QEMU block driver reference manual
@c man end
+@set qemu_system qemu-system-x86_64
+
@c man begin DESCRIPTION
@node disk_images_formats
directory tree. In order to use it, just type:
@example
-qemu-system-i386 linux.img -hdb fat:/my_directory
+@value{qemu_system} linux.img -hdb fat:/my_directory
@end example
Then you access access to all the files in the @file{/my_directory}
Floppies can be emulated with the @code{:floppy:} option:
@example
-qemu-system-i386 linux.img -fda fat:floppy:/my_directory
+@value{qemu_system} linux.img -fda fat:floppy:/my_directory
@end example
A read/write support is available for testing (beta stage) with the
@code{:rw:} option:
@example
-qemu-system-i386 linux.img -fda fat:floppy:rw:/my_directory
+@value{qemu_system} linux.img -fda fat:floppy:rw:/my_directory
@end example
What you should @emph{never} do:
protocol.
@example
-qemu-system-i386 linux.img -hdb nbd://my_nbd_server.mydomain.org:1024/
+@value{qemu_system} linux.img -hdb nbd://my_nbd_server.mydomain.org:1024/
@end example
If the NBD server is located on the same host, you can use an unix socket instead
of an inet socket:
@example
-qemu-system-i386 linux.img -hdb nbd+unix://?socket=/tmp/my_socket
+@value{qemu_system} linux.img -hdb nbd+unix://?socket=/tmp/my_socket
@end example
In this case, the block device must be exported using qemu-nbd:
@noindent
and then you can use it with two guests:
@example
-qemu-system-i386 linux1.img -hdb nbd+unix://?socket=/tmp/my_socket
-qemu-system-i386 linux2.img -hdb nbd+unix://?socket=/tmp/my_socket
+@value{qemu_system} linux1.img -hdb nbd+unix://?socket=/tmp/my_socket
+@value{qemu_system} linux2.img -hdb nbd+unix://?socket=/tmp/my_socket
@end example
If the nbd-server uses named exports (supported since NBD 2.9.18, or with QEMU's
own embedded NBD server), you must specify an export name in the URI:
@example
-qemu-system-i386 -cdrom nbd://localhost/debian-500-ppc-netinst
-qemu-system-i386 -cdrom nbd://localhost/openSUSE-11.1-ppc-netinst
+@value{qemu_system} -cdrom nbd://localhost/debian-500-ppc-netinst
+@value{qemu_system} -cdrom nbd://localhost/openSUSE-11.1-ppc-netinst
@end example
The URI syntax for NBD is supported since QEMU 1.3. An alternative syntax is
also available. Here are some example of the older syntax:
@example
-qemu-system-i386 linux.img -hdb nbd:my_nbd_server.mydomain.org:1024
-qemu-system-i386 linux2.img -hdb nbd:unix:/tmp/my_socket
-qemu-system-i386 -cdrom nbd:localhost:10809:exportname=debian-500-ppc-netinst
+@value{qemu_system} linux.img -hdb nbd:my_nbd_server.mydomain.org:1024
+@value{qemu_system} linux2.img -hdb nbd:unix:/tmp/my_socket
+@value{qemu_system} -cdrom nbd:localhost:10809:exportname=debian-500-ppc-netinst
@end example
@node disk_images_sheepdog
You can boot from the Sheepdog disk image with the command:
@example
-qemu-system-i386 sheepdog:///@var{image}
+@value{qemu_system} sheepdog:///@var{image}
@end example
You can also create a snapshot of the Sheepdog image like qcow2.
To boot from the Sheepdog snapshot, specify the tag name of the
snapshot.
@example
-qemu-system-i386 sheepdog:///@var{image}#@var{tag}
+@value{qemu_system} sheepdog:///@var{image}#@var{tag}
@end example
You can create a cloned image from the existing snapshot.
You can use an unix socket instead of an inet socket:
@example
-qemu-system-i386 sheepdog+unix:///@var{image}?socket=@var{path}
+@value{qemu_system} sheepdog+unix:///@var{image}?socket=@var{path}
@end example
If the Sheepdog daemon doesn't run on the local host, you need to
specify one of the Sheepdog servers to connect to.
