[ceph.git] / ceph / src / rgw / rgw_common.cc

// -*- mode:C++; tab-width:8; c-basic-offset:2; indent-tabs-mode:t -*-
// vim: ts=8 sw=2 smarttab

#include <errno.h>
#include <vector>
#include <algorithm>
#include <string>
#include <boost/tokenizer.hpp>
#include <boost/algorithm/string.hpp>
#include <boost/utility/string_view.hpp>

#include "json_spirit/json_spirit.h"
#include "common/ceph_json.h"

#include "rgw_op.h"
#include "rgw_common.h"
#include "rgw_acl.h"
#include "rgw_string.h"
#include "rgw_rados.h"
#include "rgw_http_errors.h"

#include "common/ceph_crypto.h"
#include "common/armor.h"
#include "common/errno.h"
#include "common/Clock.h"
#include "common/Formatter.h"
#include "common/perf_counters.h"
#include "common/strtol.h"
#include "include/str_list.h"
#include "auth/Crypto.h"
#include "rgw_crypt_sanitize.h"

#include <sstream>

#define dout_context g_ceph_context
#define dout_subsys ceph_subsys_rgw

using boost::none;
using boost::optional;

using rgw::IAM::ARN;
using rgw::IAM::Effect;
using rgw::IAM::op_to_perm;
using rgw::IAM::Policy;

PerfCounters *perfcounter = NULL;

const uint32_t RGWBucketInfo::NUM_SHARDS_BLIND_BUCKET(UINT32_MAX);

rgw_http_errors rgw_http_s3_errors({
    { 0, {200, "" }},
    { STATUS_CREATED, {201, "Created" }},
    { STATUS_ACCEPTED, {202, "Accepted" }},
    { STATUS_NO_CONTENT, {204, "NoContent" }},
    { STATUS_PARTIAL_CONTENT, {206, "" }},
    { ERR_PERMANENT_REDIRECT, {301, "PermanentRedirect" }},
    { ERR_WEBSITE_REDIRECT, {301, "WebsiteRedirect" }},
    { STATUS_REDIRECT, {303, "" }},
    { ERR_NOT_MODIFIED, {304, "NotModified" }},
    { EINVAL, {400, "InvalidArgument" }},
    { ERR_INVALID_REQUEST, {400, "InvalidRequest" }},
    { ERR_INVALID_DIGEST, {400, "InvalidDigest" }},
    { ERR_BAD_DIGEST, {400, "BadDigest" }},
    { ERR_INVALID_LOCATION_CONSTRAINT, {400, "InvalidLocationConstraint" }},
    { ERR_INVALID_BUCKET_NAME, {400, "InvalidBucketName" }},
    { ERR_INVALID_OBJECT_NAME, {400, "InvalidObjectName" }},
    { ERR_UNRESOLVABLE_EMAIL, {400, "UnresolvableGrantByEmailAddress" }},
    { ERR_INVALID_PART, {400, "InvalidPart" }},
    { ERR_INVALID_PART_ORDER, {400, "InvalidPartOrder" }},
    { ERR_REQUEST_TIMEOUT, {400, "RequestTimeout" }},
    { ERR_TOO_LARGE, {400, "EntityTooLarge" }},
    { ERR_TOO_SMALL, {400, "EntityTooSmall" }},
    { ERR_TOO_MANY_BUCKETS, {400, "TooManyBuckets" }},
    { ERR_MALFORMED_XML, {400, "MalformedXML" }},
    { ERR_AMZ_CONTENT_SHA256_MISMATCH, {400, "XAmzContentSHA256Mismatch" }},
    { ERR_LENGTH_REQUIRED, {411, "MissingContentLength" }},
    { EACCES, {403, "AccessDenied" }},
    { EPERM, {403, "AccessDenied" }},
    { ERR_SIGNATURE_NO_MATCH, {403, "SignatureDoesNotMatch" }},
    { ERR_INVALID_ACCESS_KEY, {403, "InvalidAccessKeyId" }},
    { ERR_USER_SUSPENDED, {403, "UserSuspended" }},
    { ERR_REQUEST_TIME_SKEWED, {403, "RequestTimeTooSkewed" }},
    { ERR_QUOTA_EXCEEDED, {403, "QuotaExceeded" }},
    { ENOENT, {404, "NoSuchKey" }},
    { ERR_NO_SUCH_BUCKET, {404, "NoSuchBucket" }},
    { ERR_NO_SUCH_WEBSITE_CONFIGURATION, {404, "NoSuchWebsiteConfiguration" }},
    { ERR_NO_SUCH_UPLOAD, {404, "NoSuchUpload" }},
    { ERR_NOT_FOUND, {404, "Not Found"}},
    { ERR_NO_SUCH_LC, {404, "NoSuchLifecycleConfiguration"}},
    { ERR_NO_SUCH_BUCKET_POLICY, {404, "NoSuchBucketPolicy"}},
    { ERR_METHOD_NOT_ALLOWED, {405, "MethodNotAllowed" }},
    { ETIMEDOUT, {408, "RequestTimeout" }},
    { EEXIST, {409, "BucketAlreadyExists" }},
    { ERR_USER_EXIST, {409, "UserAlreadyExists" }},
    { ERR_EMAIL_EXIST, {409, "EmailExists" }},
    { ERR_KEY_EXIST, {409, "KeyExists"}},
    { ERR_INVALID_SECRET_KEY, {400, "InvalidSecretKey"}},
    { ERR_INVALID_KEY_TYPE, {400, "InvalidKeyType"}},
    { ERR_INVALID_CAP, {400, "InvalidCapability"}},
    { ERR_INVALID_TENANT_NAME, {400, "InvalidTenantName" }},
    { ENOTEMPTY, {409, "BucketNotEmpty" }},
    { ERR_PRECONDITION_FAILED, {412, "PreconditionFailed" }},
    { ERANGE, {416, "InvalidRange" }},
    { ERR_UNPROCESSABLE_ENTITY, {422, "UnprocessableEntity" }},
    { ERR_LOCKED, {423, "Locked" }},
    { ERR_INTERNAL_ERROR, {500, "InternalError" }},
    { ERR_NOT_IMPLEMENTED, {501, "NotImplemented" }},
    { ERR_SERVICE_UNAVAILABLE, {503, "ServiceUnavailable"}},
});

rgw_http_errors rgw_http_swift_errors({
    { EACCES, {403, "AccessDenied" }},
    { EPERM, {401, "AccessDenied" }},
    { ERR_USER_SUSPENDED, {401, "UserSuspended" }},
    { ERR_INVALID_UTF8, {412, "Invalid UTF8" }},
    { ERR_BAD_URL, {412, "Bad URL" }},
    { ERR_NOT_SLO_MANIFEST, {400, "Not an SLO manifest" }},
    { ERR_QUOTA_EXCEEDED, {413, "QuotaExceeded" }},
});

int rgw_perf_start(CephContext *cct)
{
  PerfCountersBuilder plb(cct, cct->_conf->name.to_str(), l_rgw_first, l_rgw_last);

  plb.add_u64_counter(l_rgw_req, "req", "Requests");
  plb.add_u64_counter(l_rgw_failed_req, "failed_req", "Aborted requests");

