                raise Error(f"Unable to create {dirname} due to permissions failure. Retry with root, or sudo or preallocate the directory.")


    if not args.skip_prepare_host:
        command_prepare_host()
    else:
        logger.info('Skip prepare_host')

    # initial vars
    fsid = args.fsid or make_fsid()
    hostname = get_hostname()
    if '.' in hostname and not args.allow_fqdn_hostname:
        raise Error('hostname is a fully qualified domain name (%s); either fix (e.g., "sudo hostname %s" or similar) or pass --allow-fqdn-hostname' % (hostname, hostname.split('.')[0]))
    mon_id = args.mon_id or hostname
    mgr_id = args.mgr_id or generate_service_id()
    logger.info('Cluster fsid: %s' % fsid)
    ipv6 = False

    l = FileLock(fsid)
    l.acquire()

    # ip
    r = re.compile(r':(\d+)$')
    base_ip = ''
    if args.mon_ip:
        ipv6 = is_ipv6(args.mon_ip)
        if ipv6:
            args.mon_ip = wrap_ipv6(args.mon_ip)
        hasport = r.findall(args.mon_ip)
        if hasport:
            port = int(hasport[0])
            if port == 6789:
                addr_arg = '[v1:%s]' % args.mon_ip
            elif port == 3300:
                addr_arg = '[v2:%s]' % args.mon_ip
            else:
                logger.warning('Using msgr2 protocol for unrecognized port %d' %
                               port)
                addr_arg = '[v2:%s]' % args.mon_ip
            base_ip = args.mon_ip[0:-(len(str(port)))-1]
            check_ip_port(base_ip, port)
        else:
            base_ip = args.mon_ip
            addr_arg = '[v2:%s:3300,v1:%s:6789]' % (args.mon_ip, args.mon_ip)
            check_ip_port(args.mon_ip, 3300)
            check_ip_port(args.mon_ip, 6789)
    elif args.mon_addrv:
        addr_arg = args.mon_addrv
        if addr_arg[0] != '[' or addr_arg[-1] != ']':
            raise Error('--mon-addrv value %s must use square backets' %
                        addr_arg)
        ipv6 = addr_arg.count('[') > 1
        for addr in addr_arg[1:-1].split(','):
            hasport = r.findall(addr)
            if not hasport:
                raise Error('--mon-addrv value %s must include port number' %
                            addr_arg)
            port = int(hasport[0])
            # strip off v1: or v2: prefix
            addr = re.sub(r'^\w+:', '', addr)
            base_ip = addr[0:-(len(str(port)))-1]
            check_ip_port(base_ip, port)
    else:
        raise Error('must specify --mon-ip or --mon-addrv')
    logger.debug('Base mon IP is %s, final addrv is %s' % (base_ip, addr_arg))

    mon_network = None
    if not args.skip_mon_network:
        # make sure IP is configured locally, and then figure out the
        # CIDR network
        for net, ips in list_networks().items():
            if ipaddress.ip_address(unicode(unwrap_ipv6(base_ip))) in \
                    [ipaddress.ip_address(unicode(ip)) for ip in ips]:
                mon_network = net
                logger.info('Mon IP %s is in CIDR network %s' % (base_ip,
                                                                 mon_network))
                break
        if not mon_network:
            raise Error('Failed to infer CIDR network for mon ip %s; pass '
                        '--skip-mon-network to configure it later' % base_ip)

    # config
    cp = read_config(args.config)
    if not cp.has_section('global'):
        cp.add_section('global')
    cp.set('global', 'fsid', fsid);
    cp.set('global', 'mon_host', addr_arg)
    cp.set('global', 'container_image', args.image)
    if not cp.has_section('mon'):
        cp.add_section('mon')
    if (
            not cp.has_option('mon', 'auth_allow_insecure_global_id_reclaim')
            and not cp.has_option('mon', 'auth allow insecure global id reclaim')
    ):
        cp.set('mon', 'auth_allow_insecure_global_id_reclaim', 'false')
    cpf = StringIO()
    cp.write(cpf)
    config = cpf.getvalue()

    if args.registry_json or args.registry_url:
        command_registry_login()

    if not args.skip_pull:
        _pull_image(args.image)

    logger.info('Extracting ceph user uid/gid from container image...')
    (uid, gid) = extract_uid_gid()

    # create some initial keys
    logger.info('Creating initial keys...')
    mon_key = CephContainer(
        image=args.image,
        entrypoint='/usr/bin/ceph-authtool',
        args=['--gen-print-key'],
    ).run().strip()
    admin_key = CephContainer(
        image=args.image,
        entrypoint='/usr/bin/ceph-authtool',
        args=['--gen-print-key'],
    ).run().strip()
    mgr_key = CephContainer(
        image=args.image,
        entrypoint='/usr/bin/ceph-authtool',
        args=['--gen-print-key'],
    ).run().strip()

    keyring = ('[mon.]\n'
               '\tkey = %s\n'
               '\tcaps mon = allow *\n'
               '[client.admin]\n'
               '\tkey = %s\n'
               '\tcaps mon = allow *\n'
               '\tcaps mds = allow *\n'
               '\tcaps mgr = allow *\n'
               '\tcaps osd = allow *\n'
               '[mgr.%s]\n'
               '\tkey = %s\n'
               '\tcaps mon = profile mgr\n'
               '\tcaps mds = allow *\n'
               '\tcaps osd = allow *\n'
               % (mon_key, admin_key, mgr_id, mgr_key))

    # tmp keyring file
    tmp_bootstrap_keyring = write_tmp(keyring, uid, gid)

    # create initial monmap, tmp monmap file
    logger.info('Creating initial monmap...')
    tmp_monmap = write_tmp('', 0, 0)
    out = CephContainer(
        image=args.image,
        entrypoint='/usr/bin/monmaptool',
        args=['--create',
              '--clobber',
              '--fsid', fsid,
              '--addv', mon_id, addr_arg,
              '/tmp/monmap'
        ],
        volume_mounts={
            tmp_monmap.name: '/tmp/monmap:z',
        },
    ).run()

    # pass monmap file to ceph user for use by ceph-mon --mkfs below
    os.fchown(tmp_monmap.fileno(), uid, gid)

    # create mon
    logger.info('Creating mon...')
    create_daemon_dirs(fsid, 'mon', mon_id, uid, gid)
    mon_dir = get_data_dir(fsid, 'mon', mon_id)
    log_dir = get_log_dir(fsid)
    out = CephContainer(
        image=args.image,
        entrypoint='/usr/bin/ceph-mon',
        args=['--mkfs',
              '-i', mon_id,
              '--fsid', fsid,
              '-c', '/dev/null',
              '--monmap', '/tmp/monmap',
              '--keyring', '/tmp/keyring',
        ] + get_daemon_args(fsid, 'mon', mon_id),
        volume_mounts={
            log_dir: '/var/log/ceph:z',
            mon_dir: '/var/lib/ceph/mon/ceph-%s:z' % (mon_id),
            tmp_bootstrap_keyring.name: '/tmp/keyring:z',
            tmp_monmap.name: '/tmp/monmap:z',
        },
    ).run()

    with open(mon_dir + '/config', 'w') as f:
        os.fchown(f.fileno(), uid, gid)
        os.fchmod(f.fileno(), 0o600)
        f.write(config)

    make_var_run(fsid, uid, gid)
    mon_c = get_container(fsid, 'mon', mon_id)
    deploy_daemon(fsid, 'mon', mon_id, mon_c, uid, gid,
                  config=None, keyring=None)

    # client.admin key + config to issue various CLI commands
    tmp_admin_keyring = write_tmp('[client.admin]\n'
                                  '\tkey = ' + admin_key + '\n',
                                       uid, gid)
    tmp_config = write_tmp(config, uid, gid)

    # a CLI helper to reduce our typing
    def cli(cmd, extra_mounts={}, timeout=DEFAULT_TIMEOUT):
        # type: (List[str], Dict[str, str], Optional[int]) -> str
        mounts = {
            log_dir: '/var/log/ceph:z',
            tmp_admin_keyring.name: '/etc/ceph/ceph.client.admin.keyring:z',
            tmp_config.name: '/etc/ceph/ceph.conf:z',
        }
        for k, v in extra_mounts.items():
            mounts[k] = v
        timeout = timeout or args.timeout
        return CephContainer(
            image=args.image,
            entrypoint='/usr/bin/ceph',
            args=cmd,
            volume_mounts=mounts,
        ).run(timeout=timeout)

    logger.info('Waiting for mon to start...')
    c = CephContainer(
        image=args.image,
        entrypoint='/usr/bin/ceph',
        args=[
            'status'],
        volume_mounts={
            mon_dir: '/var/lib/ceph/mon/ceph-%s:z' % (mon_id),
            tmp_admin_keyring.name: '/etc/ceph/ceph.client.admin.keyring:z',
            tmp_config.name: '/etc/ceph/ceph.conf:z',
        },
    )

    # wait for the service to become available
    def is_mon_available():
        # type: () -> bool
        timeout=args.timeout if args.timeout else 60 # seconds
        out, err, ret = call(c.run_cmd(),
                             desc=c.entrypoint,
                             timeout=timeout)
        return ret == 0
    is_available('mon', is_mon_available)

    # assimilate and minimize config
    if not args.no_minimize_config:
        logger.info('Assimilating anything we can from ceph.conf...')
        cli([
            'config', 'assimilate-conf',
            '-i', '/var/lib/ceph/mon/ceph-%s/config' % mon_id
        ], {
            mon_dir: '/var/lib/ceph/mon/ceph-%s:z' % mon_id
        })
        logger.info('Generating new minimal ceph.conf...')
        cli([
            'config', 'generate-minimal-conf',
            '-o', '/var/lib/ceph/mon/ceph-%s/config' % mon_id
        ], {
            mon_dir: '/var/lib/ceph/mon/ceph-%s:z' % mon_id
        })
        # re-read our minimized config
        with open(mon_dir + '/config', 'r') as f:
            config = f.read()
        logger.info('Restarting the monitor...')
        call_throws([
            'systemctl',
            'restart',
            get_unit_name(fsid, 'mon', mon_id)
        ])

    if mon_network:
        logger.info('Setting mon public_network...')
        cli(['config', 'set', 'mon', 'public_network', mon_network])

    if ipv6:
        logger.info('Enabling IPv6 (ms_bind_ipv6)')
        cli(['config', 'set', 'global', 'ms_bind_ipv6', 'true'])

    # create mgr
    logger.info('Creating mgr...')
    mgr_keyring = '[mgr.%s]\n\tkey = %s\n' % (mgr_id, mgr_key)
    mgr_c = get_container(fsid, 'mgr', mgr_id)
    # Note:the default port used by the Prometheus node exporter is opened in fw
    deploy_daemon(fsid, 'mgr', mgr_id, mgr_c, uid, gid,
                  config=config, keyring=mgr_keyring, ports=[9283])

    # output files
    with open(args.output_keyring, 'w') as f:
        os.fchmod(f.fileno(), 0o600)
        f.write('[client.admin]\n'
                '\tkey = ' + admin_key + '\n')
    logger.info('Wrote keyring to %s' % args.output_keyring)

    with open(args.output_config, 'w') as f:
        f.write(config)
    logger.info('Wrote config to %s' % args.output_config)

    # wait for the service to become available
    logger.info('Waiting for mgr to start...')
    def is_mgr_available():
        # type: () -> bool
        timeout=args.timeout if args.timeout else 60 # seconds
        try:
            out = cli(['status', '-f', 'json-pretty'], timeout=timeout)
            j = json.loads(out)
            return j.get('mgrmap', {}).get('available', False)
        except Exception as e:
            logger.debug('status failed: %s' % e)
            return False
    is_available('mgr', is_mgr_available)

    # wait for mgr to restart (after enabling a module)
    def wait_for_mgr_restart():
        # first get latest mgrmap epoch from the mon
        out = cli(['mgr', 'dump'])
        j = json.loads(out)
        epoch = j['epoch']
        # wait for mgr to have it
        logger.info('Waiting for the mgr to restart...')
        def mgr_has_latest_epoch():
            # type: () -> bool
            try:
                out = cli(['tell', 'mgr', 'mgr_status'])
                j = json.loads(out)
                return j['mgrmap_epoch'] >= epoch
            except Exception as e:
                logger.debug('tell mgr mgr_status failed: %s' % e)
                return False
        is_available('Mgr epoch %d' % epoch, mgr_has_latest_epoch)

