New upstream version 1.0.1+dfsg.1

[libgit2.git] / src / index.c

/*
 * Copyright (C) the libgit2 contributors. All rights reserved.
 *
 * This file is part of libgit2, distributed under the GNU GPL v2 with
 * a Linking Exception. For full terms see the included COPYING file.
 */

#include "index.h"

#include <stddef.h>

#include "repository.h"
#include "tree.h"
#include "tree-cache.h"
#include "hash.h"
#include "iterator.h"
#include "pathspec.h"
#include "ignore.h"
#include "blob.h"
#include "idxmap.h"
#include "diff.h"
#include "varint.h"

#include "git2/odb.h"
#include "git2/oid.h"
#include "git2/blob.h"
#include "git2/config.h"
#include "git2/sys/index.h"

static int index_apply_to_wd_diff(git_index *index, int action, const git_strarray *paths,
                                  unsigned int flags,
                                  git_index_matched_path_cb cb, void *payload);

#define minimal_entry_size (offsetof(struct entry_short, path))

static const size_t INDEX_FOOTER_SIZE = GIT_OID_RAWSZ;
static const size_t INDEX_HEADER_SIZE = 12;

static const unsigned int INDEX_VERSION_NUMBER_DEFAULT = 2;
static const unsigned int INDEX_VERSION_NUMBER_LB = 2;
static const unsigned int INDEX_VERSION_NUMBER_EXT = 3;
static const unsigned int INDEX_VERSION_NUMBER_COMP = 4;
static const unsigned int INDEX_VERSION_NUMBER_UB = 4;

static const unsigned int INDEX_HEADER_SIG = 0x44495243;
static const char INDEX_EXT_TREECACHE_SIG[] = {'T', 'R', 'E', 'E'};
static const char INDEX_EXT_UNMERGED_SIG[] = {'R', 'E', 'U', 'C'};
static const char INDEX_EXT_CONFLICT_NAME_SIG[] = {'N', 'A', 'M', 'E'};

#define INDEX_OWNER(idx) ((git_repository *)(GIT_REFCOUNT_OWNER(idx)))

struct index_header {
        uint32_t signature;
        uint32_t version;
        uint32_t entry_count;
};

struct index_extension {
        char signature[4];
        uint32_t extension_size;
};

struct entry_time {
        uint32_t seconds;
        uint32_t nanoseconds;
};

struct entry_short {
        struct entry_time ctime;
        struct entry_time mtime;
        uint32_t dev;
        uint32_t ino;
        uint32_t mode;
        uint32_t uid;
        uint32_t gid;
        uint32_t file_size;
        git_oid oid;
        uint16_t flags;
        char path[1]; /* arbitrary length */
};

struct entry_long {
        struct entry_time ctime;
        struct entry_time mtime;
        uint32_t dev;
        uint32_t ino;
        uint32_t mode;
        uint32_t uid;
        uint32_t gid;
        uint32_t file_size;
        git_oid oid;
        uint16_t flags;
        uint16_t flags_extended;
        char path[1]; /* arbitrary length */
};

struct entry_srch_key {
        const char *path;
        size_t pathlen;
        int stage;
};

struct entry_internal {
        git_index_entry entry;
        size_t pathlen;
        char path[GIT_FLEX_ARRAY];
};

struct reuc_entry_internal {
        git_index_reuc_entry entry;
        size_t pathlen;
        char path[GIT_FLEX_ARRAY];
};

bool git_index__enforce_unsaved_safety = false;

/* local declarations */
static int read_extension(size_t *read_len, git_index *index, const char *buffer, size_t buffer_size);
static int read_header(struct index_header *dest, const void *buffer);

static int parse_index(git_index *index, const char *buffer, size_t buffer_size);
static bool is_index_extended(git_index *index);
static int write_index(git_oid *checksum, git_index *index, git_filebuf *file);

static void index_entry_free(git_index_entry *entry);
static void index_entry_reuc_free(git_index_reuc_entry *reuc);

GIT_INLINE(int) index_map_set(git_idxmap *map, git_index_entry *e, bool ignore_case)
{
        if (ignore_case)
                return git_idxmap_icase_set((git_idxmap_icase *) map, e, e);
        else
                return git_idxmap_set(map, e, e);
}

GIT_INLINE(int) index_map_delete(git_idxmap *map, git_index_entry *e, bool ignore_case)
{
        if (ignore_case)
                return git_idxmap_icase_delete((git_idxmap_icase *) map, e);
        else
                return git_idxmap_delete(map, e);
}

GIT_INLINE(int) index_map_resize(git_idxmap *map, size_t count, bool ignore_case)
{
        if (ignore_case)
                return git_idxmap_icase_resize((git_idxmap_icase *) map, count);
        else
                return git_idxmap_resize(map, count);
}

int git_index_entry_srch(const void *key, const void *array_member)
{
        const struct entry_srch_key *srch_key = key;
        const struct entry_internal *entry = array_member;
        int cmp;
        size_t len1, len2, len;

        len1 = srch_key->pathlen;
        len2 = entry->pathlen;
        len = len1 < len2 ? len1 : len2;

        cmp = memcmp(srch_key->path, entry->path, len);
        if (cmp)
                return cmp;
        if (len1 < len2)
                return -1;
        if (len1 > len2)
                return 1;

        if (srch_key->stage != GIT_INDEX_STAGE_ANY)
                return srch_key->stage - GIT_INDEX_ENTRY_STAGE(&entry->entry);

        return 0;
}

int git_index_entry_isrch(const void *key, const void *array_member)
{
        const struct entry_srch_key *srch_key = key;
        const struct entry_internal *entry = array_member;
        int cmp;
        size_t len1, len2, len;

        len1 = srch_key->pathlen;
        len2 = entry->pathlen;
        len = len1 < len2 ? len1 : len2;

        cmp = strncasecmp(srch_key->path, entry->path, len);

        if (cmp)
                return cmp;
        if (len1 < len2)
                return -1;
        if (len1 > len2)
                return 1;

        if (srch_key->stage != GIT_INDEX_STAGE_ANY)
                return srch_key->stage - GIT_INDEX_ENTRY_STAGE(&entry->entry);

        return 0;
}

static int index_entry_srch_path(const void *path, const void *array_member)
{
        const git_index_entry *entry = array_member;

        return strcmp((const char *)path, entry->path);
}

static int index_entry_isrch_path(const void *path, const void *array_member)
{
        const git_index_entry *entry = array_member;

        return strcasecmp((const char *)path, entry->path);
}

int git_index_entry_cmp(const void *a, const void *b)
{
        int diff;
        const git_index_entry *entry_a = a;
        const git_index_entry *entry_b = b;

        diff = strcmp(entry_a->path, entry_b->path);

        if (diff == 0)
                diff = (GIT_INDEX_ENTRY_STAGE(entry_a) - GIT_INDEX_ENTRY_STAGE(entry_b));

        return diff;
}

int git_index_entry_icmp(const void *a, const void *b)
{
        int diff;
        const git_index_entry *entry_a = a;
        const git_index_entry *entry_b = b;

        diff = strcasecmp(entry_a->path, entry_b->path);

        if (diff == 0)
                diff = (GIT_INDEX_ENTRY_STAGE(entry_a) - GIT_INDEX_ENTRY_STAGE(entry_b));

        return diff;
}

static int conflict_name_cmp(const void *a, const void *b)
{
        const git_index_name_entry *name_a = a;
        const git_index_name_entry *name_b = b;

        if (name_a->ancestor && !name_b->ancestor)
                return 1;

        if (!name_a->ancestor && name_b->ancestor)
                return -1;

        if (name_a->ancestor)
                return strcmp(name_a->ancestor, name_b->ancestor);

        if (!name_a->ours || !name_b->ours)
                return 0;

        return strcmp(name_a->ours, name_b->ours);
}

/**
 * TODO: enable this when resolving case insensitive conflicts
 */
#if 0
static int conflict_name_icmp(const void *a, const void *b)
{
        const git_index_name_entry *name_a = a;
        const git_index_name_entry *name_b = b;

        if (name_a->ancestor && !name_b->ancestor)
                return 1;

        if (!name_a->ancestor && name_b->ancestor)
                return -1;

        if (name_a->ancestor)
                return strcasecmp(name_a->ancestor, name_b->ancestor);

        if (!name_a->ours || !name_b->ours)
                return 0;

        return strcasecmp(name_a->ours, name_b->ours);
}
#endif

static int reuc_srch(const void *key, const void *array_member)
{
        const git_index_reuc_entry *reuc = array_member;

        return strcmp(key, reuc->path);
}

static int reuc_isrch(const void *key, const void *array_member)
{
        const git_index_reuc_entry *reuc = array_member;

        return strcasecmp(key, reuc->path);
}

static int reuc_cmp(const void *a, const void *b)
{
        const git_index_reuc_entry *info_a = a;
        const git_index_reuc_entry *info_b = b;

        return strcmp(info_a->path, info_b->path);
}

static int reuc_icmp(const void *a, const void *b)
{
        const git_index_reuc_entry *info_a = a;
        const git_index_reuc_entry *info_b = b;

        return strcasecmp(info_a->path, info_b->path);
}

static void index_entry_reuc_free(git_index_reuc_entry *reuc)
{
        git__free(reuc);
}

static void index_entry_free(git_index_entry *entry)
{
        if (!entry)
                return;

        memset(&entry->id, 0, sizeof(entry->id));
        git__free(entry);
}

unsigned int git_index__create_mode(unsigned int mode)
{
        if (S_ISLNK(mode))
                return S_IFLNK;

        if (S_ISDIR(mode) || (mode & S_IFMT) == (S_IFLNK | S_IFDIR))
                return (S_IFLNK | S_IFDIR);

        return S_IFREG | GIT_PERMS_CANONICAL(mode);
}

static unsigned int index_merge_mode(
        git_index *index, git_index_entry *existing, unsigned int mode)
{
        if (index->no_symlinks && S_ISREG(mode) &&
                existing && S_ISLNK(existing->mode))
                return existing->mode;

        if (index->distrust_filemode && S_ISREG(mode))
                return (existing && S_ISREG(existing->mode)) ?
                        existing->mode : git_index__create_mode(0666);

        return git_index__create_mode(mode);
}

GIT_INLINE(int) index_find_in_entries(
        size_t *out, git_vector *entries, git_vector_cmp entry_srch,
        const char *path, size_t path_len, int stage)
{
        struct entry_srch_key srch_key;
        srch_key.path = path;
        srch_key.pathlen = !path_len ? strlen(path) : path_len;
        srch_key.stage = stage;
        return git_vector_bsearch2(out, entries, entry_srch, &srch_key);
}

GIT_INLINE(int) index_find(
        size_t *out, git_index *index,
        const char *path, size_t path_len, int stage)
{
        git_vector_sort(&index->entries);

        return index_find_in_entries(
                out, &index->entries, index->entries_search, path, path_len, stage);
}

void git_index__set_ignore_case(git_index *index, bool ignore_case)
{
        index->ignore_case = ignore_case;

        if (ignore_case) {
                index->entries_cmp_path    = git__strcasecmp_cb;
                index->entries_search      = git_index_entry_isrch;
                index->entries_search_path = index_entry_isrch_path;
                index->reuc_search         = reuc_isrch;
        } else {
                index->entries_cmp_path    = git__strcmp_cb;
                index->entries_search      = git_index_entry_srch;
                index->entries_search_path = index_entry_srch_path;
                index->reuc_search         = reuc_srch;
        }

        git_vector_set_cmp(&index->entries,
                ignore_case ? git_index_entry_icmp : git_index_entry_cmp);
        git_vector_sort(&index->entries);

        git_vector_set_cmp(&index->reuc, ignore_case ? reuc_icmp : reuc_cmp);
        git_vector_sort(&index->reuc);
}

int git_index_open(git_index **index_out, const char *index_path)
{
        git_index *index;
        int error = -1;

        assert(index_out);

        index = git__calloc(1, sizeof(git_index));
        GIT_ERROR_CHECK_ALLOC(index);

        git_pool_init(&index->tree_pool, 1);

        if (index_path != NULL) {
                index->index_file_path = git__strdup(index_path);
                if (!index->index_file_path)
                        goto fail;

                /* Check if index file is stored on disk already */
                if (git_path_exists(index->index_file_path) == true)
                        index->on_disk = 1;
        }

        if (git_vector_init(&index->entries, 32, git_index_entry_cmp) < 0 ||
            git_idxmap_new(&index->entries_map) < 0 ||
            git_vector_init(&index->names, 8, conflict_name_cmp) < 0 ||
            git_vector_init(&index->reuc, 8, reuc_cmp) < 0 ||
            git_vector_init(&index->deleted, 8, git_index_entry_cmp) < 0)
                goto fail;

        index->entries_cmp_path = git__strcmp_cb;
        index->entries_search = git_index_entry_srch;
        index->entries_search_path = index_entry_srch_path;
        index->reuc_search = reuc_srch;
        index->version = INDEX_VERSION_NUMBER_DEFAULT;

        if (index_path != NULL && (error = git_index_read(index, true)) < 0)
                goto fail;