  plb.add_u64_counter(l_rgw_get, "get", "Gets");
  plb.add_u64_counter(l_rgw_get_b, "get_b", "Size of gets");
  plb.add_time_avg(l_rgw_get_lat, "get_initial_lat", "Get latency");
  plb.add_u64_counter(l_rgw_put, "put", "Puts");
  plb.add_u64_counter(l_rgw_put_b, "put_b", "Size of puts");
  plb.add_time_avg(l_rgw_put_lat, "put_initial_lat", "Put latency");

  plb.add_u64(l_rgw_qlen, "qlen", "Queue length");
  plb.add_u64(l_rgw_qactive, "qactive", "Active requests queue");

  plb.add_u64_counter(l_rgw_cache_hit, "cache_hit", "Cache hits");
  plb.add_u64_counter(l_rgw_cache_miss, "cache_miss", "Cache miss");

  plb.add_u64_counter(l_rgw_keystone_token_cache_hit, "keystone_token_cache_hit", "Keystone token cache hits");
  plb.add_u64_counter(l_rgw_keystone_token_cache_miss, "keystone_token_cache_miss", "Keystone token cache miss");

  perfcounter = plb.create_perf_counters();
  cct->get_perfcounters_collection()->add(perfcounter);
  return 0;
}

void rgw_perf_stop(CephContext *cct)
{
  assert(perfcounter);
  cct->get_perfcounters_collection()->remove(perfcounter);
  delete perfcounter;
}

using namespace ceph::crypto;

rgw_err::
rgw_err()
{
  clear();
}

void rgw_err::
clear()
{
  http_ret = 200;
  ret = 0;
  err_code.clear();
}

bool rgw_err::
is_clear() const
{
  return (http_ret == 200);
}

bool rgw_err::
is_err() const
{
  return !(http_ret >= 200 && http_ret <= 399);
}

// The requestURI transferred from the frontend can be abs_path or absoluteURI
// If it is absoluteURI, we should adjust it to abs_path for the following 
// S3 authorization and some other processes depending on the requestURI
// The absoluteURI can start with "http://", "https://", "ws://" or "wss://"
static string get_abs_path(const string& request_uri) {
  const static string ABS_PREFIXS[] = {"http://", "https://", "ws://", "wss://"};
  bool isAbs = false;
  for (int i = 0; i < 4; ++i) {
    if (boost::algorithm::starts_with(request_uri, ABS_PREFIXS[i])) {
      isAbs = true;
      break;
    } 
  }
  if (!isAbs) {  // it is not a valid absolute uri
    return request_uri;
  }
  size_t beg_pos = request_uri.find("://") + 3;
  size_t len = request_uri.size();
  beg_pos = request_uri.find('/', beg_pos);
  if (beg_pos == string::npos) return request_uri;
  return request_uri.substr(beg_pos, len - beg_pos);
}

req_info::req_info(CephContext *cct, const class RGWEnv *env) : env(env) {
  method = env->get("REQUEST_METHOD", "");
  script_uri = env->get("SCRIPT_URI", cct->_conf->rgw_script_uri.c_str());
  request_uri = env->get("REQUEST_URI", cct->_conf->rgw_request_uri.c_str());
  if (request_uri[0] != '/') {
    request_uri = get_abs_path(request_uri);
  }
  auto pos = request_uri.find('?');
  if (pos != string::npos) {
    request_params = request_uri.substr(pos + 1);
    request_uri = request_uri.substr(0, pos);
  } else {
    request_params = env->get("QUERY_STRING", "");
  }
  host = env->get("HTTP_HOST", "");

  // strip off any trailing :port from host (added by CrossFTP and maybe others)
  size_t colon_offset = host.find_last_of(':');
  if (colon_offset != string::npos) {
    bool all_digits = true;
    for (unsigned i = colon_offset + 1; i < host.size(); ++i) {
      if (!isdigit(host[i])) {
        all_digits = false;
        break;
      }
    }
    if (all_digits) {
      host.resize(colon_offset);
    }
  }
}

void req_info::rebuild_from(req_info& src)
{
  method = src.method;
  script_uri = src.script_uri;
  args = src.args;
  if (src.effective_uri.empty()) {
    request_uri = src.request_uri;
  } else {
    request_uri = src.effective_uri;
  }
  effective_uri.clear();
  host = src.host;

  x_meta_map = src.x_meta_map;
  x_meta_map.erase("x-amz-date");
}


req_state::req_state(CephContext* _cct, RGWEnv* e, RGWUserInfo* u)
  : cct(_cct), cio(NULL), op(OP_UNKNOWN), user(u), has_acl_header(false),
    info(_cct, e)
{
  enable_ops_log = e->conf.enable_ops_log;
  enable_usage_log = e->conf.enable_usage_log;
  defer_to_bucket_acls = e->conf.defer_to_bucket_acls;
  content_started = false;
  format = 0;
  formatter = NULL;
  bucket_acl = NULL;
  object_acl = NULL;
  expect_cont = false;

  obj_size = 0;
  prot_flags = 0;

  system_request = false;

  time = ceph_clock_now();
  perm_mask = 0;
  bucket_instance_shard_id = -1;
  content_length = 0;
  bucket_exists = false;
  has_bad_meta = false;
  length = NULL;
  local_source = false;

  obj_ctx = NULL;
}

req_state::~req_state() {
  delete formatter;
  delete bucket_acl;
  delete object_acl;
}

bool search_err(rgw_http_errors& errs, int err_no, bool is_website_redirect, int& http_ret, string& code)
{
  auto r = errs.find(err_no);
  if (r != errs.end()) {
    if (! is_website_redirect)
      http_ret = r->second.first;
     code = r->second.second;
     return true;
  }
  return false;
}

void set_req_state_err(struct rgw_err& err,     /* out */
                        int err_no,             /* in  */
                        const int prot_flags)   /* in  */
{
  if (err_no < 0)
    err_no = -err_no;

  err.ret = -err_no;
  bool is_website_redirect = false;

  if (prot_flags & RGW_REST_SWIFT) {
    if (search_err(rgw_http_swift_errors, err_no, is_website_redirect, err.http_ret, err.err_code))
      return;
  }

  //Default to searching in s3 errors
  is_website_redirect |= (prot_flags & RGW_REST_WEBSITE)
                && err_no == ERR_WEBSITE_REDIRECT && err.is_clear();
  if (search_err(rgw_http_s3_errors, err_no, is_website_redirect, err.http_ret, err.err_code))
      return;
  dout(0) << "WARNING: set_req_state_err err_no=" << err_no
        << " resorting to 500" << dendl;

  err.http_ret = 500;
  err.err_code = "UnknownError";
}

void set_req_state_err(struct req_state* s, int err_no, const string& err_msg)
{
  if (s) {
    set_req_state_err(s, err_no);
    s->err.message = err_msg;
  }
}

void set_req_state_err(struct req_state* s, int err_no)
{
  if (s) {
    set_req_state_err(s->err, err_no, s->prot_flags);
  }
}

void dump(struct req_state* s)
{
  if (s->format != RGW_FORMAT_HTML)
    s->formatter->open_object_section("Error");
  if (!s->err.err_code.empty())
    s->formatter->dump_string("Code", s->err.err_code);
  if (!s->err.message.empty())
    s->formatter->dump_string("Message", s->err.message);
  if (!s->bucket_name.empty())  // TODO: connect to expose_bucket
    s->formatter->dump_string("BucketName", s->bucket_name);
  if (!s->trans_id.empty())     // TODO: connect to expose_bucket or another toggle
    s->formatter->dump_string("RequestId", s->trans_id);
  s->formatter->dump_string("HostId", s->host_id);
  if (s->format != RGW_FORMAT_HTML)
    s->formatter->close_section();
}

struct str_len {
  const char *str;
  int len;
};