    # ssh
    if not args.skip_ssh:
        cli(['config-key', 'set', 'mgr/cephadm/ssh_user', args.ssh_user])

        logger.info('Enabling cephadm module...')
        cli(['mgr', 'module', 'enable', 'cephadm'])
        wait_for_mgr_restart()

        logger.info('Setting orchestrator backend to cephadm...')
        cli(['orch', 'set', 'backend', 'cephadm'])

        if args.ssh_config:
            logger.info('Using provided ssh config...')
            mounts = {
                pathify(args.ssh_config.name): '/tmp/cephadm-ssh-config:z',
            }
            cli(['cephadm', 'set-ssh-config', '-i', '/tmp/cephadm-ssh-config'], extra_mounts=mounts)

        if args.ssh_private_key and args.ssh_public_key:
            logger.info('Using provided ssh keys...')
            mounts = {
                pathify(args.ssh_private_key.name): '/tmp/cephadm-ssh-key:z',
                pathify(args.ssh_public_key.name): '/tmp/cephadm-ssh-key.pub:z'
            }
            cli(['cephadm', 'set-priv-key', '-i', '/tmp/cephadm-ssh-key'], extra_mounts=mounts)
            cli(['cephadm', 'set-pub-key', '-i', '/tmp/cephadm-ssh-key.pub'], extra_mounts=mounts)
        else:
            logger.info('Generating ssh key...')
            cli(['cephadm', 'generate-key'])
            ssh_pub = cli(['cephadm', 'get-pub-key'])

            with open(args.output_pub_ssh_key, 'w') as f:
                f.write(ssh_pub)
            logger.info('Wrote public SSH key to to %s' % args.output_pub_ssh_key)

            logger.info('Adding key to %s@localhost\'s authorized_keys...' % args.ssh_user)
            try:
                s_pwd = pwd.getpwnam(args.ssh_user)
            except KeyError as e:
                raise Error('Cannot find uid/gid for ssh-user: %s' % (args.ssh_user))
            ssh_uid = s_pwd.pw_uid
            ssh_gid = s_pwd.pw_gid
            ssh_dir = os.path.join(s_pwd.pw_dir, '.ssh')

            if not os.path.exists(ssh_dir):
                makedirs(ssh_dir, ssh_uid, ssh_gid, 0o700)

            auth_keys_file = '%s/authorized_keys' % ssh_dir
            add_newline = False

            if os.path.exists(auth_keys_file):
                with open(auth_keys_file, 'r') as f:
                    f.seek(0, os.SEEK_END)
                    if f.tell() > 0:
                        f.seek(f.tell()-1, os.SEEK_SET) # go to last char
                        if f.read() != '\n':
                            add_newline = True

            with open(auth_keys_file, 'a') as f:
                os.fchown(f.fileno(), ssh_uid, ssh_gid) # just in case we created it
                os.fchmod(f.fileno(), 0o600)  # just in case we created it
                if add_newline:
                    f.write('\n')
                f.write(ssh_pub.strip() + '\n')

        host = get_hostname()
        logger.info('Adding host %s...' % host)
        try:
            cli(['orch', 'host', 'add', host])
        except RuntimeError as e:
            raise Error('Failed to add host <%s>: %s' % (host, e))

        if not args.orphan_initial_daemons:
            for t in ['mon', 'mgr', 'crash']:
                logger.info('Deploying %s service with default placement...' % t)
                cli(['orch', 'apply', t])

        if not args.skip_monitoring_stack:
            logger.info('Enabling mgr prometheus module...')
            cli(['mgr', 'module', 'enable', 'prometheus'])
            for t in ['prometheus', 'grafana', 'node-exporter', 'alertmanager']:
                logger.info('Deploying %s service with default placement...' % t)
                cli(['orch', 'apply', t])

    if args.registry_url and args.registry_username and args.registry_password:
        cli(['config', 'set', 'mgr', 'mgr/cephadm/registry_url', args.registry_url, '--force'])
        cli(['config', 'set', 'mgr', 'mgr/cephadm/registry_username', args.registry_username, '--force'])
        cli(['config', 'set', 'mgr', 'mgr/cephadm/registry_password', args.registry_password, '--force'])

    cli(['config', 'set', 'mgr', 'mgr/cephadm/container_init', str(container_init), '--force'])

    if not args.skip_dashboard:
        # Configure SSL port (cephadm only allows to configure dashboard SSL port)
        # if the user does not want to use SSL he can change this setting once the cluster is up
        cli(["config", "set",  "mgr", "mgr/dashboard/ssl_server_port" , str(args.ssl_dashboard_port)])

        # configuring dashboard parameters
        logger.info('Enabling the dashboard module...')
        cli(['mgr', 'module', 'enable', 'dashboard'])
        wait_for_mgr_restart()

        # dashboard crt and key
        if args.dashboard_key and args.dashboard_crt:
            logger.info('Using provided dashboard certificate...')
            mounts = {
                pathify(args.dashboard_crt.name): '/tmp/dashboard.crt:z',
                pathify(args.dashboard_key.name): '/tmp/dashboard.key:z'
            }
            cli(['dashboard', 'set-ssl-certificate', '-i', '/tmp/dashboard.crt'], extra_mounts=mounts)
            cli(['dashboard', 'set-ssl-certificate-key', '-i', '/tmp/dashboard.key'], extra_mounts=mounts)
        else:
            logger.info('Generating a dashboard self-signed certificate...')
            cli(['dashboard', 'create-self-signed-cert'])

        logger.info('Creating initial admin user...')
        password = args.initial_dashboard_password or generate_password()
        tmp_password_file = write_tmp(password, uid, gid)
        cmd = ['dashboard', 'ac-user-create', args.initial_dashboard_user, '-i', '/tmp/dashboard.pw', 'administrator', '--force-password']
        if not args.dashboard_password_noupdate:
            cmd.append('--pwd-update-required')
        cli(cmd, extra_mounts={pathify(tmp_password_file.name): '/tmp/dashboard.pw:z'})
        logger.info('Fetching dashboard port number...')
        out = cli(['config', 'get', 'mgr', 'mgr/dashboard/ssl_server_port'])
        port = int(out)

        # Open dashboard port
        fw = Firewalld()
        fw.open_ports([port])
        fw.apply_rules()

        logger.info('Ceph Dashboard is now available at:\n\n'
                    '\t     URL: https://%s:%s/\n'
                    '\t    User: %s\n'
                    '\tPassword: %s\n' % (
                        get_fqdn(), port,
                        args.initial_dashboard_user,
                        password))

    if args.apply_spec:
        logger.info('Applying %s to cluster' % args.apply_spec)

        with open(args.apply_spec) as f:
            for line in f:
                if 'hostname:' in line:
                    line = line.replace('\n', '')
                    split = line.split(': ')
                    if split[1] != host:
                        logger.info('Adding ssh key to %s' % split[1])

                        ssh_key = '/etc/ceph/ceph.pub'
                        if args.ssh_public_key:
                            ssh_key = args.ssh_public_key.name
                        out, err, code = call_throws(['sudo', '-u', args.ssh_user, 'ssh-copy-id', '-f', '-i', ssh_key, '-o StrictHostKeyChecking=no', '%s@%s' % (args.ssh_user, split[1])])

        mounts = {}
        mounts[pathify(args.apply_spec)] = '/tmp/spec.yml:z'

        out = cli(['orch', 'apply', '-i', '/tmp/spec.yml'], extra_mounts=mounts)
        logger.info(out)

    logger.info('You can access the Ceph CLI with:\n\n'
                '\tsudo %s shell --fsid %s -c %s -k %s\n' % (
                    sys.argv[0],
                    fsid,
                    args.output_config,
                    args.output_keyring))
    logger.info('Please consider enabling telemetry to help improve Ceph:\n\n'
                '\tceph telemetry on\n\n'
                'For more information see:\n\n'
                '\thttps://docs.ceph.com/docs/master/mgr/telemetry/\n')
    logger.info('Bootstrap complete.')
    return 0

##################################

def command_registry_login():
    if args.registry_json:
        logger.info("Pulling custom registry login info from %s." % args.registry_json)
        d = get_parm(args.registry_json)
        if d.get('url') and d.get('username') and d.get('password'):
            args.registry_url = d.get('url')
            args.registry_username = d.get('username')
            args.registry_password = d.get('password')
            registry_login(args.registry_url, args.registry_username, args.registry_password)
        else:
            raise Error("json provided for custom registry login did not include all necessary fields. "
                            "Please setup json file as\n"
                            "{\n"
                              " \"url\": \"REGISTRY_URL\",\n"
                              " \"username\": \"REGISTRY_USERNAME\",\n"
                              " \"password\": \"REGISTRY_PASSWORD\"\n"
                            "}\n")
    elif args.registry_url and args.registry_username and args.registry_password:
        registry_login(args.registry_url, args.registry_username, args.registry_password)
    else:
        raise Error("Invalid custom registry arguments received. To login to a custom registry include "
                        "--registry-url, --registry-username and --registry-password "
                        "options or --registry-json option")
    return 0

def registry_login(url, username, password):
    logger.info("Logging into custom registry.")
    try:
        out, _, _ = call_throws([container_path, 'login',
                                   '-u', username,
                                   '-p', password,
                                   url])
    except:
        raise Error("Failed to login to custom registry @ %s as %s with given password" % (args.registry_url, args.registry_username))

##################################


def extract_uid_gid_monitoring(daemon_type):
    # type: (str) -> Tuple[int, int]

    if daemon_type == 'prometheus':
        uid, gid = extract_uid_gid(file_path='/etc/prometheus')
    elif daemon_type == 'node-exporter':
        uid, gid = 65534, 65534
    elif daemon_type == 'grafana':
        uid, gid = extract_uid_gid(file_path='/var/lib/grafana')
    elif daemon_type == 'alertmanager':
        uid, gid = extract_uid_gid(file_path=['/etc/alertmanager', '/etc/prometheus'])
    else:
        raise Error("{} not implemented yet".format(daemon_type))
    return uid, gid


@default_image
def command_deploy():
    # type: () -> None
    daemon_type, daemon_id = args.name.split('.', 1)

    l = FileLock(args.fsid)
    l.acquire()

    if daemon_type not in get_supported_daemons():
        raise Error('daemon type %s not recognized' % daemon_type)

    redeploy = False
    unit_name = get_unit_name(args.fsid, daemon_type, daemon_id)
    container_name = 'ceph-%s-%s.%s' % (args.fsid, daemon_type, daemon_id)
    (_, state, _) = check_unit(unit_name)
    if state == 'running' or is_container_running(container_name):
        redeploy = True

    if args.reconfig:
        logger.info('%s daemon %s ...' % ('Reconfig', args.name))
    elif redeploy:
        logger.info('%s daemon %s ...' % ('Redeploy', args.name))
    else:
        logger.info('%s daemon %s ...' % ('Deploy', args.name))

    # Get and check ports explicitly required to be opened
    daemon_ports = [] # type: List[int]
    if args.tcp_ports:
        daemon_ports = list(map(int, args.tcp_ports.split()))

    if daemon_type in Ceph.daemons:
        config, keyring = get_config_and_keyring()
        uid, gid = extract_uid_gid()
        make_var_run(args.fsid, uid, gid)

        c = get_container(args.fsid, daemon_type, daemon_id,
                          ptrace=args.allow_ptrace)
        deploy_daemon(args.fsid, daemon_type, daemon_id, c, uid, gid,
                      config=config, keyring=keyring,
                      osd_fsid=args.osd_fsid,
                      reconfig=args.reconfig,
                      ports=daemon_ports)

    elif daemon_type in Monitoring.components:
        # monitoring daemon - prometheus, grafana, alertmanager, node-exporter
        # Default Checks
        if not args.reconfig and not redeploy:
            daemon_ports.extend(Monitoring.port_map[daemon_type])

        # make sure provided config-json is sufficient
        config = get_parm(args.config_json) # type: ignore
        required_files = Monitoring.components[daemon_type].get('config-json-files', list())
        required_args = Monitoring.components[daemon_type].get('config-json-args', list())
        if required_files:
            if not config or not all(c in config.get('files', {}).keys() for c in required_files):  # type: ignore
                raise Error("{} deployment requires config-json which must "
                            "contain file content for {}".format(daemon_type.capitalize(), ', '.join(required_files)))
        if required_args:
            if not config or not all(c in config.keys() for c in required_args):  # type: ignore
                raise Error("{} deployment requires config-json which must "
                            "contain arg for {}".format(daemon_type.capitalize(), ', '.join(required_args)))

        uid, gid = extract_uid_gid_monitoring(daemon_type)
        c = get_container(args.fsid, daemon_type, daemon_id)
        deploy_daemon(args.fsid, daemon_type, daemon_id, c, uid, gid,
                      reconfig=args.reconfig,
                      ports=daemon_ports)

    elif daemon_type == NFSGanesha.daemon_type:
        if not args.reconfig and not redeploy:
            daemon_ports.extend(NFSGanesha.port_map.values())

        config, keyring = get_config_and_keyring()
        # TODO: extract ganesha uid/gid (997, 994) ?
        uid, gid = extract_uid_gid()
        c = get_container(args.fsid, daemon_type, daemon_id)
        deploy_daemon(args.fsid, daemon_type, daemon_id, c, uid, gid,
                      config=config, keyring=keyring,
                      reconfig=args.reconfig,
                      ports=daemon_ports)

    elif daemon_type == CephIscsi.daemon_type:
        config, keyring = get_config_and_keyring()
        uid, gid = extract_uid_gid()
        c = get_container(args.fsid, daemon_type, daemon_id)
        deploy_daemon(args.fsid, daemon_type, daemon_id, c, uid, gid,
                      config=config, keyring=keyring,
                      reconfig=args.reconfig,
                      ports=daemon_ports)

    elif daemon_type == CustomContainer.daemon_type:
        cc = CustomContainer.init(args.fsid, daemon_id)
        if not args.reconfig and not redeploy:
            daemon_ports.extend(cc.ports)
        c = get_container(args.fsid, daemon_type, daemon_id,
                          privileged=cc.privileged,
                          ptrace=args.allow_ptrace)
        deploy_daemon(args.fsid, daemon_type, daemon_id, c,
                      uid=cc.uid, gid=cc.gid, config=None,
                      keyring=None, reconfig=args.reconfig,
                      ports=daemon_ports)

    else:
        raise Error('daemon type {} not implemented in command_deploy function'
                    .format(daemon_type))

##################################


@infer_image
def command_run():
    # type: () -> int
    (daemon_type, daemon_id) = args.name.split('.', 1)
    c = get_container(args.fsid, daemon_type, daemon_id)
    command = c.run_cmd()
    return call_timeout(command, args.timeout)

##################################


@infer_fsid
@infer_config
@infer_image
def command_shell():
    # type: () -> int
    if args.fsid:
        make_log_dir(args.fsid)
    if args.name:
        if '.' in args.name:
            (daemon_type, daemon_id) = args.name.split('.', 1)
        else:
            daemon_type = args.name
            daemon_id = None
    else:
        daemon_type = 'osd'  # get the most mounts
        daemon_id = None

    if daemon_id and not args.fsid:
        raise Error('must pass --fsid to specify cluster')

    # use /etc/ceph files by default, if present.  we do this instead of
    # making these defaults in the arg parser because we don't want an error
    # if they don't exist.
    if not args.keyring and os.path.exists(SHELL_DEFAULT_KEYRING):
        args.keyring = SHELL_DEFAULT_KEYRING

    container_args = [] # type: List[str]
    mounts = get_container_mounts(args.fsid, daemon_type, daemon_id,
                                  no_config=True if args.config else False)
    binds = get_container_binds(args.fsid, daemon_type, daemon_id)
    if args.config:
        mounts[pathify(args.config)] = '/etc/ceph/ceph.conf:z'
    if args.keyring:
        mounts[pathify(args.keyring)] = '/etc/ceph/ceph.keyring:z'
    if args.mount:
        for _mount in args.mount:
            split_src_dst = _mount.split(':')
            mount = pathify(split_src_dst[0])
            filename = os.path.basename(split_src_dst[0])
            if len(split_src_dst) > 1:
                dst = split_src_dst[1] + ':z' if len(split_src_dst) == 3 else split_src_dst[1]
                mounts[mount] = dst
            else:
                mounts[mount] = '/mnt/{}:z'.format(filename)
    if args.command:
        command = args.command
    else:
        command = ['bash']
        container_args += [
            '-it',
            '-e', 'LANG=C',
            '-e', "PS1=%s" % CUSTOM_PS1,
        ]
        if args.fsid:
            home = os.path.join(args.data_dir, args.fsid, 'home')
            if not os.path.exists(home):
                logger.debug('Creating root home at %s' % home)
                makedirs(home, 0, 0, 0o660)
                if os.path.exists('/etc/skel'):
                    for f in os.listdir('/etc/skel'):
                        if f.startswith('.bash'):
                            shutil.copyfile(os.path.join('/etc/skel', f),
                                            os.path.join(home, f))
            mounts[home] = '/root'

    c = CephContainer(
        image=args.image,
        entrypoint='doesnotmatter',
        args=[],
        container_args=container_args,
        volume_mounts=mounts,
        bind_mounts=binds,
        envs=args.env,
        privileged=True)
    command = c.shell_cmd(command)

    return call_timeout(command, args.timeout)

