pam: adapt to changed cgroup v2 layout

[mirror_lxcfs.git] / pam / pam_cgfs.c

/* pam-cgfs
 *
 * Copyright © 2016 Canonical, Inc
 * Author: Serge Hallyn <serge.hallyn@ubuntu.com>
 * Author: Christian Brauner <christian.brauner@ubuntu.com>
 *
 * When a user logs in, this pam module will create cgroups which the user may
 * administer. It handles both pure cgroupfs v1 and pure cgroupfs v2, as well as
 * mixed mounts, where some controllers are mounted in a standard cgroupfs v1
 * hierarchy location (/sys/fs/cgroup/<controller>) and others are in the
 * cgroupfs v2 hierarchy.
 * Writeable cgroups are either created for all controllers or, if specified,
 * for any controllers listed on the command line.
 * The cgroup created will be "user/$user/0" for the first session,
 * "user/$user/1" for the second, etc.
 *
 * Systems with a systemd init system are treated specially, both with respect
 * to cgroupfs v1 and cgroupfs v2. For both, cgroupfs v1 and cgroupfs v2, We
 * check whether systemd already placed us in a cgroup it created:
 *
 *      user.slice/user-uid.slice/session-n.scope
 *
 * by checking whether uid == our uid. If it did, we simply chown the last
 * part (session-n.scope). If it did not we create a cgroup as outlined above
 * (user/$user/n) and chown it to our uid.
 * The same holds for cgroupfs v2 where this assumptions becomes crucial:
 * We __have to__ be placed in our under the cgroup systemd created for us on
 * login, otherwise things like starting an xserver or similar will not work.
 *
 * All requested cgroups must be mounted under /sys/fs/cgroup/$controller,
 * no messing around with finding mountpoints.
 *
 * See COPYING file for details.
 */

#include <ctype.h>
#include <dirent.h>
#include <errno.h>
#include <fcntl.h>
#include <pwd.h>
#include <stdarg.h>
#include <stdbool.h>
#include <stdint.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <syslog.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <linux/unistd.h>
#include <sys/mount.h>
#include <sys/param.h>
#include <sys/stat.h>
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <sys/vfs.h>

#define PAM_SM_SESSION
#include <security/_pam_macros.h>
#include <security/pam_modules.h>

#include "macro.h"

#ifndef CGROUP_SUPER_MAGIC
#define CGROUP_SUPER_MAGIC 0x27e0eb
#endif

#ifndef CGROUP2_SUPER_MAGIC
#define CGROUP2_SUPER_MAGIC 0x63677270
#endif

/* Taken over modified from the kernel sources. */
#define NBITS 32 /* bits in uint32_t */
#define DIV_ROUND_UP(n, d) (((n) + (d)-1) / (d))
#define BITS_TO_LONGS(nr) DIV_ROUND_UP(nr, NBITS)

static enum cg_mount_mode {
        CGROUP_UNKNOWN = -1,
        CGROUP_MIXED = 0,
        CGROUP_PURE_V1 = 1,
        CGROUP_PURE_V2 = 2,
        CGROUP_UNINITIALIZED = 3,
} cg_mount_mode = CGROUP_UNINITIALIZED;

/* Common helper functions. Most of these have been taken from LXC. */
static void append_line(char **dest, size_t oldlen, char *new, size_t newlen);
static int append_null_to_list(void ***list);
static void batch_realloc(char **mem, size_t oldlen, size_t newlen);
static inline void clear_bit(unsigned bit, uint32_t *bitarr)
{
        bitarr[bit / NBITS] &= ~(1 << (bit % NBITS));
}
static char *copy_to_eol(char *s);
static bool file_exists(const char *f);
static void free_string_list(char **list);
static char *get_mountpoint(char *line);
static bool get_uid_gid(const char *user, uid_t *uid, gid_t *gid);
static int handle_login(const char *user, uid_t uid, gid_t gid);
static inline bool is_set(unsigned bit, uint32_t *bitarr)
{
        return (bitarr[bit / NBITS] & (1 << (bit % NBITS))) != 0;
}
/* __typeof__ should be safe to use with all compilers. */
typedef __typeof__(((struct statfs *)NULL)->f_type) fs_type_magic;
static bool has_fs_type(const struct statfs *fs, fs_type_magic magic_val);
static bool is_lxcfs(const char *line);
static bool is_cgv1(char *line);
static bool is_cgv2(char *line);
static bool mkdir_p(const char *root, char *path);
static void *must_alloc(size_t sz);
static void must_add_to_list(char ***clist, char *entry);
static void must_append_controller(char **klist, char **nlist, char ***clist,
                                   char *entry);
static void must_append_string(char ***list, char *entry);
static char *must_copy_string(const char *entry);
static char *must_make_path(const char *first, ...) __attribute__((sentinel));
static void *must_realloc(void *orig, size_t sz);
static void mysyslog(int err, const char *format, ...) __attribute__((sentinel));
static char *read_file(char *fnam);
static int read_from_file(const char *filename, void* buf, size_t count);
static int recursive_rmdir(char *dirname);
static inline void set_bit(unsigned bit, uint32_t *bitarr)
{
        bitarr[bit / NBITS] |= (1 << (bit % NBITS));
}
static bool string_in_list(char **list, const char *entry);
static char *string_join(const char *sep, const char **parts, bool use_as_prefix);
static void trim(char *s);
static bool write_int(char *path, int v);
static ssize_t write_nointr(int fd, const void* buf, size_t count);
static int write_to_file(const char *filename, const void *buf, size_t count,
                         bool add_newline);

/* cgroupfs prototypes. */
static bool cg_belongs_to_uid_gid(const char *path, uid_t uid, gid_t gid);
static uint32_t *cg_cpumask(char *buf, size_t nbits);
static bool cg_copy_parent_file(char *path, char *file);
static char *cg_cpumask_to_cpulist(uint32_t *bitarr, size_t nbits);
static bool cg_enter(const char *cgroup);
static void cg_escape(void);
static bool cg_filter_and_set_cpus(char *path, bool am_initialized);
static ssize_t cg_get_max_cpus(char *cpulist);
static int cg_get_version_of_mntpt(const char *path);
static bool cg_init(uid_t uid, gid_t gid);
static void cg_mark_to_make_rw(char **list);
static void cg_prune_empty_cgroups(const char *user);
static bool cg_systemd_created_user_slice(const char *base_cgroup,
                                          const char *init_cgroup,
                                          const char *in, uid_t uid);
static bool cg_systemd_chown_existing_cgroup(const char *mountpoint,
                                             const char *base_cgroup, uid_t uid,
                                             gid_t gid,
                                             bool systemd_user_slice);
static bool cg_systemd_under_user_slice_1(const char *in, uid_t uid);
static bool cg_systemd_under_user_slice_2(const char *base_cgroup,
                                          const char *init_cgroup, uid_t uid);
static void cg_systemd_prune_init_scope(char *cg);
static bool is_lxcfs(const char *line);

/* cgroupfs v1 prototypes. */
struct cgv1_hierarchy {
        char **controllers;
        char *mountpoint;
        char *base_cgroup;
        char *fullcgpath;
        char *init_cgroup;
        bool create_rw_cgroup;
        bool systemd_user_slice;
};

static struct cgv1_hierarchy **cgv1_hierarchies;

static void cgv1_add_controller(char **clist, char *mountpoint,
                                char *base_cgroup, char *init_cgroup);
static bool cgv1_controller_in_clist(char *cgline, char *c);
static bool cgv1_controller_lists_intersect(char **l1, char **l2);
static bool cgv1_controller_list_is_dup(struct cgv1_hierarchy **hlist,
                                        char **clist);
static bool cgv1_create(const char *cgroup, uid_t uid, gid_t gid,
                        bool *existed);
static bool cgv1_create_one(struct cgv1_hierarchy *h, const char *cgroup,
                            uid_t uid, gid_t gid, bool *existed);
static bool cgv1_enter(const char *cgroup);
static void cgv1_escape(void);
static bool cgv1_get_controllers(char ***klist, char ***nlist);
static char *cgv1_get_current_cgroup(char *basecginfo, char *controller);
static char **cgv1_get_proc_mountinfo_controllers(char **klist, char **nlist,
                                                  char *line);
static bool cgv1_handle_cpuset_hierarchy(struct cgv1_hierarchy *h,
                                         const char *cgroup);
static bool cgv1_handle_root_cpuset_hierarchy(struct cgv1_hierarchy *h);
static bool cgv1_init(uid_t uid, gid_t gid);
static void cgv1_mark_to_make_rw(char **clist);
static char *cgv1_must_prefix_named(char *entry);
static bool cgv1_prune_empty_cgroups(const char *user);
static bool cgv1_remove_one(struct cgv1_hierarchy *h, const char *cgroup);
static bool is_cgv1(char *line);

/* cgroupfs v2 prototypes. */
struct cgv2_hierarchy {
        char **controllers;
        char *mountpoint;
        char *base_cgroup;
        char *fullcgpath;
        char *init_cgroup;
        bool create_rw_cgroup;
        bool systemd_user_slice;
};

/* Actually this should only be a single hierarchy. But for the sake of
 * parallelism and because the layout of the cgroupfs v2 is still somewhat
 * changing, we'll leave it as an array of structs.
 */
static struct cgv2_hierarchy **cgv2_hierarchies;

static void cgv2_add_controller(char **clist, char *mountpoint,
                                char *base_cgroup, char *init_cgroup,
                                bool systemd_user_slice);
static bool cgv2_create(const char *cgroup, uid_t uid, gid_t gid,
                        bool *existed);
static bool cgv2_enter(const char *cgroup);
static void cgv2_escape(void);
static char *cgv2_get_current_cgroup(int pid);
static bool cgv2_init(uid_t uid, gid_t gid);
static void cgv2_mark_to_make_rw(char **clist);
static bool cgv2_prune_empty_cgroups(const char *user);
static bool cgv2_remove(const char *cgroup);
static bool is_cgv2(char *line);

/* Common helper functions. Most of these have been taken from LXC. */
static void mysyslog(int err, const char *format, ...)
{
        va_list args;

        va_start(args, format);
        openlog("PAM-CGFS", LOG_CONS | LOG_PID, LOG_AUTH);
        vsyslog(err, format, args);
        va_end(args);
        closelog();
}