#define STR_LEN_ENTRY(s) { s, sizeof(s) - 1 }

struct str_len meta_prefixes[] = { STR_LEN_ENTRY("HTTP_X_AMZ"),
                                   STR_LEN_ENTRY("HTTP_X_GOOG"),
                                   STR_LEN_ENTRY("HTTP_X_DHO"),
                                   STR_LEN_ENTRY("HTTP_X_RGW"),
                                   STR_LEN_ENTRY("HTTP_X_OBJECT"),
                                   STR_LEN_ENTRY("HTTP_X_CONTAINER"),
                                   STR_LEN_ENTRY("HTTP_X_ACCOUNT"),
                                   {NULL, 0} };


void req_info::init_meta_info(bool *found_bad_meta)
{
  x_meta_map.clear();

  for (const auto& kv: env->get_map()) {
    const char *prefix;
    const string& header_name = kv.first;
    const string& val = kv.second;
    for (int prefix_num = 0; (prefix = meta_prefixes[prefix_num].str) != NULL; prefix_num++) {
      int len = meta_prefixes[prefix_num].len;
      const char *p = header_name.c_str();
      if (strncmp(p, prefix, len) == 0) {
        dout(10) << "meta>> " << p << dendl;
        const char *name = p+len; /* skip the prefix */
        int name_len = header_name.size() - len;

        if (found_bad_meta && strncmp(name, "_META_", name_len) == 0)
          *found_bad_meta = true;

        char name_low[meta_prefixes[0].len + name_len + 1];
        snprintf(name_low, meta_prefixes[0].len - 5 + name_len + 1, "%s%s", meta_prefixes[0].str + 5 /* skip HTTP_ */, name); // normalize meta prefix
        int j;
        for (j = 0; name_low[j]; j++) {
          if (name_low[j] != '_')
            name_low[j] = tolower(name_low[j]);
          else
            name_low[j] = '-';
        }
        name_low[j] = 0;

        auto it = x_meta_map.find(name_low);
        if (it != x_meta_map.end()) {
          string old = it->second;
          boost::algorithm::trim_right(old);
          old.append(",");
          old.append(val);
          x_meta_map[name_low] = old;
        } else {
          x_meta_map[name_low] = val;
        }
      }
    }
  }
  for (const auto& kv: x_meta_map) {
    dout(10) << "x>> " << kv.first << ":" << rgw::crypt_sanitize::x_meta_map{kv.first, kv.second} << dendl;
  }
}

std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& oss, const rgw_err &err)
{
  oss << "rgw_err(http_ret=" << err.http_ret << ", err_code='" << err.err_code << "') ";
  return oss;
}

string rgw_string_unquote(const string& s)
{
  if (s[0] != '"' || s.size() < 2)
    return s;

  int len;
  for (len = s.size(); len > 2; --len) {
    if (s[len - 1] != ' ')
      break;
  }

  if (s[len-1] != '"')
    return s;

  return s.substr(1, len - 2);
}

static bool check_str_end(const char *s)
{
  if (!s)
    return false;

  while (*s) {
    if (!isspace(*s))
      return false;
    s++;
  }
  return true;
}

static bool check_gmt_end(const char *s)
{
  if (!s || !*s)
    return false;

  while (isspace(*s)) {
    ++s;
  }

  /* check for correct timezone */
  if ((strncmp(s, "GMT", 3) != 0) &&
      (strncmp(s, "UTC", 3) != 0)) {
    return false;
  }

  return true;
}

static bool parse_rfc850(const char *s, struct tm *t)
{
  memset(t, 0, sizeof(*t));
  return check_gmt_end(strptime(s, "%A, %d-%b-%y %H:%M:%S ", t));
}

static bool parse_asctime(const char *s, struct tm *t)
{
  memset(t, 0, sizeof(*t));
  return check_str_end(strptime(s, "%a %b %d %H:%M:%S %Y", t));
}

static bool parse_rfc1123(const char *s, struct tm *t)
{
  memset(t, 0, sizeof(*t));
  return check_gmt_end(strptime(s, "%a, %d %b %Y %H:%M:%S ", t));
}

static bool parse_rfc1123_alt(const char *s, struct tm *t)
{
  memset(t, 0, sizeof(*t));
  return check_str_end(strptime(s, "%a, %d %b %Y %H:%M:%S %z", t));
}

bool parse_rfc2616(const char *s, struct tm *t)
{
  return parse_rfc850(s, t) || parse_asctime(s, t) || parse_rfc1123(s, t) || parse_rfc1123_alt(s,t);
}

bool parse_iso8601(const char *s, struct tm *t, uint32_t *pns, bool extended_format)
{
  memset(t, 0, sizeof(*t));
  const char *p;

  if (!s)
    s = "";

  if (extended_format) {
    p = strptime(s, "%Y-%m-%dT%T", t);
    if (!p) {
      p = strptime(s, "%Y-%m-%d %T", t);
    }
  } else {
    p = strptime(s, "%Y%m%dT%H%M%S", t);
  }
  if (!p) {
    dout(0) << "parse_iso8601 failed" << dendl;
    return false;
  }
  const boost::string_view str = rgw_trim_whitespace(boost::string_view(p));
  int len = str.size();

  if (len == 0 || (len == 1 && str[0] == 'Z'))
    return true;

  if (str[0] != '.' ||
      str[len - 1] != 'Z')
    return false;

  uint32_t ms;
  boost::string_view nsstr = str.substr(1,  len - 2);
  int r = stringtoul(nsstr.to_string(), &ms);
  if (r < 0)
    return false;

  if (!pns) {
    return true;
  }

  if (nsstr.size() > 9) {
    nsstr = nsstr.substr(0, 9);
  }

  uint64_t mul_table[] = { 0,
    100000000LL,
    10000000LL,
    1000000LL,
    100000LL,
    10000LL,
    1000LL,
    100LL,
    10LL,
    1 };


  *pns = ms * mul_table[nsstr.size()];

  return true;
}

int parse_key_value(string& in_str, const char *delim, string& key, string& val)
{
  if (delim == NULL)
    return -EINVAL;

  auto pos = in_str.find(delim);
  if (pos == string::npos)
    return -EINVAL;

  key = rgw_trim_whitespace(in_str.substr(0, pos));
  val = rgw_trim_whitespace(in_str.substr(pos + 1));

  return 0;
}

int parse_key_value(string& in_str, string& key, string& val)
{
  return parse_key_value(in_str, "=", key,val);
}

boost::optional<std::pair<boost::string_view, boost::string_view>>
parse_key_value(const boost::string_view& in_str,
                const boost::string_view& delim)
{
  const size_t pos = in_str.find(delim);
  if (pos == boost::string_view::npos) {
    return boost::none;
  }

  const auto key = rgw_trim_whitespace(in_str.substr(0, pos));
  const auto val = rgw_trim_whitespace(in_str.substr(pos + 1));

  return std::make_pair(key, val);
}

boost::optional<std::pair<boost::string_view, boost::string_view>>
parse_key_value(const boost::string_view& in_str)
{
  return parse_key_value(in_str, "=");
}