@example
qemu-img create sheepdog://@var{hostname}:@var{port}/@var{image} @var{size}
-qemu-system-i386 sheepdog://@var{hostname}:@var{port}/@var{image}
+@value{qemu_system} sheepdog://@var{hostname}:@var{port}/@var{image}
@end example
@node disk_images_iscsi
header-digest = "CRC32C"
EOF
-qemu-system-i386 -drive file=iscsi://127.0.0.1/iqn.qemu.test/1 \
+@value{qemu_system} -drive file=iscsi://127.0.0.1/iqn.qemu.test/1 \
-readconfig iscsi.conf
@end example
-b /IMAGES/cd.iso --device-type=cd
tgtadm --lld iscsi --op bind --mode target --tid 1 -I ALL
-qemu-system-i386 -iscsi initiator-name=iqn.qemu.test:my-initiator \
+@value{qemu_system} -iscsi initiator-name=iqn.qemu.test:my-initiator \
-boot d -drive file=iscsi://127.0.0.1/iqn.qemu.test/1 \
-cdrom iscsi://127.0.0.1/iqn.qemu.test/2
@end example
You can boot from the GlusterFS disk image with the command:
@example
URI:
-qemu-system-x86_64 -drive file=gluster[+@var{type}]://[@var{host}[:@var{port}]]/@var{volume}/@var{path}
+@value{qemu_system} -drive file=gluster[+@var{type}]://[@var{host}[:@var{port}]]/@var{volume}/@var{path}
[?socket=...][,file.debug=9][,file.logfile=...]
JSON:
-qemu-system-x86_64 'json:@{"driver":"qcow2",
+@value{qemu_system} 'json:@{"driver":"qcow2",
"file":@{"driver":"gluster",
"volume":"testvol","path":"a.img","debug":9,"logfile":"...",
"server":[@{"type":"tcp","host":"...","port":"..."@},
Examples
@example
-qemu-system-x86_64 -drive file=gluster://1.2.3.4/testvol/a.img
-qemu-system-x86_64 -drive file=gluster+tcp://1.2.3.4/testvol/a.img
-qemu-system-x86_64 -drive file=gluster+tcp://1.2.3.4:24007/testvol/dir/a.img
-qemu-system-x86_64 -drive file=gluster+tcp://[1:2:3:4:5:6:7:8]/testvol/dir/a.img
-qemu-system-x86_64 -drive file=gluster+tcp://[1:2:3:4:5:6:7:8]:24007/testvol/dir/a.img
-qemu-system-x86_64 -drive file=gluster+tcp://server.domain.com:24007/testvol/dir/a.img
-qemu-system-x86_64 -drive file=gluster+unix:///testvol/dir/a.img?socket=/tmp/glusterd.socket
-qemu-system-x86_64 -drive file=gluster+rdma://1.2.3.4:24007/testvol/a.img
-qemu-system-x86_64 -drive file=gluster://1.2.3.4/testvol/a.img,file.debug=9,file.logfile=/var/log/qemu-gluster.log
-qemu-system-x86_64 'json:@{"driver":"qcow2",
+@value{qemu_system} -drive file=gluster://1.2.3.4/testvol/a.img
+@value{qemu_system} -drive file=gluster+tcp://1.2.3.4/testvol/a.img
+@value{qemu_system} -drive file=gluster+tcp://1.2.3.4:24007/testvol/dir/a.img
+@value{qemu_system} -drive file=gluster+tcp://[1:2:3:4:5:6:7:8]/testvol/dir/a.img
+@value{qemu_system} -drive file=gluster+tcp://[1:2:3:4:5:6:7:8]:24007/testvol/dir/a.img
+@value{qemu_system} -drive file=gluster+tcp://server.domain.com:24007/testvol/dir/a.img
+@value{qemu_system} -drive file=gluster+unix:///testvol/dir/a.img?socket=/tmp/glusterd.socket
+@value{qemu_system} -drive file=gluster+rdma://1.2.3.4:24007/testvol/a.img
+@value{qemu_system} -drive file=gluster://1.2.3.4/testvol/a.img,file.debug=9,file.logfile=/var/log/qemu-gluster.log
+@value{qemu_system} 'json:@{"driver":"qcow2",
"file":@{"driver":"gluster",
"volume":"testvol","path":"a.img",
"debug":9,"logfile":"/var/log/qemu-gluster.log",
"server":[@{"type":"tcp","host":"1.2.3.4","port":24007@},