        *index_out = index;
        GIT_REFCOUNT_INC(index);

        return 0;

fail:
        git_pool_clear(&index->tree_pool);
        git_index_free(index);
        return error;
}

int git_index_new(git_index **out)
{
        return git_index_open(out, NULL);
}

static void index_free(git_index *index)
{
        /* index iterators increment the refcount of the index, so if we
         * get here then there should be no outstanding iterators.
         */
        assert(!git_atomic_get(&index->readers));

        git_index_clear(index);
        git_idxmap_free(index->entries_map);
        git_vector_free(&index->entries);
        git_vector_free(&index->names);
        git_vector_free(&index->reuc);
        git_vector_free(&index->deleted);

        git__free(index->index_file_path);

        git__memzero(index, sizeof(*index));
        git__free(index);
}

void git_index_free(git_index *index)
{
        if (index == NULL)
                return;

        GIT_REFCOUNT_DEC(index, index_free);
}

/* call with locked index */
static void index_free_deleted(git_index *index)
{
        int readers = (int)git_atomic_get(&index->readers);
        size_t i;

        if (readers > 0 || !index->deleted.length)
                return;

        for (i = 0; i < index->deleted.length; ++i) {
                git_index_entry *ie = git__swap(index->deleted.contents[i], NULL);
                index_entry_free(ie);
        }

        git_vector_clear(&index->deleted);
}

/* call with locked index */
static int index_remove_entry(git_index *index, size_t pos)
{
        int error = 0;
        git_index_entry *entry = git_vector_get(&index->entries, pos);

        if (entry != NULL) {
                git_tree_cache_invalidate_path(index->tree, entry->path);
                index_map_delete(index->entries_map, entry, index->ignore_case);
        }

        error = git_vector_remove(&index->entries, pos);

        if (!error) {
                if (git_atomic_get(&index->readers) > 0) {
                        error = git_vector_insert(&index->deleted, entry);
                } else {
                        index_entry_free(entry);
                }

                index->dirty = 1;
        }

        return error;
}

int git_index_clear(git_index *index)
{
        int error = 0;

        assert(index);

        index->dirty = 1;
        index->tree = NULL;
        git_pool_clear(&index->tree_pool);

        git_idxmap_clear(index->entries_map);
        while (!error && index->entries.length > 0)
                error = index_remove_entry(index, index->entries.length - 1);

        if (error)
                goto done;

        index_free_deleted(index);

        if ((error = git_index_name_clear(index)) < 0 ||
                (error = git_index_reuc_clear(index)) < 0)
            goto done;

        git_futils_filestamp_set(&index->stamp, NULL);

done:
        return error;
}

static int create_index_error(int error, const char *msg)
{
        git_error_set_str(GIT_ERROR_INDEX, msg);
        return error;
}

int git_index_set_caps(git_index *index, int caps)
{
        unsigned int old_ignore_case;

        assert(index);

        old_ignore_case = index->ignore_case;

        if (caps == GIT_INDEX_CAPABILITY_FROM_OWNER) {
                git_repository *repo = INDEX_OWNER(index);
                int val;

                if (!repo)
                        return create_index_error(
                                -1, "cannot access repository to set index caps");

                if (!git_repository__configmap_lookup(&val, repo, GIT_CONFIGMAP_IGNORECASE))
                        index->ignore_case = (val != 0);
                if (!git_repository__configmap_lookup(&val, repo, GIT_CONFIGMAP_FILEMODE))
                        index->distrust_filemode = (val == 0);
                if (!git_repository__configmap_lookup(&val, repo, GIT_CONFIGMAP_SYMLINKS))
                        index->no_symlinks = (val == 0);
        }
        else {
                index->ignore_case = ((caps & GIT_INDEX_CAPABILITY_IGNORE_CASE) != 0);
                index->distrust_filemode = ((caps & GIT_INDEX_CAPABILITY_NO_FILEMODE) != 0);
                index->no_symlinks = ((caps & GIT_INDEX_CAPABILITY_NO_SYMLINKS) != 0);
        }

        if (old_ignore_case != index->ignore_case) {
                git_index__set_ignore_case(index, (bool)index->ignore_case);
        }

        return 0;
}

int git_index_caps(const git_index *index)
{
        return ((index->ignore_case ? GIT_INDEX_CAPABILITY_IGNORE_CASE : 0) |
                        (index->distrust_filemode ? GIT_INDEX_CAPABILITY_NO_FILEMODE : 0) |
                        (index->no_symlinks ? GIT_INDEX_CAPABILITY_NO_SYMLINKS : 0));
}

const git_oid *git_index_checksum(git_index *index)
{
        return &index->checksum;
}

/**
 * Returns 1 for changed, 0 for not changed and <0 for errors
 */
static int compare_checksum(git_index *index)
{
        int fd;
        ssize_t bytes_read;
        git_oid checksum = {{ 0 }};

        if ((fd = p_open(index->index_file_path, O_RDONLY)) < 0)
                return fd;

        if (p_lseek(fd, -20, SEEK_END) < 0) {
                p_close(fd);
                git_error_set(GIT_ERROR_OS, "failed to seek to end of file");
                return -1;
        }

        bytes_read = p_read(fd, &checksum, GIT_OID_RAWSZ);
        p_close(fd);

        if (bytes_read < 0)
                return -1;

        return !!git_oid_cmp(&checksum, &index->checksum);
}

int git_index_read(git_index *index, int force)
{
        int error = 0, updated;
        git_buf buffer = GIT_BUF_INIT;
        git_futils_filestamp stamp = index->stamp;

        if (!index->index_file_path)
                return create_index_error(-1,
                        "failed to read index: The index is in-memory only");

        index->on_disk = git_path_exists(index->index_file_path);

        if (!index->on_disk) {
                if (force && (error = git_index_clear(index)) < 0)
                        return error;

                index->dirty = 0;
                return 0;
        }

        if ((updated = git_futils_filestamp_check(&stamp, index->index_file_path) < 0) ||
            ((updated = compare_checksum(index)) < 0)) {
                git_error_set(
                        GIT_ERROR_INDEX,
                        "failed to read index: '%s' no longer exists",
                        index->index_file_path);
                return updated;
        }

        if (!updated && !force)
                return 0;

        error = git_futils_readbuffer(&buffer, index->index_file_path);
        if (error < 0)
                return error;

        index->tree = NULL;
        git_pool_clear(&index->tree_pool);

        error = git_index_clear(index);

        if (!error)
                error = parse_index(index, buffer.ptr, buffer.size);

        if (!error) {
                git_futils_filestamp_set(&index->stamp, &stamp);
                index->dirty = 0;
        }

        git_buf_dispose(&buffer);
        return error;
}

int git_index_read_safely(git_index *index)
{
        if (git_index__enforce_unsaved_safety && index->dirty) {
                git_error_set(GIT_ERROR_INDEX,
                        "the index has unsaved changes that would be overwritten by this operation");
                return GIT_EINDEXDIRTY;
        }

        return git_index_read(index, false);
}

int git_index__changed_relative_to(
        git_index *index, const git_oid *checksum)
{
        /* attempt to update index (ignoring errors) */
        if (git_index_read(index, false) < 0)
                git_error_clear();

        return !!git_oid_cmp(&index->checksum, checksum);
}

static bool is_racy_entry(git_index *index, const git_index_entry *entry)
{
        /* Git special-cases submodules in the check */
        if (S_ISGITLINK(entry->mode))
                return false;

        return git_index_entry_newer_than_index(entry, index);
}

/*
 * Force the next diff to take a look at those entries which have the
 * same timestamp as the current index.
 */
static int truncate_racily_clean(git_index *index)
{
        size_t i;
        int error;
        git_index_entry *entry;
        git_diff_options diff_opts = GIT_DIFF_OPTIONS_INIT;
        git_diff *diff = NULL;
        git_vector paths = GIT_VECTOR_INIT;
        git_diff_delta *delta;

        /* Nothing to do if there's no repo to talk about */
        if (!INDEX_OWNER(index))
                return 0;

        /* If there's no workdir, we can't know where to even check */
        if (!git_repository_workdir(INDEX_OWNER(index)))
                return 0;

        diff_opts.flags |= GIT_DIFF_INCLUDE_TYPECHANGE | GIT_DIFF_IGNORE_SUBMODULES | GIT_DIFF_DISABLE_PATHSPEC_MATCH;
        git_vector_foreach(&index->entries, i, entry) {
                if ((entry->flags_extended & GIT_INDEX_ENTRY_UPTODATE) == 0 &&
                        is_racy_entry(index, entry))
                        git_vector_insert(&paths, (char *)entry->path);
        }

        if (paths.length == 0)
                goto done;

        diff_opts.pathspec.count = paths.length;
        diff_opts.pathspec.strings = (char **)paths.contents;

        if ((error = git_diff_index_to_workdir(&diff, INDEX_OWNER(index), index, &diff_opts)) < 0)
                return error;

        git_vector_foreach(&diff->deltas, i, delta) {
                entry = (git_index_entry *)git_index_get_bypath(index, delta->old_file.path, 0);

                /* Ensure that we have a stage 0 for this file (ie, it's not a
                 * conflict), otherwise smudging it is quite pointless.
                 */
                if (entry) {
                        entry->file_size = 0;
                        index->dirty = 1;
                }
        }

done:
        git_diff_free(diff);
        git_vector_free(&paths);
        return 0;
}

unsigned git_index_version(git_index *index)
{
        assert(index);

        return index->version;
}

int git_index_set_version(git_index *index, unsigned int version)
{
        assert(index);

        if (version < INDEX_VERSION_NUMBER_LB ||
            version > INDEX_VERSION_NUMBER_UB) {
                git_error_set(GIT_ERROR_INDEX, "invalid version number");
                return -1;
        }

        index->version = version;

        return 0;
}

int git_index_write(git_index *index)
{
        git_indexwriter writer = GIT_INDEXWRITER_INIT;
        int error;

        truncate_racily_clean(index);

        if ((error = git_indexwriter_init(&writer, index)) == 0 &&
                (error = git_indexwriter_commit(&writer)) == 0)
                index->dirty = 0;

        git_indexwriter_cleanup(&writer);

        return error;
}

const char * git_index_path(const git_index *index)
{
        assert(index);
        return index->index_file_path;
}

int git_index_write_tree(git_oid *oid, git_index *index)
{
        git_repository *repo;

        assert(oid && index);

        repo = INDEX_OWNER(index);

        if (repo == NULL)
                return create_index_error(-1, "Failed to write tree. "
                  "the index file is not backed up by an existing repository");

        return git_tree__write_index(oid, index, repo);
}

int git_index_write_tree_to(
        git_oid *oid, git_index *index, git_repository *repo)
{
        assert(oid && index && repo);
        return git_tree__write_index(oid, index, repo);
}

size_t git_index_entrycount(const git_index *index)
{
        assert(index);
        return index->entries.length;
}

const git_index_entry *git_index_get_byindex(
        git_index *index, size_t n)
{
        assert(index);
        git_vector_sort(&index->entries);
        return git_vector_get(&index->entries, n);
}

const git_index_entry *git_index_get_bypath(
        git_index *index, const char *path, int stage)
{
        git_index_entry key = {{ 0 }};
        git_index_entry *value;

        assert(index);

        key.path = path;
        GIT_INDEX_ENTRY_STAGE_SET(&key, stage);

        if (index->ignore_case)
                value = git_idxmap_icase_get((git_idxmap_icase *) index->entries_map, &key);
        else
                value = git_idxmap_get(index->entries_map, &key);

        if (!value) {
            git_error_set(GIT_ERROR_INDEX, "index does not contain '%s'", path);
            return NULL;
        }

        return value;
}

void git_index_entry__init_from_stat(
        git_index_entry *entry, struct stat *st, bool trust_mode)
{
        entry->ctime.seconds = (int32_t)st->st_ctime;
        entry->mtime.seconds = (int32_t)st->st_mtime;
#if defined(GIT_USE_NSEC)
        entry->mtime.nanoseconds = st->st_mtime_nsec;
        entry->ctime.nanoseconds = st->st_ctime_nsec;
#endif
        entry->dev  = st->st_rdev;
        entry->ino  = st->st_ino;
        entry->mode = (!trust_mode && S_ISREG(st->st_mode)) ?
                git_index__create_mode(0666) : git_index__create_mode(st->st_mode);
        entry->uid  = st->st_uid;
        entry->gid  = st->st_gid;
        entry->file_size = (uint32_t)st->st_size;
}

static void index_entry_adjust_namemask(
                git_index_entry *entry,
                size_t path_length)
{
        entry->flags &= ~GIT_INDEX_ENTRY_NAMEMASK;

        if (path_length < GIT_INDEX_ENTRY_NAMEMASK)
                entry->flags |= path_length & GIT_INDEX_ENTRY_NAMEMASK;
        else
                entry->flags |= GIT_INDEX_ENTRY_NAMEMASK;
}

/* When `from_workdir` is true, we will validate the paths to avoid placing
 * paths that are invalid for the working directory on the current filesystem
 * (eg, on Windows, we will disallow `GIT~1`, `AUX`, `COM1`, etc).  This
 * function will *always* prevent `.git` and directory traversal `../` from
 * being added to the index.
 */
static int index_entry_create(
        git_index_entry **out,
        git_repository *repo,
        const char *path,
        struct stat *st,
        bool from_workdir)
{
        size_t pathlen = strlen(path), alloclen;
        struct entry_internal *entry;
        unsigned int path_valid_flags = GIT_PATH_REJECT_INDEX_DEFAULTS;
        uint16_t mode = 0;