int parse_time(const char *time_str, real_time *time)
{
  struct tm tm;
  uint32_t ns = 0;

  if (!parse_rfc2616(time_str, &tm) && !parse_iso8601(time_str, &tm, &ns)) {
    return -EINVAL;
  }

  time_t sec = internal_timegm(&tm);
  *time = utime_t(sec, ns).to_real_time();

  return 0;
}

#define TIME_BUF_SIZE 128

void rgw_to_iso8601(const real_time& t, char *dest, int buf_size)
{
  utime_t ut(t);

  char buf[TIME_BUF_SIZE];
  struct tm result;
  time_t epoch = ut.sec();
  struct tm *tmp = gmtime_r(&epoch, &result);
  if (tmp == NULL)
    return;

  if (strftime(buf, sizeof(buf), "%Y-%m-%dT%T", tmp) == 0)
    return;

  snprintf(dest, buf_size, "%s.%03dZ", buf, (int)(ut.usec() / 1000));
}

void rgw_to_iso8601(const real_time& t, string *dest)
{
  char buf[TIME_BUF_SIZE];
  rgw_to_iso8601(t, buf, sizeof(buf));
  *dest = buf;
}

/*
 * calculate the sha1 value of a given msg and key
 */
void calc_hmac_sha1(const char *key, int key_len,
                    const char *msg, int msg_len, char *dest)
/* destination should be CEPH_CRYPTO_HMACSHA1_DIGESTSIZE bytes long */
{
  HMACSHA1 hmac((const unsigned char *)key, key_len);
  hmac.Update((const unsigned char *)msg, msg_len);
  hmac.Final((unsigned char *)dest);
}

/*
 * calculate the sha256 value of a given msg and key
 */
void calc_hmac_sha256(const char *key, int key_len,
                      const char *msg, int msg_len, char *dest)
{
  char hash_sha256[CEPH_CRYPTO_HMACSHA256_DIGESTSIZE];

  HMACSHA256 hmac((const unsigned char *)key, key_len);
  hmac.Update((const unsigned char *)msg, msg_len);
  hmac.Final((unsigned char *)hash_sha256);

  memcpy(dest, hash_sha256, CEPH_CRYPTO_HMACSHA256_DIGESTSIZE);
}

using ceph::crypto::SHA256;

/*
 * calculate the sha256 hash value of a given msg
 */
sha256_digest_t calc_hash_sha256(const boost::string_view& msg)
{
  std::array<unsigned char, CEPH_CRYPTO_HMACSHA256_DIGESTSIZE> hash;

  SHA256 hasher;
  hasher.Update(reinterpret_cast<const unsigned char*>(msg.data()), msg.size());
  hasher.Final(hash.data());

  return hash;
}

SHA256* calc_hash_sha256_open_stream()
{
  return new SHA256;
}

void calc_hash_sha256_update_stream(SHA256 *hash, const char *msg, int len)
{
  hash->Update((const unsigned char *)msg, len);
}

string calc_hash_sha256_close_stream(SHA256 **phash)
{
  SHA256 *hash = *phash;
  if (!hash) {
    hash = calc_hash_sha256_open_stream();
  }
  char hash_sha256[CEPH_CRYPTO_HMACSHA256_DIGESTSIZE];

  hash->Final((unsigned char *)hash_sha256);

  char hex_str[(CEPH_CRYPTO_SHA256_DIGESTSIZE * 2) + 1];
  buf_to_hex((unsigned char *)hash_sha256, CEPH_CRYPTO_SHA256_DIGESTSIZE, hex_str);

  delete hash;
  *phash = NULL;
  
  return std::string(hex_str);
}

std::string calc_hash_sha256_restart_stream(SHA256 **phash)
{
  const auto hash = calc_hash_sha256_close_stream(phash);
  *phash = calc_hash_sha256_open_stream();

  return hash;
}

int gen_rand_base64(CephContext *cct, char *dest, int size) /* size should be the required string size + 1 */
{
  char buf[size];
  char tmp_dest[size + 4]; /* so that there's space for the extra '=' characters, and some */
  int ret;

  ret = get_random_bytes(buf, sizeof(buf));
  if (ret < 0) {
    lderr(cct) << "cannot get random bytes: " << cpp_strerror(-ret) << dendl;
    return ret;
  }

  ret = ceph_armor(tmp_dest, &tmp_dest[sizeof(tmp_dest)],
                   (const char *)buf, ((const char *)buf) + ((size - 1) * 3 + 4 - 1) / 4);
  if (ret < 0) {
    lderr(cct) << "ceph_armor failed" << dendl;
    return ret;
  }
  tmp_dest[ret] = '\0';
  memcpy(dest, tmp_dest, size);
  dest[size-1] = '\0';

  return 0;
}

static const char alphanum_upper_table[]="0123456789ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ";

int gen_rand_alphanumeric_upper(CephContext *cct, char *dest, int size) /* size should be the required string size + 1 */
{
  int ret = get_random_bytes(dest, size);
  if (ret < 0) {
    lderr(cct) << "cannot get random bytes: " << cpp_strerror(-ret) << dendl;
    return ret;
  }

  int i;
  for (i=0; i<size - 1; i++) {
    int pos = (unsigned)dest[i];
    dest[i] = alphanum_upper_table[pos % (sizeof(alphanum_upper_table) - 1)];
  }
  dest[i] = '\0';

  return 0;
}

static const char alphanum_lower_table[]="0123456789abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz";

int gen_rand_alphanumeric_lower(CephContext *cct, char *dest, int size) /* size should be the required string size + 1 */
{
  int ret = get_random_bytes(dest, size);
  if (ret < 0) {
    lderr(cct) << "cannot get random bytes: " << cpp_strerror(-ret) << dendl;
    return ret;
  }

  int i;
  for (i=0; i<size - 1; i++) {
    int pos = (unsigned)dest[i];
    dest[i] = alphanum_lower_table[pos % (sizeof(alphanum_lower_table) - 1)];
  }
  dest[i] = '\0';

  return 0;
}

int gen_rand_alphanumeric_lower(CephContext *cct, string *str, int length)
{
  char buf[length + 1];
  int ret = gen_rand_alphanumeric_lower(cct, buf, sizeof(buf));
  if (ret < 0) {
    return ret;
  }
  *str = buf;
  return 0;
}