/* realloc() pointer; do not fail. */
static void *must_realloc(void *orig, size_t sz)
{
        void *ret;

        do {
                ret = realloc(orig, sz);
        } while (!ret);

        return ret;
}

/* realloc() pointer in batch sizes; do not fail. */
#define BATCH_SIZE 50
static void batch_realloc(char **mem, size_t oldlen, size_t newlen)
{
        int newbatches = (newlen / BATCH_SIZE) + 1;
        int oldbatches = (oldlen / BATCH_SIZE) + 1;

        if (!*mem || newbatches > oldbatches)
                *mem = must_realloc(*mem, newbatches * BATCH_SIZE);
}

/* Append lines as is to pointer; do not fail. */
static void append_line(char **dest, size_t oldlen, char *new, size_t newlen)
{
        size_t full = oldlen + newlen;

        batch_realloc(dest, oldlen, full + 1);

        memcpy(*dest + oldlen, new, newlen + 1);
}

/* Read in whole file and return allocated pointer. */
static char *read_file(char *fnam)
{
        FILE *f;
        int linelen;
        char *line = NULL, *buf = NULL;
        size_t len = 0, fulllen = 0;

        f = fopen(fnam, "r");
        if (!f)
                return NULL;

        while ((linelen = getline(&line, &len, f)) != -1) {
                append_line(&buf, fulllen, line, linelen);
                fulllen += linelen;
        }

        fclose(f);
        free(line);

        return buf;
}

/* Given a pointer to a null-terminated array of pointers, realloc to add one
 * entry, and point the new entry to NULL. Do not fail. Return the index to the
 * second-to-last entry - that is, the one which is now available for use
 * (keeping the list null-terminated).
 */
static int append_null_to_list(void ***list)
{
        int newentry = 0;

        if (*list)
                for (; (*list)[newentry]; newentry++) {
                        ;
                }

        *list = must_realloc(*list, (newentry + 2) * sizeof(void **));
        (*list)[newentry + 1] = NULL;

        return newentry;
}

/* Make allocated copy of string; do not fail. */
static char *must_copy_string(const char *entry)
{
        char *ret;

        if (!entry)
                return NULL;

        do {
                ret = strdup(entry);
        } while (!ret);

        return ret;
}

/* Append new entry to null-terminated array of pointer; make sure that array of
 * pointers will still be null-terminated.
 */
static void must_append_string(char ***list, char *entry)
{
        int newentry;
        char *copy;

        newentry = append_null_to_list((void ***)list);
        copy = must_copy_string(entry);
        (*list)[newentry] = copy;
}

/* Remove newlines from string. */
static void trim(char *s)
{
        size_t len = strlen(s);

        while ((len > 0) && s[len - 1] == '\n')
                s[--len] = '\0';
}

/* Allocate pointer; do not fail. */
static void *must_alloc(size_t sz)
{
        return must_realloc(NULL, sz);
}

/* Make allocated copy of string. End of string is taken to be '\n'. */
static char *copy_to_eol(char *s)
{
        char *newline, *sret;
        size_t len;

        newline = strchr(s, '\n');
        if (!newline)
                return NULL;

        len = newline - s;
        sret = must_alloc(len + 1);
        memcpy(sret, s, len);
        sret[len] = '\0';

        return sret;
}

/* Check if given entry under /proc/<pid>/mountinfo is a fuse.lxcfs mount. */
static bool is_lxcfs(const char *line)
{
        char *p = strstr(line, " - ");
        if (!p)
                return false;

        return strncmp(p, " - fuse.lxcfs ", 14) == 0;
}

/* Check if given entry under /proc/<pid>/mountinfo is a cgroupfs v1 mount. */
static bool is_cgv1(char *line)
{
        char *p = strstr(line, " - ");
        if (!p)
                return false;

        return strncmp(p, " - cgroup ", 10) == 0;
}

/* Check if given entry under /proc/<pid>/mountinfo is a cgroupfs v2 mount. */
static bool is_cgv2(char *line)
{
        char *p = strstr(line, " - ");
        if (!p)
                return false;

        return strncmp(p, " - cgroup2 ", 11) == 0;
}

/* Given a null-terminated array of strings, check whether @entry is one of the
 * strings
 */
static bool string_in_list(char **list, const char *entry)
{
        char **it;

        for (it = list; it && *it; it++)
                if (strcmp(*it, entry) == 0)
                        return true;

        return false;
}

/*
 * Creates a null-terminated array of strings, made by splitting the entries in
 * @str on each @sep. Caller is responsible for calling free_string_list.
 */
static char **make_string_list(const char *str, const char *sep)
{
        char *copy, *tok;
        char *saveptr = NULL;
        char **clist = NULL;

        copy = must_copy_string(str);

        for (tok = strtok_r(copy, sep, &saveptr); tok;
             tok = strtok_r(NULL, sep, &saveptr))
                must_add_to_list(&clist, tok);

        free(copy);

        return clist;
}

/* Gets the length of a null-terminated array of strings. */
static size_t string_list_length(char **list)
{
        size_t len = 0;
        char **it;

        for (it = list; it && *it; it++)
                len++;

        return len;
}

/* Free null-terminated array of strings. */
static void free_string_list(char **list)
{
        char **it;

        for (it = list; it && *it; it++)
                free(*it);
        free(list);
}

/* Concatenate all passed-in strings into one path. Do not fail. If any piece
 * is not prefixed with '/', add a '/'. Does not remove duplicate '///' from the
 * created path.
 */
static char *must_make_path(const char *first, ...)
{
        va_list args;
        char *cur, *dest;
        size_t full_len;

        full_len = strlen(first);

        dest = must_copy_string(first);

        va_start(args, first);
        while ((cur = va_arg(args, char *)) != NULL) {
                full_len += strlen(cur);

                if (cur[0] != '/')
                        full_len++;

                dest = must_realloc(dest, full_len + 1);

                if (cur[0] != '/')
                        strcat(dest, "/");

                strcat(dest, cur);
        }
        va_end(args);

        return dest;
}

/* Write single integer to file. */
static bool write_int(char *path, int v)
{
        FILE *f;
        bool ret = true;

        f = fopen(path, "w");
        if (!f)
                return false;

        if (fprintf(f, "%d\n", v) < 0)
                ret = false;

        if (fclose(f) != 0)
                ret = false;

        return ret;
}

/* Check if a given file exists. */
static bool file_exists(const char *f)
{
        struct stat statbuf;

        return stat(f, &statbuf) == 0;
}

/* Create directory and (if necessary) its parents. */
static bool mkdir_p(const char *root, char *path)
{
        char *b, orig, *e;

        if (strlen(path) < strlen(root))
                return false;

        if (strlen(path) == strlen(root))
                return true;

        b = path + strlen(root) + 1;
        while (true) {
                while (*b && (*b == '/'))
                        b++;
                if (!*b)
                        return true;

                e = b + 1;
                while (*e && *e != '/')
                        e++;

                orig = *e;
                if (orig)
                        *e = '\0';

                if (file_exists(path))
                        goto next;

                if (mkdir(path, 0755) < 0) {
                        lxcfs_debug("Failed to create %s: %s.\n", path, strerror(errno));
                        return false;
                }

        next:
                if (!orig)
                        return true;

                *e = orig;
                b = e + 1;
        }

        return false;
}

/* Recursively remove directory and its parents. */
static int recursive_rmdir(char *dirname)
{
        struct dirent *direntp;
        DIR *dir;
        int r = 0;

        dir = opendir(dirname);
        if (!dir)
                return -ENOENT;

        while ((direntp = readdir(dir))) {
                struct stat st;
                char *pathname;

                if (!direntp)
                        break;

                if (!strcmp(direntp->d_name, ".") ||
                    !strcmp(direntp->d_name, ".."))
                        continue;

                pathname = must_make_path(dirname, direntp->d_name, NULL);

                if (lstat(pathname, &st)) {
                        if (!r)
                                lxcfs_debug("Failed to stat %s.\n", pathname);
                        r = -1;
                        goto next;
                }

                if (!S_ISDIR(st.st_mode))
                        goto next;

                if (recursive_rmdir(pathname) < 0)
                        r = -1;
next:
                free(pathname);
        }

        if (rmdir(dirname) < 0) {
                if (!r)
                        lxcfs_debug("Failed to delete %s: %s.\n", dirname, strerror(errno));
                r = -1;
        }

        if (closedir(dir) < 0) {
                if (!r)
                        lxcfs_debug("Failed to delete %s: %s.\n", dirname, strerror(errno));
                r = -1;
        }

        return r;
}

/* Add new entry to null-terminated array of pointers. Make sure array is still
 * null-terminated.
 */
static void must_add_to_list(char ***clist, char *entry)
{
        int newentry;

        newentry = append_null_to_list((void ***)clist);
        (*clist)[newentry] = must_copy_string(entry);
}

/* Get mountpoint from a /proc/<pid>/mountinfo line. */
static char *get_mountpoint(char *line)
{
        int i;
        char *p, *sret, *p2;
        size_t len;

        p = line;

        for (i = 0; i < 4; i++) {
                p = strchr(p, ' ');
                if (!p)
                        return NULL;
                p++;
        }

        p2 = strchr(p, ' ');
        if (p2)
                *p2 = '\0';

        len = strlen(p);
        sret = must_alloc(len + 1);
        memcpy(sret, p, len);
        sret[len] = '\0';

        return sret;
}

/* Create list of cgroupfs v1 controller found under /proc/self/cgroup. Skips
 * the 0::/some/path cgroupfs v2 hierarchy listed. Splits controllers into
 * kernel controllers (@klist) and named controllers (@nlist).
 */
static bool cgv1_get_controllers(char ***klist, char ***nlist)
{
        FILE *f;
        char *line = NULL;
        size_t len = 0;

        f = fopen("/proc/self/cgroup", "r");
        if (!f)
                return false;

        while (getline(&line, &len, f) != -1) {
                char *p, *p2, *tok;
                char *saveptr = NULL;

                p = strchr(line, ':');
                if (!p)
                        continue;
                p++;

                p2 = strchr(p, ':');
                if (!p2)
                        continue;
                *p2 = '\0';

                /* Skip the v2 hierarchy. */
                if ((p2 - p) == 0)
                        continue;

                for (tok = strtok_r(p, ",", &saveptr); tok;
                                tok = strtok_r(NULL, ",", &saveptr)) {
                        if (strncmp(tok, "name=", 5) == 0)
                                must_append_string(nlist, tok);
                        else
                                must_append_string(klist, tok);
                }
        }

        free(line);
        fclose(f);

        return true;
}

/* Get list of controllers for cgroupfs v2 hierarchy by looking at
 * cgroup.controllers and/or cgroup.subtree_control of a given (parent) cgroup.
static bool cgv2_get_controllers(char ***klist)
{
        return -ENOSYS;
}
*/