        /* always reject placing `.git` in the index and directory traversal.
         * when requested, disallow platform-specific filenames and upgrade to
         * the platform-specific `.git` tests (eg, `git~1`, etc).
         */
        if (from_workdir)
                path_valid_flags |= GIT_PATH_REJECT_WORKDIR_DEFAULTS;
        if (st)
                mode = st->st_mode;

        if (!git_path_isvalid(repo, path, mode, path_valid_flags)) {
                git_error_set(GIT_ERROR_INDEX, "invalid path: '%s'", path);
                return -1;
        }

        GIT_ERROR_CHECK_ALLOC_ADD(&alloclen, sizeof(struct entry_internal), pathlen);
        GIT_ERROR_CHECK_ALLOC_ADD(&alloclen, alloclen, 1);
        entry = git__calloc(1, alloclen);
        GIT_ERROR_CHECK_ALLOC(entry);

        entry->pathlen = pathlen;
        memcpy(entry->path, path, pathlen);
        entry->entry.path = entry->path;

        *out = (git_index_entry *)entry;
        return 0;
}

static int index_entry_init(
        git_index_entry **entry_out,
        git_index *index,
        const char *rel_path)
{
        int error = 0;
        git_index_entry *entry = NULL;
        git_buf path = GIT_BUF_INIT;
        struct stat st;
        git_oid oid;
        git_repository *repo;

        if (INDEX_OWNER(index) == NULL)
                return create_index_error(-1,
                        "could not initialize index entry. "
                        "Index is not backed up by an existing repository.");

        /*
         * FIXME: this is duplicated with the work in
         * git_blob__create_from_paths. It should accept an optional stat
         * structure so we can pass in the one we have to do here.
         */
        repo = INDEX_OWNER(index);
        if (git_repository__ensure_not_bare(repo, "create blob from file") < 0)
                return GIT_EBAREREPO;

        if (git_buf_joinpath(&path, git_repository_workdir(repo), rel_path) < 0)
                return -1;

        error = git_path_lstat(path.ptr, &st);
        git_buf_dispose(&path);

        if (error < 0)
                return error;

        if (index_entry_create(&entry, INDEX_OWNER(index), rel_path, &st, true) < 0)
                return -1;

        /* write the blob to disk and get the oid and stat info */
        error = git_blob__create_from_paths(
                &oid, &st, INDEX_OWNER(index), NULL, rel_path, 0, true);

        if (error < 0) {
                index_entry_free(entry);
                return error;
        }

        entry->id = oid;
        git_index_entry__init_from_stat(entry, &st, !index->distrust_filemode);

        *entry_out = (git_index_entry *)entry;
        return 0;
}

static git_index_reuc_entry *reuc_entry_alloc(const char *path)
{
        size_t pathlen = strlen(path),
                structlen = sizeof(struct reuc_entry_internal),
                alloclen;
        struct reuc_entry_internal *entry;

        if (GIT_ADD_SIZET_OVERFLOW(&alloclen, structlen, pathlen) ||
                GIT_ADD_SIZET_OVERFLOW(&alloclen, alloclen, 1))
                return NULL;

        entry = git__calloc(1, alloclen);
        if (!entry)
                return NULL;

        entry->pathlen = pathlen;
        memcpy(entry->path, path, pathlen);
        entry->entry.path = entry->path;

        return (git_index_reuc_entry *)entry;
}

static int index_entry_reuc_init(git_index_reuc_entry **reuc_out,
        const char *path,
        int ancestor_mode, const git_oid *ancestor_oid,
        int our_mode, const git_oid *our_oid,
        int their_mode, const git_oid *their_oid)
{
        git_index_reuc_entry *reuc = NULL;

        assert(reuc_out && path);

        *reuc_out = reuc = reuc_entry_alloc(path);
        GIT_ERROR_CHECK_ALLOC(reuc);

        if ((reuc->mode[0] = ancestor_mode) > 0) {
                assert(ancestor_oid);
                git_oid_cpy(&reuc->oid[0], ancestor_oid);
        }

        if ((reuc->mode[1] = our_mode) > 0) {
                assert(our_oid);
                git_oid_cpy(&reuc->oid[1], our_oid);
        }

        if ((reuc->mode[2] = their_mode) > 0) {
                assert(their_oid);
                git_oid_cpy(&reuc->oid[2], their_oid);
        }

        return 0;
}

static void index_entry_cpy(
        git_index_entry *tgt,
        const git_index_entry *src)
{
        const char *tgt_path = tgt->path;
        memcpy(tgt, src, sizeof(*tgt));
        tgt->path = tgt_path;
}

static int index_entry_dup(
        git_index_entry **out,
        git_index *index,
        const git_index_entry *src)
{
        if (index_entry_create(out, INDEX_OWNER(index), src->path, NULL, false) < 0)
                return -1;

        index_entry_cpy(*out, src);
        return 0;
}

static void index_entry_cpy_nocache(
        git_index_entry *tgt,
        const git_index_entry *src)
{
        git_oid_cpy(&tgt->id, &src->id);
        tgt->mode = src->mode;
        tgt->flags = src->flags;
        tgt->flags_extended = (src->flags_extended & GIT_INDEX_ENTRY_EXTENDED_FLAGS);
}

static int index_entry_dup_nocache(
        git_index_entry **out,
        git_index *index,
        const git_index_entry *src)
{
        if (index_entry_create(out, INDEX_OWNER(index), src->path, NULL, false) < 0)
                return -1;

        index_entry_cpy_nocache(*out, src);
        return 0;
}

static int has_file_name(git_index *index,
         const git_index_entry *entry, size_t pos, int ok_to_replace)
{
        size_t len = strlen(entry->path);
        int stage = GIT_INDEX_ENTRY_STAGE(entry);
        const char *name = entry->path;

        while (pos < index->entries.length) {
                struct entry_internal *p = index->entries.contents[pos++];

                if (len >= p->pathlen)
                        break;
                if (memcmp(name, p->path, len))
                        break;
                if (GIT_INDEX_ENTRY_STAGE(&p->entry) != stage)
                        continue;
                if (p->path[len] != '/')
                        continue;
                if (!ok_to_replace)
                        return -1;

                if (index_remove_entry(index, --pos) < 0)
                        break;
        }
        return 0;
}

/*
 * Do we have another file with a pathname that is a proper
 * subset of the name we're trying to add?
 */
static int has_dir_name(git_index *index,
                const git_index_entry *entry, int ok_to_replace)
{
        int stage = GIT_INDEX_ENTRY_STAGE(entry);
        const char *name = entry->path;
        const char *slash = name + strlen(name);

        for (;;) {
                size_t len, pos;

                for (;;) {
                        if (*--slash == '/')
                                break;
                        if (slash <= entry->path)
                                return 0;
                }
                len = slash - name;

                if (!index_find(&pos, index, name, len, stage)) {
                        if (!ok_to_replace)
                                return -1;

                        if (index_remove_entry(index, pos) < 0)
                                break;
                        continue;
                }

                /*
                 * Trivial optimization: if we find an entry that
                 * already matches the sub-directory, then we know
                 * we're ok, and we can exit.
                 */
                for (; pos < index->entries.length; ++pos) {
                        struct entry_internal *p = index->entries.contents[pos];

                        if (p->pathlen <= len ||
                            p->path[len] != '/' ||
                            memcmp(p->path, name, len))
                                break; /* not our subdirectory */

                        if (GIT_INDEX_ENTRY_STAGE(&p->entry) == stage)
                                return 0;
                }
        }

        return 0;
}

static int check_file_directory_collision(git_index *index,
                git_index_entry *entry, size_t pos, int ok_to_replace)
{
        if (has_file_name(index, entry, pos, ok_to_replace) < 0 ||
            has_dir_name(index, entry, ok_to_replace) < 0) {
                git_error_set(GIT_ERROR_INDEX,
                        "'%s' appears as both a file and a directory", entry->path);
                return -1;
        }

        return 0;
}

static int canonicalize_directory_path(
        git_index *index,
        git_index_entry *entry,
        git_index_entry *existing)
{
        const git_index_entry *match, *best = NULL;
        char *search, *sep;
        size_t pos, search_len, best_len;

        if (!index->ignore_case)
                return 0;

        /* item already exists in the index, simply re-use the existing case */
        if (existing) {
                memcpy((char *)entry->path, existing->path, strlen(existing->path));
                return 0;
        }

        /* nothing to do */
        if (strchr(entry->path, '/') == NULL)
                return 0;

        if ((search = git__strdup(entry->path)) == NULL)
                return -1;

        /* starting at the parent directory and descending to the root, find the
         * common parent directory.
         */
        while (!best && (sep = strrchr(search, '/'))) {
                sep[1] = '\0';

                search_len = strlen(search);

                git_vector_bsearch2(
                        &pos, &index->entries, index->entries_search_path, search);

                while ((match = git_vector_get(&index->entries, pos))) {
                        if (GIT_INDEX_ENTRY_STAGE(match) != 0) {
                                /* conflicts do not contribute to canonical paths */
                        } else if (strncmp(search, match->path, search_len) == 0) {
                                /* prefer an exact match to the input filename */
                                best = match;
                                best_len = search_len;
                                break;
                        } else if (strncasecmp(search, match->path, search_len) == 0) {
                                /* continue walking, there may be a path with an exact
                                 * (case sensitive) match later in the index, but use this
                                 * as the best match until that happens.
                                 */
                                if (!best) {
                                        best = match;
                                        best_len = search_len;
                                }
                        } else {
                                break;
                        }

                        pos++;
                }

                sep[0] = '\0';
        }

        if (best)
                memcpy((char *)entry->path, best->path, best_len);

        git__free(search);
        return 0;
}

static int index_no_dups(void **old, void *new)
{
        const git_index_entry *entry = new;
        GIT_UNUSED(old);
        git_error_set(GIT_ERROR_INDEX, "'%s' appears multiple times at stage %d",
                entry->path, GIT_INDEX_ENTRY_STAGE(entry));
        return GIT_EEXISTS;
}

static void index_existing_and_best(
        git_index_entry **existing,
        size_t *existing_position,
        git_index_entry **best,
        git_index *index,
        const git_index_entry *entry)
{
        git_index_entry *e;
        size_t pos;
        int error;

        error = index_find(&pos,
                index, entry->path, 0, GIT_INDEX_ENTRY_STAGE(entry));

        if (error == 0) {
                *existing = index->entries.contents[pos];
                *existing_position = pos;
                *best = index->entries.contents[pos];
                return;
        }

        *existing = NULL;
        *existing_position = 0;
        *best = NULL;

        if (GIT_INDEX_ENTRY_STAGE(entry) == 0) {
                for (; pos < index->entries.length; pos++) {
                        int (*strcomp)(const char *a, const char *b) =
                                index->ignore_case ? git__strcasecmp : git__strcmp;

                        e = index->entries.contents[pos];

                        if (strcomp(entry->path, e->path) != 0)
                                break;

                        if (GIT_INDEX_ENTRY_STAGE(e) == GIT_INDEX_STAGE_ANCESTOR) {
                                *best = e;
                                continue;
                        } else {
                                *best = e;
                                break;
                        }
                }
        }
}

/* index_insert takes ownership of the new entry - if it can't insert
 * it, then it will return an error **and also free the entry**.  When
 * it replaces an existing entry, it will update the entry_ptr with the
 * actual entry in the index (and free the passed in one).
 *
 * trust_path is whether we use the given path, or whether (on case
 * insensitive systems only) we try to canonicalize the given path to
 * be within an existing directory.
 *
 * trust_mode is whether we trust the mode in entry_ptr.
 *
 * trust_id is whether we trust the id or it should be validated.
 */
static int index_insert(
        git_index *index,
        git_index_entry **entry_ptr,
        int replace,
        bool trust_path,
        bool trust_mode,
        bool trust_id)
{
        git_index_entry *existing, *best, *entry;
        size_t path_length, position;
        int error;

        assert(index && entry_ptr);

        entry = *entry_ptr;

        /* Make sure that the path length flag is correct */
        path_length = ((struct entry_internal *)entry)->pathlen;
        index_entry_adjust_namemask(entry, path_length);

        /* This entry is now up-to-date and should not be checked for raciness */
        entry->flags_extended |= GIT_INDEX_ENTRY_UPTODATE;

        git_vector_sort(&index->entries);

        /*
         * Look if an entry with this path already exists, either staged, or (if
         * this entry is a regular staged item) as the "ours" side of a conflict.
         */
        index_existing_and_best(&existing, &position, &best, index, entry);

        /* Update the file mode */
        entry->mode = trust_mode ?
                git_index__create_mode(entry->mode) :
                index_merge_mode(index, best, entry->mode);

        /* Canonicalize the directory name */
        if (!trust_path && (error = canonicalize_directory_path(index, entry, best)) < 0)
                goto out;

        /* Ensure that the given id exists (unless it's a submodule) */
        if (!trust_id && INDEX_OWNER(index) &&
            (entry->mode & GIT_FILEMODE_COMMIT) != GIT_FILEMODE_COMMIT) {

                if (!git_object__is_valid(INDEX_OWNER(index), &entry->id,
                                          git_object__type_from_filemode(entry->mode))) {
                        error = -1;
                        goto out;
                }
        }

        /* Look for tree / blob name collisions, removing conflicts if requested */
        if ((error = check_file_directory_collision(index, entry, position, replace)) < 0)
                goto out;

        /*
         * If we are replacing an existing item, overwrite the existing entry
         * and return it in place of the passed in one.
         */
        if (existing) {
                if (replace) {
                        index_entry_cpy(existing, entry);