##################################


@infer_fsid
def command_enter():
    # type: () -> int
    if not args.fsid:
        raise Error('must pass --fsid to specify cluster')
    (daemon_type, daemon_id) = args.name.split('.', 1)
    container_args = [] # type: List[str]
    if args.command:
        command = args.command
    else:
        command = ['sh']
        container_args += [
            '-it',
            '-e', 'LANG=C',
            '-e', "PS1=%s" % CUSTOM_PS1,
        ]
    c = CephContainer(
        image=args.image,
        entrypoint='doesnotmatter',
        container_args=container_args,
        cname='ceph-%s-%s.%s' % (args.fsid, daemon_type, daemon_id),
    )
    command = c.exec_cmd(command)
    return call_timeout(command, args.timeout)

##################################


@infer_fsid
@infer_image
def command_ceph_volume():
    # type: () -> None
    if args.fsid:
        make_log_dir(args.fsid)

        l = FileLock(args.fsid)
        l.acquire()

    (uid, gid) = (0, 0) # ceph-volume runs as root
    mounts = get_container_mounts(args.fsid, 'osd', None)

    tmp_config = None
    tmp_keyring = None

    (config, keyring) = get_config_and_keyring()

    if config:
        # tmp config file
        tmp_config = write_tmp(config, uid, gid)
        mounts[tmp_config.name] = '/etc/ceph/ceph.conf:z'

    if keyring:
        # tmp keyring file
        tmp_keyring = write_tmp(keyring, uid, gid)
        mounts[tmp_keyring.name] = '/var/lib/ceph/bootstrap-osd/ceph.keyring:z'

    c = CephContainer(
        image=args.image,
        entrypoint='/usr/sbin/ceph-volume',
        envs=args.env,
        args=args.command,
        privileged=True,
        volume_mounts=mounts,
    )
    out, err, code = call_throws(c.run_cmd(), verbosity=CallVerbosity.VERBOSE)
    if not code:
        print(out)

##################################


@infer_fsid
def command_unit():
    # type: () -> None
    if not args.fsid:
        raise Error('must pass --fsid to specify cluster')

    unit_name = get_unit_name_by_daemon_name(args.fsid, args.name)

    call_throws([
        'systemctl',
        args.command,
        unit_name],
        verbosity=CallVerbosity.VERBOSE,
        desc=''
    )

##################################


@infer_fsid
def command_logs():
    # type: () -> None
    if not args.fsid:
        raise Error('must pass --fsid to specify cluster')

    unit_name = get_unit_name_by_daemon_name(args.fsid, args.name)

    cmd = [find_program('journalctl')]
    cmd.extend(['-u', unit_name])
    if args.command:
        cmd.extend(args.command)

    # call this directly, without our wrapper, so that we get an unmolested
    # stdout with logger prefixing.
    logger.debug("Running command: %s" % ' '.join(cmd))
    subprocess.call(cmd) # type: ignore

##################################


def list_networks():
    # type: () -> Dict[str,List[str]]

    ## sadly, 18.04's iproute2 4.15.0-2ubun doesn't support the -j flag,
    ## so we'll need to use a regex to parse 'ip' command output.
    #out, _, _ = call_throws(['ip', '-j', 'route', 'ls'])
    #j = json.loads(out)
    #for x in j:

    res = _list_ipv4_networks()
    res.update(_list_ipv6_networks())
    return res


def _list_ipv4_networks():
    out, _, _ = call_throws([find_executable('ip'), 'route', 'ls'])
    return _parse_ipv4_route(out)


def _parse_ipv4_route(out):
    r = {}  # type: Dict[str,List[str]]
    p = re.compile(r'^(\S+) (.*)scope link (.*)src (\S+)')
    for line in out.splitlines():
        m = p.findall(line)
        if not m:
            continue
        net = m[0][0]
        ip = m[0][3]
        if net not in r:
            r[net] = []
        r[net].append(ip)
    return r


def _list_ipv6_networks():
    routes, _, _ = call_throws([find_executable('ip'), '-6', 'route', 'ls'])
    ips, _, _ = call_throws([find_executable('ip'), '-6', 'addr', 'ls'])
    return _parse_ipv6_route(routes, ips)


def _parse_ipv6_route(routes, ips):
    r = {}  # type: Dict[str,List[str]]
    route_p = re.compile(r'^(\S+) dev (\S+) proto (\S+) metric (\S+) .*pref (\S+)$')
    ip_p = re.compile(r'^\s+inet6 (\S+)/(.*)scope (.*)$')
    for line in routes.splitlines():
        m = route_p.findall(line)
        if not m or m[0][0].lower() == 'default':
            continue
        net = m[0][0]
        if net not in r:
            r[net] = []

    for line in ips.splitlines():
        m = ip_p.findall(line)
        if not m:
            continue
        ip = m[0][0]
        # find the network it belongs to
        net = [n for n in r.keys()
               if ipaddress.ip_address(unicode(ip)) in ipaddress.ip_network(unicode(n))]
        if net:
            r[net[0]].append(ip)

    return r


def command_list_networks():
    # type: () -> None
    r = list_networks()
    print(json.dumps(r, indent=4))

##################################


def command_ls():
    # type: () -> None

    ls = list_daemons(detail=not args.no_detail,
                      legacy_dir=args.legacy_dir)
    print(json.dumps(ls, indent=4))


def list_daemons(detail=True, legacy_dir=None):
    # type: (bool, Optional[str]) -> List[Dict[str, str]]
    host_version = None
    ls = []

    data_dir = args.data_dir
    if legacy_dir is not None:
        data_dir = os.path.abspath(legacy_dir + data_dir)

    # keep track of ceph versions we see
    seen_versions = {}  # type: Dict[str, Optional[str]]

    # /var/lib/ceph
    if os.path.exists(data_dir):
        for i in os.listdir(data_dir):
            if i in ['mon', 'osd', 'mds', 'mgr']:
                daemon_type = i
                for j in os.listdir(os.path.join(data_dir, i)):
                    if '-' not in j:
                        continue
                    (cluster, daemon_id) = j.split('-', 1)
                    fsid = get_legacy_daemon_fsid(
                            cluster, daemon_type, daemon_id,
                            legacy_dir=legacy_dir)
                    legacy_unit_name = 'ceph-%s@%s' % (daemon_type, daemon_id)
                    i = {
                        'style': 'legacy',
                        'name': '%s.%s' % (daemon_type, daemon_id),
                        'fsid': fsid if fsid is not None else 'unknown',
                        'systemd_unit': legacy_unit_name,
                    }
                    if detail:
                        (i['enabled'], i['state'], _) = check_unit(legacy_unit_name)
                        if not host_version:
                            try:
                                out, err, code = call(['ceph', '-v'])
                                if not code and out.startswith('ceph version '):
                                    host_version = out.split(' ')[2]
                            except Exception:
                                pass
                        i['host_version'] = host_version
                    ls.append(i)
            elif is_fsid(i):
                fsid = str(i)  # convince mypy that fsid is a str here
                for j in os.listdir(os.path.join(data_dir, i)):
                    if '.' in j:
                        name = j
                        (daemon_type, daemon_id) = j.split('.', 1)
                        unit_name = get_unit_name(fsid,
                                                  daemon_type,
                                                  daemon_id)
                    else:
                        continue
                    i = {
                        'style': 'cephadm:v1',
                        'name': name,
                        'fsid': fsid,
                        'systemd_unit': unit_name,
                    }
                    if detail:
                        # get container id
                        (i['enabled'], i['state'], _) = check_unit(unit_name)
                        container_id = None
                        image_name = None
                        image_id = None
                        version = None
                        start_stamp = None

                        if 'podman' in container_path and get_podman_version() < (1, 6, 2):
                            image_field = '.ImageID'
                        else:
                            image_field = '.Image'

                        out, err, code = call(
                            [
                                container_path, 'inspect',
                                '--format', '{{.Id}},{{.Config.Image}},{{%s}},{{.Created}},{{index .Config.Labels "io.ceph.version"}}' % image_field,
                                'ceph-%s-%s' % (fsid, j)
                            ],
                            verbosity=CallVerbosity.DEBUG)
                        if not code:
                            (container_id, image_name, image_id, start,
                             version) = out.strip().split(',')
                            image_id = normalize_container_id(image_id)
                            daemon_type = name.split('.', 1)[0]
                            start_stamp = try_convert_datetime(start)
                            if not version or '.' not in version:
                                version = seen_versions.get(image_id, None)
                            if daemon_type == NFSGanesha.daemon_type:
                                version = NFSGanesha.get_version(container_id)
                            if daemon_type == CephIscsi.daemon_type:
                                version = CephIscsi.get_version(container_id)
                            elif not version:
                                if daemon_type in Ceph.daemons:
                                    out, err, code = call(
                                        [container_path, 'exec', container_id,
                                         'ceph', '-v'])
                                    if not code and \
                                       out.startswith('ceph version '):
                                        version = out.split(' ')[2]
                                        seen_versions[image_id] = version
                                elif daemon_type == 'grafana':
                                    out, err, code = call(
                                        [container_path, 'exec', container_id,
                                         'grafana-server', '-v'])
                                    if not code and \
                                       out.startswith('Version '):
                                        version = out.split(' ')[1]
                                        seen_versions[image_id] = version
                                elif daemon_type in ['prometheus',
                                                     'alertmanager',
                                                     'node-exporter']:
                                    version = Monitoring.get_version(container_path, container_id, daemon_type)
                                    seen_versions[image_id] = version
                                elif daemon_type == CustomContainer.daemon_type:
                                    # Because a custom container can contain
                                    # everything, we do not know which command
                                    # to execute to get the version.
                                    pass
                                else:
                                    logger.warning('version for unknown daemon type %s' % daemon_type)
                        else:
                            vfile = os.path.join(data_dir, fsid, j, 'unit.image') # type: ignore
                            try:
                                with open(vfile, 'r') as f:
                                    image_name = f.read().strip() or None
                            except IOError:
                                pass
                        i['container_id'] = container_id
                        i['container_image_name'] = image_name
                        i['container_image_id'] = image_id
                        i['version'] = version
                        i['started'] = start_stamp
                        i['created'] = get_file_timestamp(
                            os.path.join(data_dir, fsid, j, 'unit.created')
                        )
                        i['deployed'] = get_file_timestamp(
                            os.path.join(data_dir, fsid, j, 'unit.image'))
                        i['configured'] = get_file_timestamp(
                            os.path.join(data_dir, fsid, j, 'unit.configured'))

                    ls.append(i)

    return ls


def get_daemon_description(fsid, name, detail=False, legacy_dir=None):
    # type: (str, str, bool, Optional[str]) -> Dict[str, str]

    for d in list_daemons(detail=detail, legacy_dir=legacy_dir):
        if d['fsid'] != fsid:
            continue
        if d['name'] != name:
            continue
        return d
    raise Error('Daemon not found: {}. See `cephadm ls`'.format(name))


##################################

@default_image
def command_adopt():
    # type: () -> None

    if not args.skip_pull:
        _pull_image(args.image)

    (daemon_type, daemon_id) = args.name.split('.', 1)

    # legacy check
    if args.style != 'legacy':
        raise Error('adoption of style %s not implemented' % args.style)

    # lock
    fsid = get_legacy_daemon_fsid(args.cluster,
                                  daemon_type,
                                  daemon_id,
                                  legacy_dir=args.legacy_dir)
    if not fsid:
        raise Error('could not detect legacy fsid; set fsid in ceph.conf')
    l = FileLock(fsid)
    l.acquire()

    # call correct adoption
    if daemon_type in Ceph.daemons:
        command_adopt_ceph(daemon_type, daemon_id, fsid);
    elif daemon_type == 'prometheus':
        command_adopt_prometheus(daemon_id, fsid)
    elif daemon_type == 'grafana':
        command_adopt_grafana(daemon_id, fsid)
    elif daemon_type == 'node-exporter':
        raise Error('adoption of node-exporter not implemented')
    elif daemon_type == 'alertmanager':
        command_adopt_alertmanager(daemon_id, fsid)
    else:
        raise Error('daemon type %s not recognized' % daemon_type)


class AdoptOsd(object):
    def __init__(self, osd_data_dir, osd_id):
        # type: (str, str) -> None
        self.osd_data_dir = osd_data_dir
        self.osd_id = osd_id

    def check_online_osd(self):
        # type: () -> Tuple[Optional[str], Optional[str]]

        osd_fsid, osd_type = None, None

        path = os.path.join(self.osd_data_dir, 'fsid')
        try:
            with open(path, 'r') as f:
                osd_fsid = f.read().strip()
            logger.info("Found online OSD at %s" % path)
        except IOError:
            logger.info('Unable to read OSD fsid from %s' % path)
        if os.path.exists(os.path.join(self.osd_data_dir, 'type')):
            with open(os.path.join(self.osd_data_dir, 'type')) as f:
                osd_type = f.read().strip()
        else:
            logger.info('"type" file missing for OSD data dir')

        return osd_fsid, osd_type

    def check_offline_lvm_osd(self):
        # type: () -> Tuple[Optional[str], Optional[str]]

        osd_fsid, osd_type = None, None

        c = CephContainer(
            image=args.image,
            entrypoint='/usr/sbin/ceph-volume',
            args=['lvm', 'list', '--format=json'],
            privileged=True
        )
        out, err, code = call_throws(c.run_cmd())
        if not code:
            try:
                js = json.loads(out)
                if self.osd_id in js:
                    logger.info("Found offline LVM OSD {}".format(self.osd_id))
                    osd_fsid = js[self.osd_id][0]['tags']['ceph.osd_fsid']
                    for device in js[self.osd_id]:
                        if device['tags']['ceph.type'] == 'block':
                            osd_type = 'bluestore'
                            break
                        if device['tags']['ceph.type'] == 'data':
                            osd_type = 'filestore'
                            break
            except ValueError as e:
                logger.info("Invalid JSON in ceph-volume lvm list: {}".format(e))

        return osd_fsid, osd_type

    def check_offline_simple_osd(self):
        # type: () -> Tuple[Optional[str], Optional[str]]

        osd_fsid, osd_type = None, None

        osd_file = glob("/etc/ceph/osd/{}-[a-f0-9-]*.json".format(self.osd_id))
        if len(osd_file) == 1:
            with open(osd_file[0], 'r') as f:
                try:
                    js = json.loads(f.read())
                    logger.info("Found offline simple OSD {}".format(self.osd_id))
                    osd_fsid = js["fsid"]
                    osd_type = js["type"]
                    if osd_type != "filestore":
                        # need this to be mounted for the adopt to work, as it
                        # needs to move files from this directory
                        call_throws(['mount', js["data"]["path"], self.osd_data_dir])
                except ValueError as e:
                    logger.info("Invalid JSON in {}: {}".format(osd_file, e))

        return osd_fsid, osd_type


def command_adopt_ceph(daemon_type, daemon_id, fsid):
    # type: (str, str, str) -> None