/* Get current cgroup from /proc/self/cgroup for the cgroupfs v2 hierarchy. */
static char *cgv2_get_current_cgroup(int pid)
{
        int ret;
        char *cgroups_v2;
        char *current_cgroup;
        char *copy = NULL;
        /* The largest integer that can fit into long int is 2^64. This is a
         * 20-digit number. */
#define __PIDLEN /* /proc */ 5 + /* /pid-to-str */ 21 + /* /cgroup */ 7 + /* \0 */ 1
        char path[__PIDLEN];

        ret = snprintf(path, __PIDLEN, "/proc/%d/cgroup", pid);
        if (ret < 0 || ret >= __PIDLEN)
                return NULL;

        cgroups_v2 = read_file(path);
        if (!cgroups_v2)
                return NULL;

        current_cgroup = strstr(cgroups_v2, "0::/");
        if (!current_cgroup)
                goto cleanup_on_err;

        current_cgroup = current_cgroup + 3;
        copy = copy_to_eol(current_cgroup);
        if (!copy)
                goto cleanup_on_err;

cleanup_on_err:
        free(cgroups_v2);
        if (copy)
                trim(copy);

        return copy;
}

/* Given two null-terminated lists of strings, return true if any string is in
 * both.
 */
static bool cgv1_controller_lists_intersect(char **l1, char **l2)
{
        char **it;

        if (!l2)
                return false;

        for (it = l1; it && *it; it++)
                if (string_in_list(l2, *it))
                        return true;

        return false;
}

/* For a null-terminated list of controllers @clist, return true if any of those
 * controllers is already listed the null-terminated list of hierarchies @hlist.
 * Realistically, if one is present, all must be present.
 */
static bool cgv1_controller_list_is_dup(struct cgv1_hierarchy **hlist, char **clist)
{
        struct cgv1_hierarchy **it;

        for (it = hlist; it && *it; it++)
                if ((*it)->controllers)
                        if (cgv1_controller_lists_intersect((*it)->controllers, clist))
                                return true;
        return false;

}

/* Set boolean to mark controllers under which we are supposed create a
 * writeable cgroup.
 */
static void cgv1_mark_to_make_rw(char **clist)
{
        struct cgv1_hierarchy **it;

        for (it = cgv1_hierarchies; it && *it; it++)
                if ((*it)->controllers)
                        if (cgv1_controller_lists_intersect((*it)->controllers, clist) ||
                                string_in_list(clist, "all"))
                                (*it)->create_rw_cgroup = true;
}

/* Set boolean to mark whether we are supposed to create a writeable cgroup in
 * the cgroupfs v2 hierarchy.
 */
static void cgv2_mark_to_make_rw(char **clist)
{
        if (string_in_list(clist, "unified") || string_in_list(clist, "all"))
                if (cgv2_hierarchies)
                        (*cgv2_hierarchies)->create_rw_cgroup = true;
}

/* Wrapper around cgv{1,2}_mark_to_make_rw(). */
static void cg_mark_to_make_rw(char **clist)
{
        cgv1_mark_to_make_rw(clist);
        cgv2_mark_to_make_rw(clist);
}

/* Prefix any named controllers with "name=", e.g. "name=systemd". */
static char *cgv1_must_prefix_named(char *entry)
{
        char *s;
        int ret;
        size_t len;

        len = strlen(entry);
        s = must_alloc(len + 6);

        ret = snprintf(s, len + 6, "name=%s", entry);
        if (ret < 0 || (size_t)ret >= (len + 6))
                return NULL;

        return s;
}

/* Append kernel controller in @klist or named controller in @nlist to @clist */
static void must_append_controller(char **klist, char **nlist, char ***clist, char *entry)
{
        int newentry;
        char *copy;

        if (string_in_list(klist, entry) && string_in_list(nlist, entry))
                return;

        newentry = append_null_to_list((void ***)clist);

        if (strncmp(entry, "name=", 5) == 0)
                copy = must_copy_string(entry);
        else if (string_in_list(klist, entry))
                copy = must_copy_string(entry);
        else
                copy = cgv1_must_prefix_named(entry);

        (*clist)[newentry] = copy;
}

/* Get the controllers from a mountinfo line. There are other ways we could get
 * this info. For lxcfs, field 3 is /cgroup/controller-list. For cgroupfs, we
 * could parse the mount options. But we simply assume that the mountpoint must
 * be /sys/fs/cgroup/controller-list
 */
static char **cgv1_get_proc_mountinfo_controllers(char **klist, char **nlist, char *line)
{
        int i;
        char *p, *p2, *tok;
        char *saveptr = NULL;
        char **aret = NULL;

        p = line;

        for (i = 0; i < 4; i++) {
                p = strchr(p, ' ');
                if (!p)
                        return NULL;
                p++;
        }
        if (!p)
                return NULL;

        if (strncmp(p, "/sys/fs/cgroup/", 15) != 0)
                return NULL;

        p += 15;

        p2 = strchr(p, ' ');
        if (!p2)
                return NULL;
        *p2 = '\0';

        for (tok = strtok_r(p, ",", &saveptr); tok;
             tok = strtok_r(NULL, ",", &saveptr))
                must_append_controller(klist, nlist, &aret, tok);

        return aret;
}

/* Check if a cgroupfs v2 controller is present in the string @cgline. */
static bool cgv1_controller_in_clist(char *cgline, char *c)
{
        size_t len;
        char *tok, *eol, *tmp;
        char *saveptr = NULL;

        eol = strchr(cgline, ':');
        if (!eol)
                return false;

        len = eol - cgline;
        tmp = alloca(len + 1);
        memcpy(tmp, cgline, len);
        tmp[len] = '\0';

        for (tok = strtok_r(tmp, ",", &saveptr); tok;
             tok = strtok_r(NULL, ",", &saveptr)) {
                if (strcmp(tok, c) == 0)
                        return true;
        }
        return false;
}

/* Get current cgroup from the /proc/<pid>/cgroup file passed in via @basecginfo
 * of a given cgv1 controller passed in via @controller.
 */
static char *cgv1_get_current_cgroup(char *basecginfo, char *controller)
{
        char *p;

        p = basecginfo;

        while (true) {
                p = strchr(p, ':');
                if (!p)
                        return NULL;
                p++;

                if (cgv1_controller_in_clist(p, controller)) {
                        p = strchr(p, ':');
                        if (!p)
                                return NULL;
                        p++;

                        return copy_to_eol(p);
                }

                p = strchr(p, '\n');
                if (!p)
                        return NULL;
                p++;
        }

        return NULL;
}

/* Remove /init.scope from string @cg. This will mostly affect systemd-based
 * systems.
 */
#define INIT_SCOPE "/init.scope"
static void cg_systemd_prune_init_scope(char *cg)
{
        char *point;

        if (!cg)
                return;

        point = cg + strlen(cg) - strlen(INIT_SCOPE);
        if (point < cg)
                return;

        if (strcmp(point, INIT_SCOPE) == 0) {
                if (point == cg)
                        *(point + 1) = '\0';
                else
                        *point = '\0';
        }
}

/* Add new info about a mounted cgroupfs v1 hierarchy. Includes the controllers
 * mounted into that hierarchy (e.g. cpu,cpuacct), the mountpoint of that
 * hierarchy (/sys/fs/cgroup/<controller>, the base cgroup of the current
 * process gathered from /proc/self/cgroup, and the init cgroup of PID1 gathered
 * from /proc/1/cgroup.
 */
static void cgv1_add_controller(char **clist, char *mountpoint, char *base_cgroup, char *init_cgroup)
{
        struct cgv1_hierarchy *new;
        int newentry;

        new = must_alloc(sizeof(*new));
        new->controllers = clist;
        new->mountpoint = mountpoint;
        new->base_cgroup = base_cgroup;
        new->fullcgpath = NULL;
        new->create_rw_cgroup = false;
        new->init_cgroup = init_cgroup;
        new->systemd_user_slice = false;

        newentry = append_null_to_list((void ***)&cgv1_hierarchies);
        cgv1_hierarchies[newentry] = new;
}

/* Add new info about the mounted cgroupfs v2 hierarchy. Can (but doesn't
 * currently) include the controllers mounted into the hierarchy (e.g.  memory,
 * pids, blkio), the mountpoint of that hierarchy (Should usually be
 * /sys/fs/cgroup but some init systems seems to think it might be a good idea
 * to also mount empty cgroupfs v2 hierarchies at /sys/fs/cgroup/systemd.), the
 * base cgroup of the current process gathered from /proc/self/cgroup, and the
 * init cgroup of PID1 gathered from /proc/1/cgroup.
 */
static void cgv2_add_controller(char **clist, char *mountpoint, char *base_cgroup, char *init_cgroup, bool systemd_user_slice)
{
        struct cgv2_hierarchy *new;
        int newentry;

        new = must_alloc(sizeof(*new));
        new->controllers = clist;
        new->mountpoint = mountpoint;
        new->base_cgroup = base_cgroup;
        new->fullcgpath = NULL;
        new->create_rw_cgroup = false;
        new->init_cgroup = init_cgroup;
        new->systemd_user_slice = systemd_user_slice;

        newentry = append_null_to_list((void ***)&cgv2_hierarchies);
        cgv2_hierarchies[newentry] = new;
}

/* In Ubuntu 14.04, the paths created for us were
 * '/user/$uid.user/$something.session' This can be merged better with
 * systemd_created_slice_for_us(), but keeping it separate makes it easier to
 * reason about the correctness.
 */
static bool cg_systemd_under_user_slice_1(const char *in, uid_t uid)
{
        char *p;
        size_t len;
        int id;
        char *copy = NULL;
        bool bret = false;

        copy = must_copy_string(in);
        if (strlen(copy) < strlen("/user/1.user/1.session"))
                goto cleanup;
        p = copy + strlen(copy) - 1;

        /* skip any trailing '/' (shouldn't be any, but be sure) */
        while (p >= copy && *p == '/')
                *(p--) = '\0';
        if (p < copy)
                goto cleanup;