// this is basically a modified base64 charset, url friendly
static const char alphanum_table[]="ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz0123456789-_";

int gen_rand_alphanumeric(CephContext *cct, char *dest, int size) /* size should be the required string size + 1 */
{
  int ret = get_random_bytes(dest, size);
  if (ret < 0) {
    lderr(cct) << "cannot get random bytes: " << cpp_strerror(-ret) << dendl;
    return ret;
  }

  int i;
  for (i=0; i<size - 1; i++) {
    int pos = (unsigned)dest[i];
    dest[i] = alphanum_table[pos & 63];
  }
  dest[i] = '\0';

  return 0;
}

static const char alphanum_no_underscore_table[]="ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz0123456789-.";

int gen_rand_alphanumeric_no_underscore(CephContext *cct, char *dest, int size) /* size should be the required string size + 1 */
{
  int ret = get_random_bytes(dest, size);
  if (ret < 0) {
    lderr(cct) << "cannot get random bytes: " << cpp_strerror(-ret) << dendl;
    return ret;
  }

  int i;
  for (i=0; i<size - 1; i++) {
    int pos = (unsigned)dest[i];
    dest[i] = alphanum_no_underscore_table[pos & 63];
  }
  dest[i] = '\0';

  return 0;
}

static const char alphanum_plain_table[]="ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz0123456789";

int gen_rand_alphanumeric_plain(CephContext *cct, char *dest, int size) /* size should be the required string size + 1 */
{
  int ret = get_random_bytes(dest, size);
  if (ret < 0) {
    lderr(cct) << "cannot get random bytes: " << cpp_strerror(-ret) << dendl;
    return ret;
  }

  int i;
  for (i=0; i<size - 1; i++) {
    int pos = (unsigned)dest[i];
    dest[i] = alphanum_plain_table[pos % (sizeof(alphanum_plain_table) - 1)];
  }
  dest[i] = '\0';

  return 0;
}

int NameVal::parse()
{
  auto delim_pos = str.find('=');
  int ret = 0;

  if (delim_pos == string::npos) {
    name = str;
    val = "";
    ret = 1;
  } else {
    name = str.substr(0, delim_pos);
    val = str.substr(delim_pos + 1);
  }

  return ret; 
}

int RGWHTTPArgs::parse()
{
  int pos = 0;
  bool end = false;

  if (str.empty())
    return 0;

  if (str[pos] == '?')
    pos++;

  while (!end) {
    int fpos = str.find('&', pos);
    if (fpos  < pos) {
       end = true;
       fpos = str.size(); 
    }
    std::string nameval = url_decode(str.substr(pos, fpos - pos), true);
    NameVal nv(std::move(nameval));
    int ret = nv.parse();
    if (ret >= 0) {
      string& name = nv.get_name();
      string& val = nv.get_val();

      append(name, val);
    }

    pos = fpos + 1;  
  }

  return 0;
}

void RGWHTTPArgs::append(const string& name, const string& val)
{
  if (name.compare(0, sizeof(RGW_SYS_PARAM_PREFIX) - 1, RGW_SYS_PARAM_PREFIX) == 0) {
    sys_val_map[name] = val;
  } else {
    val_map[name] = val;
  }

  if ((name.compare("acl") == 0) ||
      (name.compare("cors") == 0) ||
      (name.compare("location") == 0) ||
      (name.compare("logging") == 0) ||
      (name.compare("usage") == 0) ||
      (name.compare("lifecycle") == 0) ||
      (name.compare("delete") == 0) ||
      (name.compare("uploads") == 0) ||
      (name.compare("partNumber") == 0) ||
      (name.compare("uploadId") == 0) ||
      (name.compare("versionId") == 0) ||
      (name.compare("start-date") == 0) ||
      (name.compare("end-date") == 0) ||
      (name.compare("versions") == 0) ||
      (name.compare("versioning") == 0) ||
      (name.compare("website") == 0) ||
      (name.compare("requestPayment") == 0) ||
      (name.compare("torrent") == 0)) {
    sub_resources[name] = val;
  } else if (name[0] == 'r') { // root of all evil
    if ((name.compare("response-content-type") == 0) ||
        (name.compare("response-content-language") == 0) ||
        (name.compare("response-expires") == 0) ||
        (name.compare("response-cache-control") == 0) ||
        (name.compare("response-content-disposition") == 0) ||
        (name.compare("response-content-encoding") == 0)) {
      sub_resources[name] = val;
      has_resp_modifier = true;
    }
  } else if  ((name.compare("subuser") == 0) ||
              (name.compare("key") == 0) ||
              (name.compare("caps") == 0) ||
              (name.compare("index") == 0) ||
              (name.compare("policy") == 0) ||
              (name.compare("quota") == 0) ||
              (name.compare("object") == 0)) {

    if (!admin_subresource_added) {
      sub_resources[name] = "";
      admin_subresource_added = true;
    }
  }
}

const string& RGWHTTPArgs::get(const string& name, bool *exists) const
{
  auto iter = val_map.find(name);
  bool e = (iter != std::end(val_map));
  if (exists)
    *exists = e;
  if (e)
    return iter->second;
  return empty_str;
}

int RGWHTTPArgs::get_bool(const string& name, bool *val, bool *exists)
{
  map<string, string>::iterator iter;
  iter = val_map.find(name);
  bool e = (iter != val_map.end());
  if (exists)
    *exists = e;

  if (e) {
    const char *s = iter->second.c_str();

    if (strcasecmp(s, "false") == 0) {
      *val = false;
    } else if (strcasecmp(s, "true") == 0) {
      *val = true;
    } else {
      return -EINVAL;
    }
  }

  return 0;
}

int RGWHTTPArgs::get_bool(const char *name, bool *val, bool *exists)
{
  string s(name);
  return get_bool(s, val, exists);
}

void RGWHTTPArgs::get_bool(const char *name, bool *val, bool def_val)
{
  bool exists = false;
  if ((get_bool(name, val, &exists) < 0) ||
      !exists) {
    *val = def_val;
  }
}

string RGWHTTPArgs::sys_get(const string& name, bool * const exists) const
{
  const auto iter = sys_val_map.find(name);
  const bool e = (iter != sys_val_map.end());

  if (exists) {
    *exists = e;
  }

  return e ? iter->second : string();
}

bool verify_user_permission(struct req_state * const s,
                            RGWAccessControlPolicy * const user_acl,
                            const int perm)
{
  /* S3 doesn't support account ACLs. */
  if (!user_acl)
    return true;

  if ((perm & (int)s->perm_mask) != perm)
    return false;

  return user_acl->verify_permission(*s->auth.identity, perm, perm);
}

bool verify_user_permission(struct req_state * const s,
                            const int perm)
{
  return verify_user_permission(s, s->user_acl.get(), perm);
}

bool verify_requester_payer_permission(struct req_state *s)
{
  if (!s->bucket_info.requester_pays)
    return true;

  if (s->auth.identity->is_owner_of(s->bucket_info.owner))
    return true;
  
  if (s->auth.identity->is_anonymous()) {
    return false;
  }

  const char *request_payer = s->info.env->get("HTTP_X_AMZ_REQUEST_PAYER");
  if (!request_payer) {
    bool exists;
    request_payer = s->info.args.get("x-amz-request-payer", &exists).c_str();
    if (!exists) {
      return false;
    }
  }

  if (strcasecmp(request_payer, "requester") == 0) {
    return true;
  }

  return false;
}

bool verify_bucket_permission(struct req_state * const s,
                              const rgw_bucket& bucket,
                              RGWAccessControlPolicy * const user_acl,
                              RGWAccessControlPolicy * const bucket_acl,
                              const optional<Policy>& bucket_policy,
                              const uint64_t op)
{
  if (!verify_requester_payer_permission(s))
    return false;

  if (bucket_policy) {
    auto r = bucket_policy->eval(s->env, *s->auth.identity, op, ARN(bucket));
    if (r == Effect::Allow)
      // It looks like S3 ACLs only GRANT permissions rather than
      // denying them, so this should be safe.
      return true;
    else if (r == Effect::Deny)
      return false;
  }

  const auto perm = op_to_perm(op);