                        if (trust_path)
                                memcpy((char *)existing->path, entry->path, strlen(entry->path));
                }

                index_entry_free(entry);
                *entry_ptr = existing;
        } else {
                /*
                 * If replace is not requested or no existing entry exists, insert
                 * at the sorted position.  (Since we re-sort after each insert to
                 * check for dups, this is actually cheaper in the long run.)
                 */
                if ((error = git_vector_insert_sorted(&index->entries, entry, index_no_dups)) < 0 ||
                    (error = index_map_set(index->entries_map, entry, index->ignore_case)) < 0)
                        goto out;
        }

        index->dirty = 1;

out:
        if (error < 0) {
                index_entry_free(*entry_ptr);
                *entry_ptr = NULL;
        }

        return error;
}

static int index_conflict_to_reuc(git_index *index, const char *path)
{
        const git_index_entry *conflict_entries[3];
        int ancestor_mode, our_mode, their_mode;
        git_oid const *ancestor_oid, *our_oid, *their_oid;
        int ret;

        if ((ret = git_index_conflict_get(&conflict_entries[0],
                &conflict_entries[1], &conflict_entries[2], index, path)) < 0)
                return ret;

        ancestor_mode = conflict_entries[0] == NULL ? 0 : conflict_entries[0]->mode;
        our_mode = conflict_entries[1] == NULL ? 0 : conflict_entries[1]->mode;
        their_mode = conflict_entries[2] == NULL ? 0 : conflict_entries[2]->mode;

        ancestor_oid = conflict_entries[0] == NULL ? NULL : &conflict_entries[0]->id;
        our_oid = conflict_entries[1] == NULL ? NULL : &conflict_entries[1]->id;
        their_oid = conflict_entries[2] == NULL ? NULL : &conflict_entries[2]->id;

        if ((ret = git_index_reuc_add(index, path, ancestor_mode, ancestor_oid,
                our_mode, our_oid, their_mode, their_oid)) >= 0)
                ret = git_index_conflict_remove(index, path);

        return ret;
}

GIT_INLINE(bool) is_file_or_link(const int filemode)
{
        return (filemode == GIT_FILEMODE_BLOB ||
                filemode == GIT_FILEMODE_BLOB_EXECUTABLE ||
                filemode == GIT_FILEMODE_LINK);
}

GIT_INLINE(bool) valid_filemode(const int filemode)
{
        return (is_file_or_link(filemode) || filemode == GIT_FILEMODE_COMMIT);
}

int git_index_add_from_buffer(
    git_index *index, const git_index_entry *source_entry,
    const void *buffer, size_t len)
{
        git_index_entry *entry = NULL;
        int error = 0;
        git_oid id;

        assert(index && source_entry->path);

        if (INDEX_OWNER(index) == NULL)
                return create_index_error(-1,
                        "could not initialize index entry. "
                        "Index is not backed up by an existing repository.");

        if (!is_file_or_link(source_entry->mode)) {
                git_error_set(GIT_ERROR_INDEX, "invalid filemode");
                return -1;
        }

        if (len > UINT32_MAX) {
                git_error_set(GIT_ERROR_INDEX, "buffer is too large");
                return -1;
        }

        if (index_entry_dup(&entry, index, source_entry) < 0)
                return -1;

        error = git_blob_create_from_buffer(&id, INDEX_OWNER(index), buffer, len);
        if (error < 0) {
                index_entry_free(entry);
                return error;
        }

        git_oid_cpy(&entry->id, &id);
        entry->file_size = (uint32_t)len;

        if ((error = index_insert(index, &entry, 1, true, true, true)) < 0)
                return error;

        /* Adding implies conflict was resolved, move conflict entries to REUC */
        if ((error = index_conflict_to_reuc(index, entry->path)) < 0 && error != GIT_ENOTFOUND)
                return error;

        git_tree_cache_invalidate_path(index->tree, entry->path);
        return 0;
}

static int add_repo_as_submodule(git_index_entry **out, git_index *index, const char *path)
{
        git_repository *sub;
        git_buf abspath = GIT_BUF_INIT;
        git_repository *repo = INDEX_OWNER(index);
        git_reference *head;
        git_index_entry *entry;
        struct stat st;
        int error;

        if ((error = git_buf_joinpath(&abspath, git_repository_workdir(repo), path)) < 0)
                return error;

        if ((error = p_stat(abspath.ptr, &st)) < 0) {
                git_error_set(GIT_ERROR_OS, "failed to stat repository dir");
                return -1;
        }

        if (index_entry_create(&entry, INDEX_OWNER(index), path, &st, true) < 0)
                return -1;

        git_index_entry__init_from_stat(entry, &st, !index->distrust_filemode);

        if ((error = git_repository_open(&sub, abspath.ptr)) < 0)
                return error;

        if ((error = git_repository_head(&head, sub)) < 0)
                return error;

        git_oid_cpy(&entry->id, git_reference_target(head));
        entry->mode = GIT_FILEMODE_COMMIT;

        git_reference_free(head);
        git_repository_free(sub);
        git_buf_dispose(&abspath);

        *out = entry;
        return 0;
}

int git_index_add_bypath(git_index *index, const char *path)
{
        git_index_entry *entry = NULL;
        int ret;

        assert(index && path);

        if ((ret = index_entry_init(&entry, index, path)) == 0)
                ret = index_insert(index, &entry, 1, false, false, true);

        /* If we were given a directory, let's see if it's a submodule */
        if (ret < 0 && ret != GIT_EDIRECTORY)
                return ret;

        if (ret == GIT_EDIRECTORY) {
                git_submodule *sm;
                git_error_state err;

                git_error_state_capture(&err, ret);

                ret = git_submodule_lookup(&sm, INDEX_OWNER(index), path);
                if (ret == GIT_ENOTFOUND)
                        return git_error_state_restore(&err);

                git_error_state_free(&err);

                /*
                 * EEXISTS means that there is a repository at that path, but it's not known
                 * as a submodule. We add its HEAD as an entry and don't register it.
                 */
                if (ret == GIT_EEXISTS) {
                        if ((ret = add_repo_as_submodule(&entry, index, path)) < 0)
                                return ret;

                        if ((ret = index_insert(index, &entry, 1, false, false, true)) < 0)
                                return ret;
                } else if (ret < 0) {
                        return ret;
                } else {
                        ret = git_submodule_add_to_index(sm, false);
                        git_submodule_free(sm);
                        return ret;
                }
        }

        /* Adding implies conflict was resolved, move conflict entries to REUC */
        if ((ret = index_conflict_to_reuc(index, path)) < 0 && ret != GIT_ENOTFOUND)
                return ret;

        git_tree_cache_invalidate_path(index->tree, entry->path);
        return 0;
}

int git_index_remove_bypath(git_index *index, const char *path)
{
        int ret;

        assert(index && path);

        if (((ret = git_index_remove(index, path, 0)) < 0 &&
                ret != GIT_ENOTFOUND) ||
                ((ret = index_conflict_to_reuc(index, path)) < 0 &&
                ret != GIT_ENOTFOUND))
                return ret;

        if (ret == GIT_ENOTFOUND)
                git_error_clear();

        return 0;
}

int git_index__fill(git_index *index, const git_vector *source_entries)
{
        const git_index_entry *source_entry = NULL;
        int error = 0;
        size_t i;

        assert(index);

        if (!source_entries->length)
                return 0;

        if (git_vector_size_hint(&index->entries, source_entries->length) < 0 ||
            index_map_resize(index->entries_map, (size_t)(source_entries->length * 1.3),
                             index->ignore_case) < 0)
                return -1;

        git_vector_foreach(source_entries, i, source_entry) {
                git_index_entry *entry = NULL;

                if ((error = index_entry_dup(&entry, index, source_entry)) < 0)
                        break;

                index_entry_adjust_namemask(entry, ((struct entry_internal *)entry)->pathlen);
                entry->flags_extended |= GIT_INDEX_ENTRY_UPTODATE;
                entry->mode = git_index__create_mode(entry->mode);

                if ((error = git_vector_insert(&index->entries, entry)) < 0)
                        break;

                if ((error = index_map_set(index->entries_map, entry, index->ignore_case)) < 0)
                        break;

                index->dirty = 1;
        }

        if (!error)
                git_vector_sort(&index->entries);

        return error;
}


int git_index_add(git_index *index, const git_index_entry *source_entry)
{
        git_index_entry *entry = NULL;
        int ret;

        assert(index && source_entry && source_entry->path);

        if (!valid_filemode(source_entry->mode)) {
                git_error_set(GIT_ERROR_INDEX, "invalid entry mode");
                return -1;
        }

        if ((ret = index_entry_dup(&entry, index, source_entry)) < 0 ||
                (ret = index_insert(index, &entry, 1, true, true, false)) < 0)
                return ret;

        git_tree_cache_invalidate_path(index->tree, entry->path);
        return 0;
}

int git_index_remove(git_index *index, const char *path, int stage)
{
        int error;
        size_t position;
        git_index_entry remove_key = {{ 0 }};

        remove_key.path = path;
        GIT_INDEX_ENTRY_STAGE_SET(&remove_key, stage);

        index_map_delete(index->entries_map, &remove_key, index->ignore_case);

        if (index_find(&position, index, path, 0, stage) < 0) {
                git_error_set(
                        GIT_ERROR_INDEX, "index does not contain %s at stage %d", path, stage);
                error = GIT_ENOTFOUND;
        } else {
                error = index_remove_entry(index, position);
        }

        return error;
}

int git_index_remove_directory(git_index *index, const char *dir, int stage)
{
        git_buf pfx = GIT_BUF_INIT;
        int error = 0;
        size_t pos;
        git_index_entry *entry;

        if (!(error = git_buf_sets(&pfx, dir)) &&
                !(error = git_path_to_dir(&pfx)))
                index_find(&pos, index, pfx.ptr, pfx.size, GIT_INDEX_STAGE_ANY);

        while (!error) {
                entry = git_vector_get(&index->entries, pos);
                if (!entry || git__prefixcmp(entry->path, pfx.ptr) != 0)
                        break;

                if (GIT_INDEX_ENTRY_STAGE(entry) != stage) {
                        ++pos;
                        continue;
                }

                error = index_remove_entry(index, pos);

                /* removed entry at 'pos' so we don't need to increment */
        }

        git_buf_dispose(&pfx);

        return error;
}

int git_index_find_prefix(size_t *at_pos, git_index *index, const char *prefix)
{
        int error = 0;
        size_t pos;
        const git_index_entry *entry;

        index_find(&pos, index, prefix, strlen(prefix), GIT_INDEX_STAGE_ANY);
        entry = git_vector_get(&index->entries, pos);
        if (!entry || git__prefixcmp(entry->path, prefix) != 0)
                error = GIT_ENOTFOUND;

        if (!error && at_pos)
                *at_pos = pos;

        return error;
}

int git_index__find_pos(
        size_t *out, git_index *index, const char *path, size_t path_len, int stage)
{
        assert(index && path);
        return index_find(out, index, path, path_len, stage);
}

int git_index_find(size_t *at_pos, git_index *index, const char *path)
{
        size_t pos;

        assert(index && path);

        if (git_vector_bsearch2(
                        &pos, &index->entries, index->entries_search_path, path) < 0) {
                git_error_set(GIT_ERROR_INDEX, "index does not contain %s", path);
                return GIT_ENOTFOUND;
        }

        /* Since our binary search only looked at path, we may be in the
         * middle of a list of stages.
         */
        for (; pos > 0; --pos) {
                const git_index_entry *prev = git_vector_get(&index->entries, pos - 1);

                if (index->entries_cmp_path(prev->path, path) != 0)
                        break;
        }

        if (at_pos)
                *at_pos = pos;

        return 0;
}

int git_index_conflict_add(git_index *index,
        const git_index_entry *ancestor_entry,
        const git_index_entry *our_entry,
        const git_index_entry *their_entry)
{
        git_index_entry *entries[3] = { 0 };
        unsigned short i;
        int ret = 0;

        assert (index);

        if ((ancestor_entry &&
                        (ret = index_entry_dup(&entries[0], index, ancestor_entry)) < 0) ||
                (our_entry &&
                        (ret = index_entry_dup(&entries[1], index, our_entry)) < 0) ||
                (their_entry &&
                        (ret = index_entry_dup(&entries[2], index, their_entry)) < 0))
                goto on_error;

        /* Validate entries */
        for (i = 0; i < 3; i++) {
                if (entries[i] && !valid_filemode(entries[i]->mode)) {
                        git_error_set(GIT_ERROR_INDEX, "invalid filemode for stage %d entry",
                                i + 1);
                        ret = -1;
                        goto on_error;
                }
        }

        /* Remove existing index entries for each path */
        for (i = 0; i < 3; i++) {
                if (entries[i] == NULL)
                        continue;

                if ((ret = git_index_remove(index, entries[i]->path, 0)) != 0) {
                        if (ret != GIT_ENOTFOUND)
                                goto on_error;

                        git_error_clear();
                        ret = 0;
                }
        }

        /* Add the conflict entries */
        for (i = 0; i < 3; i++) {
                if (entries[i] == NULL)
                        continue;

                /* Make sure stage is correct */
                GIT_INDEX_ENTRY_STAGE_SET(entries[i], i + 1);

                if ((ret = index_insert(index, &entries[i], 1, true, true, false)) < 0)
                        goto on_error;

                entries[i] = NULL; /* don't free if later entry fails */
        }

        return 0;

on_error:
        for (i = 0; i < 3; i++) {
                if (entries[i] != NULL)
                        index_entry_free(entries[i]);
        }

        return ret;
}

static int index_conflict__get_byindex(
        const git_index_entry **ancestor_out,
        const git_index_entry **our_out,
        const git_index_entry **their_out,
        git_index *index,
        size_t n)
{
        const git_index_entry *conflict_entry;
        const char *path = NULL;
        size_t count;
        int stage, len = 0;

        assert(ancestor_out && our_out && their_out && index);