        /* Get last path element */
        while (p >= copy && *p != '/')
                p--;
        if (p < copy)
                goto cleanup;
        /* make sure it is something.session */
        len = strlen(p + 1);
        if (len < strlen("1.session") ||
            strncmp(p + 1 + len - 8, ".session", 8) != 0)
                goto cleanup;

        /* ok last path piece checks out, now check the second to last */
        *(p + 1) = '\0';
        while (p >= copy && *(--p) != '/')
                ;
        if (sscanf(p + 1, "%d.user/", &id) != 1)
                goto cleanup;

        if (id != (int)uid)
                goto cleanup;

        bret = true;

cleanup:
        free(copy);
        return bret;
}

/* So long as our path relative to init starts with /user.slice/user-$uid.slice,
 * assume it belongs to $uid and chown it
 */
static bool cg_systemd_under_user_slice_2(const char *base_cgroup,
                                          const char *init_cgroup, uid_t uid)
{
        int ret;
        char buf[100];
        size_t curlen, initlen;

        curlen = strlen(base_cgroup);
        initlen = strlen(init_cgroup);
        if (curlen <= initlen)
                return false;

        if (strncmp(base_cgroup, init_cgroup, initlen) != 0)
                return false;

        ret = snprintf(buf, 100, "/user.slice/user-%d.slice/", (int)uid);
        if (ret < 0 || ret >= 100)
                return false;

        if (initlen == 1)
                initlen = 0; // skip the '/'

        return strncmp(base_cgroup + initlen, buf, strlen(buf)) == 0;
}

/* The systemd-created path is: user-$uid.slice/session-c$session.scope. If that
 * is not the end of our systemd path, then we're not part of the PAM call that
 * created that path.
 *
 * The last piece is chowned to $uid, the user- part not.
 * Note: If the user creates paths that look like what we're looking for to
 * 'fool' us, either
 *  - they fool us, we create new cgroups, and they get auto-logged-out.
 *  - they fool a root sudo, systemd cgroup is not changed but chowned, and they
 *    lose ownership of their cgroups
 */
static bool cg_systemd_created_user_slice(const char *base_cgroup,
                                          const char *init_cgroup,
                                          const char *in, uid_t uid)
{
        char *p;
        size_t len;
        int id;
        char *copy = NULL;
        bool bret = false;

        copy = must_copy_string(in);

        /* An old version of systemd has already created a cgroup for us. */
        if (cg_systemd_under_user_slice_1(in, uid))
                goto succeed;

        /* A new version of systemd has already created a cgroup for us. */
        if (cg_systemd_under_user_slice_2(base_cgroup, init_cgroup, uid))
                goto succeed;

        if (strlen(copy) < strlen("/user-0.slice/session-0.scope"))
                goto cleanup;

        p = copy + strlen(copy) - 1;
        /* Skip any trailing '/' (shouldn't be any, but be sure). */
        while (p >= copy && *p == '/')
                *(p--) = '\0';

        if (p < copy)
                goto cleanup;

        /* Get last path element */
        while (p >= copy && *p != '/')
                p--;

        if (p < copy)
                goto cleanup;

        /* Make sure it is session-something.scope. */
        len = strlen(p + 1);
        if (strncmp(p + 1, "session-", strlen("session-")) != 0 ||
            strncmp(p + 1 + len - 6, ".scope", 6) != 0)
                goto cleanup;

        /* Ok last path piece checks out, now check the second to last. */
        *(p + 1) = '\0';
        while (p >= copy && *(--p) != '/')
                ;

        if (sscanf(p + 1, "user-%d.slice/", &id) != 1)
                goto cleanup;

        if (id != (int)uid)
                goto cleanup;

succeed:
        bret = true;
cleanup:
        free(copy);
        return bret;
}

/* Chown existing cgroup that systemd has already created for us. */
static bool cg_systemd_chown_existing_cgroup(const char *mountpoint,
                                             const char *base_cgroup, uid_t uid,
                                             gid_t gid, bool systemd_user_slice)
{
        char *path;

        if (!systemd_user_slice)
                return false;

        path = must_make_path(mountpoint, base_cgroup, NULL);

        /* A cgroup within name=systemd has already been created. So we only
         * need to chown it.
         */
        if (chown(path, uid, gid) < 0)
                mysyslog(LOG_WARNING, "Failed to chown %s to %d:%d: %s.\n",
                         path, (int)uid, (int)gid, strerror(errno), NULL);
        lxcfs_debug("Chowned %s to %d:%d.\n", path, (int)uid, (int)gid);

        free(path);
        return true;
}

/* Detect and store information about cgroupfs v1 hierarchies. */
static bool cgv1_init(uid_t uid, gid_t gid)
{
        FILE *f;
        struct cgv1_hierarchy **it;
        char *basecginfo;
        char *line = NULL;
        char **klist = NULL, **nlist = NULL;
        size_t len = 0;

        basecginfo = read_file("/proc/self/cgroup");
        if (!basecginfo)
                return false;

        f = fopen("/proc/self/mountinfo", "r");
        if (!f) {
                free(basecginfo);
                return false;
        }

        cgv1_get_controllers(&klist, &nlist);

        while (getline(&line, &len, f) != -1) {
                char **controller_list = NULL;
                char *mountpoint, *base_cgroup;

                if (is_lxcfs(line) || !is_cgv1(line))
                        continue;

                controller_list = cgv1_get_proc_mountinfo_controllers(klist, nlist, line);
                if (!controller_list)
                        continue;

                if (cgv1_controller_list_is_dup(cgv1_hierarchies,
                                                controller_list)) {
                        free(controller_list);
                        continue;
                }

                mountpoint = get_mountpoint(line);
                if (!mountpoint) {
                        free_string_list(controller_list);
                        continue;
                }

                base_cgroup = cgv1_get_current_cgroup(basecginfo, controller_list[0]);
                if (!base_cgroup) {
                        free_string_list(controller_list);
                        free(mountpoint);
                        continue;
                }
                trim(base_cgroup);
                lxcfs_debug("Detected cgroupfs v1 controller \"%s\" with "
                            "mountpoint \"%s\" and cgroup \"%s\".\n",
                            controller_list[0], mountpoint, base_cgroup);
                cgv1_add_controller(controller_list, mountpoint, base_cgroup,
                                    NULL);
        }
        free_string_list(klist);
        free_string_list(nlist);
        free(basecginfo);
        fclose(f);
        free(line);

        /* Retrieve init cgroup path for all controllers. */
        basecginfo = read_file("/proc/1/cgroup");
        if (!basecginfo)
                return false;

        for (it = cgv1_hierarchies; it && *it; it++) {
                if ((*it)->controllers) {
                        char *init_cgroup, *user_slice;
                        /* We've already stored the controller and received its
                         * current cgroup. If we now fail to retrieve its init
                         * cgroup, we should probably fail.
                         */
                        init_cgroup = cgv1_get_current_cgroup(basecginfo, (*it)->controllers[0]);
                        if (!init_cgroup) {
                                free(basecginfo);
                                return false;
                        }
                        cg_systemd_prune_init_scope(init_cgroup);
                        (*it)->init_cgroup = init_cgroup;
                        lxcfs_debug("cgroupfs v1 controller \"%s\" has init "
                                    "cgroup \"%s\".\n",
                                    (*(*it)->controllers), init_cgroup);
                        /* Check whether systemd has already created a cgroup
                         * for us.
                         */
                        user_slice = must_make_path((*it)->mountpoint, (*it)->base_cgroup, NULL);
                        if (cg_systemd_created_user_slice((*it)->base_cgroup, (*it)->init_cgroup, user_slice, uid))
                                (*it)->systemd_user_slice = true;
                }
        }
        free(basecginfo);

        return true;
}

/* __typeof__ should be safe to use with all compilers. */
typedef __typeof__(((struct statfs *)NULL)->f_type) fs_type_magic;
/* Check whether given mountpoint has mount type specified via @magic_val. */
static bool has_fs_type(const struct statfs *fs, fs_type_magic magic_val)
{
        return (fs->f_type == (fs_type_magic)magic_val);
}

/* Check whether @path is a cgroupfs v1 or cgroupfs v2 mount. Returns -1 if
 * statfs fails. If @path is null /sys/fs/cgroup is checked.
 */
static int cg_get_version_of_mntpt(const char *path)
{
        int ret;
        struct statfs sb;

        if (path)
                ret = statfs(path, &sb);
        else
                ret = statfs("/sys/fs/cgroup", &sb);

        if (ret < 0)
                return -1;

        if (has_fs_type(&sb, CGROUP_SUPER_MAGIC))
                return 1;
        else if (has_fs_type(&sb, CGROUP2_SUPER_MAGIC))
                return 2;

        return 0;
}

/* Detect and store information about the cgroupfs v2 hierarchy. Currently only
 * deals with the empty v2 hierachy as we do not retrieve enabled controllers.
 */
static bool cgv2_init(uid_t uid, gid_t gid)
{
        char *mountpoint;
        FILE *f = NULL;
        char *current_cgroup = NULL, *init_cgroup = NULL;
        char * line = NULL;
        size_t len = 0;
        int ret = false;

        current_cgroup = cgv2_get_current_cgroup(getpid());
        if (!current_cgroup) {
                /* No v2 hierarchy present. We're done. */
                ret = true;
                goto cleanup;
        }

        init_cgroup = cgv2_get_current_cgroup(1);
        if (!init_cgroup) {
                /* If we're here and didn't fail already above, then something's
                 * certainly wrong, so error this time.
                 */
                goto cleanup;
        }
        cg_systemd_prune_init_scope(init_cgroup);

        /* Check if the v2 hierarchy is mounted at its standard location.
         * If so we can skip the rest of the work here. Although the unified
         * hierarchy can be mounted multiple times, each of those mountpoints
         * will expose identical information.
         */
        if (cg_get_version_of_mntpt("/sys/fs/cgroup") == 2) {
                char *user_slice;
                bool has_user_slice = false;

                mountpoint = must_copy_string("/sys/fs/cgroup");
                if (!mountpoint)
                        goto cleanup;

                user_slice = must_make_path(mountpoint, current_cgroup, NULL);
                if (cg_systemd_created_user_slice(current_cgroup, init_cgroup, user_slice, uid))
                        has_user_slice = true;
                free(user_slice);

                cgv2_add_controller(NULL, mountpoint, current_cgroup, init_cgroup, has_user_slice);

                ret = true;
                goto cleanup;
        }

        f = fopen("/proc/self/mountinfo", "r");
        if (!f)
                goto cleanup;