  return verify_bucket_permission_no_policy(s, user_acl, bucket_acl, perm);
}

bool verify_bucket_permission_no_policy(struct req_state * const s,
                                        RGWAccessControlPolicy * const user_acl,
                                        RGWAccessControlPolicy * const bucket_acl,
                                        const int perm)
{
  if (!bucket_acl)
    return false;

  if ((perm & (int)s->perm_mask) != perm)
    return false;

  if (bucket_acl->verify_permission(*s->auth.identity, perm, perm,
                                    s->info.env->get("HTTP_REFERER")))
    return true;

  if (!user_acl)
    return false;

  return user_acl->verify_permission(*s->auth.identity, perm, perm);
}

bool verify_bucket_permission_no_policy(struct req_state * const s, const int perm)
{
  if (!verify_requester_payer_permission(s))
    return false;

  return verify_bucket_permission_no_policy(s,
                                            s->user_acl.get(),
                                            s->bucket_acl,
                                            perm);
}

bool verify_bucket_permission(struct req_state * const s, const uint64_t op)
{
  return verify_bucket_permission(s,
                                  s->bucket,
                                  s->user_acl.get(),
                                  s->bucket_acl,
                                  s->iam_policy,
                                  op);
}

static inline bool check_deferred_bucket_perms(struct req_state * const s,
                                               const rgw_bucket& bucket,
                                               RGWAccessControlPolicy * const user_acl,
                                               RGWAccessControlPolicy * const bucket_acl,
                                               const optional<Policy>& bucket_policy,
                                               const uint8_t deferred_check,
                                               const uint64_t op)
{
  return (s->defer_to_bucket_acls == deferred_check \
          && verify_bucket_permission(s, bucket, user_acl, bucket_acl, bucket_policy, op));
}

static inline bool check_deferred_bucket_only_acl(struct req_state * const s,
                                                  RGWAccessControlPolicy * const user_acl,
                                                  RGWAccessControlPolicy * const bucket_acl,
                                                  const uint8_t deferred_check,
                                                  const int perm)
{
  return (s->defer_to_bucket_acls == deferred_check \
          && verify_bucket_permission_no_policy(s, user_acl, bucket_acl, perm));
}

bool verify_object_permission(struct req_state * const s,
                              const rgw_obj& obj,
                              RGWAccessControlPolicy * const user_acl,
                              RGWAccessControlPolicy * const bucket_acl,
                              RGWAccessControlPolicy * const object_acl,
                              const optional<Policy>& bucket_policy,
                              const uint64_t op)
{
  if (!verify_requester_payer_permission(s))
    return false;

  if (bucket_policy) {
    auto r = bucket_policy->eval(s->env, *s->auth.identity, op, ARN(obj));
    if (r == Effect::Allow)
      // It looks like S3 ACLs only GRANT permissions rather than
      // denying them, so this should be safe.
      return true;
    else if (r == Effect::Deny)
      return false;
  }

  const auto perm = op_to_perm(op);

  if (check_deferred_bucket_perms(s, obj.bucket, user_acl, bucket_acl, bucket_policy,
                                  RGW_DEFER_TO_BUCKET_ACLS_RECURSE, op) ||
      check_deferred_bucket_perms(s, obj.bucket, user_acl, bucket_acl, bucket_policy,
                                  RGW_DEFER_TO_BUCKET_ACLS_FULL_CONTROL, rgw::IAM::s3All)) {
    return true;
  }

  if (!object_acl) {
    return false;
  }

  bool ret = object_acl->verify_permission(*s->auth.identity, s->perm_mask, perm);
  if (ret) {
    return true;
  }

  if (!s->cct->_conf->rgw_enforce_swift_acls)
    return ret;

  if ((perm & (int)s->perm_mask) != perm)
    return false;

  int swift_perm = 0;
  if (perm & (RGW_PERM_READ | RGW_PERM_READ_ACP))
    swift_perm |= RGW_PERM_READ_OBJS;
  if (perm & RGW_PERM_WRITE)
    swift_perm |= RGW_PERM_WRITE_OBJS;

  if (!swift_perm)
    return false;

  /* we already verified the user mask above, so we pass swift_perm as the mask here,
     otherwise the mask might not cover the swift permissions bits */
  if (bucket_acl->verify_permission(*s->auth.identity, swift_perm, swift_perm,
                                    s->info.env->get("HTTP_REFERER")))
    return true;

  if (!user_acl)
    return false;

  return user_acl->verify_permission(*s->auth.identity, swift_perm, swift_perm);
}

bool verify_object_permission_no_policy(struct req_state * const s,
                                        RGWAccessControlPolicy * const user_acl,
                                        RGWAccessControlPolicy * const bucket_acl,
                                        RGWAccessControlPolicy * const object_acl,
                                        const int perm)
{
  if (check_deferred_bucket_only_acl(s, user_acl, bucket_acl, RGW_DEFER_TO_BUCKET_ACLS_RECURSE, perm) ||
      check_deferred_bucket_only_acl(s, user_acl, bucket_acl, RGW_DEFER_TO_BUCKET_ACLS_FULL_CONTROL, RGW_PERM_FULL_CONTROL)) {
    return true;
  }

  if (!object_acl) {
    return false;
  }

  bool ret = object_acl->verify_permission(*s->auth.identity, s->perm_mask, perm);
  if (ret) {
    return true;
  }

  if (!s->cct->_conf->rgw_enforce_swift_acls)
    return ret;

  if ((perm & (int)s->perm_mask) != perm)
    return false;

  int swift_perm = 0;
  if (perm & (RGW_PERM_READ | RGW_PERM_READ_ACP))
    swift_perm |= RGW_PERM_READ_OBJS;
  if (perm & RGW_PERM_WRITE)
    swift_perm |= RGW_PERM_WRITE_OBJS;

  if (!swift_perm)
    return false;

  /* we already verified the user mask above, so we pass swift_perm as the mask here,
     otherwise the mask might not cover the swift permissions bits */
  if (bucket_acl->verify_permission(*s->auth.identity, swift_perm, swift_perm,
                                    s->info.env->get("HTTP_REFERER")))
    return true;

  if (!user_acl)
    return false;

  return user_acl->verify_permission(*s->auth.identity, swift_perm, swift_perm);
}

bool verify_object_permission_no_policy(struct req_state *s, int perm)
{
  if (!verify_requester_payer_permission(s))
    return false;

  return verify_object_permission_no_policy(s, s->user_acl.get(),
                                            s->bucket_acl, s->object_acl,
                                            perm);
}

bool verify_object_permission(struct req_state *s, uint64_t op)
{
  return verify_object_permission(s,
                                  rgw_obj(s->bucket, s->object),
                                  s->user_acl.get(),
                                  s->bucket_acl,
                                  s->object_acl,
                                  s->iam_policy,
                                  op);
}

class HexTable
{
  char table[256];

public:
  HexTable() {
    memset(table, -1, sizeof(table));
    int i;
    for (i = '0'; i<='9'; i++)
      table[i] = i - '0';
    for (i = 'A'; i<='F'; i++)
      table[i] = i - 'A' + 0xa;
    for (i = 'a'; i<='f'; i++)
      table[i] = i - 'a' + 0xa;
  }

  char to_num(char c) {
    return table[(int)c];
  }
};

static char hex_to_num(char c)
{
  static HexTable hex_table;
  return hex_table.to_num(c);
}

std::string url_decode(const boost::string_view& src_str, bool in_query)
{
  std::string dest_str;
  dest_str.reserve(src_str.length() + 1);