@{"type":"unix","socket":"/var/run/glusterd.socket"@}]@}@}'
-qemu-system-x86_64 -drive driver=qcow2,file.driver=gluster,file.volume=testvol,file.path=/path/a.img,
+@value{qemu_system} -drive driver=qcow2,file.driver=gluster,file.volume=testvol,file.path=/path/a.img,
file.debug=9,file.logfile=/var/log/qemu-gluster.log,
file.server.0.type=tcp,file.server.0.host=1.2.3.4,file.server.0.port=24007,
file.server.1.type=unix,file.server.1.socket=/var/run/glusterd.socket
by using the ssh protocol:
@example
-qemu-system-x86_64 -drive file=ssh://[@var{user}@@]@var{server}[:@var{port}]/@var{path}[?host_key_check=@var{host_key_check}]
+@value{qemu_system} -drive file=ssh://[@var{user}@@]@var{server}[:@var{port}]/@var{path}[?host_key_check=@var{host_key_check}]
@end example
Alternative syntax using properties:
@example
-qemu-system-x86_64 -drive file.driver=ssh[,file.user=@var{user}],file.host=@var{server}[,file.port=@var{port}],file.path=@var{path}[,file.host_key_check=@var{host_key_check}]
+@value{qemu_system} -drive file.driver=ssh[,file.user=@var{user}],file.host=@var{server}[,file.port=@var{port}],file.path=@var{path}[,file.host_key_check=@var{host_key_check}]
@end example
@var{ssh} is the protocol.
# echo 0000:06:0d.0 > /sys/bus/pci/devices/0000:06:0d.0/driver/unbind
# echo 1102 0002 > /sys/bus/pci/drivers/vfio-pci/new_id
-# qemu-system-x86_64 -drive file=nvme://@var{host}:@var{bus}:@var{slot}.@var{func}/@var{namespace}
+# @value{qemu_system} -drive file=nvme://@var{host}:@var{bus}:@var{slot}.@var{func}/@var{namespace}
@end example
Alternative syntax using properties:
@example
-qemu-system-x86_64 -drive file.driver=nvme,file.device=@var{host}:@var{bus}:@var{slot}.@var{func},file.namespace=@var{namespace}
+@value{qemu_system} -drive file.driver=nvme,file.device=@var{host}:@var{bus}:@var{slot}.@var{func},file.namespace=@var{namespace}
@end example
@var{host}:@var{bus}:@var{slot}.@var{func} is the NVMe controller's PCI device
QEMU / KVM CPU model configuration
@c man end
+@set qemu_system_x86 qemu-system-x86_64
+
@c man begin DESCRIPTION
@menu
@item Host passthrough
@example
- $ qemu-system-x86_64 -cpu host
+ $ @value{qemu_system_x86} -cpu host
@end example
With feature customization:
@example
- $ qemu-system-x86_64 -cpu host,-vmx,...
+ $ @value{qemu_system_x86} -cpu host,-vmx,...
@end example
@item Named CPU models
@example
- $ qemu-system-x86_64 -cpu Westmere
+ $ @value{qemu_system_x86} -cpu Westmere
@end example
With feature customization:
@example
- $ qemu-system-x86_64 -cpu Westmere,+pcid,...
+ $ @value{qemu_system_x86} -cpu Westmere,+pcid,...
@end example
@end table
@paragraphindent 0
@c %**end of header
+@set qemu_system qemu-system-x86_64
+@set qemu_system_x86 qemu-system-x86_64
+
@ifinfo
@direntry
* QEMU: (qemu-doc). The QEMU Emulator User Documentation.
QEMU must be told to not have parallel ports to have working GUS.
@example
-qemu-system-i386 dos.img -soundhw gus -parallel none
+@value{qemu_system_x86} dos.img -soundhw gus -parallel none
@end example
Alternatively:
@example
-qemu-system-i386 dos.img -device gus,irq=5
+@value{qemu_system_x86} dos.img -device gus,irq=5
@end example
Or some other unclaimed IRQ.