        /* we support simple cgroup mounts and lxcfs mounts */
        while (getline(&line, &len, f) != -1) {
                char *user_slice;
                bool has_user_slice = false;
                if (!is_cgv2(line))
                        continue;

                mountpoint = get_mountpoint(line);
                if (!mountpoint)
                        continue;

                user_slice = must_make_path(mountpoint, current_cgroup, NULL);
                if (cg_systemd_created_user_slice(current_cgroup, init_cgroup, user_slice, uid))
                        has_user_slice = true;
                free(user_slice);

                cgv2_add_controller(NULL, mountpoint, current_cgroup, init_cgroup, has_user_slice);
                /* Although the unified hierarchy can be mounted multiple times,
                 * each of those mountpoints will expose identical information.
                 * So let the first mountpoint we find, win.
                 */
                ret = true;
                break;
        }

        lxcfs_debug("Detected cgroupfs v2 hierarchy at mountpoint \"%s\" with "
                    "current cgroup \"%s\" and init cgroup \"%s\".\n",
                    mountpoint, current_cgroup, init_cgroup);

cleanup:
        if (f)
                fclose(f);
        free(line);

        return ret;
}

/* Detect and store information about mounted cgroupfs v1 hierarchies and the
 * cgroupfs v2 hierarchy.
 * Detect whether we are on a pure cgroupfs v1, cgroupfs v2, or mixed system,
 * where some controllers are mounted into their standard cgroupfs v1 locations
 * (/sys/fs/cgroup/<controller>) and others are mounted into the cgroupfs v2
 * hierarchy (/sys/fs/cgroup).
 */
static bool cg_init(uid_t uid, gid_t gid)
{
        if (!cgv1_init(uid, gid))
                return false;

        if (!cgv2_init(uid, gid))
                return false;

        if (cgv1_hierarchies && cgv2_hierarchies) {
                cg_mount_mode = CGROUP_MIXED;
                lxcfs_debug("%s\n", "Detected cgroupfs v1 and v2 hierarchies.");
        } else if (cgv1_hierarchies && !cgv2_hierarchies) {
                cg_mount_mode = CGROUP_PURE_V1;
                lxcfs_debug("%s\n", "Detected cgroupfs v1 hierarchies.");
        } else if (cgv2_hierarchies && !cgv1_hierarchies) {
                cg_mount_mode = CGROUP_PURE_V2;
                lxcfs_debug("%s\n", "Detected cgroupfs v2 hierarchies.");
        } else {
                cg_mount_mode = CGROUP_UNKNOWN;
                mysyslog(LOG_ERR, "Could not detect cgroupfs hierarchy.\n", NULL);
        }

        if (cg_mount_mode == CGROUP_UNKNOWN)
                return false;

        return true;
}

/* Try to move/migrate us into @cgroup in a cgroupfs v1 hierarchy. */
static bool cgv1_enter(const char *cgroup)
{
        struct cgv1_hierarchy **it;

        for (it = cgv1_hierarchies; it && *it; it++) {
                char **controller;
                bool entered = false;

                if (!(*it)->controllers || !(*it)->mountpoint ||
                    !(*it)->init_cgroup || !(*it)->create_rw_cgroup)
                        continue;

                for (controller = (*it)->controllers; controller && *controller;
                     controller++) {
                        char *path;

                        /* We've already been placed in a user slice, so we
                         * don't need to enter the cgroup again.
                         */
                        if ((*it)->systemd_user_slice) {
                                entered = true;
                                break;
                        }

                        path = must_make_path((*it)->mountpoint,
                                              (*it)->init_cgroup,
                                              cgroup,
                                              "/cgroup.procs",
                                              NULL);
                        if (!file_exists(path)) {
                                free(path);
                                path = must_make_path((*it)->mountpoint,
                                                      (*it)->init_cgroup,
                                                      cgroup,
                                                      "/tasks",
                                                      NULL);
                        }
                        lxcfs_debug("Attempting to enter cgroupfs v1 hierarchy in \"%s\" cgroup.\n", path);
                        entered = write_int(path, (int)getpid());
                        if (entered) {
                                free(path);
                                break;
                        }
                        lxcfs_debug("Failed to enter cgroupfs v1 hierarchy in \"%s\" cgroup.\n", path);
                        free(path);
                }
                if (!entered)
                        return false;
        }

        return true;
}

/* Try to move/migrate us into @cgroup in the cgroupfs v2 hierarchy. */
static bool cgv2_enter(const char *cgroup)
{
        struct cgv2_hierarchy *v2;
        char *path;
        bool entered = false;

        if (!cgv2_hierarchies)
                return true;

        v2 = *cgv2_hierarchies;

        if (!v2->mountpoint || !v2->base_cgroup)
                return false;

        if (!v2->create_rw_cgroup || v2->systemd_user_slice)
                return true;

        path = must_make_path(v2->mountpoint, v2->base_cgroup, cgroup, "/cgroup.procs", NULL);
        lxcfs_debug("Attempting to enter cgroupfs v2 hierarchy in cgroup \"%s\".\n", path);
        entered = write_int(path, (int)getpid());
        if (!entered) {
                lxcfs_debug("Failed to enter cgroupfs v2 hierarchy in cgroup \"%s\".\n", path);
                free(path);
                return false;
        }

        free(path);

        return true;
}

/* Wrapper around cgv{1,2}_enter(). */
static bool cg_enter(const char *cgroup)
{
        if (!cgv1_enter(cgroup)) {
                mysyslog(LOG_WARNING, "cgroupfs v1: Failed to enter cgroups.\n", NULL);
                return false;
        }

        if (!cgv2_enter(cgroup)) {
                mysyslog(LOG_WARNING, "cgroupfs v2: Failed to enter cgroups.\n", NULL);
                return false;
        }

        return true;
}

/* Escape to root cgroup in all detected cgroupfs v1 hierarchies. */
static void cgv1_escape(void)
{
        struct cgv1_hierarchy **it;

        /* In case systemd hasn't already placed us in a user slice for the
         * cpuset v1 controller we will reside in the root cgroup. This means
         * that cgroup.clone_children will not have been initialized for us so
         * we need to do it.
         */
        for (it = cgv1_hierarchies; it && *it; it++)
                if (!cgv1_handle_root_cpuset_hierarchy(*it))
                        mysyslog(LOG_WARNING, "cgroupfs v1: Failed to initialize cpuset.\n", NULL);

        if (!cgv1_enter("/"))
                mysyslog(LOG_WARNING, "cgroupfs v1: Failed to escape to init's cgroup.\n", NULL);
}

/* Escape to root cgroup in the cgroupfs v2 hierarchy. */
static void cgv2_escape(void)
{
        if (!cgv2_enter("/"))
                mysyslog(LOG_WARNING, "cgroupfs v2: Failed to escape to init's cgroup.\n", NULL);
}

/* Wrapper around cgv{1,2}_escape(). */
static void cg_escape(void)
{
        cgv1_escape();
        cgv2_escape();
}

/* Get uid and gid for @user. */
static bool get_uid_gid(const char *user, uid_t *uid, gid_t *gid)
{
        struct passwd *pwent;

        pwent = getpwnam(user);
        if (!pwent)
                return false;

        *uid = pwent->pw_uid;
        *gid = pwent->pw_gid;

        return true;
}

/* Check if cgroup belongs to our uid and gid. If so, reuse it. */
static bool cg_belongs_to_uid_gid(const char *path, uid_t uid, gid_t gid)
{
        struct stat statbuf;

        if (stat(path, &statbuf) < 0)
                return false;

        if (!(statbuf.st_uid == uid) || !(statbuf.st_gid == gid))
                return false;

        return true;
}

/* Create cpumask from cpulist aka turn:
 *
 *      0,2-3
 *
 *  into bit array
 *
 *      1 0 1 1
 */
static uint32_t *cg_cpumask(char *buf, size_t nbits)
{
        char *token;
        char *saveptr = NULL;
        size_t arrlen = BITS_TO_LONGS(nbits);
        uint32_t *bitarr = calloc(arrlen, sizeof(uint32_t));
        if (!bitarr)
                return NULL;

        for (; (token = strtok_r(buf, ",", &saveptr)); buf = NULL) {
                errno = 0;
                unsigned start = strtoul(token, NULL, 0);
                unsigned end = start;

                char *range = strchr(token, '-');
                if (range)
                        end = strtoul(range + 1, NULL, 0);
                if (!(start <= end)) {
                        free(bitarr);
                        return NULL;
                }

                if (end >= nbits) {
                        free(bitarr);
                        return NULL;
                }

                while (start <= end)
                        set_bit(start++, bitarr);
        }

        return bitarr;
}

static char *string_join(const char *sep, const char **parts, bool use_as_prefix)
{
        char *result;
        char **p;
        size_t sep_len = strlen(sep);
        size_t result_len = use_as_prefix * sep_len;

        if (!parts)
                return NULL;

        /* calculate new string length */
        for (p = (char **)parts; *p; p++)
                result_len += (p > (char **)parts) * sep_len + strlen(*p);

        result = calloc(result_len + 1, sizeof(char));
        if (!result)
                return NULL;

        if (use_as_prefix)
                strcpy(result, sep);
        for (p = (char **)parts; *p; p++) {
                if (p > (char **)parts)
                        strcat(result, sep);
                strcat(result, *p);
        }

        return result;
}

/* The largest integer that can fit into long int is 2^64. This is a
 * 20-digit number.
 */
#define __IN_TO_STR_LEN 21
/* Turn cpumask into simple, comma-separated cpulist. */
static char *cg_cpumask_to_cpulist(uint32_t *bitarr, size_t nbits)
{
        size_t i;
        int ret;
        char numstr[__IN_TO_STR_LEN] = {0};
        char **cpulist = NULL;

        for (i = 0; i <= nbits; i++) {
                if (is_set(i, bitarr)) {
                        ret = snprintf(numstr, __IN_TO_STR_LEN, "%zu", i);
                        if (ret < 0 || (size_t)ret >= __IN_TO_STR_LEN) {
                                free_string_list(cpulist);
                                return NULL;
                        }
                        must_append_string(&cpulist, numstr);
                }
        }
        return string_join(",", (const char **)cpulist, false);
}

static ssize_t cg_get_max_cpus(char *cpulist)
{
        char *c1, *c2;
        char *maxcpus = cpulist;
        size_t cpus = 0;

        c1 = strrchr(maxcpus, ',');
        if (c1)
                c1++;

        c2 = strrchr(maxcpus, '-');
        if (c2)
                c2++;

        if (!c1 && !c2)
                c1 = maxcpus;
        else if (c1 < c2)
                c1 = c2;