    (uid, gid) = extract_uid_gid()

    data_dir_src = ('/var/lib/ceph/%s/%s-%s' %
                    (daemon_type, args.cluster, daemon_id))
    data_dir_src = os.path.abspath(args.legacy_dir + data_dir_src)

    if not os.path.exists(data_dir_src):
        raise Error("{}.{} data directory '{}' does not exist.  "
                    "Incorrect ID specified, or daemon alrady adopted?".format(
                    daemon_type, daemon_id, data_dir_src))

    osd_fsid = None
    if daemon_type == 'osd':
        adopt_osd = AdoptOsd(data_dir_src, daemon_id)
        osd_fsid, osd_type = adopt_osd.check_online_osd()
        if not osd_fsid:
            osd_fsid, osd_type = adopt_osd.check_offline_lvm_osd()
        if not osd_fsid:
            osd_fsid, osd_type = adopt_osd.check_offline_simple_osd()
        if not osd_fsid:
            raise Error('Unable to find OSD {}'.format(daemon_id))
        logger.info('objectstore_type is %s' % osd_type)
        assert osd_type
        if osd_type == 'filestore':
            raise Error('FileStore is not supported by cephadm')

    # NOTE: implicit assumption here that the units correspond to the
    # cluster we are adopting based on the /etc/{defaults,sysconfig}/ceph
    # CLUSTER field.
    unit_name = 'ceph-%s@%s' % (daemon_type, daemon_id)
    (enabled, state, _) = check_unit(unit_name)
    if state == 'running':
        logger.info('Stopping old systemd unit %s...' % unit_name)
        call_throws(['systemctl', 'stop', unit_name])
    if enabled:
        logger.info('Disabling old systemd unit %s...' % unit_name)
        call_throws(['systemctl', 'disable', unit_name])

    # data
    logger.info('Moving data...')
    data_dir_dst = make_data_dir(fsid, daemon_type, daemon_id,
                                 uid=uid, gid=gid)
    move_files(glob(os.path.join(data_dir_src, '*')),
               data_dir_dst,
               uid=uid, gid=gid)
    logger.debug('Remove dir \'%s\'' % (data_dir_src))
    if os.path.ismount(data_dir_src):
        call_throws(['umount', data_dir_src])
    os.rmdir(data_dir_src)

    logger.info('Chowning content...')
    call_throws(['chown', '-c', '-R', '%d.%d' % (uid, gid), data_dir_dst])

    if daemon_type == 'mon':
        # rename *.ldb -> *.sst, in case they are coming from ubuntu
        store = os.path.join(data_dir_dst, 'store.db')
        num_renamed = 0
        if os.path.exists(store):
            for oldf in os.listdir(store):
                if oldf.endswith('.ldb'):
                    newf = oldf.replace('.ldb', '.sst')
                    oldp = os.path.join(store, oldf)
                    newp = os.path.join(store, newf)
                    logger.debug('Renaming %s -> %s' % (oldp, newp))
                    os.rename(oldp, newp)
        if num_renamed:
            logger.info('Renamed %d leveldb *.ldb files to *.sst',
                        num_renamed)
    if daemon_type == 'osd':
        for n in ['block', 'block.db', 'block.wal']:
            p = os.path.join(data_dir_dst, n)
            if os.path.exists(p):
                logger.info('Chowning %s...' % p)
                os.chown(p, uid, gid)
        # disable the ceph-volume 'simple' mode files on the host
        simple_fn = os.path.join('/etc/ceph/osd',
                                 '%s-%s.json' % (daemon_id, osd_fsid))
        if os.path.exists(simple_fn):
            new_fn = simple_fn + '.adopted-by-cephadm'
            logger.info('Renaming %s -> %s', simple_fn, new_fn)
            os.rename(simple_fn, new_fn)
            logger.info('Disabling host unit ceph-volume@ simple unit...')
            call(['systemctl', 'disable',
                  'ceph-volume@simple-%s-%s.service' % (daemon_id, osd_fsid)])
        else:
            # assume this is an 'lvm' c-v for now, but don't error
            # out if it's not.
            logger.info('Disabling host unit ceph-volume@ lvm unit...')
            call(['systemctl', 'disable',
                  'ceph-volume@lvm-%s-%s.service' % (daemon_id, osd_fsid)])

    # config
    config_src = '/etc/ceph/%s.conf' % (args.cluster)
    config_src = os.path.abspath(args.legacy_dir + config_src)
    config_dst = os.path.join(data_dir_dst, 'config')
    copy_files([config_src], config_dst, uid=uid, gid=gid)

    # logs
    logger.info('Moving logs...')
    log_dir_src = ('/var/log/ceph/%s-%s.%s.log*' %
                    (args.cluster, daemon_type, daemon_id))
    log_dir_src = os.path.abspath(args.legacy_dir + log_dir_src)
    log_dir_dst = make_log_dir(fsid, uid=uid, gid=gid)
    move_files(glob(log_dir_src),
               log_dir_dst,
               uid=uid, gid=gid)

    logger.info('Creating new units...')
    make_var_run(fsid, uid, gid)
    c = get_container(fsid, daemon_type, daemon_id)
    deploy_daemon_units(fsid, uid, gid, daemon_type, daemon_id, c,
                        enable=True,  # unconditionally enable the new unit
                        start=(state == 'running' or args.force_start),
                        osd_fsid=osd_fsid)
    update_firewalld(daemon_type)


def command_adopt_prometheus(daemon_id, fsid):
    # type: (str, str) -> None

    daemon_type = 'prometheus'
    (uid, gid) = extract_uid_gid_monitoring(daemon_type)

    _stop_and_disable('prometheus')

    data_dir_dst = make_data_dir(fsid, daemon_type, daemon_id,
                                     uid=uid, gid=gid)

    # config
    config_src = '/etc/prometheus/prometheus.yml'
    config_src = os.path.abspath(args.legacy_dir + config_src)
    config_dst = os.path.join(data_dir_dst, 'etc/prometheus')
    makedirs(config_dst, uid, gid, 0o755)
    copy_files([config_src], config_dst, uid=uid, gid=gid)

    # data
    data_src = '/var/lib/prometheus/metrics/'
    data_src = os.path.abspath(args.legacy_dir + data_src)
    data_dst = os.path.join(data_dir_dst, 'data')
    copy_tree([data_src], data_dst, uid=uid, gid=gid)

    make_var_run(fsid, uid, gid)
    c = get_container(fsid, daemon_type, daemon_id)
    deploy_daemon(fsid, daemon_type, daemon_id, c, uid, gid)
    update_firewalld(daemon_type)


def command_adopt_grafana(daemon_id, fsid):
    # type: (str, str) -> None

    daemon_type = 'grafana'
    (uid, gid) = extract_uid_gid_monitoring(daemon_type)

    _stop_and_disable('grafana-server')

    data_dir_dst = make_data_dir(fsid, daemon_type, daemon_id,
                                     uid=uid, gid=gid)

    # config
    config_src = '/etc/grafana/grafana.ini'
    config_src = os.path.abspath(args.legacy_dir + config_src)
    config_dst = os.path.join(data_dir_dst, 'etc/grafana')
    makedirs(config_dst, uid, gid, 0o755)
    copy_files([config_src], config_dst, uid=uid, gid=gid)

    prov_src = '/etc/grafana/provisioning/'
    prov_src = os.path.abspath(args.legacy_dir + prov_src)
    prov_dst = os.path.join(data_dir_dst, 'etc/grafana')
    copy_tree([prov_src], prov_dst, uid=uid, gid=gid)

    # cert
    cert = '/etc/grafana/grafana.crt'
    key = '/etc/grafana/grafana.key'
    if os.path.exists(cert) and os.path.exists(key):
        cert_src = '/etc/grafana/grafana.crt'
        cert_src = os.path.abspath(args.legacy_dir + cert_src)
        makedirs(os.path.join(data_dir_dst, 'etc/grafana/certs'), uid, gid, 0o755)
        cert_dst = os.path.join(data_dir_dst, 'etc/grafana/certs/cert_file')
        copy_files([cert_src], cert_dst, uid=uid, gid=gid)

        key_src = '/etc/grafana/grafana.key'
        key_src = os.path.abspath(args.legacy_dir + key_src)
        key_dst = os.path.join(data_dir_dst, 'etc/grafana/certs/cert_key')
        copy_files([key_src], key_dst, uid=uid, gid=gid)

        _adjust_grafana_ini(os.path.join(config_dst, 'grafana.ini'))
    else:
        logger.debug("Skipping ssl, missing cert {} or key {}".format(cert, key))

    # data - possible custom dashboards/plugins
    data_src = '/var/lib/grafana/'
    data_src = os.path.abspath(args.legacy_dir + data_src)
    data_dst = os.path.join(data_dir_dst, 'data')
    copy_tree([data_src], data_dst, uid=uid, gid=gid)

    make_var_run(fsid, uid, gid)
    c = get_container(fsid, daemon_type, daemon_id)
    deploy_daemon(fsid, daemon_type, daemon_id, c, uid, gid)
    update_firewalld(daemon_type)


def command_adopt_alertmanager(daemon_id, fsid):
    # type: (str, str) -> None

    daemon_type = 'alertmanager'
    (uid, gid) = extract_uid_gid_monitoring(daemon_type)

    _stop_and_disable('prometheus-alertmanager')

    data_dir_dst = make_data_dir(fsid, daemon_type, daemon_id,
                                     uid=uid, gid=gid)

    # config
    config_src = '/etc/prometheus/alertmanager.yml'
    config_src = os.path.abspath(args.legacy_dir + config_src)
    config_dst = os.path.join(data_dir_dst, 'etc/alertmanager')
    makedirs(config_dst, uid, gid, 0o755)
    copy_files([config_src], config_dst, uid=uid, gid=gid)

    # data
    data_src = '/var/lib/prometheus/alertmanager/'
    data_src = os.path.abspath(args.legacy_dir + data_src)
    data_dst = os.path.join(data_dir_dst, 'etc/alertmanager/data')
    copy_tree([data_src], data_dst, uid=uid, gid=gid)

    make_var_run(fsid, uid, gid)
    c = get_container(fsid, daemon_type, daemon_id)
    deploy_daemon(fsid, daemon_type, daemon_id, c, uid, gid)
    update_firewalld(daemon_type)


def _adjust_grafana_ini(filename):
    # type: (str) -> None

    # Update cert_file, cert_key pathnames in server section
    # ConfigParser does not preserve comments
    try:
        with open(filename, "r") as grafana_ini:
            lines = grafana_ini.readlines()
        with open("{}.new".format(filename), "w") as grafana_ini:
            server_section=False
            for line in lines:
                if line.startswith('['):
                    server_section=False
                if line.startswith('[server]'):
                    server_section=True
                if server_section:
                    line = re.sub(r'^cert_file.*',
                            'cert_file = /etc/grafana/certs/cert_file', line)
                    line = re.sub(r'^cert_key.*',
                            'cert_key = /etc/grafana/certs/cert_key', line)
                grafana_ini.write(line)
        os.rename("{}.new".format(filename), filename)
    except OSError as err:
        raise Error("Cannot update {}: {}".format(filename, err))


def _stop_and_disable(unit_name):
    # type: (str) -> None

    (enabled, state, _) = check_unit(unit_name)
    if state == 'running':
        logger.info('Stopping old systemd unit %s...' % unit_name)
        call_throws(['systemctl', 'stop', unit_name])
    if enabled:
        logger.info('Disabling old systemd unit %s...' % unit_name)
        call_throws(['systemctl', 'disable', unit_name])


##################################

def command_rm_daemon():
    # type: () -> None

    l = FileLock(args.fsid)
    l.acquire()

    unit_name = get_unit_name_by_daemon_name(args.fsid, args.name)

    (daemon_type, daemon_id) = args.name.split('.', 1)
    if daemon_type in ['mon', 'osd'] and not args.force:
        raise Error('must pass --force to proceed: '
                      'this command may destroy precious data!')

    call(['systemctl', 'stop', unit_name],
         verbosity=CallVerbosity.DEBUG)
    call(['systemctl', 'reset-failed', unit_name],
         verbosity=CallVerbosity.DEBUG)
    call(['systemctl', 'disable', unit_name],
         verbosity=CallVerbosity.DEBUG)
    data_dir = get_data_dir(args.fsid, daemon_type, daemon_id)
    if daemon_type in ['mon', 'osd', 'prometheus'] and \
       not args.force_delete_data:
        # rename it out of the way -- do not delete
        backup_dir = os.path.join(args.data_dir, args.fsid, 'removed')
        if not os.path.exists(backup_dir):
            makedirs(backup_dir, 0, 0, DATA_DIR_MODE)
        dirname = '%s.%s_%s' % (daemon_type, daemon_id,
                                datetime.datetime.utcnow().strftime(DATEFMT))
        os.rename(data_dir,
                  os.path.join(backup_dir, dirname))
    else:
        call_throws(['rm', '-rf', data_dir])

##################################


def command_rm_cluster():
    # type: () -> None
    if not args.force:
        raise Error('must pass --force to proceed: '
                      'this command may destroy precious data!')

    l = FileLock(args.fsid)
    l.acquire()

    # stop + disable individual daemon units
    for d in list_daemons(detail=False):
        if d['fsid'] != args.fsid:
            continue
        if d['style'] != 'cephadm:v1':
            continue
        unit_name = get_unit_name(args.fsid, d['name'])
        call(['systemctl', 'stop', unit_name],
             verbosity=CallVerbosity.DEBUG)
        call(['systemctl', 'reset-failed', unit_name],
             verbosity=CallVerbosity.DEBUG)
        call(['systemctl', 'disable', unit_name],
             verbosity=CallVerbosity.DEBUG)