        *ancestor_out = NULL;
        *our_out = NULL;
        *their_out = NULL;

        for (count = git_index_entrycount(index); n < count; ++n) {
                conflict_entry = git_vector_get(&index->entries, n);

                if (path && index->entries_cmp_path(conflict_entry->path, path) != 0)
                        break;

                stage = GIT_INDEX_ENTRY_STAGE(conflict_entry);
                path = conflict_entry->path;

                switch (stage) {
                case 3:
                        *their_out = conflict_entry;
                        len++;
                        break;
                case 2:
                        *our_out = conflict_entry;
                        len++;
                        break;
                case 1:
                        *ancestor_out = conflict_entry;
                        len++;
                        break;
                default:
                        break;
                };
        }

        return len;
}

int git_index_conflict_get(
        const git_index_entry **ancestor_out,
        const git_index_entry **our_out,
        const git_index_entry **their_out,
        git_index *index,
        const char *path)
{
        size_t pos;
        int len = 0;

        assert(ancestor_out && our_out && their_out && index && path);

        *ancestor_out = NULL;
        *our_out = NULL;
        *their_out = NULL;

        if (git_index_find(&pos, index, path) < 0)
                return GIT_ENOTFOUND;

        if ((len = index_conflict__get_byindex(
                ancestor_out, our_out, their_out, index, pos)) < 0)
                return len;
        else if (len == 0)
                return GIT_ENOTFOUND;

        return 0;
}

static int index_conflict_remove(git_index *index, const char *path)
{
        size_t pos = 0;
        git_index_entry *conflict_entry;
        int error = 0;

        if (path != NULL && git_index_find(&pos, index, path) < 0)
                return GIT_ENOTFOUND;

        while ((conflict_entry = git_vector_get(&index->entries, pos)) != NULL) {

                if (path != NULL &&
                        index->entries_cmp_path(conflict_entry->path, path) != 0)
                        break;

                if (GIT_INDEX_ENTRY_STAGE(conflict_entry) == 0) {
                        pos++;
                        continue;
                }

                if ((error = index_remove_entry(index, pos)) < 0)
                        break;
        }

        return error;
}

int git_index_conflict_remove(git_index *index, const char *path)
{
        assert(index && path);
        return index_conflict_remove(index, path);
}

int git_index_conflict_cleanup(git_index *index)
{
        assert(index);
        return index_conflict_remove(index, NULL);
}

int git_index_has_conflicts(const git_index *index)
{
        size_t i;
        git_index_entry *entry;

        assert(index);

        git_vector_foreach(&index->entries, i, entry) {
                if (GIT_INDEX_ENTRY_STAGE(entry) > 0)
                        return 1;
        }

        return 0;
}

int git_index_iterator_new(
        git_index_iterator **iterator_out,
        git_index *index)
{
        git_index_iterator *it;
        int error;

        assert(iterator_out && index);

        it = git__calloc(1, sizeof(git_index_iterator));
        GIT_ERROR_CHECK_ALLOC(it);

        if ((error = git_index_snapshot_new(&it->snap, index)) < 0) {
                git__free(it);
                return error;
        }

        it->index = index;

        *iterator_out = it;
        return 0;
}

int git_index_iterator_next(
        const git_index_entry **out,
        git_index_iterator *it)
{
        assert(out && it);

        if (it->cur >= git_vector_length(&it->snap))
                return GIT_ITEROVER;

        *out = (git_index_entry *)git_vector_get(&it->snap, it->cur++);
        return 0;
}

void git_index_iterator_free(git_index_iterator *it)
{
        if (it == NULL)
                return;

        git_index_snapshot_release(&it->snap, it->index);
        git__free(it);
}

int git_index_conflict_iterator_new(
        git_index_conflict_iterator **iterator_out,
        git_index *index)
{
        git_index_conflict_iterator *it = NULL;

        assert(iterator_out && index);

        it = git__calloc(1, sizeof(git_index_conflict_iterator));
        GIT_ERROR_CHECK_ALLOC(it);

        it->index = index;

        *iterator_out = it;
        return 0;
}

int git_index_conflict_next(
        const git_index_entry **ancestor_out,
        const git_index_entry **our_out,
        const git_index_entry **their_out,
        git_index_conflict_iterator *iterator)
{
        const git_index_entry *entry;
        int len;

        assert(ancestor_out && our_out && their_out && iterator);

        *ancestor_out = NULL;
        *our_out = NULL;
        *their_out = NULL;

        while (iterator->cur < iterator->index->entries.length) {
                entry = git_index_get_byindex(iterator->index, iterator->cur);

                if (git_index_entry_is_conflict(entry)) {
                        if ((len = index_conflict__get_byindex(
                                ancestor_out,
                                our_out,
                                their_out,
                                iterator->index,
                                iterator->cur)) < 0)
                                return len;

                        iterator->cur += len;
                        return 0;
                }

                iterator->cur++;
        }

        return GIT_ITEROVER;
}

void git_index_conflict_iterator_free(git_index_conflict_iterator *iterator)
{
        if (iterator == NULL)
                return;

        git__free(iterator);
}

size_t git_index_name_entrycount(git_index *index)
{
        assert(index);
        return index->names.length;
}

const git_index_name_entry *git_index_name_get_byindex(
        git_index *index, size_t n)
{
        assert(index);

        git_vector_sort(&index->names);
        return git_vector_get(&index->names, n);
}

static void index_name_entry_free(git_index_name_entry *ne)
{
        if (!ne)
                return;
        git__free(ne->ancestor);
        git__free(ne->ours);
        git__free(ne->theirs);
        git__free(ne);
}

int git_index_name_add(git_index *index,
        const char *ancestor, const char *ours, const char *theirs)
{
        git_index_name_entry *conflict_name;

        assert((ancestor && ours) || (ancestor && theirs) || (ours && theirs));

        conflict_name = git__calloc(1, sizeof(git_index_name_entry));
        GIT_ERROR_CHECK_ALLOC(conflict_name);

        if ((ancestor && !(conflict_name->ancestor = git__strdup(ancestor))) ||
                (ours     && !(conflict_name->ours     = git__strdup(ours))) ||
                (theirs   && !(conflict_name->theirs   = git__strdup(theirs))) ||
                git_vector_insert(&index->names, conflict_name) < 0)
        {
                index_name_entry_free(conflict_name);
                return -1;
        }

        index->dirty = 1;
        return 0;
}

int git_index_name_clear(git_index *index)
{
        size_t i;
        git_index_name_entry *conflict_name;

        assert(index);

        git_vector_foreach(&index->names, i, conflict_name)
                index_name_entry_free(conflict_name);

        git_vector_clear(&index->names);

        index->dirty = 1;

        return 0;
}

size_t git_index_reuc_entrycount(git_index *index)
{
        assert(index);
        return index->reuc.length;
}

static int index_reuc_on_dup(void **old, void *new)
{
        index_entry_reuc_free(*old);
        *old = new;
        return GIT_EEXISTS;
}

static int index_reuc_insert(
        git_index *index,
        git_index_reuc_entry *reuc)
{
        int res;

        assert(index && reuc && reuc->path != NULL);
        assert(git_vector_is_sorted(&index->reuc));

        res = git_vector_insert_sorted(&index->reuc, reuc, &index_reuc_on_dup);
        index->dirty = 1;

        return res == GIT_EEXISTS ? 0 : res;
}

int git_index_reuc_add(git_index *index, const char *path,
        int ancestor_mode, const git_oid *ancestor_oid,
        int our_mode, const git_oid *our_oid,
        int their_mode, const git_oid *their_oid)
{
        git_index_reuc_entry *reuc = NULL;
        int error = 0;

        assert(index && path);

        if ((error = index_entry_reuc_init(&reuc, path, ancestor_mode,
                        ancestor_oid, our_mode, our_oid, their_mode, their_oid)) < 0 ||
                (error = index_reuc_insert(index, reuc)) < 0)
                index_entry_reuc_free(reuc);

        return error;
}

int git_index_reuc_find(size_t *at_pos, git_index *index, const char *path)
{
        return git_vector_bsearch2(at_pos, &index->reuc, index->reuc_search, path);
}

const git_index_reuc_entry *git_index_reuc_get_bypath(
        git_index *index, const char *path)
{
        size_t pos;
        assert(index && path);

        if (!index->reuc.length)
                return NULL;

        assert(git_vector_is_sorted(&index->reuc));

        if (git_index_reuc_find(&pos, index, path) < 0)
                return NULL;

        return git_vector_get(&index->reuc, pos);
}

const git_index_reuc_entry *git_index_reuc_get_byindex(
        git_index *index, size_t n)
{
        assert(index);
        assert(git_vector_is_sorted(&index->reuc));

        return git_vector_get(&index->reuc, n);
}

int git_index_reuc_remove(git_index *index, size_t position)
{
        int error;
        git_index_reuc_entry *reuc;

        assert(git_vector_is_sorted(&index->reuc));

        reuc = git_vector_get(&index->reuc, position);
        error = git_vector_remove(&index->reuc, position);

        if (!error)
                index_entry_reuc_free(reuc);

        index->dirty = 1;
        return error;
}

int git_index_reuc_clear(git_index *index)
{
        size_t i;

        assert(index);

        for (i = 0; i < index->reuc.length; ++i)
                index_entry_reuc_free(git__swap(index->reuc.contents[i], NULL));

        git_vector_clear(&index->reuc);

        index->dirty = 1;

        return 0;
}

static int index_error_invalid(const char *message)
{
        git_error_set(GIT_ERROR_INDEX, "invalid data in index - %s", message);
        return -1;
}

static int read_reuc(git_index *index, const char *buffer, size_t size)
{
        const char *endptr;
        size_t len;
        int i;

        /* If called multiple times, the vector might already be initialized */
        if (index->reuc._alloc_size == 0 &&
                git_vector_init(&index->reuc, 16, reuc_cmp) < 0)
                return -1;

        while (size) {
                git_index_reuc_entry *lost;

                len = p_strnlen(buffer, size) + 1;
                if (size <= len)
                        return index_error_invalid("reading reuc entries");

                lost = reuc_entry_alloc(buffer);
                GIT_ERROR_CHECK_ALLOC(lost);

                size -= len;
                buffer += len;

                /* read 3 ASCII octal numbers for stage entries */
                for (i = 0; i < 3; i++) {
                        int64_t tmp;

                        if (git__strntol64(&tmp, buffer, size, &endptr, 8) < 0 ||
                                !endptr || endptr == buffer || *endptr ||
                                tmp < 0 || tmp > UINT32_MAX) {
                                index_entry_reuc_free(lost);
                                return index_error_invalid("reading reuc entry stage");
                        }

                        lost->mode[i] = (uint32_t)tmp;

                        len = (endptr + 1) - buffer;
                        if (size <= len) {
                                index_entry_reuc_free(lost);
                                return index_error_invalid("reading reuc entry stage");
                        }

                        size -= len;
                        buffer += len;
                }

                /* read up to 3 OIDs for stage entries */
                for (i = 0; i < 3; i++) {
                        if (!lost->mode[i])
                                continue;
                        if (size < 20) {
                                index_entry_reuc_free(lost);
                                return index_error_invalid("reading reuc entry oid");
                        }

                        git_oid_fromraw(&lost->oid[i], (const unsigned char *) buffer);
                        size -= 20;
                        buffer += 20;
                }

                /* entry was read successfully - insert into reuc vector */
                if (git_vector_insert(&index->reuc, lost) < 0)
                        return -1;
        }

        /* entries are guaranteed to be sorted on-disk */
        git_vector_set_sorted(&index->reuc, true);

        return 0;
}


static int read_conflict_names(git_index *index, const char *buffer, size_t size)
{
        size_t len;

        /* This gets called multiple times, the vector might already be initialized */
        if (index->names._alloc_size == 0 &&
                git_vector_init(&index->names, 16, conflict_name_cmp) < 0)
                return -1;

#define read_conflict_name(ptr) \
        len = p_strnlen(buffer, size) + 1; \
        if (size < len) { \
                index_error_invalid("reading conflict name entries"); \
                goto out_err; \
        } \
        if (len == 1) \
                ptr = NULL; \
        else { \
                ptr = git__malloc(len); \
                GIT_ERROR_CHECK_ALLOC(ptr); \
                memcpy(ptr, buffer, len); \
        } \
        \
        buffer += len; \
        size -= len;

        while (size) {
                git_index_name_entry *conflict_name = git__calloc(1, sizeof(git_index_name_entry));
                GIT_ERROR_CHECK_ALLOC(conflict_name);

                read_conflict_name(conflict_name->ancestor);
                read_conflict_name(conflict_name->ours);
                read_conflict_name(conflict_name->theirs);

                if (git_vector_insert(&index->names, conflict_name) < 0)
                        goto out_err;

                continue;

out_err:
                git__free(conflict_name->ancestor);
                git__free(conflict_name->ours);
                git__free(conflict_name->theirs);
                git__free(conflict_name);
                return -1;
        }