        /* If the above logic is correct, c1 should always hold a valid string
         * here.
         */

        errno = 0;
        cpus = strtoul(c1, NULL, 0);
        if (errno != 0)
                return -1;

        return cpus;
}

static ssize_t write_nointr(int fd, const void* buf, size_t count)
{
        ssize_t ret;
again:
        ret = write(fd, buf, count);
        if (ret < 0 && errno == EINTR)
                goto again;
        return ret;
}

static int write_to_file(const char *filename, const void* buf, size_t count, bool add_newline)
{
        int fd, saved_errno;
        ssize_t ret;

        fd = open(filename, O_WRONLY | O_TRUNC | O_CREAT | O_CLOEXEC, 0666);
        if (fd < 0)
                return -1;
        ret = write_nointr(fd, buf, count);
        if (ret < 0)
                goto out_error;
        if ((size_t)ret != count)
                goto out_error;
        if (add_newline) {
                ret = write_nointr(fd, "\n", 1);
                if (ret != 1)
                        goto out_error;
        }
        close(fd);
        return 0;

out_error:
        saved_errno = errno;
        close(fd);
        errno = saved_errno;
        return -1;
}

#define __ISOL_CPUS "/sys/devices/system/cpu/isolated"
static bool cg_filter_and_set_cpus(char *path, bool am_initialized)
{
        char *lastslash, *fpath, oldv;
        int ret;
        ssize_t i;

        ssize_t maxposs = 0, maxisol = 0;
        char *cpulist = NULL, *posscpus = NULL, *isolcpus = NULL;
        uint32_t *possmask = NULL, *isolmask = NULL;
        bool bret = false, flipped_bit = false;

        lastslash = strrchr(path, '/');
        if (!lastslash) { // bug...  this shouldn't be possible
                lxcfs_debug("Invalid path: %s.\n", path);
                return bret;
        }
        oldv = *lastslash;
        *lastslash = '\0';
        fpath = must_make_path(path, "cpuset.cpus", NULL);
        posscpus = read_file(fpath);
        if (!posscpus) {
                lxcfs_debug("Could not read file: %s.\n", fpath);
                goto on_error;
        }

        /* Get maximum number of cpus found in possible cpuset. */
        maxposs = cg_get_max_cpus(posscpus);
        if (maxposs < 0)
                goto on_error;

        if (!file_exists(__ISOL_CPUS)) {
                /* This system doesn't expose isolated cpus. */
                lxcfs_debug("%s", "Path: "__ISOL_CPUS" to read isolated cpus from does not exist.\n");
                cpulist = posscpus;
                /* No isolated cpus but we weren't already initialized by
                 * someone. We should simply copy the parents cpuset.cpus
                 * values.
                 */
                if (!am_initialized) {
                        lxcfs_debug("%s", "Copying cpuset of parent cgroup.\n");
                        goto copy_parent;
                }
                /* No isolated cpus but we were already initialized by someone.
                 * Nothing more to do for us.
                 */
                goto on_success;
        }

        isolcpus = read_file(__ISOL_CPUS);
        if (!isolcpus) {
                lxcfs_debug("%s", "Could not read file "__ISOL_CPUS"\n");
                goto on_error;
        }
        if (!isdigit(isolcpus[0])) {
                lxcfs_debug("%s", "No isolated cpus detected.\n");
                cpulist = posscpus;
                /* No isolated cpus but we weren't already initialized by
                 * someone. We should simply copy the parents cpuset.cpus
                 * values.
                 */
                if (!am_initialized) {
                        lxcfs_debug("%s", "Copying cpuset of parent cgroup.\n");
                        goto copy_parent;
                }
                /* No isolated cpus but we were already initialized by someone.
                 * Nothing more to do for us.
                 */
                goto on_success;
        }

        /* Get maximum number of cpus found in isolated cpuset. */
        maxisol = cg_get_max_cpus(isolcpus);
        if (maxisol < 0)
                goto on_error;

        if (maxposs < maxisol)
                maxposs = maxisol;
        maxposs++;

        possmask = cg_cpumask(posscpus, maxposs);
        if (!possmask) {
                lxcfs_debug("%s", "Could not create cpumask for all possible cpus.\n");
                goto on_error;
        }

        isolmask = cg_cpumask(isolcpus, maxposs);
        if (!isolmask) {
                lxcfs_debug("%s", "Could not create cpumask for all isolated cpus.\n");
                goto on_error;
        }

        for (i = 0; i <= maxposs; i++) {
                if (is_set(i, isolmask) && is_set(i, possmask)) {
                        flipped_bit = true;
                        clear_bit(i, possmask);
                }
        }

        if (!flipped_bit) {
                lxcfs_debug("%s", "No isolated cpus present in cpuset.\n");
                goto on_success;
        }
        lxcfs_debug("%s", "Removed isolated cpus from cpuset.\n");

        cpulist = cg_cpumask_to_cpulist(possmask, maxposs);
        if (!cpulist) {
                lxcfs_debug("%s", "Could not create cpu list.\n");
                goto on_error;
        }

copy_parent:
        *lastslash = oldv;
        fpath = must_make_path(path, "cpuset.cpus", NULL);
        ret = write_to_file(fpath, cpulist, strlen(cpulist), false);
        if (ret < 0) {
                lxcfs_debug("Could not write cpu list to: %s.\n", fpath);
                goto on_error;
        }

on_success:
        bret = true;

on_error:
        free(fpath);

        free(isolcpus);
        free(isolmask);

        if (posscpus != cpulist)
                free(posscpus);
        free(possmask);

        free(cpulist);
        return bret;
}

int read_from_file(const char *filename, void* buf, size_t count)
{
        int fd = -1, saved_errno;
        ssize_t ret;

        fd = open(filename, O_RDONLY | O_CLOEXEC);
        if (fd < 0)
                return -1;

        if (!buf || !count) {
                char buf2[100];
                size_t count2 = 0;
                while ((ret = read(fd, buf2, 100)) > 0)
                        count2 += ret;
                if (ret >= 0)
                        ret = count2;
        } else {
                memset(buf, 0, count);
                ret = read(fd, buf, count);
        }

        if (ret < 0)
                lxcfs_debug("read %s: %s", filename, strerror(errno));

        saved_errno = errno;
        close(fd);
        errno = saved_errno;
        return ret;
}

/* Copy contents of parent(@path)/@file to @path/@file */
static bool cg_copy_parent_file(char *path, char *file)
{
        char *lastslash, *value = NULL, *fpath, oldv;
        int len = 0;
        int ret;

        lastslash = strrchr(path, '/');
        if (!lastslash) { // bug...  this shouldn't be possible
                lxcfs_debug("cgfsng:copy_parent_file: bad path %s", path);
                return false;
        }
        oldv = *lastslash;
        *lastslash = '\0';
        fpath = must_make_path(path, file, NULL);
        len = read_from_file(fpath, NULL, 0);
        if (len <= 0)
                goto bad;
        value = must_alloc(len + 1);
        if (read_from_file(fpath, value, len) != len)
                goto bad;
        free(fpath);
        *lastslash = oldv;
        fpath = must_make_path(path, file, NULL);
        ret = write_to_file(fpath, value, len, false);
        if (ret < 0)
                lxcfs_debug("Unable to write %s to %s", value, fpath);
        free(fpath);
        free(value);
        return ret >= 0;

bad:
        lxcfs_debug("Error reading '%s'", fpath);
        free(fpath);
        free(value);
        return false;
}

/* In case systemd hasn't already placed us in a user slice for the cpuset v1
 * controller we will reside in the root cgroup. This means that
 * cgroup.clone_children will not have been initialized for us so we need to do
 * it.
 */
static bool cgv1_handle_root_cpuset_hierarchy(struct cgv1_hierarchy *h)
{
        char *clonechildrenpath, v;

        if (!string_in_list(h->controllers, "cpuset"))
                return true;

        clonechildrenpath = must_make_path(h->mountpoint, "cgroup.clone_children", NULL);

        if (read_from_file(clonechildrenpath, &v, 1) < 0) {
                lxcfs_debug("Failed to read '%s'", clonechildrenpath);
                free(clonechildrenpath);
                return false;
        }

        if (v == '1') {  /* already set for us by someone else */
                free(clonechildrenpath);
                return true;
        }

        if (write_to_file(clonechildrenpath, "1", 1, false) < 0) {
                /* Set clone_children so children inherit our settings */
                lxcfs_debug("Failed to write 1 to %s", clonechildrenpath);
                free(clonechildrenpath);
                return false;
        }
        free(clonechildrenpath);
        return true;
}

/*
 * Initialize the cpuset hierarchy in first directory of @gname and
 * set cgroup.clone_children so that children inherit settings.
 * Since the h->base_path is populated by init or ourselves, we know
 * it is already initialized.
 */
static bool cgv1_handle_cpuset_hierarchy(struct cgv1_hierarchy *h,
                                         const char *cgroup)
{
        char *cgpath, *clonechildrenpath, v, *slash;

        if (!string_in_list(h->controllers, "cpuset"))
                return true;

        if (*cgroup == '/')
                cgroup++;
        slash = strchr(cgroup, '/');
        if (slash)
                *slash = '\0';

        cgpath = must_make_path(h->mountpoint, h->base_cgroup, cgroup, NULL);
        if (slash)
                *slash = '/';
        if (mkdir(cgpath, 0755) < 0 && errno != EEXIST) {
                lxcfs_debug("Failed to create '%s'", cgpath);
                free(cgpath);
                return false;
        }
        clonechildrenpath = must_make_path(cgpath, "cgroup.clone_children", NULL);
        if (!file_exists(clonechildrenpath)) { /* unified hierarchy doesn't have clone_children */
                free(clonechildrenpath);
                free(cgpath);
                return true;
        }
        if (read_from_file(clonechildrenpath, &v, 1) < 0) {
                lxcfs_debug("Failed to read '%s'", clonechildrenpath);
                free(clonechildrenpath);
                free(cgpath);
                return false;
        }