    # cluster units
    for unit_name in ['ceph-%s.target' % args.fsid]:
        call(['systemctl', 'stop', unit_name],
             verbosity=CallVerbosity.DEBUG)
        call(['systemctl', 'reset-failed', unit_name],
             verbosity=CallVerbosity.DEBUG)
        call(['systemctl', 'disable', unit_name],
             verbosity=CallVerbosity.DEBUG)

    slice_name = 'system-%s.slice' % (('ceph-%s' % args.fsid).replace('-',
                                                                      '\\x2d'))
    call(['systemctl', 'stop', slice_name],
         verbosity=CallVerbosity.DEBUG)

    # rm units
    call_throws(['rm', '-f', args.unit_dir +
                             '/ceph-%s@.service' % args.fsid])
    call_throws(['rm', '-f', args.unit_dir +
                             '/ceph-%s.target' % args.fsid])
    call_throws(['rm', '-rf',
                  args.unit_dir + '/ceph-%s.target.wants' % args.fsid])
    # rm data
    call_throws(['rm', '-rf', args.data_dir + '/' + args.fsid])
    # rm logs
    call_throws(['rm', '-rf', args.log_dir + '/' + args.fsid])
    call_throws(['rm', '-rf', args.log_dir +
                             '/*.wants/ceph-%s@*' % args.fsid])
    # rm logrotate config
    call_throws(['rm', '-f', args.logrotate_dir + '/ceph-%s' % args.fsid])

    # clean up config, keyring, and pub key files
    files = ['/etc/ceph/ceph.conf', '/etc/ceph/ceph.pub', '/etc/ceph/ceph.client.admin.keyring']

    if os.path.exists(files[0]):
        valid_fsid = False
        with open(files[0]) as f:
            if args.fsid in f.read():
                valid_fsid = True
        if valid_fsid:
            for n in range(0, len(files)):
                if os.path.exists(files[n]):
                    os.remove(files[n])


##################################

def check_time_sync(enabler=None):
    # type: (Optional[Packager]) -> bool
    units = [
        'chrony.service',  # 18.04 (at least)
        'chronyd.service', # el / opensuse
        'systemd-timesyncd.service',
        'ntpd.service', # el7 (at least)
        'ntp.service',  # 18.04 (at least)
        'ntpsec.service',  # 20.04 (at least) / buster
    ]
    if not check_units(units, enabler):
        logger.warning('No time sync service is running; checked for %s' % units)
        return False
    return True


def command_check_host():
    # type: () -> None
    global container_path

    errors = []
    commands = ['systemctl', 'lvcreate']

    if args.docker:
        container_path = find_program('docker')
    else:
        for i in CONTAINER_PREFERENCE:
            try:
                container_path = find_program(i)
                break
            except Exception as e:
                logger.debug('Could not locate %s: %s' % (i, e))
        if not container_path:
            errors.append('Unable to locate any of %s' % CONTAINER_PREFERENCE)
        else:
            logger.info('podman|docker (%s) is present' % container_path)

    for command in commands:
        try:
            find_program(command)
            logger.info('%s is present' % command)
        except ValueError:
            errors.append('%s binary does not appear to be installed' % command)

    # check for configured+running chronyd or ntp
    if not check_time_sync():
        errors.append('No time synchronization is active')

    if 'expect_hostname' in args and args.expect_hostname:
        if get_hostname().lower() != args.expect_hostname.lower():
            errors.append('hostname "%s" does not match expected hostname "%s"' % (
                get_hostname(), args.expect_hostname))
        logger.info('Hostname "%s" matches what is expected.',
                    args.expect_hostname)

    if errors:
        raise Error('\n'.join(errors))

    logger.info('Host looks OK')

##################################


def command_prepare_host():
    # type: () -> None
    logger.info('Verifying podman|docker is present...')
    pkg = None
    if not container_path:
        if not pkg:
            pkg = create_packager()
        pkg.install_podman()

    logger.info('Verifying lvm2 is present...')
    if not find_executable('lvcreate'):
        if not pkg:
            pkg = create_packager()
        pkg.install(['lvm2'])

    logger.info('Verifying time synchronization is in place...')
    if not check_time_sync():
        if not pkg:
            pkg = create_packager()
        pkg.install(['chrony'])
        # check again, and this time try to enable
        # the service
        check_time_sync(enabler=pkg)

    if 'expect_hostname' in args and args.expect_hostname and args.expect_hostname != get_hostname():
        logger.warning('Adjusting hostname from %s -> %s...' % (get_hostname(), args.expect_hostname))
        call_throws(['hostname', args.expect_hostname])
        with open('/etc/hostname', 'w') as f:
            f.write(args.expect_hostname + '\n')

    logger.info('Repeating the final host check...')
    command_check_host()

##################################


class CustomValidation(argparse.Action):

    def _check_name(self, values):
        try:
            (daemon_type, daemon_id) = values.split('.', 1)
        except ValueError:
            raise argparse.ArgumentError(self,
                                         "must be of the format <type>.<id>. For example, osd.1 or prometheus.myhost.com")

        daemons = get_supported_daemons()
        if daemon_type not in daemons:
            raise argparse.ArgumentError(self,
                                         "name must declare the type of daemon e.g. "
                                         "{}".format(', '.join(daemons)))

    def __call__(self, parser, namespace, values, option_string=None):
        if self.dest == "name":
            self._check_name(values)
            setattr(namespace, self.dest, values)

##################################


def get_distro():
    # type: () -> Tuple[Optional[str], Optional[str], Optional[str]]
    distro = None
    distro_version = None
    distro_codename = None
    with open('/etc/os-release', 'r') as f:
        for line in f.readlines():
            line = line.strip()
            if '=' not in line or line.startswith('#'):
                continue
            (var, val) = line.split('=', 1)
            if val[0] == '"' and val[-1] == '"':
                val = val[1:-1]
            if var == 'ID':
                distro = val.lower()
            elif var == 'VERSION_ID':
                distro_version = val.lower()
            elif var == 'VERSION_CODENAME':
                distro_codename = val.lower()
    return distro, distro_version, distro_codename


class Packager(object):
    def __init__(self, stable=None, version=None, branch=None, commit=None):
        assert \
            (stable and not version and not branch and not commit) or \
            (not stable and version and not branch and not commit) or \
            (not stable and not version and branch) or \
            (not stable and not version and not branch and not commit)
        self.stable = stable
        self.version = version
        self.branch = branch
        self.commit = commit

    def add_repo(self):
        raise NotImplementedError

    def rm_repo(self):
        raise NotImplementedError

    def query_shaman(self, distro, distro_version, branch, commit):
        # query shaman
        logger.info('Fetching repo metadata from shaman and chacra...')
        shaman_url = 'https://shaman.ceph.com/api/repos/ceph/{branch}/{sha1}/{distro}/{distro_version}/repo/?arch={arch}'.format(
            distro=distro,
            distro_version=distro_version,
            branch=branch,
            sha1=commit or 'latest',
            arch=get_arch()
        )
        try:
            shaman_response = urlopen(shaman_url)
        except HTTPError as err:
            logger.error('repository not found in shaman (might not be available yet)')
            raise Error('%s, failed to fetch %s' % (err, shaman_url))
        try:
            chacra_url = shaman_response.geturl()
            chacra_response = urlopen(chacra_url)
        except HTTPError as err:
            logger.error('repository not found in chacra (might not be available yet)')
            raise Error('%s, failed to fetch %s' % (err, chacra_url))
        return chacra_response.read().decode('utf-8')

    def repo_gpgkey(self):
        if args.gpg_url:
            return args.gpg_url
        if self.stable or self.version:
            return 'https://download.ceph.com/keys/release.asc', 'release'
        else:
            return 'https://download.ceph.com/keys/autobuild.asc', 'autobuild'

    def enable_service(self, service):
        """
        Start and enable the service (typically using systemd).
        """
        call_throws(['systemctl', 'enable', '--now', service])


class Apt(Packager):
    DISTRO_NAMES = {
        'ubuntu': 'ubuntu',
        'debian': 'debian',
    }

    def __init__(self, stable, version, branch, commit,
                 distro, distro_version, distro_codename):
        super(Apt, self).__init__(stable=stable, version=version,
                                  branch=branch, commit=commit)
        self.distro = self.DISTRO_NAMES[distro]
        self.distro_codename = distro_codename
        self.distro_version = distro_version

    def repo_path(self):
        return '/etc/apt/sources.list.d/ceph.list'

    def add_repo(self):
        url, name = self.repo_gpgkey()
        logger.info('Installing repo GPG key from %s...' % url)
        try:
            response = urlopen(url)
        except HTTPError as err:
            logger.error('failed to fetch GPG repo key from %s: %s' % (
                url, err))
            raise Error('failed to fetch GPG key')
        key = response.read().decode('utf-8')
        with open('/etc/apt/trusted.gpg.d/ceph.%s.gpg' % name, 'w') as f:
            f.write(key)

        if self.version:
            content = 'deb %s/debian-%s/ %s main\n' % (
                args.repo_url, self.version, self.distro_codename)
        elif self.stable:
            content = 'deb %s/debian-%s/ %s main\n' % (
                args.repo_url, self.stable, self.distro_codename)
        else:
            content = self.query_shaman(self.distro, self.distro_codename, self.branch,
                                        self.commit)

        logger.info('Installing repo file at %s...' % self.repo_path())
        with open(self.repo_path(), 'w') as f:
            f.write(content)

    def rm_repo(self):
        for name in ['autobuild', 'release']:
            p = '/etc/apt/trusted.gpg.d/ceph.%s.gpg' % name
            if os.path.exists(p):
                logger.info('Removing repo GPG key %s...' % p)
                os.unlink(p)
        if os.path.exists(self.repo_path()):
            logger.info('Removing repo at %s...' % self.repo_path())
            os.unlink(self.repo_path())

        if self.distro == 'ubuntu':
            self.rm_kubic_repo()

    def install(self, ls):
        logger.info('Installing packages %s...' % ls)
        call_throws(['apt-get', 'install', '-y'] + ls)

    def install_podman(self):
        if self.distro == 'ubuntu':
            logger.info('Setting up repo for podman...')
            self.add_kubic_repo()
            call_throws(['apt-get', 'update'])

        logger.info('Attempting podman install...')
        try:
            self.install(['podman'])
        except Error as e:
            logger.info('Podman did not work.  Falling back to docker...')
            self.install(['docker.io'])

    def kubic_repo_url(self):
        return 'https://download.opensuse.org/repositories/devel:/kubic:/' \
               'libcontainers:/stable/xUbuntu_%s/' % self.distro_version

    def kubic_repo_path(self):
        return '/etc/apt/sources.list.d/devel:kubic:libcontainers:stable.list'

    def kubric_repo_gpgkey_url(self):
        return '%s/Release.key' % self.kubic_repo_url()

    def kubric_repo_gpgkey_path(self):
        return '/etc/apt/trusted.gpg.d/kubic.release.gpg'

    def add_kubic_repo(self):
        url = self.kubric_repo_gpgkey_url()
        logger.info('Installing repo GPG key from %s...' % url)
        try:
            response = urlopen(url)
        except HTTPError as err:
            logger.error('failed to fetch GPG repo key from %s: %s' % (
                url, err))
            raise Error('failed to fetch GPG key')
        key = response.read().decode('utf-8')
        tmp_key = write_tmp(key, 0, 0)
        keyring = self.kubric_repo_gpgkey_path()
        call_throws(['apt-key', '--keyring', keyring, 'add', tmp_key.name])

        logger.info('Installing repo file at %s...' % self.kubic_repo_path())
        content = 'deb %s /\n' % self.kubic_repo_url()
        with open(self.kubic_repo_path(), 'w') as f:
            f.write(content)

    def rm_kubic_repo(self):
        keyring = self.kubric_repo_gpgkey_path()
        if os.path.exists(keyring):
            logger.info('Removing repo GPG key %s...' % keyring)
            os.unlink(keyring)

        p = self.kubic_repo_path()
        if os.path.exists(p):
            logger.info('Removing repo at %s...' % p)
            os.unlink(p)


class YumDnf(Packager):
    DISTRO_NAMES = {
        'centos': ('centos', 'el'),
        'rhel': ('centos', 'el'),
        'scientific': ('centos', 'el'),
        'fedora': ('fedora', 'fc'),
    }

    def __init__(self, stable, version, branch, commit,
                 distro, distro_version):
        super(YumDnf, self).__init__(stable=stable, version=version,
                                     branch=branch, commit=commit)
        self.major = int(distro_version.split('.')[0])
        self.distro_normalized = self.DISTRO_NAMES[distro][0]
        self.distro_code = self.DISTRO_NAMES[distro][1] + str(self.major)
        if (self.distro_code == 'fc' and self.major >= 30) or \
           (self.distro_code == 'el' and self.major >= 8):
            self.tool = 'dnf'
        else:
            self.tool = 'yum'

    def custom_repo(self, **kw):
        """
        Repo files need special care in that a whole line should not be present
        if there is no value for it. Because we were using `format()` we could
        not conditionally add a line for a repo file. So the end result would
        contain a key with a missing value (say if we were passing `None`).

        For example, it could look like::

        [ceph repo]
        name= ceph repo
        proxy=
        gpgcheck=

        Which breaks. This function allows us to conditionally add lines,
        preserving an order and be more careful.