  for (auto src = std::begin(src_str); src != std::end(src_str); ++src) {
    if (*src != '%') {
      if (!in_query || *src != '+') {
        if (*src == '?') {
          in_query = true;
        }
        dest_str.push_back(*src);
      } else {
        dest_str.push_back(' ');
      }
    } else {
      /* 3 == strlen("%%XX") */
      if (std::distance(src, std::end(src_str)) < 3) {
        break;
      }

      src++;
      const char c1 = hex_to_num(*src++);
      const char c2 = hex_to_num(*src);
      if (c1 < 0 || c2 < 0) {
        return std::string();
      } else {
        dest_str.push_back(c1 << 4 | c2);
      }
    }
  }

  return dest_str;
}

void rgw_uri_escape_char(char c, string& dst)
{
  char buf[16];
  snprintf(buf, sizeof(buf), "%%%.2X", (int)(unsigned char)c);
  dst.append(buf);
}

static bool char_needs_url_encoding(char c)
{
  if (c <= 0x20 || c >= 0x7f)
    return true;

  switch (c) {
    case 0x22:
    case 0x23:
    case 0x25:
    case 0x26:
    case 0x2B:
    case 0x2C:
    case 0x2F:
    case 0x3A:
    case 0x3B:
    case 0x3C:
    case 0x3E:
    case 0x3D:
    case 0x3F:
    case 0x40:
    case 0x5B:
    case 0x5D:
    case 0x5C:
    case 0x5E:
    case 0x60:
    case 0x7B:
    case 0x7D:
      return true;
  }
  return false;
}

void url_encode(const string& src, string& dst)
{
  const char *p = src.c_str();
  for (unsigned i = 0; i < src.size(); i++, p++) {
    if (char_needs_url_encoding(*p)) {
      rgw_uri_escape_char(*p, dst);
      continue;
    }

    dst.append(p, 1);
  }
}

std::string url_encode(const std::string& src)
{
  std::string dst;
  url_encode(src, dst);

  return dst;
}

string rgw_trim_whitespace(const string& src)
{
  if (src.empty()) {
    return string();
  }

  int start = 0;
  for (; start != (int)src.size(); start++) {
    if (!isspace(src[start]))
      break;
  }

  int end = src.size() - 1;
  if (end < start) {
    return string();
  }

  for (; end > start; end--) {
    if (!isspace(src[end]))
      break;
  }

  return src.substr(start, end - start + 1);
}

boost::string_view rgw_trim_whitespace(const boost::string_view& src)
{
  boost::string_view res = src;

  while (res.size() > 0 && std::isspace(res.front())) {
    res.remove_prefix(1);
  }
  while (res.size() > 0 && std::isspace(res.back())) {
    res.remove_suffix(1);
  }
  return res;
}

string rgw_trim_quotes(const string& val)
{
  string s = rgw_trim_whitespace(val);
  if (s.size() < 2)
    return s;

  int start = 0;
  int end = s.size() - 1;
  int quotes_count = 0;

  if (s[start] == '"') {
    start++;
    quotes_count++;
  }
  if (s[end] == '"') {
    end--;
    quotes_count++;
  }
  if (quotes_count == 2) {
    return s.substr(start, end - start + 1);
  }
  return s;
}

struct rgw_name_to_flag {
  const char *type_name;
  uint32_t flag;
};

static int parse_list_of_flags(struct rgw_name_to_flag *mapping,
                               const string& str, uint32_t *perm)
{
  list<string> strs;
  get_str_list(str, strs);
  list<string>::iterator iter;
  uint32_t v = 0;
  for (iter = strs.begin(); iter != strs.end(); ++iter) {
    string& s = *iter;
    for (int i = 0; mapping[i].type_name; i++) {
      if (s.compare(mapping[i].type_name) == 0)
        v |= mapping[i].flag;
    }
  }

  *perm = v;
  return 0;
}

static struct rgw_name_to_flag cap_names[] = { {"*",     RGW_CAP_ALL},
                  {"read",  RGW_CAP_READ},
                  {"write", RGW_CAP_WRITE},
                  {NULL, 0} };

int RGWUserCaps::parse_cap_perm(const string& str, uint32_t *perm)
{
  return parse_list_of_flags(cap_names, str, perm);
}

int RGWUserCaps::get_cap(const string& cap, string& type, uint32_t *pperm)
{
  int pos = cap.find('=');
  if (pos >= 0) {
    type = rgw_trim_whitespace(cap.substr(0, pos));
  }

  if (!is_valid_cap_type(type))
    return -ERR_INVALID_CAP;

  string cap_perm;
  uint32_t perm = 0;
  if (pos < (int)cap.size() - 1) {
    cap_perm = cap.substr(pos + 1);
    int r = RGWUserCaps::parse_cap_perm(cap_perm, &perm);
    if (r < 0)
      return r;
  }

  *pperm = perm;

  return 0;
}

int RGWUserCaps::add_cap(const string& cap)
{
  uint32_t perm;
  string type;

  int r = get_cap(cap, type, &perm);
  if (r < 0)
    return r;

  caps[type] |= perm;

  return 0;
}

int RGWUserCaps::remove_cap(const string& cap)
{
  uint32_t perm;
  string type;

  int r = get_cap(cap, type, &perm);
  if (r < 0)
    return r;

  map<string, uint32_t>::iterator iter = caps.find(type);
  if (iter == caps.end())
    return 0;

  uint32_t& old_perm = iter->second;
  old_perm &= ~perm;
  if (!old_perm)
    caps.erase(iter);

  return 0;
}

int RGWUserCaps::add_from_string(const string& str)
{
  int start = 0;
  do {
    auto end = str.find(';', start);
    if (end == string::npos)
      end = str.size();

    int r = add_cap(str.substr(start, end - start));
    if (r < 0)
      return r;

    start = end + 1;
  } while (start < (int)str.size());

  return 0;
}

int RGWUserCaps::remove_from_string(const string& str)
{
  int start = 0;
  do {
    auto end = str.find(';', start);
    if (end == string::npos)
      end = str.size();

    int r = remove_cap(str.substr(start, end - start));
    if (r < 0)
      return r;

    start = end + 1;
  } while (start < (int)str.size());

  return 0;
}

void RGWUserCaps::dump(Formatter *f) const
{
  dump(f, "caps");
}

void RGWUserCaps::dump(Formatter *f, const char *name) const
{
  f->open_array_section(name);
  map<string, uint32_t>::const_iterator iter;
  for (iter = caps.begin(); iter != caps.end(); ++iter)
  {
    f->open_object_section("cap");
    f->dump_string("type", iter->first);
    uint32_t perm = iter->second;
    string perm_str;
    for (int i=0; cap_names[i].type_name; i++) {
      if ((perm & cap_names[i].flag) == cap_names[i].flag) {
        if (perm_str.size())
          perm_str.append(", ");

        perm_str.append(cap_names[i].type_name);
        perm &= ~cap_names[i].flag;
      }
    }
    if (perm_str.empty())
      perm_str = "<none>";

    f->dump_string("perm", perm_str);
    f->close_section();
  }

  f->close_section();
}

struct RGWUserCap {
  string type;
  uint32_t perm;