        /* Make sure any isolated cpus are removed from cpuset.cpus. */
        if (!cg_filter_and_set_cpus(cgpath, v == '1')) {
                lxcfs_debug("%s", "Failed to remove isolated cpus.\n");
                free(clonechildrenpath);
                free(cgpath);
                return false;
        }

        if (v == '1') {  /* already set for us by someone else */
                lxcfs_debug("%s", "\"cgroup.clone_children\" was already set to \"1\".\n");
                free(clonechildrenpath);
                free(cgpath);
                return true;
        }

        /* copy parent's settings */
        if (!cg_copy_parent_file(cgpath, "cpuset.mems")) {
                lxcfs_debug("%s", "Failed to copy \"cpuset.mems\" settings.\n");
                free(cgpath);
                free(clonechildrenpath);
                return false;
        }
        free(cgpath);

        if (write_to_file(clonechildrenpath, "1", 1, false) < 0) {
                /* Set clone_children so children inherit our settings */
                lxcfs_debug("Failed to write 1 to %s", clonechildrenpath);
                free(clonechildrenpath);
                return false;
        }
        free(clonechildrenpath);
        return true;
}

/* Create and chown @cgroup for all given controllers in a cgroupfs v1 hierarchy
 * (For example, create @cgroup for the cpu and cpuacct controller mounted into
 * /sys/fs/cgroup/cpu,cpuacct). Check if the path already exists and report back
 * to the caller in @existed.
 */
#define __PAM_CGFS_USER "/user/"
#define __PAM_CGFS_USER_LEN 6
static bool cgv1_create_one(struct cgv1_hierarchy *h, const char *cgroup, uid_t uid, gid_t gid, bool *existed)
{
        char *clean_base_cgroup, *path;
        char **controller;
        struct cgv1_hierarchy *it;
        bool created = false;

        *existed = false;
        it = h;
        for (controller = it->controllers; controller && *controller;
             controller++) {
                if (!cgv1_handle_cpuset_hierarchy(it, cgroup))
                        return false;

                /* If systemd has already created a cgroup for us, keep using
                 * it.
                 */
                if (cg_systemd_chown_existing_cgroup(it->mountpoint,
                                                     it->base_cgroup, uid, gid,
                                                     it->systemd_user_slice)) {
                        return true;
                }

                /* We need to make sure that we do not create an endless chain
                 * of sub-cgroups. So we check if we have already logged in
                 * somehow (sudo -i, su, etc.) and have created a
                 * /user/PAM_user/idx cgroup. If so, we skip that part. For most
                 * cgroups this is unnecessary since we use the init_cgroup
                 * anyway, but for controllers which have an existing systemd
                 * cgroup that does not match the current uid, this is pretty
                 * useful.
                 */
                if (strncmp(it->base_cgroup, __PAM_CGFS_USER, __PAM_CGFS_USER_LEN) == 0) {
                        free(it->base_cgroup);
                        it->base_cgroup = must_copy_string("/");
                } else {
                        clean_base_cgroup =
                                strstr(it->base_cgroup, __PAM_CGFS_USER);
                        if (clean_base_cgroup)
                                *clean_base_cgroup = '\0';
                }

                path = must_make_path(it->mountpoint, it->init_cgroup, cgroup, NULL);
                lxcfs_debug("Constructing path: %s.\n", path);
                if (file_exists(path)) {
                        bool our_cg = cg_belongs_to_uid_gid(path, uid, gid);
                        lxcfs_debug("%s existed and does %shave our uid: %d and gid: %d.\n", path, our_cg ? "" : "not ", uid, gid);
                        free(path);
                        if (our_cg)
                                *existed = false;
                        else
                                *existed = true;
                        return our_cg;
                }
                created = mkdir_p(it->mountpoint, path);
                if (!created) {
                        free(path);
                        continue;
                }
                if (chown(path, uid, gid) < 0)
                        mysyslog(LOG_WARNING,
                                 "Failed to chown %s to %d:%d: %s.\n", path,
                                 (int)uid, (int)gid, strerror(errno), NULL);
                lxcfs_debug("Chowned %s to %d:%d.\n", path, (int)uid, (int)gid);
                free(path);
                break;
        }

        return created;
}

/* Try to remove @cgroup for all given controllers in a cgroupfs v1 hierarchy
 * (For example, try to remove @cgroup for the cpu and cpuacct controller
 * mounted into /sys/fs/cgroup/cpu,cpuacct). Ignores failures.
 */
static bool cgv1_remove_one(struct cgv1_hierarchy *h, const char *cgroup)
{

        char *path;

        /* Better safe than sorry. */
        if (!h->controllers)
                return true;

        /* Cgroups created by systemd for us which we re-use won't be removed
         * here, since we're using init_cgroup + cgroup as path instead of
         * base_cgroup + cgroup.
         */
        path = must_make_path(h->mountpoint, h->init_cgroup, cgroup, NULL);
        (void)recursive_rmdir(path);
        free(path);

        return true;
}

/* Try to remove @cgroup the cgroupfs v2 hierarchy. */
static bool cgv2_remove(const char *cgroup)
{
        struct cgv2_hierarchy *v2;
        char *path;

        if (!cgv2_hierarchies)
                return true;

        v2 = *cgv2_hierarchies;

        /* If we reused an already existing cgroup, don't bother trying to
         * remove (a potentially wrong)/the path.
         * Cgroups created by systemd for us which we re-use would be removed
         * here, since we're using base_cgroup + cgroup as path.
         */
        if (v2->systemd_user_slice)
                return true;

        path = must_make_path(v2->mountpoint, v2->base_cgroup, cgroup, NULL);
        (void)recursive_rmdir(path);
        free(path);

        return true;
}

/* Create @cgroup in all detected cgroupfs v1 hierarchy. If the creation fails
 * for any cgroupfs v1 hierarchy, remove all we have created so far. Report
 * back, to the caller if the creation failed due to @cgroup already existing
 * via @existed.
 */
static bool cgv1_create(const char *cgroup, uid_t uid, gid_t gid, bool *existed)
{
        struct cgv1_hierarchy **it, **rev_it;
        bool all_created = true;

        for (it = cgv1_hierarchies; it && *it; it++) {
                if (!(*it)->controllers || !(*it)->mountpoint ||
                    !(*it)->init_cgroup || !(*it)->create_rw_cgroup)
                        continue;

                if (!cgv1_create_one(*it, cgroup, uid, gid, existed)) {
                        all_created = false;
                        break;
                }
        }

        if (all_created)
                return true;

        for (rev_it = cgv1_hierarchies; rev_it && *rev_it && (*rev_it != *it);
             rev_it++)
                cgv1_remove_one(*rev_it, cgroup);

        return false;
}

/* Create @cgroup in the cgroupfs v2 hierarchy. Report back, to the caller if
 * the creation failed due to @cgroup already existing via @existed.
 */
static bool cgv2_create(const char *cgroup, uid_t uid, gid_t gid, bool *existed)
{
        int ret;
        char *clean_base_cgroup;
        char *path;
        struct cgv2_hierarchy *v2;
        bool our_cg = false, created = false;

        *existed = false;

        if (!cgv2_hierarchies || !(*cgv2_hierarchies)->create_rw_cgroup)
                return true;

        v2 = *cgv2_hierarchies;

        /* We can't be placed under init's cgroup for the v2 hierarchy. We need
         * to be placed under our current cgroup.
         */
        if (cg_systemd_chown_existing_cgroup(v2->mountpoint, v2->base_cgroup,
                                             uid, gid, v2->systemd_user_slice))
                goto delegate_files;

        /* We need to make sure that we do not create an endless chain of
         * sub-cgroups. So we check if we have already logged in somehow (sudo
         * -i, su, etc.) and have created a /user/PAM_user/idx cgroup. If so, we
         * skip that part.
         */
        if (strncmp(v2->base_cgroup, __PAM_CGFS_USER, __PAM_CGFS_USER_LEN) == 0) {
                free(v2->base_cgroup);
                v2->base_cgroup = must_copy_string("/");
        } else {
                clean_base_cgroup = strstr(v2->base_cgroup, __PAM_CGFS_USER);
                if (clean_base_cgroup)
                        *clean_base_cgroup = '\0';
        }

        path = must_make_path(v2->mountpoint, v2->base_cgroup, cgroup, NULL);
        lxcfs_debug("Constructing path \"%s\".\n", path);
        if (file_exists(path)) {
                our_cg = cg_belongs_to_uid_gid(path, uid, gid);
                lxcfs_debug(
                    "%s existed and does %shave our uid: %d and gid: %d.\n",
                    path, our_cg ? "" : "not ", uid, gid);
                free(path);
                if (our_cg) {
                        *existed = false;
                        goto delegate_files;
                } else {
                        *existed = true;
                        return false;
                }
        }

        created = mkdir_p(v2->mountpoint, path);
        if (!created) {
                free(path);
                return false;
        }

        /* chown cgroup to user */
        if (chown(path, uid, gid) < 0)
                mysyslog(LOG_WARNING, "Failed to chown %s to %d:%d: %s.\n",
                         path, (int)uid, (int)gid, strerror(errno), NULL);
        else
                lxcfs_debug("Chowned %s to %d:%d.\n", path, (int)uid, (int)gid);
        free(path);

delegate_files:
        /* chown cgroup.procs to user */
        if (v2->systemd_user_slice)
                path = must_make_path(v2->mountpoint, v2->base_cgroup,
                                      "/cgroup.procs", NULL);
        else
                path = must_make_path(v2->mountpoint, v2->base_cgroup, cgroup,
                                      "/cgroup.procs", NULL);
        ret = chown(path, uid, gid);
        if (ret < 0)
                mysyslog(LOG_WARNING, "Failed to chown %s to %d:%d: %s.\n",
                         path, (int)uid, (int)gid, strerror(errno), NULL);
        else
                lxcfs_debug("Chowned %s to %d:%d.\n", path, (int)uid, (int)gid);
        free(path);

        /* chown cgroup.subtree_control to user */
        if (v2->systemd_user_slice)
                path = must_make_path(v2->mountpoint, v2->base_cgroup,
                                      "/cgroup.subtree_control", NULL);
        else
                path = must_make_path(v2->mountpoint, v2->base_cgroup, cgroup,
                                      "/cgroup.subtree_control", NULL);
        ret = chown(path, uid, gid);
        if (ret < 0)
                mysyslog(LOG_WARNING, "Failed to chown %s to %d:%d: %s.\n",
                         path, (int)uid, (int)gid, strerror(errno), NULL);
        free(path);