#undef read_conflict_name

        /* entries are guaranteed to be sorted on-disk */
        git_vector_set_sorted(&index->names, true);

        return 0;
}

static size_t index_entry_size(size_t path_len, size_t varint_len, uint32_t flags)
{
        if (varint_len) {
                if (flags & GIT_INDEX_ENTRY_EXTENDED)
                        return offsetof(struct entry_long, path) + path_len + 1 + varint_len;
                else
                        return offsetof(struct entry_short, path) + path_len + 1 + varint_len;
        } else {
#define entry_size(type,len) ((offsetof(type, path) + (len) + 8) & ~7)
                if (flags & GIT_INDEX_ENTRY_EXTENDED)
                        return entry_size(struct entry_long, path_len);
                else
                        return entry_size(struct entry_short, path_len);
#undef entry_size
        }
}

static int read_entry(
        git_index_entry **out,
        size_t *out_size,
        git_index *index,
        const void *buffer,
        size_t buffer_size,
        const char *last)
{
        size_t path_length, entry_size;
        const char *path_ptr;
        struct entry_short source;
        git_index_entry entry = {{0}};
        bool compressed = index->version >= INDEX_VERSION_NUMBER_COMP;
        char *tmp_path = NULL;

        if (INDEX_FOOTER_SIZE + minimal_entry_size > buffer_size)
                return -1;

        /* buffer is not guaranteed to be aligned */
        memcpy(&source, buffer, sizeof(struct entry_short));

        entry.ctime.seconds = (git_time_t)ntohl(source.ctime.seconds);
        entry.ctime.nanoseconds = ntohl(source.ctime.nanoseconds);
        entry.mtime.seconds = (git_time_t)ntohl(source.mtime.seconds);
        entry.mtime.nanoseconds = ntohl(source.mtime.nanoseconds);
        entry.dev = ntohl(source.dev);
        entry.ino = ntohl(source.ino);
        entry.mode = ntohl(source.mode);
        entry.uid = ntohl(source.uid);
        entry.gid = ntohl(source.gid);
        entry.file_size = ntohl(source.file_size);
        git_oid_cpy(&entry.id, &source.oid);
        entry.flags = ntohs(source.flags);

        if (entry.flags & GIT_INDEX_ENTRY_EXTENDED) {
                uint16_t flags_raw;
                size_t flags_offset;

                flags_offset = offsetof(struct entry_long, flags_extended);
                memcpy(&flags_raw, (const char *) buffer + flags_offset,
                        sizeof(flags_raw));
                flags_raw = ntohs(flags_raw);

                memcpy(&entry.flags_extended, &flags_raw, sizeof(flags_raw));
                path_ptr = (const char *) buffer + offsetof(struct entry_long, path);
        } else
                path_ptr = (const char *) buffer + offsetof(struct entry_short, path);

        if (!compressed) {
                path_length = entry.flags & GIT_INDEX_ENTRY_NAMEMASK;

                /* if this is a very long string, we must find its
                 * real length without overflowing */
                if (path_length == 0xFFF) {
                        const char *path_end;

                        path_end = memchr(path_ptr, '\0', buffer_size);
                        if (path_end == NULL)
                                return -1;

                        path_length = path_end - path_ptr;
                }

                entry_size = index_entry_size(path_length, 0, entry.flags);
                entry.path = (char *)path_ptr;
        } else {
                size_t varint_len, last_len, prefix_len, suffix_len, path_len;
                uintmax_t strip_len;

                strip_len = git_decode_varint((const unsigned char *)path_ptr, &varint_len);
                last_len = strlen(last);

                if (varint_len == 0 || last_len < strip_len)
                        return index_error_invalid("incorrect prefix length");

                prefix_len = last_len - (size_t)strip_len;
                suffix_len = strlen(path_ptr + varint_len);

                GIT_ERROR_CHECK_ALLOC_ADD(&path_len, prefix_len, suffix_len);
                GIT_ERROR_CHECK_ALLOC_ADD(&path_len, path_len, 1);

                if (path_len > GIT_PATH_MAX)
                        return index_error_invalid("unreasonable path length");

                tmp_path = git__malloc(path_len);
                GIT_ERROR_CHECK_ALLOC(tmp_path);

                memcpy(tmp_path, last, prefix_len);
                memcpy(tmp_path + prefix_len, path_ptr + varint_len, suffix_len + 1);
                entry_size = index_entry_size(suffix_len, varint_len, entry.flags);
                entry.path = tmp_path;
        }

        if (entry_size == 0)
                return -1;

        if (INDEX_FOOTER_SIZE + entry_size > buffer_size)
                return -1;

        if (index_entry_dup(out, index, &entry) < 0) {
                git__free(tmp_path);
                return -1;
        }

        git__free(tmp_path);
        *out_size = entry_size;
        return 0;
}

static int read_header(struct index_header *dest, const void *buffer)
{
        const struct index_header *source = buffer;

        dest->signature = ntohl(source->signature);
        if (dest->signature != INDEX_HEADER_SIG)
                return index_error_invalid("incorrect header signature");

        dest->version = ntohl(source->version);
        if (dest->version < INDEX_VERSION_NUMBER_LB ||
                dest->version > INDEX_VERSION_NUMBER_UB)
                return index_error_invalid("incorrect header version");

        dest->entry_count = ntohl(source->entry_count);
        return 0;
}

static int read_extension(size_t *read_len, git_index *index, const char *buffer, size_t buffer_size)
{
        struct index_extension dest;
        size_t total_size;

        /* buffer is not guaranteed to be aligned */
        memcpy(&dest, buffer, sizeof(struct index_extension));
        dest.extension_size = ntohl(dest.extension_size);

        total_size = dest.extension_size + sizeof(struct index_extension);

        if (dest.extension_size > total_size ||
                buffer_size < total_size ||
                buffer_size - total_size < INDEX_FOOTER_SIZE) {
                index_error_invalid("extension is truncated");
                return -1;
        }

        /* optional extension */
        if (dest.signature[0] >= 'A' && dest.signature[0] <= 'Z') {
                /* tree cache */
                if (memcmp(dest.signature, INDEX_EXT_TREECACHE_SIG, 4) == 0) {
                        if (git_tree_cache_read(&index->tree, buffer + 8, dest.extension_size, &index->tree_pool) < 0)
                                return -1;
                } else if (memcmp(dest.signature, INDEX_EXT_UNMERGED_SIG, 4) == 0) {
                        if (read_reuc(index, buffer + 8, dest.extension_size) < 0)
                                return -1;
                } else if (memcmp(dest.signature, INDEX_EXT_CONFLICT_NAME_SIG, 4) == 0) {
                        if (read_conflict_names(index, buffer + 8, dest.extension_size) < 0)
                                return -1;
                }
                /* else, unsupported extension. We cannot parse this, but we can skip
                 * it by returning `total_size */
        } else {
                /* we cannot handle non-ignorable extensions;
                 * in fact they aren't even defined in the standard */
                git_error_set(GIT_ERROR_INDEX, "unsupported mandatory extension: '%.4s'", dest.signature);
                return -1;
        }

        *read_len = total_size;

        return 0;
}

static int parse_index(git_index *index, const char *buffer, size_t buffer_size)
{
        int error = 0;
        unsigned int i;
        struct index_header header = { 0 };
        git_oid checksum_calculated, checksum_expected;
        const char *last = NULL;
        const char *empty = "";

#define seek_forward(_increase) { \
        if (_increase >= buffer_size) { \
                error = index_error_invalid("ran out of data while parsing"); \
                goto done; } \
        buffer += _increase; \
        buffer_size -= _increase;\
}

        if (buffer_size < INDEX_HEADER_SIZE + INDEX_FOOTER_SIZE)
                return index_error_invalid("insufficient buffer space");

        /* Precalculate the SHA1 of the files's contents -- we'll match it to
         * the provided SHA1 in the footer */
        git_hash_buf(&checksum_calculated, buffer, buffer_size - INDEX_FOOTER_SIZE);

        /* Parse header */
        if ((error = read_header(&header, buffer)) < 0)
                return error;

        index->version = header.version;
        if (index->version >= INDEX_VERSION_NUMBER_COMP)
                last = empty;

        seek_forward(INDEX_HEADER_SIZE);

        assert(!index->entries.length);

        if ((error = index_map_resize(index->entries_map, header.entry_count, index->ignore_case)) < 0)
                return error;

        /* Parse all the entries */
        for (i = 0; i < header.entry_count && buffer_size > INDEX_FOOTER_SIZE; ++i) {
                git_index_entry *entry = NULL;
                size_t entry_size;

                if ((error = read_entry(&entry, &entry_size, index, buffer, buffer_size, last)) < 0) {
                        error = index_error_invalid("invalid entry");
                        goto done;
                }

                if ((error = git_vector_insert(&index->entries, entry)) < 0) {
                        index_entry_free(entry);
                        goto done;
                }

                if ((error = index_map_set(index->entries_map, entry, index->ignore_case)) < 0) {
                        index_entry_free(entry);
                        goto done;
                }
                error = 0;

                if (index->version >= INDEX_VERSION_NUMBER_COMP)
                        last = entry->path;

                seek_forward(entry_size);
        }

        if (i != header.entry_count) {
                error = index_error_invalid("header entries changed while parsing");
                goto done;
        }

        /* There's still space for some extensions! */
        while (buffer_size > INDEX_FOOTER_SIZE) {
                size_t extension_size;

                if ((error = read_extension(&extension_size, index, buffer, buffer_size)) < 0) {
                        goto done;
                }

                seek_forward(extension_size);
        }

        if (buffer_size != INDEX_FOOTER_SIZE) {
                error = index_error_invalid(
                        "buffer size does not match index footer size");
                goto done;
        }

        /* 160-bit SHA-1 over the content of the index file before this checksum. */
        git_oid_fromraw(&checksum_expected, (const unsigned char *)buffer);

        if (git_oid__cmp(&checksum_calculated, &checksum_expected) != 0) {
                error = index_error_invalid(
                        "calculated checksum does not match expected");
                goto done;
        }

        git_oid_cpy(&index->checksum, &checksum_calculated);

#undef seek_forward

        /* Entries are stored case-sensitively on disk, so re-sort now if
         * in-memory index is supposed to be case-insensitive
         */
        git_vector_set_sorted(&index->entries, !index->ignore_case);
        git_vector_sort(&index->entries);

        index->dirty = 0;
done:
        return error;
}

static bool is_index_extended(git_index *index)
{
        size_t i, extended;
        git_index_entry *entry;

        extended = 0;

        git_vector_foreach(&index->entries, i, entry) {
                entry->flags &= ~GIT_INDEX_ENTRY_EXTENDED;
                if (entry->flags_extended & GIT_INDEX_ENTRY_EXTENDED_FLAGS) {
                        extended++;
                        entry->flags |= GIT_INDEX_ENTRY_EXTENDED;
                }
        }

        return (extended > 0);
}

static int write_disk_entry(git_filebuf *file, git_index_entry *entry, const char *last)
{
        void *mem = NULL;
        struct entry_short ondisk;
        size_t path_len, disk_size;
        int varint_len = 0;
        char *path;
        const char *path_start = entry->path;
        size_t same_len = 0;

        path_len = ((struct entry_internal *)entry)->pathlen;

        if (last) {
                const char *last_c = last;

                while (*path_start == *last_c) {
                        if (!*path_start || !*last_c)
                                break;
                        ++path_start;
                        ++last_c;
                        ++same_len;
                }
                path_len -= same_len;
                varint_len = git_encode_varint(NULL, 0, strlen(last) - same_len);
        }

        disk_size = index_entry_size(path_len, varint_len, entry->flags);

        if (git_filebuf_reserve(file, &mem, disk_size) < 0)
                return -1;

        memset(mem, 0x0, disk_size);

        /**
         * Yes, we have to truncate.
         *
         * The on-disk format for Index entries clearly defines
         * the time and size fields to be 4 bytes each -- so even if
         * we store these values with 8 bytes on-memory, they must
         * be truncated to 4 bytes before writing to disk.
         *
         * In 2038 I will be either too dead or too rich to care about this
         */
        ondisk.ctime.seconds = htonl((uint32_t)entry->ctime.seconds);
        ondisk.mtime.seconds = htonl((uint32_t)entry->mtime.seconds);
        ondisk.ctime.nanoseconds = htonl(entry->ctime.nanoseconds);
        ondisk.mtime.nanoseconds = htonl(entry->mtime.nanoseconds);
        ondisk.dev = htonl(entry->dev);
        ondisk.ino = htonl(entry->ino);
        ondisk.mode = htonl(entry->mode);
        ondisk.uid = htonl(entry->uid);
        ondisk.gid = htonl(entry->gid);
        ondisk.file_size = htonl((uint32_t)entry->file_size);

        git_oid_cpy(&ondisk.oid, &entry->id);

        ondisk.flags = htons(entry->flags);

        if (entry->flags & GIT_INDEX_ENTRY_EXTENDED) {
                struct entry_long ondisk_ext;
                memcpy(&ondisk_ext, &ondisk, sizeof(struct entry_short));
                ondisk_ext.flags_extended = htons(entry->flags_extended &
                        GIT_INDEX_ENTRY_EXTENDED_FLAGS);
                memcpy(mem, &ondisk_ext, offsetof(struct entry_long, path));
                path = ((struct entry_long*)mem)->path;
                disk_size -= offsetof(struct entry_long, path);
        } else {
                memcpy(mem, &ondisk, offsetof(struct entry_short, path));
                path = ((struct entry_short*)mem)->path;
                disk_size -= offsetof(struct entry_short, path);
        }

        if (last) {
                varint_len = git_encode_varint((unsigned char *) path,
                                          disk_size, strlen(last) - same_len);
                assert(varint_len > 0);
                path += varint_len;
                disk_size -= varint_len;