        Previously, and for historical purposes, this is how the template used
        to look::

        custom_repo =
        [{repo_name}]
        name={name}
        baseurl={baseurl}
        enabled={enabled}
        gpgcheck={gpgcheck}
        type={_type}
        gpgkey={gpgkey}
        proxy={proxy}

        """
        lines = []

        # by using tuples (vs a dict) we preserve the order of what we want to
        # return, like starting with a [repo name]
        tmpl = (
            ('reponame', '[%s]'),
            ('name', 'name=%s'),
            ('baseurl', 'baseurl=%s'),
            ('enabled', 'enabled=%s'),
            ('gpgcheck', 'gpgcheck=%s'),
            ('_type', 'type=%s'),
            ('gpgkey', 'gpgkey=%s'),
            ('proxy', 'proxy=%s'),
            ('priority', 'priority=%s'),
        )

        for line in tmpl:
            tmpl_key, tmpl_value = line  # key values from tmpl

            # ensure that there is an actual value (not None nor empty string)
            if tmpl_key in kw and kw.get(tmpl_key) not in (None, ''):
                lines.append(tmpl_value % kw.get(tmpl_key))

        return '\n'.join(lines)

    def repo_path(self):
        return '/etc/yum.repos.d/ceph.repo'

    def repo_baseurl(self):
        assert self.stable or self.version
        if self.version:
            return '%s/rpm-%s/%s' % (args.repo_url, self.version,
                                     self.distro_code)
        else:
            return '%s/rpm-%s/%s' % (args.repo_url, self.stable,
                                     self.distro_code)

    def add_repo(self):
        if self.stable or self.version:
            content = ''
            for n, t in {
                    'Ceph': '$basearch',
                    'Ceph-noarch': 'noarch',
                    'Ceph-source': 'SRPMS'}.items():
                content += '[%s]\n' % (n)
                content += self.custom_repo(
                    name='Ceph %s' % t,
                    baseurl=self.repo_baseurl() + '/' + t,
                    enabled=1,
                    gpgcheck=1,
                    gpgkey=self.repo_gpgkey()[0],
                )
                content += '\n\n'
        else:
            content = self.query_shaman(self.distro_normalized, self.major,
                                        self.branch,
                                        self.commit)

        logger.info('Writing repo to %s...' % self.repo_path())
        with open(self.repo_path(), 'w') as f:
            f.write(content)

        if self.distro_code.startswith('el'):
            logger.info('Enabling EPEL...')
            call_throws([self.tool, 'install', '-y', 'epel-release'])

    def rm_repo(self):
        if os.path.exists(self.repo_path()):
            os.unlink(self.repo_path())

    def install(self, ls):
        logger.info('Installing packages %s...' % ls)
        call_throws([self.tool, 'install', '-y'] + ls)

    def install_podman(self):
        self.install(['podman'])


class Zypper(Packager):
    DISTRO_NAMES = [
        'sles',
        'opensuse-tumbleweed',
        'opensuse-leap'
    ]

    def __init__(self, stable, version, branch, commit,
                 distro, distro_version):
        super(Zypper, self).__init__(stable=stable, version=version,
                                     branch=branch, commit=commit)
        self.tool = 'zypper'
        self.distro = 'opensuse'
        self.distro_version = '15.1'
        if 'tumbleweed' not in distro and distro_version is not None:
            self.distro_version = distro_version

    def custom_repo(self, **kw):
        """
        See YumDnf for format explanation.
        """
        lines = []

        # by using tuples (vs a dict) we preserve the order of what we want to
        # return, like starting with a [repo name]
        tmpl = (
            ('reponame', '[%s]'),
            ('name', 'name=%s'),
            ('baseurl', 'baseurl=%s'),
            ('enabled', 'enabled=%s'),
            ('gpgcheck', 'gpgcheck=%s'),
            ('_type', 'type=%s'),
            ('gpgkey', 'gpgkey=%s'),
            ('proxy', 'proxy=%s'),
            ('priority', 'priority=%s'),
        )

        for line in tmpl:
            tmpl_key, tmpl_value = line  # key values from tmpl

            # ensure that there is an actual value (not None nor empty string)
            if tmpl_key in kw and kw.get(tmpl_key) not in (None, ''):
                lines.append(tmpl_value % kw.get(tmpl_key))

        return '\n'.join(lines)

    def repo_path(self):
        return '/etc/zypp/repos.d/ceph.repo'

    def repo_baseurl(self):
        assert self.stable or self.version
        if self.version:
            return '%s/rpm-%s/%s' % (args.repo_url, self.stable, self.distro)
        else:
            return '%s/rpm-%s/%s' % (args.repo_url, self.stable, self.distro)

    def add_repo(self):
        if self.stable or self.version:
            content = ''
            for n, t in {
                    'Ceph': '$basearch',
                    'Ceph-noarch': 'noarch',
                    'Ceph-source': 'SRPMS'}.items():
                content += '[%s]\n' % (n)
                content += self.custom_repo(
                    name='Ceph %s' % t,
                    baseurl=self.repo_baseurl() + '/' + t,
                    enabled=1,
                    gpgcheck=1,
                    gpgkey=self.repo_gpgkey()[0],
                )
                content += '\n\n'
        else:
            content = self.query_shaman(self.distro, self.distro_version,
                                        self.branch,
                                        self.commit)

        logger.info('Writing repo to %s...' % self.repo_path())
        with open(self.repo_path(), 'w') as f:
            f.write(content)

    def rm_repo(self):
        if os.path.exists(self.repo_path()):
            os.unlink(self.repo_path())

    def install(self, ls):
        logger.info('Installing packages %s...' % ls)
        call_throws([self.tool, 'in', '-y'] + ls)

    def install_podman(self):
        self.install(['podman'])


def create_packager(stable=None, version=None, branch=None, commit=None):
    distro, distro_version, distro_codename = get_distro()
    if distro in YumDnf.DISTRO_NAMES:
        return YumDnf(stable=stable, version=version,
                      branch=branch, commit=commit,
                   distro=distro, distro_version=distro_version)
    elif distro in Apt.DISTRO_NAMES:
        return Apt(stable=stable, version=version,
                   branch=branch, commit=commit,
                   distro=distro, distro_version=distro_version,
                   distro_codename=distro_codename)
    elif distro in Zypper.DISTRO_NAMES:
        return Zypper(stable=stable, version=version,
                      branch=branch, commit=commit,
                      distro=distro, distro_version=distro_version)
    raise Error('Distro %s version %s not supported' % (distro, distro_version))


def command_add_repo():
    if args.version and args.release:
        raise Error('you can specify either --release or --version but not both')
    if not args.version and not args.release and not args.dev and not args.dev_commit:
        raise Error('please supply a --release, --version, --dev or --dev-commit argument')
    if args.version:
        try:
            (x, y, z) = args.version.split('.')
        except Exception as e:
            raise Error('version must be in the form x.y.z (e.g., 15.2.0)')

    pkg = create_packager(stable=args.release,
                          version=args.version,
                          branch=args.dev,
                          commit=args.dev_commit)
    pkg.add_repo()


def command_rm_repo():
    pkg = create_packager()
    pkg.rm_repo()


def command_install():
    pkg = create_packager()
    pkg.install(args.packages)

##################################

def get_ipv4_address(ifname):
    # type: (str) -> str
    def _extract(sock, offset):
        return socket.inet_ntop(
                socket.AF_INET,
                fcntl.ioctl(
                    sock.fileno(),
                    offset,
                    struct.pack('256s', bytes(ifname[:15], 'utf-8'))
                )[20:24])

    s = socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_DGRAM)
    try:
        addr = _extract(s, 35093)  # '0x8915' = SIOCGIFADDR
        dq_mask = _extract(s, 35099)  # 0x891b = SIOCGIFNETMASK
    except OSError:
        # interface does not have an ipv4 address
        return ''

    dec_mask = sum([bin(int(i)).count('1')
                    for i in dq_mask.split('.')])
    return '{}/{}'.format(addr, dec_mask)


def get_ipv6_address(ifname):
    # type: (str) -> str
    if not os.path.exists('/proc/net/if_inet6'):
        return ''

    raw = read_file(['/proc/net/if_inet6'])
    data = raw.splitlines()
    # based on docs @ https://www.tldp.org/HOWTO/Linux+IPv6-HOWTO/ch11s04.html
    # field 0 is ipv6, field 2 is scope
    for iface_setting in data:
        field = iface_setting.split()
        if field[-1] == ifname:
            ipv6_raw = field[0]
            ipv6_fmtd = ":".join([ipv6_raw[_p:_p+4] for _p in range(0, len(field[0]),4)])
            # apply naming rules using ipaddress module
            ipv6 = ipaddress.ip_address(ipv6_fmtd)
            return "{}/{}".format(str(ipv6), int('0x{}'.format(field[2]), 16))
    return ''


def bytes_to_human(num, mode='decimal'):
    # type: (float, str) -> str
    """Convert a bytes value into it's human-readable form.

    :param num: number, in bytes, to convert
    :param mode: Either decimal (default) or binary to determine divisor
    :returns: string representing the bytes value in a more readable format
    """
    unit_list = ['', 'KB', 'MB', 'GB', 'TB', 'PB', 'EB', 'ZB']
    divisor = 1000.0
    yotta = "YB"

    if mode == 'binary':
        unit_list = ['', 'KiB', 'MiB', 'GiB', 'TiB', 'PiB', 'EiB', 'ZiB']
        divisor = 1024.0
        yotta = "YiB"

    for unit in unit_list:
        if abs(num) < divisor:
            return "%3.1f%s" % (num, unit)
        num /= divisor
    return "%.1f%s" % (num, yotta)


def read_file(path_list, file_name=''):
    # type: (List[str], str) -> str
    """Returns the content of the first file found within the `path_list`

    :param path_list: list of file paths to search
    :param file_name: optional file_name to be applied to a file path
    :returns: content of the file or 'Unknown'
    """
    for path in path_list:
        if file_name:
            file_path = os.path.join(path, file_name)
        else:
            file_path = path
        if os.path.exists(file_path):
            with open(file_path, 'r') as f:
                try:
                    content = f.read().strip()
                except OSError:
                    # sysfs may populate the file, but for devices like
                    # virtio reads can fail
                    return "Unknown"
                else:
                    return content
    return "Unknown"


##################################
class HostFacts():
    _dmi_path_list = ['/sys/class/dmi/id']
    _nic_path_list = ['/sys/class/net']
    _selinux_path_list = ['/etc/selinux/config']
    _apparmor_path_list = ['/etc/apparmor']
    _disk_vendor_workarounds = {
        "0x1af4": "Virtio Block Device"
    }

    def __init__(self):
        self.cpu_model = 'Unknown'
        self.cpu_count = 0
        self.cpu_cores = 0
        self.cpu_threads = 0
        self.interfaces = {}

        self._meminfo = read_file(['/proc/meminfo']).splitlines()
        self._get_cpuinfo()
        self._process_nics()
        self.arch = platform.processor()
        self.kernel = platform.release()

    def _get_cpuinfo(self):
        # type: () -> None
        """Determine cpu information via /proc/cpuinfo"""
        raw = read_file(['/proc/cpuinfo'])
        output = raw.splitlines()
        cpu_set = set()

        for line in output:
            field = [l.strip() for l in line.split(':')]
            if "model name" in line:
                self.cpu_model = field[1]
            if "physical id" in line:
                cpu_set.add(field[1])
            if "siblings" in line:
                self.cpu_threads = int(field[1].strip())
            if "cpu cores" in line:
                self.cpu_cores = int(field[1].strip())
            pass
        self.cpu_count = len(cpu_set)

    def _get_block_devs(self):
        # type: () -> List[str]
        """Determine the list of block devices by looking at /sys/block"""
        return [dev for dev in os.listdir('/sys/block')
                if not dev.startswith('dm')]

    def _get_devs_by_type(self, rota='0'):
        # type: (str) -> List[str]
        """Filter block devices by a given rotational attribute (0=flash, 1=spinner)"""
        devs = list()
        for blk_dev in self._get_block_devs():
            rot_path = '/sys/block/{}/queue/rotational'.format(blk_dev)
            rot_value = read_file([rot_path])
            if rot_value == rota:
                devs.append(blk_dev)
        return devs

    @property
    def operating_system(self):
        # type: () -> str
        """Determine OS version"""
        raw_info = read_file(['/etc/os-release'])
        os_release = raw_info.splitlines()
        rel_str = 'Unknown'
        rel_dict = dict()

        for line in os_release:
            if "=" in line:
                var_name, var_value = line.split('=')
                rel_dict[var_name] = var_value.strip('"')

        # Would normally use PRETTY_NAME, but NAME and VERSION are more
        # consistent
        if all(_v in rel_dict for _v in ["NAME", "VERSION"]):
            rel_str = "{} {}".format(rel_dict['NAME'], rel_dict['VERSION'])
        return rel_str

    @property
    def hostname(self):
        # type: () -> str
        """Return the hostname"""
        return platform.node()

    @property
    def subscribed(self):
        # type: () -> str
        """Highlevel check to see if the host is subscribed to receive updates/support"""
        def _red_hat():
            # type: () -> str
            # RHEL 7 and RHEL 8
            entitlements_dir = '/etc/pki/entitlement'
            if os.path.exists(entitlements_dir):
                pems = glob('{}/*.pem'.format(entitlements_dir))
                if len(pems) >= 2:
                    return "Yes"

            return "No"

        os_name = self.operating_system
        if os_name.upper().startswith("RED HAT"):
            return _red_hat()

        return "Unknown"

    @property
    def hdd_count(self):
        # type: () -> int
        """Return a count of HDDs (spinners)"""
        return len(self._get_devs_by_type(rota='1'))

    def _get_capacity(self, dev):
        # type: (str) -> int
        """Determine the size of a given device"""
        size_path = os.path.join('/sys/block', dev, 'size')
        size_blocks = int(read_file([size_path]))
        blk_path = os.path.join('/sys/block', dev, 'queue', 'logical_block_size')
        blk_count = int(read_file([blk_path]))
        return size_blocks * blk_count

    def _get_capacity_by_type(self, rota='0'):
        # type: (str) -> int
        """Return the total capacity of a category of device (flash or hdd)"""
        devs = self._get_devs_by_type(rota=rota)
        capacity = 0
        for dev in devs:
            capacity += self._get_capacity(dev)
        return capacity

    def _dev_list(self, dev_list):
        # type: (List[str]) -> List[Dict[str, object]]
        """Return a 'pretty' name list for each device in the `dev_list`"""
        disk_list = list()

        for dev in dev_list:
            disk_model = read_file(['/sys/block/{}/device/model'.format(dev)]).strip()
            disk_rev = read_file(['/sys/block/{}/device/rev'.format(dev)]).strip()
            disk_wwid = read_file(['/sys/block/{}/device/wwid'.format(dev)]).strip()
            vendor = read_file(['/sys/block/{}/device/vendor'.format(dev)]).strip()
            disk_vendor = HostFacts._disk_vendor_workarounds.get(vendor, vendor)
            disk_size_bytes = self._get_capacity(dev)
            disk_list.append({
                "description": "{} {} ({})".format(disk_vendor, disk_model, bytes_to_human(disk_size_bytes)),
                "vendor": disk_vendor,
                "model": disk_model,
                "rev": disk_rev,
                "wwid": disk_wwid,
                "dev_name": dev,
                "disk_size_bytes": disk_size_bytes,
                }
            )
        return disk_list

    @property
    def hdd_list(self):
        # type: () -> List[Dict[str, object]]
        """Return a list of devices that are HDDs (spinners)"""
        devs = self._get_devs_by_type(rota='1')
        return self._dev_list(devs)

    @property
    def flash_list(self):
        # type: () -> List[Dict[str, object]]
        """Return a list of devices that are flash based (SSD, NVMe)"""
        devs = self._get_devs_by_type(rota='0')
        return self._dev_list(devs)