        /* chown cgroup.threads to user */
        if (v2->systemd_user_slice)
                path = must_make_path(v2->mountpoint, v2->base_cgroup,
                                      "/cgroup.threads", NULL);
        else
                path = must_make_path(v2->mountpoint, v2->base_cgroup, cgroup,
                                      "/cgroup.threads", NULL);
        ret = chown(path, uid, gid);
        if (ret < 0 && errno != ENOENT)
                mysyslog(LOG_WARNING, "Failed to chown %s to %d:%d: %s.\n",
                         path, (int)uid, (int)gid, strerror(errno), NULL);
        free(path);

        return true;
}

/* Create writeable cgroups for @user at login. Details can be found in the
 * preamble/license at the top of this file.
 */
static int handle_login(const char *user, uid_t uid, gid_t gid)
{
        int idx = 0, ret;
        bool existed;
        char cg[MAXPATHLEN];

        cg_escape();

        while (idx >= 0) {
                ret = snprintf(cg, MAXPATHLEN, "/user/%s/%d", user, idx);
                if (ret < 0 || ret >= MAXPATHLEN) {
                        mysyslog(LOG_ERR, "Username too long.\n", NULL);
                        return PAM_SESSION_ERR;
                }

                existed = false;
                if (!cgv2_create(cg, uid, gid, &existed)) {
                        if (existed) {
                                cgv2_remove(cg);
                                idx++;
                                continue;
                        }
                        mysyslog(LOG_ERR, "Failed to create a cgroup for user %s.\n", user, NULL);
                        return PAM_SESSION_ERR;
                }

                existed = false;
                if (!cgv1_create(cg, uid, gid, &existed)) {
                        if (existed) {
                                cgv2_remove(cg);
                                idx++;
                                continue;
                        }
                        mysyslog(LOG_ERR, "Failed to create a cgroup for user %s.\n", user, NULL);
                        return PAM_SESSION_ERR;
                }

                if (!cg_enter(cg)) {
                        mysyslog( LOG_ERR, "Failed to enter user cgroup %s for user %s.\n", cg, user, NULL);
                        return PAM_SESSION_ERR;
                }
                break;
        }

        return PAM_SUCCESS;
}

/* Try to prune cgroups we created and that now are empty from all cgroupfs v1
 * hierarchies.
 */
static bool cgv1_prune_empty_cgroups(const char *user)
{
        bool controller_removed = true;
        bool all_removed = true;
        struct cgv1_hierarchy **it;

        for (it = cgv1_hierarchies; it && *it; it++) {
                int ret;
                char *path_base, *path_init;
                char **controller;

                if (!(*it)->controllers || !(*it)->mountpoint ||
                    !(*it)->init_cgroup || !(*it)->create_rw_cgroup)
                        continue;

                for (controller = (*it)->controllers; controller && *controller;
                     controller++) {
                        bool path_base_rm, path_init_rm;

                        path_base = must_make_path((*it)->mountpoint, (*it)->base_cgroup, "/user", user, NULL);
                        lxcfs_debug("cgroupfs v1: Trying to prune \"%s\".\n", path_base);
                        ret = recursive_rmdir(path_base);
                        if (ret == -ENOENT || ret >= 0)
                                path_base_rm = true;
                        else
                                path_base_rm = false;
                        free(path_base);

                        path_init = must_make_path((*it)->mountpoint, (*it)->init_cgroup, "/user", user, NULL);
                        lxcfs_debug("cgroupfs v1: Trying to prune \"%s\".\n", path_init);
                        ret = recursive_rmdir(path_init);
                        if (ret == -ENOENT || ret >= 0)
                                path_init_rm = true;
                        else
                                path_init_rm = false;
                        free(path_init);

                        if (!path_base_rm && !path_init_rm) {
                                controller_removed = false;
                                continue;
                        }

                        controller_removed = true;
                        break;
                }
                if (!controller_removed)
                        all_removed = false;
        }

        return all_removed;
}

/* Try to prune cgroup we created and that now is empty from the cgroupfs v2
 * hierarchy.
 */
static bool cgv2_prune_empty_cgroups(const char *user)
{
        int ret;
        struct cgv2_hierarchy *v2;
        char *path_base, *path_init;
        bool path_base_rm, path_init_rm;

        if (!cgv2_hierarchies)
                return true;

        v2 = *cgv2_hierarchies;

        path_base = must_make_path(v2->mountpoint, v2->base_cgroup, "/user", user, NULL);
        lxcfs_debug("cgroupfs v2: Trying to prune \"%s\".\n", path_base);
        ret = recursive_rmdir(path_base);
        if (ret == -ENOENT || ret >= 0)
                path_base_rm = true;
        else
                path_base_rm = false;
        free(path_base);

        path_init = must_make_path(v2->mountpoint, v2->init_cgroup, "/user", user, NULL);
        lxcfs_debug("cgroupfs v2: Trying to prune \"%s\".\n", path_init);
        ret = recursive_rmdir(path_init);
        if (ret == -ENOENT || ret >= 0)
                path_init_rm = true;
        else
                path_init_rm = false;
        free(path_init);

        if (!path_base_rm && !path_init_rm)
                return false;

        return true;
}

/* Wrapper around cgv{1,2}_prune_empty_cgroups(). */
static void cg_prune_empty_cgroups(const char *user)
{
        (void)cgv1_prune_empty_cgroups(user);
        (void)cgv2_prune_empty_cgroups(user);
}

/* Free allocated information for detected cgroupfs v1 hierarchies. */
static void cgv1_free_hierarchies(void)
{
        struct cgv1_hierarchy **it;

        if (!cgv1_hierarchies)
                return;

        for (it = cgv1_hierarchies; it && *it; it++) {
                if ((*it)->controllers) {
                        char **tmp;
                        for (tmp = (*it)->controllers; tmp && *tmp; tmp++)
                                free(*tmp);

                        free((*it)->controllers);
                }
                free((*it)->mountpoint);
                free((*it)->base_cgroup);
                free((*it)->fullcgpath);
                free((*it)->init_cgroup);
        }
        free(cgv1_hierarchies);
}

/* Free allocated information for the detected cgroupfs v2 hierarchy. */
static void cgv2_free_hierarchies(void)
{
        struct cgv2_hierarchy **it;

        if (!cgv2_hierarchies)
                return;

        for (it = cgv2_hierarchies; it && *it; it++) {
                if ((*it)->controllers) {
                        char **tmp;
                        for (tmp = (*it)->controllers; tmp && *tmp; tmp++)
                                free(*tmp);

                        free((*it)->controllers);
                }
                free((*it)->mountpoint);
                free((*it)->base_cgroup);
                free((*it)->fullcgpath);
                free((*it)->init_cgroup);
        }
        free(cgv2_hierarchies);
}

/* Wrapper around cgv{1,2}_free_hierarchies(). */
static void cg_exit(void)
{
        cgv1_free_hierarchies();
        cgv2_free_hierarchies();
}

int pam_sm_open_session(pam_handle_t *pamh, int flags, int argc,
                const char **argv)
{
        int ret;
        uid_t uid = 0;
        gid_t gid = 0;
        const char *PAM_user = NULL;

        ret = pam_get_user(pamh, &PAM_user, NULL);
        if (ret != PAM_SUCCESS) {
                mysyslog(LOG_ERR, "PAM-CGFS: couldn't get user\n", NULL);
                return PAM_SESSION_ERR;
        }

        if (!get_uid_gid(PAM_user, &uid, &gid)) {
                mysyslog(LOG_ERR, "Failed to get uid and gid for %s.\n", PAM_user, NULL);
                return PAM_SESSION_ERR;
        }

        if (!cg_init(uid, gid)) {
                mysyslog(LOG_ERR, "Failed to get list of controllers\n", NULL);
                return PAM_SESSION_ERR;
        }

        /* Try to prune cgroups, that are actually empty but were still marked
         * as busy by the kernel so we couldn't remove them on session close.
         */
        cg_prune_empty_cgroups(PAM_user);

        if (cg_mount_mode == CGROUP_UNKNOWN)
                return PAM_SESSION_ERR;

        if (argc > 1 && !strcmp(argv[0], "-c")) {
                char **clist = make_string_list(argv[1], ",");

                /*
                 * We don't allow using "all" and other controllers explicitly because
                 * that simply doesn't make any sense.
                 */
                if (string_list_length(clist) > 1 && string_in_list(clist, "all")) {
                        mysyslog(LOG_ERR, "Invalid -c option, cannot specify individual controllers alongside 'all'.\n", NULL);
                        free_string_list(clist);
                        return PAM_SESSION_ERR;
                }

                cg_mark_to_make_rw(clist);
                free_string_list(clist);
        }

        return handle_login(PAM_user, uid, gid);
}

int pam_sm_close_session(pam_handle_t *pamh, int flags, int argc,
                const char **argv)
{
        int ret;
        uid_t uid = 0;
        gid_t gid = 0;
        const char *PAM_user = NULL;

        ret = pam_get_user(pamh, &PAM_user, NULL);
        if (ret != PAM_SUCCESS) {
                mysyslog(LOG_ERR, "PAM-CGFS: couldn't get user\n", NULL);
                return PAM_SESSION_ERR;
        }

        if (!get_uid_gid(PAM_user, &uid, &gid)) {
                mysyslog(LOG_ERR, "Failed to get uid and gid for %s.\n", PAM_user, NULL);
                return PAM_SESSION_ERR;
        }

        if (cg_mount_mode == CGROUP_UNINITIALIZED) {
                if (!cg_init(uid, gid))
                        mysyslog(LOG_ERR, "Failed to get list of controllers\n", NULL);

                if (argc > 1 && !strcmp(argv[0], "-c")) {
                        char **clist = make_string_list(argv[1], ",");

                        /*
                         * We don't allow using "all" and other controllers explicitly because
                         * that simply doesn't make any sense.
                         */
                        if (string_list_length(clist) > 1 && string_in_list(clist, "all")) {
                                mysyslog(LOG_ERR, "Invalid -c option, cannot specify individual controllers alongside 'all'.\n", NULL);
                                free_string_list(clist);
                                return PAM_SESSION_ERR;
                        }

                        cg_mark_to_make_rw(clist);
                        free_string_list(clist);
                }
        }

        cg_prune_empty_cgroups(PAM_user);
        cg_exit();

        return PAM_SUCCESS;
}