                /*
                 * If using path compression, we are not allowed
                 * to have additional trailing NULs.
                 */
                assert(disk_size == path_len + 1);
        } else {
                /*
                 * If no path compression is used, we do have
                 * NULs as padding. As such, simply assert that
                 * we have enough space left to write the path.
                 */
                assert(disk_size > path_len);
        }

        memcpy(path, path_start, path_len + 1);

        return 0;
}

static int write_entries(git_index *index, git_filebuf *file)
{
        int error = 0;
        size_t i;
        git_vector case_sorted, *entries;
        git_index_entry *entry;
        const char *last = NULL;

        /* If index->entries is sorted case-insensitively, then we need
         * to re-sort it case-sensitively before writing */
        if (index->ignore_case) {
                git_vector_dup(&case_sorted, &index->entries, git_index_entry_cmp);
                git_vector_sort(&case_sorted);
                entries = &case_sorted;
        } else {
                entries = &index->entries;
        }

        if (index->version >= INDEX_VERSION_NUMBER_COMP)
                last = "";

        git_vector_foreach(entries, i, entry) {
                if ((error = write_disk_entry(file, entry, last)) < 0)
                        break;
                if (index->version >= INDEX_VERSION_NUMBER_COMP)
                        last = entry->path;
        }

        if (index->ignore_case)
                git_vector_free(&case_sorted);

        return error;
}

static int write_extension(git_filebuf *file, struct index_extension *header, git_buf *data)
{
        struct index_extension ondisk;

        memset(&ondisk, 0x0, sizeof(struct index_extension));
        memcpy(&ondisk, header, 4);
        ondisk.extension_size = htonl(header->extension_size);

        git_filebuf_write(file, &ondisk, sizeof(struct index_extension));
        return git_filebuf_write(file, data->ptr, data->size);
}

static int create_name_extension_data(git_buf *name_buf, git_index_name_entry *conflict_name)
{
        int error = 0;

        if (conflict_name->ancestor == NULL)
                error = git_buf_put(name_buf, "\0", 1);
        else
                error = git_buf_put(name_buf, conflict_name->ancestor, strlen(conflict_name->ancestor) + 1);

        if (error != 0)
                goto on_error;

        if (conflict_name->ours == NULL)
                error = git_buf_put(name_buf, "\0", 1);
        else
                error = git_buf_put(name_buf, conflict_name->ours, strlen(conflict_name->ours) + 1);

        if (error != 0)
                goto on_error;

        if (conflict_name->theirs == NULL)
                error = git_buf_put(name_buf, "\0", 1);
        else
                error = git_buf_put(name_buf, conflict_name->theirs, strlen(conflict_name->theirs) + 1);

on_error:
        return error;
}

static int write_name_extension(git_index *index, git_filebuf *file)
{
        git_buf name_buf = GIT_BUF_INIT;
        git_vector *out = &index->names;
        git_index_name_entry *conflict_name;
        struct index_extension extension;
        size_t i;
        int error = 0;

        git_vector_foreach(out, i, conflict_name) {
                if ((error = create_name_extension_data(&name_buf, conflict_name)) < 0)
                        goto done;
        }

        memset(&extension, 0x0, sizeof(struct index_extension));
        memcpy(&extension.signature, INDEX_EXT_CONFLICT_NAME_SIG, 4);
        extension.extension_size = (uint32_t)name_buf.size;

        error = write_extension(file, &extension, &name_buf);

        git_buf_dispose(&name_buf);

done:
        return error;
}

static int create_reuc_extension_data(git_buf *reuc_buf, git_index_reuc_entry *reuc)
{
        int i;
        int error = 0;

        if ((error = git_buf_put(reuc_buf, reuc->path, strlen(reuc->path) + 1)) < 0)
                return error;

        for (i = 0; i < 3; i++) {
                if ((error = git_buf_printf(reuc_buf, "%o", reuc->mode[i])) < 0 ||
                        (error = git_buf_put(reuc_buf, "\0", 1)) < 0)
                        return error;
        }

        for (i = 0; i < 3; i++) {
                if (reuc->mode[i] && (error = git_buf_put(reuc_buf, (char *)&reuc->oid[i].id, GIT_OID_RAWSZ)) < 0)
                        return error;
        }

        return 0;
}

static int write_reuc_extension(git_index *index, git_filebuf *file)
{
        git_buf reuc_buf = GIT_BUF_INIT;
        git_vector *out = &index->reuc;
        git_index_reuc_entry *reuc;
        struct index_extension extension;
        size_t i;
        int error = 0;

        git_vector_foreach(out, i, reuc) {
                if ((error = create_reuc_extension_data(&reuc_buf, reuc)) < 0)
                        goto done;
        }

        memset(&extension, 0x0, sizeof(struct index_extension));
        memcpy(&extension.signature, INDEX_EXT_UNMERGED_SIG, 4);
        extension.extension_size = (uint32_t)reuc_buf.size;

        error = write_extension(file, &extension, &reuc_buf);

        git_buf_dispose(&reuc_buf);

done:
        return error;
}

static int write_tree_extension(git_index *index, git_filebuf *file)
{
        struct index_extension extension;
        git_buf buf = GIT_BUF_INIT;
        int error;

        if (index->tree == NULL)
                return 0;

        if ((error = git_tree_cache_write(&buf, index->tree)) < 0)
                return error;

        memset(&extension, 0x0, sizeof(struct index_extension));
        memcpy(&extension.signature, INDEX_EXT_TREECACHE_SIG, 4);
        extension.extension_size = (uint32_t)buf.size;

        error = write_extension(file, &extension, &buf);

        git_buf_dispose(&buf);

        return error;
}

static void clear_uptodate(git_index *index)
{
        git_index_entry *entry;
        size_t i;

        git_vector_foreach(&index->entries, i, entry)
                entry->flags_extended &= ~GIT_INDEX_ENTRY_UPTODATE;
}

static int write_index(git_oid *checksum, git_index *index, git_filebuf *file)
{
        git_oid hash_final;
        struct index_header header;
        bool is_extended;
        uint32_t index_version_number;

        assert(index && file);

        if (index->version <= INDEX_VERSION_NUMBER_EXT)  {
                is_extended = is_index_extended(index);
                index_version_number = is_extended ? INDEX_VERSION_NUMBER_EXT : INDEX_VERSION_NUMBER_LB;
        } else {
                index_version_number = index->version;
        }

        header.signature = htonl(INDEX_HEADER_SIG);
        header.version = htonl(index_version_number);
        header.entry_count = htonl((uint32_t)index->entries.length);

        if (git_filebuf_write(file, &header, sizeof(struct index_header)) < 0)
                return -1;

        if (write_entries(index, file) < 0)
                return -1;

        /* write the tree cache extension */
        if (index->tree != NULL && write_tree_extension(index, file) < 0)
                return -1;

        /* write the rename conflict extension */
        if (index->names.length > 0 && write_name_extension(index, file) < 0)
                return -1;

        /* write the reuc extension */
        if (index->reuc.length > 0 && write_reuc_extension(index, file) < 0)
                return -1;

        /* get out the hash for all the contents we've appended to the file */
        git_filebuf_hash(&hash_final, file);
        git_oid_cpy(checksum, &hash_final);

        /* write it at the end of the file */
        if (git_filebuf_write(file, hash_final.id, GIT_OID_RAWSZ) < 0)
                return -1;

        /* file entries are no longer up to date */
        clear_uptodate(index);

        return 0;
}

int git_index_entry_stage(const git_index_entry *entry)
{
        return GIT_INDEX_ENTRY_STAGE(entry);
}

int git_index_entry_is_conflict(const git_index_entry *entry)
{
        return (GIT_INDEX_ENTRY_STAGE(entry) > 0);
}

typedef struct read_tree_data {
        git_index *index;
        git_vector *old_entries;
        git_vector *new_entries;
        git_vector_cmp entry_cmp;
        git_tree_cache *tree;
} read_tree_data;

static int read_tree_cb(
        const char *root, const git_tree_entry *tentry, void *payload)
{
        read_tree_data *data = payload;
        git_index_entry *entry = NULL, *old_entry;
        git_buf path = GIT_BUF_INIT;
        size_t pos;

        if (git_tree_entry__is_tree(tentry))
                return 0;

        if (git_buf_joinpath(&path, root, tentry->filename) < 0)
                return -1;

        if (index_entry_create(&entry, INDEX_OWNER(data->index), path.ptr, NULL, false) < 0)
                return -1;

        entry->mode = tentry->attr;
        git_oid_cpy(&entry->id, git_tree_entry_id(tentry));

        /* look for corresponding old entry and copy data to new entry */
        if (data->old_entries != NULL &&
                !index_find_in_entries(
                        &pos, data->old_entries, data->entry_cmp, path.ptr, 0, 0) &&
                (old_entry = git_vector_get(data->old_entries, pos)) != NULL &&
                entry->mode == old_entry->mode &&
                git_oid_equal(&entry->id, &old_entry->id))
        {
                index_entry_cpy(entry, old_entry);
                entry->flags_extended = 0;
        }

        index_entry_adjust_namemask(entry, path.size);
        git_buf_dispose(&path);

        if (git_vector_insert(data->new_entries, entry) < 0) {
                index_entry_free(entry);
                return -1;
        }

        return 0;
}

int git_index_read_tree(git_index *index, const git_tree *tree)
{
        int error = 0;
        git_vector entries = GIT_VECTOR_INIT;
        git_idxmap *entries_map;
        read_tree_data data;
        size_t i;
        git_index_entry *e;

        if (git_idxmap_new(&entries_map) < 0)
                return -1;

        git_vector_set_cmp(&entries, index->entries._cmp); /* match sort */

        data.index = index;
        data.old_entries = &index->entries;
        data.new_entries = &entries;
        data.entry_cmp   = index->entries_search;

        index->tree = NULL;
        git_pool_clear(&index->tree_pool);

        git_vector_sort(&index->entries);

        if ((error = git_tree_walk(tree, GIT_TREEWALK_POST, read_tree_cb, &data)) < 0)
                goto cleanup;

        if ((error = index_map_resize(entries_map, entries.length, index->ignore_case)) < 0)
                goto cleanup;

        git_vector_foreach(&entries, i, e) {
                if ((error = index_map_set(entries_map, e, index->ignore_case)) < 0) {
                        git_error_set(GIT_ERROR_INDEX, "failed to insert entry into map");
                        return error;
                }
        }

        error = 0;

        git_vector_sort(&entries);

        if ((error = git_index_clear(index)) < 0) {
                /* well, this isn't good */;
        } else {
                git_vector_swap(&entries, &index->entries);
                entries_map = git__swap(index->entries_map, entries_map);
        }

        index->dirty = 1;

cleanup:
        git_vector_free(&entries);
        git_idxmap_free(entries_map);
        if (error < 0)
                return error;

        error = git_tree_cache_read_tree(&index->tree, tree, &index->tree_pool);

        return error;
}

static int git_index_read_iterator(
        git_index *index,
        git_iterator *new_iterator,
        size_t new_length_hint)
{
        git_vector new_entries = GIT_VECTOR_INIT,
                remove_entries = GIT_VECTOR_INIT;
        git_idxmap *new_entries_map = NULL;
        git_iterator *index_iterator = NULL;
        git_iterator_options opts = GIT_ITERATOR_OPTIONS_INIT;
        const git_index_entry *old_entry, *new_entry;
        git_index_entry *entry;
        size_t i;
        int error;

        assert((new_iterator->flags & GIT_ITERATOR_DONT_IGNORE_CASE));

        if ((error = git_vector_init(&new_entries, new_length_hint, index->entries._cmp)) < 0 ||
            (error = git_vector_init(&remove_entries, index->entries.length, NULL)) < 0 ||
            (error = git_idxmap_new(&new_entries_map)) < 0)
                goto done;

        if (new_length_hint && (error = index_map_resize(new_entries_map, new_length_hint,
                                                         index->ignore_case)) < 0)
                goto done;

        opts.flags = GIT_ITERATOR_DONT_IGNORE_CASE |
                GIT_ITERATOR_INCLUDE_CONFLICTS;

        if ((error = git_iterator_for_index(&index_iterator,
                        git_index_owner(index), index, &opts)) < 0 ||
                ((error = git_iterator_current(&old_entry, index_iterator)) < 0 &&
                        error != GIT_ITEROVER) ||
                ((error = git_iterator_current(&new_entry, new_iterator)) < 0 &&
                        error != GIT_ITEROVER))
                goto done;

        while (true) {
                git_index_entry
                        *dup_entry = NULL,
                        *add_entry = NULL,
                        *remove_entry = NULL;
                int diff;

                error = 0;

                if (old_entry && new_entry)
                        diff = git_index_entry_cmp(old_entry, new_entry);
                else if (!old_entry && new_entry)
                        diff = 1;
                else if (old_entry && !new_entry)
                        diff = -1;
                else
                        break;

                if (diff < 0) {
                        remove_entry = (git_index_entry *)old_entry;
                } else if (diff > 0) {
                        dup_entry = (git_index_entry *)new_entry;
                } else {
                        /* Path and stage are equal, if the OID is equal, keep it to
                         * keep the stat cache data.
                         */
                        if (git_oid_equal(&old_entry->id, &new_entry->id) &&
                                old_entry->mode == new_entry->mode) {
                                add_entry = (git_index_entry *)old_entry;
                        } else {
                                dup_entry = (git_index_entry *)new_entry;
                                remove_entry = (git_index_entry *)old_entry;
                        }
                }

                if (dup_entry) {
                        if ((error = index_entry_dup_nocache(&add_entry, index, dup_entry)) < 0)
                                goto done;