    @property
    def hdd_capacity_bytes(self):
        # type: () -> int
        """Return the total capacity for all HDD devices (bytes)"""
        return self._get_capacity_by_type(rota='1')

    @property
    def hdd_capacity(self):
        # type: () -> str
        """Return the total capacity for all HDD devices (human readable format)"""
        return bytes_to_human(self.hdd_capacity_bytes)

    @property
    def cpu_load(self):
        # type: () -> Dict[str, float]
        """Return the cpu load average data for the host"""
        raw = read_file(['/proc/loadavg']).strip()
        data = raw.split()
        return {
            "1min": float(data[0]),
            "5min": float(data[1]),
            "15min": float(data[2]),
        }

    @property
    def flash_count(self):
        # type: () -> int
        """Return the number of flash devices in the system (SSD, NVMe)"""
        return len(self._get_devs_by_type(rota='0'))

    @property
    def flash_capacity_bytes(self):
        # type: () -> int
        """Return the total capacity for all flash devices (bytes)"""
        return self._get_capacity_by_type(rota='0')

    @property
    def flash_capacity(self):
        # type: () -> str
        """Return the total capacity for all Flash devices (human readable format)"""
        return bytes_to_human(self.flash_capacity_bytes)

    def _process_nics(self):
        # type: () -> None
        """Look at the NIC devices and extract network related metadata"""
        # from https://github.com/torvalds/linux/blob/master/include/uapi/linux/if_arp.h
        hw_lookup = {
            "1": "ethernet",
            "32": "infiniband",
            "772": "loopback",
        }

        for nic_path in HostFacts._nic_path_list:
            if not os.path.exists(nic_path):
                continue
            for iface in os.listdir(nic_path):

                lower_devs_list = [os.path.basename(link.replace("lower_", "")) for link in glob(os.path.join(nic_path, iface, "lower_*"))]
                upper_devs_list = [os.path.basename(link.replace("upper_", "")) for link in glob(os.path.join(nic_path, iface, "upper_*"))]

                try:
                    mtu = int(read_file([os.path.join(nic_path, iface, 'mtu')]))
                except ValueError:
                    mtu = 0

                operstate = read_file([os.path.join(nic_path, iface, 'operstate')])
                try:
                    speed = int(read_file([os.path.join(nic_path, iface, 'speed')]))
                except (OSError, ValueError):
                    # OSError : device doesn't support the ethtool get_link_ksettings
                    # ValueError : raised when the read fails, and returns Unknown
                    #
                    # Either way, we show a -1 when speed isn't available
                    speed = -1

                if os.path.exists(os.path.join(nic_path, iface, 'bridge')):
                    nic_type = "bridge"
                elif os.path.exists(os.path.join(nic_path, iface, 'bonding')):
                    nic_type = "bonding"
                else:
                    nic_type = hw_lookup.get(read_file([os.path.join(nic_path, iface, 'type')]), "Unknown")

                dev_link = os.path.join(nic_path, iface, 'device')
                if os.path.exists(dev_link):
                    iftype = 'physical'
                    driver_path = os.path.join(dev_link, 'driver')
                    if os.path.exists(driver_path):
                        driver = os.path.basename(
                                    os.path.realpath(driver_path))
                    else:
                        driver = 'Unknown'

                else:
                    iftype = 'logical'
                    driver = ''

                self.interfaces[iface] = {
                    "mtu": mtu,
                    "upper_devs_list": upper_devs_list,
                    "lower_devs_list": lower_devs_list,
                    "operstate": operstate,
                    "iftype": iftype,
                    "nic_type": nic_type,
                    "driver": driver,
                    "speed": speed,
                    "ipv4_address": get_ipv4_address(iface),
                    "ipv6_address": get_ipv6_address(iface),
                }

    @property
    def nic_count(self):
        # type: () -> int
        """Return a total count of all physical NICs detected in the host"""
        phys_devs = []
        for iface in self.interfaces:
            if self.interfaces[iface]["iftype"] == 'physical':
                phys_devs.append(iface)
        return len(phys_devs)


    def _get_mem_data(self, field_name):
        # type: (str) -> int
        for line in self._meminfo:
            if line.startswith(field_name):
                _d = line.split()
                return int(_d[1])
        return 0

    @property
    def memory_total_kb(self):
        # type: () -> int
        """Determine the memory installed (kb)"""
        return self._get_mem_data('MemTotal')

    @property
    def memory_free_kb(self):
        # type: () -> int
        """Determine the memory free (not cache, immediately usable)"""
        return self._get_mem_data('MemFree')

    @property
    def memory_available_kb(self):
        # type: () -> int
        """Determine the memory available to new applications without swapping"""
        return self._get_mem_data('MemAvailable')

    @property
    def vendor(self):
        # type: () -> str
        """Determine server vendor from DMI data in sysfs"""
        return read_file(HostFacts._dmi_path_list, "sys_vendor")

    @property
    def model(self):
        # type: () -> str
        """Determine server model information from DMI data in sysfs"""
        family = read_file(HostFacts._dmi_path_list, "product_family")
        product = read_file(HostFacts._dmi_path_list, "product_name")
        if family == 'Unknown' and product:
            return "{}".format(product)

        return "{} ({})".format(family, product)

    @property
    def bios_version(self):
        # type: () -> str
        """Determine server BIOS version from  DMI data in sysfs"""
        return read_file(HostFacts._dmi_path_list, "bios_version")

    @property
    def bios_date(self):
        # type: () -> str
        """Determine server BIOS date from  DMI data in sysfs"""
        return read_file(HostFacts._dmi_path_list, "bios_date")

    @property
    def timestamp(self):
        # type: () -> float
        """Return the current time as Epoch seconds"""
        return time.time()

    @property
    def system_uptime(self):
        # type: () -> float
        """Return the system uptime (in secs)"""
        raw_time = read_file(['/proc/uptime'])
        up_secs, _ = raw_time.split()
        return float(up_secs)

    def kernel_security(self):
        # type: () -> Dict[str, str]
        """Determine the security features enabled in the kernel - SELinux, AppArmor"""
        def _fetch_selinux():
            """Read the selinux config file to determine state"""
            security = {}
            for selinux_path in HostFacts._selinux_path_list:
                if os.path.exists(selinux_path):
                    selinux_config = read_file([selinux_path]).splitlines()
                    security['type'] = 'SELinux'
                    for line in selinux_config:
                        if line.strip().startswith('#'):
                            continue
                        k, v = line.split('=')
                        security[k] = v
                    if security['SELINUX'].lower() == "disabled":
                        security['description'] = "SELinux: Disabled"
                    else:
                        security['description'] = "SELinux: Enabled({}, {})".format(security['SELINUX'], security['SELINUXTYPE'])
                    return security

        def _fetch_apparmor():
            """Read the apparmor profiles directly, returning an overview of AppArmor status"""
            security = {}
            for apparmor_path in HostFacts._apparmor_path_list:
                if os.path.exists(apparmor_path):
                    security['type'] = "AppArmor"
                    security['description'] = "AppArmor: Enabled"
                    try:
                        profiles = read_file(['/sys/kernel/security/apparmor/profiles'])
                    except OSError:
                        pass
                    else:
                        summary = {}  # type: Dict[str, int]
                        for line in profiles.split('\n'):
                            item, mode = line.split(' ')
                            mode= mode.strip('()')
                            if mode in summary:
                                summary[mode] += 1
                            else:
                                summary[mode] = 0
                        summary_str = ",".join(["{} {}".format(v, k) for k, v in summary.items()])
                        security = {**security, **summary} # type: ignore
                        security['description'] += "({})".format(summary_str)

                    return security

        if os.path.exists('/sys/kernel/security/lsm'):
            lsm = read_file(['/sys/kernel/security/lsm']).strip()
            if 'selinux' in lsm:
                return _fetch_selinux()
            elif 'apparmor' in lsm:
                return _fetch_apparmor()
            else:
                return {
                    "type": "Unknown",
                    "description": "Linux Security Module framework is active, but is not using SELinux or AppArmor"
                }

        return {
            "type": "None",
            "description": "Linux Security Module framework is not available"
        }

    @property
    def kernel_parameters(self):
        # type: () -> Dict[str, str]
        """Get kernel parameters required/used in Ceph clusters"""

        k_param = {}
        out, _, _ = call_throws(['sysctl', '-a'], verbosity=CallVerbosity.SILENT)
        if out:
            param_list = out.split('\n')
            param_dict = { param.split(" = ")[0]:param.split(" = ")[-1] for param in param_list}

            # return only desired parameters
            if 'net.ipv4.ip_nonlocal_bind' in param_dict:
                k_param['net.ipv4.ip_nonlocal_bind'] = param_dict['net.ipv4.ip_nonlocal_bind']

        return k_param

    def dump(self):
        # type: () -> str
        """Return the attributes of this HostFacts object as json"""
        data = {k: getattr(self, k) for k in dir(self)
                if not k.startswith('_') and
                isinstance(getattr(self, k),
                           (float, int, str, list, dict, tuple))
        }
        return json.dumps(data, indent=2, sort_keys=True)

##################################

def command_gather_facts():
    """gather_facts is intended to provide host releated metadata to the caller"""
    host = HostFacts()
    print(host.dump())


##################################


def _get_parser():
    # type: () -> argparse.ArgumentParser
    parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(
        description='Bootstrap Ceph daemons with systemd and containers.',
        formatter_class=argparse.ArgumentDefaultsHelpFormatter)
    parser.add_argument(
        '--image',
        help='container image. Can also be set via the "CEPHADM_IMAGE" '
        'env var')
    parser.add_argument(
        '--docker',
        action='store_true',
        help='use docker instead of podman')
    parser.add_argument(
        '--data-dir',
        default=DATA_DIR,
        help='base directory for daemon data')
    parser.add_argument(
        '--log-dir',
        default=LOG_DIR,
        help='base directory for daemon logs')
    parser.add_argument(
        '--logrotate-dir',
        default=LOGROTATE_DIR,
        help='location of logrotate configuration files')
    parser.add_argument(
        '--unit-dir',
        default=UNIT_DIR,
        help='base directory for systemd units')
    parser.add_argument(
        '--verbose', '-v',
        action='store_true',
        help='Show debug-level log messages')
    parser.add_argument(
        '--timeout',
        type=int,
        default=DEFAULT_TIMEOUT,
        help='timeout in seconds')
    parser.add_argument(
        '--retry',
        type=int,
        default=DEFAULT_RETRY,
        help='max number of retries')
    parser.add_argument(
        '--env', '-e',
        action='append',
        default=[],
        help='set environment variable')
    parser.add_argument(
        '--no-container-init',
        action='store_true',
        default=not CONTAINER_INIT,
        help='Do not run podman/docker with `--init`')

    subparsers = parser.add_subparsers(help='sub-command')

    parser_version = subparsers.add_parser(
        'version', help='get ceph version from container')
    parser_version.set_defaults(func=command_version)

    parser_pull = subparsers.add_parser(
        'pull', help='pull latest image version')
    parser_pull.set_defaults(func=command_pull)

    parser_inspect_image = subparsers.add_parser(
        'inspect-image', help='inspect local container image')
    parser_inspect_image.set_defaults(func=command_inspect_image)

    parser_ls = subparsers.add_parser(
        'ls', help='list daemon instances on this host')
    parser_ls.set_defaults(func=command_ls)
    parser_ls.add_argument(
        '--no-detail',
        action='store_true',
        help='Do not include daemon status')
    parser_ls.add_argument(
        '--legacy-dir',
        default='/',
        help='base directory for legacy daemon data')

    parser_list_networks = subparsers.add_parser(
        'list-networks', help='list IP networks')
    parser_list_networks.set_defaults(func=command_list_networks)

    parser_adopt = subparsers.add_parser(
        'adopt', help='adopt daemon deployed with a different tool')
    parser_adopt.set_defaults(func=command_adopt)
    parser_adopt.add_argument(
        '--name', '-n',
        required=True,
        help='daemon name (type.id)')
    parser_adopt.add_argument(
        '--style',
        required=True,
        help='deployment style (legacy, ...)')
    parser_adopt.add_argument(
        '--cluster',
        default='ceph',
        help='cluster name')
    parser_adopt.add_argument(
        '--legacy-dir',
        default='/',
        help='base directory for legacy daemon data')
    parser_adopt.add_argument(
        '--config-json',
        help='Additional configuration information in JSON format')
    parser_adopt.add_argument(
        '--skip-firewalld',
        action='store_true',
        help='Do not configure firewalld')
    parser_adopt.add_argument(
        '--skip-pull',
        action='store_true',
        help='do not pull the latest image before adopting')
    parser_adopt.add_argument(
        '--force-start',
        action='store_true',
        help="start newly adoped daemon, even if it wasn't running previously")
    parser_adopt.add_argument(
        '--container-init',
        action='store_true',
        default=CONTAINER_INIT,
        help=argparse.SUPPRESS)

    parser_rm_daemon = subparsers.add_parser(
        'rm-daemon', help='remove daemon instance')
    parser_rm_daemon.set_defaults(func=command_rm_daemon)
    parser_rm_daemon.add_argument(
        '--name', '-n',
        required=True,
        action=CustomValidation,
        help='daemon name (type.id)')
    parser_rm_daemon.add_argument(
        '--fsid',
        required=True,
        help='cluster FSID')
    parser_rm_daemon.add_argument(
        '--force',
        action='store_true',
        help='proceed, even though this may destroy valuable data')
    parser_rm_daemon.add_argument(
        '--force-delete-data',
        action='store_true',
        help='delete valuable daemon data instead of making a backup')

    parser_rm_cluster = subparsers.add_parser(
        'rm-cluster', help='remove all daemons for a cluster')
    parser_rm_cluster.set_defaults(func=command_rm_cluster)
    parser_rm_cluster.add_argument(
        '--fsid',
        required=True,
        help='cluster FSID')
    parser_rm_cluster.add_argument(
        '--force',
        action='store_true',
        help='proceed, even though this may destroy valuable data')

    parser_run = subparsers.add_parser(
        'run', help='run a ceph daemon, in a container, in the foreground')
    parser_run.set_defaults(func=command_run)
    parser_run.add_argument(
        '--name', '-n',
        required=True,
        help='daemon name (type.id)')
    parser_run.add_argument(
        '--fsid',
        required=True,
        help='cluster FSID')