  void decode_json(JSONObj *obj) {
    JSONDecoder::decode_json("type", type, obj);
    string perm_str;
    JSONDecoder::decode_json("perm", perm_str, obj);
    if (RGWUserCaps::parse_cap_perm(perm_str, &perm) < 0) {
      throw JSONDecoder::err("failed to parse permissions");
    }
  }
};

void RGWUserCaps::decode_json(JSONObj *obj)
{
  list<RGWUserCap> caps_list;
  decode_json_obj(caps_list, obj);

  list<RGWUserCap>::iterator iter;
  for (iter = caps_list.begin(); iter != caps_list.end(); ++iter) {
    RGWUserCap& cap = *iter;
    caps[cap.type] = cap.perm;
  }
}

int RGWUserCaps::check_cap(const string& cap, uint32_t perm)
{
  map<string, uint32_t>::iterator iter = caps.find(cap);

  if ((iter == caps.end()) ||
      (iter->second & perm) != perm) {
    return -EPERM;
  }

  return 0;
}

bool RGWUserCaps::is_valid_cap_type(const string& tp)
{
  static const char *cap_type[] = { "user",
                                    "users",
                                    "buckets",
                                    "metadata",
                                    "usage",
                                    "zone",
                                    "bilog",
                                    "mdlog",
                                    "datalog",
                                    "opstate" };

  for (unsigned int i = 0; i < sizeof(cap_type) / sizeof(char *); ++i) {
    if (tp.compare(cap_type[i]) == 0) {
      return true;
    }
  }

  return false;
}

static ssize_t unescape_str(const string& s, ssize_t ofs, char esc_char, char special_char, string *dest)
{
  const char *src = s.c_str();
  char dest_buf[s.size() + 1];
  char *destp = dest_buf;
  bool esc = false;

  dest_buf[0] = '\0';

  for (size_t i = ofs; i < s.size(); i++) {
    char c = src[i];
    if (!esc && c == esc_char) {
      esc = true;
      continue;
    }
    if (!esc && c == special_char) {
      *destp = '\0';
      *dest = dest_buf;
      return (ssize_t)i + 1;
    }
    *destp++ = c;
    esc = false;
  }
  *destp = '\0';
  *dest = dest_buf;
  return string::npos;
}

static void escape_str(const string& s, char esc_char, char special_char, string *dest)
{
  const char *src = s.c_str();
  char dest_buf[s.size() * 2 + 1];
  char *destp = dest_buf;

  for (size_t i = 0; i < s.size(); i++) {
    char c = src[i];
    if (c == esc_char || c == special_char) {
      *destp++ = esc_char;
    }
    *destp++ = c;
  }
  *destp++ = '\0';
  *dest = dest_buf;
}

void rgw_pool::from_str(const string& s)
{
  size_t pos = unescape_str(s, 0, '\\', ':', &name);
  if (pos != string::npos) {
    pos = unescape_str(s, pos, '\\', ':', &ns);
    /* ignore return; if pos != string::npos it means that we had a colon
     * in the middle of ns that wasn't escaped, we're going to stop there
     */
  }
}

string rgw_pool::to_str() const
{
  string esc_name;
  escape_str(name, '\\', ':', &esc_name);
  if (ns.empty()) {
    return esc_name;
  }
  string esc_ns;
  escape_str(ns, '\\', ':', &esc_ns);
  return esc_name + ":" + esc_ns;
}

void rgw_raw_obj::decode_from_rgw_obj(bufferlist::iterator& bl)
{
  rgw_obj old_obj;
  ::decode(old_obj, bl);

  get_obj_bucket_and_oid_loc(old_obj, oid, loc);
  pool = old_obj.get_explicit_data_pool();
}

std::string rgw_bucket::get_key(char tenant_delim, char id_delim) const
{
  static constexpr size_t shard_len{12}; // ":4294967295\0"
  const size_t max_len = tenant.size() + sizeof(tenant_delim) +
      name.size() + sizeof(id_delim) + bucket_id.size() + shard_len;

  std::string key;
  key.reserve(max_len);
  if (!tenant.empty() && tenant_delim) {
    key.append(tenant);
    key.append(1, tenant_delim);
  }
  key.append(name);
  if (!bucket_id.empty() && id_delim) {
    key.append(1, id_delim);
    key.append(bucket_id);
  }
  return key;
}

std::string rgw_bucket_shard::get_key(char tenant_delim, char id_delim,
                                      char shard_delim) const
{
  auto key = bucket.get_key(tenant_delim, id_delim);
  if (shard_id >= 0 && shard_delim) {
    key.append(1, shard_delim);
    key.append(std::to_string(shard_id));
  }
  return key;
}

static struct rgw_name_to_flag op_type_mapping[] = { {"*",  RGW_OP_TYPE_ALL},
                  {"read",  RGW_OP_TYPE_READ},
                  {"write", RGW_OP_TYPE_WRITE},
                  {"delete", RGW_OP_TYPE_DELETE},
                  {NULL, 0} };


int rgw_parse_op_type_list(const string& str, uint32_t *perm)
{
  return parse_list_of_flags(op_type_mapping, str, perm);
}

static int match_internal(boost::string_ref pattern, boost::string_ref input, int (*function)(const char&, const char&))
{
  boost::string_ref::iterator it1 = pattern.begin();
  boost::string_ref::iterator it2 = input.begin();
  while(true) {
    if (it1 == pattern.end() && it2 == input.end())
        return 1;
    if (it1 == pattern.end() || it2 == input.end())
        return 0;
    if (*it1 == '*' && (it1 + 1) == pattern.end() && it2 != input.end())
      return 1;
    if (*it1 == '*' && (it1 + 1) == pattern.end() && it2 == input.end())
      return 0;
    if (function(*it1, *it2) || *it1 == '?') {
      ++it1;
      ++it2;
      continue;
    }
    if (*it1 == '*') {
      if (function(*(it1 + 1), *it2))
        ++it1;
      else
        ++it2;
      continue;
    }
    return 0;
  }
  return 0;
}

static int matchcase(const char& c1, const char& c2)
{
  if (c1 == c2)
      return 1;
  return 0;
}

static int matchignorecase(const char& c1, const char& c2)
{
  if (tolower(c1) == tolower(c2))
      return 1;
  return 0;
}

int match(const string& pattern, const string& input, uint32_t flag)
{
  auto last_pos_input = 0, last_pos_pattern = 0;

  while(true) {
    auto cur_pos_input = input.find(":", last_pos_input);
    auto cur_pos_pattern = pattern.find(":", last_pos_pattern);

    string substr_input = input.substr(last_pos_input, cur_pos_input);
    string substr_pattern = pattern.substr(last_pos_pattern, cur_pos_pattern);

    int res;
    if (substr_pattern == "*") {
      res = 1;
    } else if (flag & MATCH_POLICY_ACTION || flag & MATCH_POLICY_ARN) {
      res = match_internal(substr_pattern, substr_input, &matchignorecase);
    } else {
      res = match_internal(substr_pattern, substr_input, &matchcase);
    }
    if (res == 0)
      return 0;

    if (cur_pos_pattern == string::npos && cur_pos_input == string::npos)
      return 1;
    else if ((cur_pos_pattern == string::npos && cur_pos_input != string::npos) ||
             (cur_pos_pattern != string::npos && cur_pos_input == string::npos))
      return 0;

    last_pos_pattern = cur_pos_pattern + 1;
    last_pos_input = cur_pos_input + 1;
  }
}