                        index_entry_adjust_namemask(add_entry,
                                ((struct entry_internal *)add_entry)->pathlen);
                }

                /* invalidate this path in the tree cache if this is new (to
                 * invalidate the parent trees)
                 */
                if (dup_entry && !remove_entry && index->tree)
                        git_tree_cache_invalidate_path(index->tree, dup_entry->path);

                if (add_entry) {
                        if ((error = git_vector_insert(&new_entries, add_entry)) == 0)
                                error = index_map_set(new_entries_map, add_entry,
                                                      index->ignore_case);
                }

                if (remove_entry && error >= 0)
                        error = git_vector_insert(&remove_entries, remove_entry);

                if (error < 0) {
                        git_error_set(GIT_ERROR_INDEX, "failed to insert entry");
                        goto done;
                }

                if (diff <= 0) {
                        if ((error = git_iterator_advance(&old_entry, index_iterator)) < 0 &&
                                error != GIT_ITEROVER)
                                goto done;
                }

                if (diff >= 0) {
                        if ((error = git_iterator_advance(&new_entry, new_iterator)) < 0 &&
                                error != GIT_ITEROVER)
                                goto done;
                }
        }

        if ((error = git_index_name_clear(index)) < 0 ||
                (error = git_index_reuc_clear(index)) < 0)
            goto done;

        git_vector_swap(&new_entries, &index->entries);
        new_entries_map = git__swap(index->entries_map, new_entries_map);

        git_vector_foreach(&remove_entries, i, entry) {
                if (index->tree)
                        git_tree_cache_invalidate_path(index->tree, entry->path);

                index_entry_free(entry);
        }

        clear_uptodate(index);

        index->dirty = 1;
        error = 0;

done:
        git_idxmap_free(new_entries_map);
        git_vector_free(&new_entries);
        git_vector_free(&remove_entries);
        git_iterator_free(index_iterator);
        return error;
}

int git_index_read_index(
        git_index *index,
        const git_index *new_index)
{
        git_iterator *new_iterator = NULL;
        git_iterator_options opts = GIT_ITERATOR_OPTIONS_INIT;
        int error;

        opts.flags = GIT_ITERATOR_DONT_IGNORE_CASE |
                GIT_ITERATOR_INCLUDE_CONFLICTS;

        if ((error = git_iterator_for_index(&new_iterator,
                git_index_owner(new_index), (git_index *)new_index, &opts)) < 0 ||
                (error = git_index_read_iterator(index, new_iterator,
                new_index->entries.length)) < 0)
                goto done;

done:
        git_iterator_free(new_iterator);
        return error;
}

git_repository *git_index_owner(const git_index *index)
{
        return INDEX_OWNER(index);
}

enum {
        INDEX_ACTION_NONE = 0,
        INDEX_ACTION_UPDATE = 1,
        INDEX_ACTION_REMOVE = 2,
        INDEX_ACTION_ADDALL = 3,
};

int git_index_add_all(
        git_index *index,
        const git_strarray *paths,
        unsigned int flags,
        git_index_matched_path_cb cb,
        void *payload)
{
        int error;
        git_repository *repo;
        git_iterator *wditer = NULL;
        git_pathspec ps;
        bool no_fnmatch = (flags & GIT_INDEX_ADD_DISABLE_PATHSPEC_MATCH) != 0;

        assert(index);

        repo = INDEX_OWNER(index);
        if ((error = git_repository__ensure_not_bare(repo, "index add all")) < 0)
                return error;

        if ((error = git_pathspec__init(&ps, paths)) < 0)
                return error;

        /* optionally check that pathspec doesn't mention any ignored files */
        if ((flags & GIT_INDEX_ADD_CHECK_PATHSPEC) != 0 &&
                (flags & GIT_INDEX_ADD_FORCE) == 0 &&
                (error = git_ignore__check_pathspec_for_exact_ignores(
                        repo, &ps.pathspec, no_fnmatch)) < 0)
                goto cleanup;

        error = index_apply_to_wd_diff(index, INDEX_ACTION_ADDALL, paths, flags, cb, payload);

        if (error)
                git_error_set_after_callback(error);

cleanup:
        git_iterator_free(wditer);
        git_pathspec__clear(&ps);

        return error;
}

struct foreach_diff_data {
        git_index *index;
        const git_pathspec *pathspec;
        unsigned int flags;
        git_index_matched_path_cb cb;
        void *payload;
};

static int apply_each_file(const git_diff_delta *delta, float progress, void *payload)
{
        struct foreach_diff_data *data = payload;
        const char *match, *path;
        int error = 0;

        GIT_UNUSED(progress);

        path = delta->old_file.path;

        /* We only want those which match the pathspecs */
        if (!git_pathspec__match(
                    &data->pathspec->pathspec, path, false, (bool)data->index->ignore_case,
                    &match, NULL))
                return 0;

        if (data->cb)
                error = data->cb(path, match, data->payload);

        if (error > 0) /* skip this entry */
                return 0;
        if (error < 0) /* actual error */
                return error;

        /* If the workdir item does not exist, remove it from the index. */
        if ((delta->new_file.flags & GIT_DIFF_FLAG_EXISTS) == 0)
                error = git_index_remove_bypath(data->index, path);
        else
                error = git_index_add_bypath(data->index, delta->new_file.path);

        return error;
}

static int index_apply_to_wd_diff(git_index *index, int action, const git_strarray *paths,
                                  unsigned int flags,
                                  git_index_matched_path_cb cb, void *payload)
{
        int error;
        git_diff *diff;
        git_pathspec ps;
        git_repository *repo;
        git_diff_options opts = GIT_DIFF_OPTIONS_INIT;
        struct foreach_diff_data data = {
                index,
                NULL,
                flags,
                cb,
                payload,
        };

        assert(index);
        assert(action == INDEX_ACTION_UPDATE || action == INDEX_ACTION_ADDALL);

        repo = INDEX_OWNER(index);

        if (!repo) {
                return create_index_error(-1,
                        "cannot run update; the index is not backed up by a repository.");
        }

        /*
         * We do the matching ourselves intead of passing the list to
         * diff because we want to tell the callback which one
         * matched, which we do not know if we ask diff to filter for us.
         */
        if ((error = git_pathspec__init(&ps, paths)) < 0)
                return error;

        opts.flags = GIT_DIFF_INCLUDE_TYPECHANGE;
        if (action == INDEX_ACTION_ADDALL) {
                opts.flags |= GIT_DIFF_INCLUDE_UNTRACKED |
                        GIT_DIFF_RECURSE_UNTRACKED_DIRS;

                if (flags == GIT_INDEX_ADD_FORCE)
                        opts.flags |= GIT_DIFF_INCLUDE_IGNORED;
        }

        if ((error = git_diff_index_to_workdir(&diff, repo, index, &opts)) < 0)
                goto cleanup;

        data.pathspec = &ps;
        error = git_diff_foreach(diff, apply_each_file, NULL, NULL, NULL, &data);
        git_diff_free(diff);

        if (error) /* make sure error is set if callback stopped iteration */
                git_error_set_after_callback(error);

cleanup:
        git_pathspec__clear(&ps);
        return error;
}

static int index_apply_to_all(
        git_index *index,
        int action,
        const git_strarray *paths,
        git_index_matched_path_cb cb,
        void *payload)
{
        int error = 0;
        size_t i;
        git_pathspec ps;
        const char *match;
        git_buf path = GIT_BUF_INIT;

        assert(index);

        if ((error = git_pathspec__init(&ps, paths)) < 0)
                return error;

        git_vector_sort(&index->entries);

        for (i = 0; !error && i < index->entries.length; ++i) {
                git_index_entry *entry = git_vector_get(&index->entries, i);

                /* check if path actually matches */
                if (!git_pathspec__match(
                                &ps.pathspec, entry->path, false, (bool)index->ignore_case,
                                &match, NULL))
                        continue;

                /* issue notification callback if requested */
                if (cb && (error = cb(entry->path, match, payload)) != 0) {
                        if (error > 0) { /* return > 0 means skip this one */
                                error = 0;
                                continue;
                        }
                        if (error < 0)   /* return < 0 means abort */
                                break;
                }

                /* index manipulation may alter entry, so don't depend on it */
                if ((error = git_buf_sets(&path, entry->path)) < 0)
                        break;

                switch (action) {
                case INDEX_ACTION_NONE:
                        break;
                case INDEX_ACTION_UPDATE:
                        error = git_index_add_bypath(index, path.ptr);

                        if (error == GIT_ENOTFOUND) {
                                git_error_clear();

                                error = git_index_remove_bypath(index, path.ptr);

                                if (!error) /* back up foreach if we removed this */
                                        i--;
                        }
                        break;
                case INDEX_ACTION_REMOVE:
                        if (!(error = git_index_remove_bypath(index, path.ptr)))
                                i--; /* back up foreach if we removed this */
                        break;
                default:
                        git_error_set(GIT_ERROR_INVALID, "unknown index action %d", action);
                        error = -1;
                        break;
                }
        }

        git_buf_dispose(&path);
        git_pathspec__clear(&ps);

        return error;
}

int git_index_remove_all(
        git_index *index,
        const git_strarray *pathspec,
        git_index_matched_path_cb cb,
        void *payload)
{
        int error = index_apply_to_all(
                index, INDEX_ACTION_REMOVE, pathspec, cb, payload);

        if (error) /* make sure error is set if callback stopped iteration */
                git_error_set_after_callback(error);

        return error;
}

int git_index_update_all(
        git_index *index,
        const git_strarray *pathspec,
        git_index_matched_path_cb cb,
        void *payload)
{
        int error = index_apply_to_wd_diff(index, INDEX_ACTION_UPDATE, pathspec, 0, cb, payload);
        if (error) /* make sure error is set if callback stopped iteration */
                git_error_set_after_callback(error);

        return error;
}

int git_index_snapshot_new(git_vector *snap, git_index *index)
{
        int error;

        GIT_REFCOUNT_INC(index);

        git_atomic_inc(&index->readers);
        git_vector_sort(&index->entries);

        error = git_vector_dup(snap, &index->entries, index->entries._cmp);

        if (error < 0)
                git_index_snapshot_release(snap, index);

        return error;
}

void git_index_snapshot_release(git_vector *snap, git_index *index)
{
        git_vector_free(snap);

        git_atomic_dec(&index->readers);

        git_index_free(index);
}

int git_index_snapshot_find(
        size_t *out, git_vector *entries, git_vector_cmp entry_srch,
        const char *path, size_t path_len, int stage)
{
        return index_find_in_entries(out, entries, entry_srch, path, path_len, stage);
}

int git_indexwriter_init(
        git_indexwriter *writer,
        git_index *index)
{
        int error;

        GIT_REFCOUNT_INC(index);

        writer->index = index;

        if (!index->index_file_path)
                return create_index_error(-1,
                        "failed to write index: The index is in-memory only");

        if ((error = git_filebuf_open(
                &writer->file, index->index_file_path, GIT_FILEBUF_HASH_CONTENTS, GIT_INDEX_FILE_MODE)) < 0) {

                if (error == GIT_ELOCKED)
                        git_error_set(GIT_ERROR_INDEX, "the index is locked; this might be due to a concurrent or crashed process");

                return error;
        }

        writer->should_write = 1;

        return 0;
}

int git_indexwriter_init_for_operation(
        git_indexwriter *writer,
        git_repository *repo,
        unsigned int *checkout_strategy)
{
        git_index *index;
        int error;

        if ((error = git_repository_index__weakptr(&index, repo)) < 0 ||
                (error = git_indexwriter_init(writer, index)) < 0)
                return error;

        writer->should_write = (*checkout_strategy & GIT_CHECKOUT_DONT_WRITE_INDEX) == 0;
        *checkout_strategy |= GIT_CHECKOUT_DONT_WRITE_INDEX;

        return 0;
}

int git_indexwriter_commit(git_indexwriter *writer)
{
        int error;
        git_oid checksum = {{ 0 }};

        if (!writer->should_write)
                return 0;

        git_vector_sort(&writer->index->entries);
        git_vector_sort(&writer->index->reuc);

        if ((error = write_index(&checksum, writer->index, &writer->file)) < 0) {
                git_indexwriter_cleanup(writer);
                return error;
        }

        if ((error = git_filebuf_commit(&writer->file)) < 0)
                return error;

        if ((error = git_futils_filestamp_check(
                &writer->index->stamp, writer->index->index_file_path)) < 0) {
                git_error_set(GIT_ERROR_OS, "could not read index timestamp");
                return -1;
        }

        writer->index->dirty = 0;
        writer->index->on_disk = 1;
        git_oid_cpy(&writer->index->checksum, &checksum);

        git_index_free(writer->index);
        writer->index = NULL;

        return 0;
}

void git_indexwriter_cleanup(git_indexwriter *writer)
{
        git_filebuf_cleanup(&writer->file);

        git_index_free(writer->index);
        writer->index = NULL;
}

/* Deprecated functions */

int git_index_add_frombuffer(
    git_index *index, const git_index_entry *source_entry,
    const void *buffer, size_t len)
{
        return git_index_add_from_buffer(index, source_entry, buffer, len);
}