    parser_shell = subparsers.add_parser(
        'shell', help='run an interactive shell inside a daemon container')
    parser_shell.set_defaults(func=command_shell)
    parser_shell.add_argument(
        '--fsid',
        help='cluster FSID')
    parser_shell.add_argument(
        '--name', '-n',
        help='daemon name (type.id)')
    parser_shell.add_argument(
        '--config', '-c',
        help='ceph.conf to pass through to the container')
    parser_shell.add_argument(
        '--keyring', '-k',
        help='ceph.keyring to pass through to the container')
    parser_shell.add_argument(
        '--mount', '-m',
        help=("mount a file or directory in the container. "
              "Support multiple mounts. "
              "ie: `--mount /foo /bar:/bar`. "
              "When no destination is passed, default is /mnt"),
              nargs='+')
    parser_shell.add_argument(
        '--env', '-e',
        action='append',
        default=[],
        help='set environment variable')
    parser_shell.add_argument(
        'command', nargs=argparse.REMAINDER,
        help='command (optional)')

    parser_enter = subparsers.add_parser(
        'enter', help='run an interactive shell inside a running daemon container')
    parser_enter.set_defaults(func=command_enter)
    parser_enter.add_argument(
        '--fsid',
        help='cluster FSID')
    parser_enter.add_argument(
        '--name', '-n',
        required=True,
        help='daemon name (type.id)')
    parser_enter.add_argument(
        'command', nargs=argparse.REMAINDER,
        help='command')

    parser_ceph_volume = subparsers.add_parser(
        'ceph-volume', help='run ceph-volume inside a container')
    parser_ceph_volume.set_defaults(func=command_ceph_volume)
    parser_ceph_volume.add_argument(
        '--fsid',
        help='cluster FSID')
    parser_ceph_volume.add_argument(
        '--config-json',
        help='JSON file with config and (client.bootrap-osd) key')
    parser_ceph_volume.add_argument(
        '--config', '-c',
        help='ceph conf file')
    parser_ceph_volume.add_argument(
        '--keyring', '-k',
        help='ceph.keyring to pass through to the container')
    parser_ceph_volume.add_argument(
        'command', nargs=argparse.REMAINDER,
        help='command')

    parser_unit = subparsers.add_parser(
        'unit', help='operate on the daemon\'s systemd unit')
    parser_unit.set_defaults(func=command_unit)
    parser_unit.add_argument(
        'command',
        help='systemd command (start, stop, restart, enable, disable, ...)')
    parser_unit.add_argument(
        '--fsid',
        help='cluster FSID')
    parser_unit.add_argument(
        '--name', '-n',
        required=True,
        help='daemon name (type.id)')

    parser_logs = subparsers.add_parser(
        'logs', help='print journald logs for a daemon container')
    parser_logs.set_defaults(func=command_logs)
    parser_logs.add_argument(
        '--fsid',
        help='cluster FSID')
    parser_logs.add_argument(
        '--name', '-n',
        required=True,
        help='daemon name (type.id)')
    parser_logs.add_argument(
        'command', nargs='*',
        help='additional journalctl args')

    parser_bootstrap = subparsers.add_parser(
        'bootstrap', help='bootstrap a cluster (mon + mgr daemons)')
    parser_bootstrap.set_defaults(func=command_bootstrap)
    parser_bootstrap.add_argument(
        '--config', '-c',
        help='ceph conf file to incorporate')
    parser_bootstrap.add_argument(
        '--mon-id',
        required=False,
        help='mon id (default: local hostname)')
    parser_bootstrap.add_argument(
        '--mon-addrv',
        help='mon IPs (e.g., [v2:localipaddr:3300,v1:localipaddr:6789])')
    parser_bootstrap.add_argument(
        '--mon-ip',
        help='mon IP')
    parser_bootstrap.add_argument(
        '--mgr-id',
        required=False,
        help='mgr id (default: randomly generated)')
    parser_bootstrap.add_argument(
        '--fsid',
        help='cluster FSID')
    parser_bootstrap.add_argument(
        '--output-dir',
        default='/etc/ceph',
        help='directory to write config, keyring, and pub key files')
    parser_bootstrap.add_argument(
        '--output-keyring',
        help='location to write keyring file with new cluster admin and mon keys')
    parser_bootstrap.add_argument(
        '--output-config',
        help='location to write conf file to connect to new cluster')
    parser_bootstrap.add_argument(
        '--output-pub-ssh-key',
        help='location to write the cluster\'s public SSH key')
    parser_bootstrap.add_argument(
        '--skip-ssh',
        action='store_true',
        help='skip setup of ssh key on local host')
    parser_bootstrap.add_argument(
        '--initial-dashboard-user',
        default='admin',
        help='Initial user for the dashboard')
    parser_bootstrap.add_argument(
        '--initial-dashboard-password',
        help='Initial password for the initial dashboard user')
    parser_bootstrap.add_argument(
        '--ssl-dashboard-port',
        type=int,
        default = 8443,
        help='Port number used to connect with dashboard using SSL')
    parser_bootstrap.add_argument(
        '--dashboard-key',
        type=argparse.FileType('r'),
        help='Dashboard key')
    parser_bootstrap.add_argument(
        '--dashboard-crt',
        type=argparse.FileType('r'),
        help='Dashboard certificate')

    parser_bootstrap.add_argument(
        '--ssh-config',
        type=argparse.FileType('r'),
        help='SSH config')
    parser_bootstrap.add_argument(
        '--ssh-private-key',
        type=argparse.FileType('r'),
        help='SSH private key')
    parser_bootstrap.add_argument(
        '--ssh-public-key',
        type=argparse.FileType('r'),
        help='SSH public key')
    parser_bootstrap.add_argument(
        '--ssh-user',
        default='root',
        help='set user for SSHing to cluster hosts, passwordless sudo will be needed for non-root users')

    parser_bootstrap.add_argument(
        '--skip-mon-network',
        action='store_true',
        help='set mon public_network based on bootstrap mon ip')
    parser_bootstrap.add_argument(
        '--skip-dashboard',
        action='store_true',
        help='do not enable the Ceph Dashboard')
    parser_bootstrap.add_argument(
        '--dashboard-password-noupdate',
        action='store_true',
        help='stop forced dashboard password change')
    parser_bootstrap.add_argument(
        '--no-minimize-config',
        action='store_true',
        help='do not assimilate and minimize the config file')
    parser_bootstrap.add_argument(
        '--skip-ping-check',
        action='store_true',
        help='do not verify that mon IP is pingable')
    parser_bootstrap.add_argument(
        '--skip-pull',
        action='store_true',
        help='do not pull the latest image before bootstrapping')
    parser_bootstrap.add_argument(
        '--skip-firewalld',
        action='store_true',
        help='Do not configure firewalld')
    parser_bootstrap.add_argument(
        '--allow-overwrite',
        action='store_true',
        help='allow overwrite of existing --output-* config/keyring/ssh files')
    parser_bootstrap.add_argument(
        '--allow-fqdn-hostname',
        action='store_true',
        help='allow hostname that is fully-qualified (contains ".")')
    parser_bootstrap.add_argument(
        '--skip-prepare-host',
        action='store_true',
        help='Do not prepare host')
    parser_bootstrap.add_argument(
        '--orphan-initial-daemons',
        action='store_true',
        help='Do not create initial mon, mgr, and crash service specs')
    parser_bootstrap.add_argument(
        '--skip-monitoring-stack',
        action='store_true',
        help='Do not automatically provision monitoring stack (prometheus, grafana, alertmanager, node-exporter)')
    parser_bootstrap.add_argument(
        '--apply-spec',
        help='Apply cluster spec after bootstrap (copy ssh key, add hosts and apply services)')

    parser_bootstrap.add_argument(
        '--shared_ceph_folder',
        metavar='CEPH_SOURCE_FOLDER',
        help='Development mode. Several folders in containers are volumes mapped to different sub-folders in the ceph source folder')

    parser_bootstrap.add_argument(
        '--registry-url',
        help='url for custom registry')
    parser_bootstrap.add_argument(
        '--registry-username',
        help='username for custom registry')
    parser_bootstrap.add_argument(
        '--registry-password',
        help='password for custom registry')
    parser_bootstrap.add_argument(
        '--registry-json',
        help='json file with custom registry login info (URL, Username, Password)')
    parser_bootstrap.add_argument(
        '--container-init',
        action='store_true',
        default=CONTAINER_INIT,
        help=argparse.SUPPRESS)

    parser_deploy = subparsers.add_parser(
        'deploy', help='deploy a daemon')
    parser_deploy.set_defaults(func=command_deploy)
    parser_deploy.add_argument(
        '--name',
        required=True,
        action=CustomValidation,
        help='daemon name (type.id)')
    parser_deploy.add_argument(
        '--fsid',
        required=True,
        help='cluster FSID')
    parser_deploy.add_argument(
        '--config', '-c',
        help='config file for new daemon')
    parser_deploy.add_argument(
        '--config-json',
        help='Additional configuration information in JSON format')
    parser_deploy.add_argument(
        '--keyring',
        help='keyring for new daemon')
    parser_deploy.add_argument(
        '--key',
        help='key for new daemon')
    parser_deploy.add_argument(
        '--osd-fsid',
        help='OSD uuid, if creating an OSD container')
    parser_deploy.add_argument(
        '--skip-firewalld',
        action='store_true',
        help='Do not configure firewalld')
    parser_deploy.add_argument(
        '--tcp-ports',
        help='List of tcp ports to open in the host firewall')
    parser_deploy.add_argument(
        '--reconfig',
        action='store_true',
        help='Reconfigure a previously deployed daemon')
    parser_deploy.add_argument(
        '--allow-ptrace',
        action='store_true',
        help='Allow SYS_PTRACE on daemon container')
    parser_deploy.add_argument(
        '--container-init',
        action='store_true',
        default=CONTAINER_INIT,
        help=argparse.SUPPRESS)

    parser_check_host = subparsers.add_parser(
        'check-host', help='check host configuration')
    parser_check_host.set_defaults(func=command_check_host)
    parser_check_host.add_argument(
        '--expect-hostname',
        help='Check that hostname matches an expected value')

    parser_prepare_host = subparsers.add_parser(
        'prepare-host', help='prepare a host for cephadm use')
    parser_prepare_host.set_defaults(func=command_prepare_host)
    parser_prepare_host.add_argument(
        '--expect-hostname',
        help='Set hostname')

    parser_add_repo = subparsers.add_parser(
        'add-repo', help='configure package repository')
    parser_add_repo.set_defaults(func=command_add_repo)
    parser_add_repo.add_argument(
        '--release',
        help='use latest version of a named release (e.g., {})'.format(LATEST_STABLE_RELEASE))
    parser_add_repo.add_argument(
        '--version',
        help='use specific upstream version (x.y.z)')
    parser_add_repo.add_argument(
        '--dev',
        help='use specified bleeding edge build from git branch or tag')
    parser_add_repo.add_argument(
        '--dev-commit',
        help='use specified bleeding edge build from git commit')
    parser_add_repo.add_argument(
        '--gpg-url',
        help='specify alternative GPG key location')
    parser_add_repo.add_argument(
        '--repo-url',
        default='https://download.ceph.com',
        help='specify alternative repo location')
    # TODO: proxy?

    parser_rm_repo = subparsers.add_parser(
        'rm-repo', help='remove package repository configuration')
    parser_rm_repo.set_defaults(func=command_rm_repo)

    parser_install = subparsers.add_parser(
        'install', help='install ceph package(s)')
    parser_install.set_defaults(func=command_install)
    parser_install.add_argument(
        'packages', nargs='*',
        default=['cephadm'],
        help='packages')

    parser_registry_login = subparsers.add_parser(
        'registry-login', help='log host into authenticated registry')
    parser_registry_login.set_defaults(func=command_registry_login)
    parser_registry_login.add_argument(
        '--registry-url',
        help='url for custom registry')
    parser_registry_login.add_argument(
        '--registry-username',
        help='username for custom registry')
    parser_registry_login.add_argument(
        '--registry-password',
        help='password for custom registry')
    parser_registry_login.add_argument(
        '--registry-json',
        help='json file with custom registry login info (URL, Username, Password)')
    parser_registry_login.add_argument(
        '--fsid',
        help='cluster FSID')

    parser_gather_facts = subparsers.add_parser(
        'gather-facts', help='gather and return host related information (JSON format)')
    parser_gather_facts.set_defaults(func=command_gather_facts)

    return parser


def _parse_args(av):
    parser = _get_parser()

    args = parser.parse_args(av)
    if 'command' in args and args.command and args.command[0] == "--":
        args.command.pop(0)

    # workaround argparse to deprecate the subparser `--container-init` flag
    # container_init and no_container_init must always be mutually exclusive
    container_init_args = ('--container-init', '--no-container-init')
    if set(container_init_args).issubset(av):
        parser.error('argument %s: not allowed with argument %s' % (container_init_args))
    elif '--container-init' in av:
        args.no_container_init = not args.container_init
    else:
        args.container_init = not args.no_container_init
    assert args.container_init is not args.no_container_init

    return args


if __name__ == "__main__":

    # root?
    if os.geteuid() != 0:
        sys.stderr.write('ERROR: cephadm should be run as root\n')
        sys.exit(1)

    # Logger configuration
    if not os.path.exists(LOG_DIR):
        os.makedirs(LOG_DIR)
    dictConfig(logging_config)
    logger = logging.getLogger()

    # allow argv to be injected
    try:
        av = injected_argv  # type: ignore
    except NameError:
        av = sys.argv[1:]
    logger.debug("%s\ncephadm %s" % ("-" * 80, av))
    args = _parse_args(av)

    # More verbose console output
    if args.verbose:
        for handler in logger.handlers:
          if handler.name == "console":
               handler.setLevel(logging.DEBUG)

    if 'func' not in args:
        sys.stderr.write('No command specified; pass -h or --help for usage\n')
        sys.exit(1)

    # podman or docker?
    if args.func != command_check_host:
        if args.docker:
            container_path = find_program('docker')
        else:
            for i in CONTAINER_PREFERENCE:
                try:
                    container_path = find_program(i)
                    break
                except Exception as e:
                    logger.debug('Could not locate %s: %s' % (i, e))
            if not container_path and args.func != command_prepare_host\
                    and args.func != command_add_repo:
                sys.stderr.write('Unable to locate any of %s\n' % CONTAINER_PREFERENCE)
                sys.exit(1)

    # container-init?
    container_init = args.container_init
    logger.debug('container_init=%s' % (container_init))

    try:
        r = args.func()
    except Error as e:
        if args.verbose:
            raise
        sys.stderr.write('ERROR: %s\n' % e)
        sys.exit(1)
    if not r:
        r = 0
    sys.exit(r)