@section Quick Start
@cindex quick start
-Download and uncompress the linux image (@file{linux.img}) and type:
+Download and uncompress a hard disk image with Linux installed (e.g.
+@file{linux.img}) and type:
@example
-qemu-system-i386 linux.img
+@value{qemu_system} linux.img
@end example
Linux should boot and give you a prompt.
@example
@c man begin SYNOPSIS
-@command{qemu-system-i386} [@var{options}] [@var{disk_image}]
+@command{@value{qemu_system}} [@var{options}] [@var{disk_image}]
@c man end
@end example
Example (without authentication):
@example
-qemu-system-i386 -iscsi initiator-name=iqn.2001-04.com.example:my-initiator \
+@value{qemu_system} -iscsi initiator-name=iqn.2001-04.com.example:my-initiator \
-cdrom iscsi://192.0.2.1/iqn.2001-04.com.example/2 \
-drive file=iscsi://192.0.2.1/iqn.2001-04.com.example/1
@end example
Example (CHAP username/password via URL):
@example
-qemu-system-i386 -drive file=iscsi://user%password@@192.0.2.1/iqn.2001-04.com.example/1
+@value{qemu_system} -drive file=iscsi://user%password@@192.0.2.1/iqn.2001-04.com.example/1
@end example
Example (CHAP username/password via environment variables):
@example
LIBISCSI_CHAP_USERNAME="user" \
LIBISCSI_CHAP_PASSWORD="password" \
-qemu-system-i386 -drive file=iscsi://192.0.2.1/iqn.2001-04.com.example/1
+@value{qemu_system} -drive file=iscsi://192.0.2.1/iqn.2001-04.com.example/1
@end example
@item NBD
Example for TCP
@example
-qemu-system-i386 --drive file=nbd:192.0.2.1:30000
+@value{qemu_system} --drive file=nbd:192.0.2.1:30000
@end example
Example for Unix Domain Sockets
@example
-qemu-system-i386 --drive file=nbd:unix:/tmp/nbd-socket
+@value{qemu_system} --drive file=nbd:unix:/tmp/nbd-socket
@end example
@item SSH
Examples:
@example
-qemu-system-i386 -drive file=ssh://user@@host/path/to/disk.img
-qemu-system-i386 -drive file.driver=ssh,file.user=user,file.host=host,file.port=22,file.path=/path/to/disk.img
+@value{qemu_system} -drive file=ssh://user@@host/path/to/disk.img
+@value{qemu_system} -drive file.driver=ssh,file.user=user,file.host=host,file.port=22,file.path=/path/to/disk.img
@end example
Currently authentication must be done using ssh-agent. Other
Example
@example
-qemu-system-i386 --drive file=sheepdog://192.0.2.1:30000/MyVirtualMachine
+@value{qemu_system} --drive file=sheepdog://192.0.2.1:30000/MyVirtualMachine
@end example
See also @url{https://sheepdog.github.io/sheepdog/}.
Example
@example
URI:
-qemu-system-x86_64 --drive file=gluster://192.0.2.1/testvol/a.img,
+@value{qemu_system} --drive file=gluster://192.0.2.1/testvol/a.img,
@ file.debug=9,file.logfile=/var/log/qemu-gluster.log
JSON:
-qemu-system-x86_64 'json:@{"driver":"qcow2",
+@value{qemu_system} 'json:@{"driver":"qcow2",
@ "file":@{"driver":"gluster",
@ "volume":"testvol","path":"a.img",
@ "debug":9,"logfile":"/var/log/qemu-gluster.log",
@ "server":[@{"type":"tcp","host":"1.2.3.4","port":24007@},
@ @{"type":"unix","socket":"/var/run/glusterd.socket"@}]@}@}'
-qemu-system-x86_64 -drive driver=qcow2,file.driver=gluster,file.volume=testvol,file.path=/path/a.img,
+@value{qemu_system} -drive driver=qcow2,file.driver=gluster,file.volume=testvol,file.path=/path/a.img,
@ file.debug=9,file.logfile=/var/log/qemu-gluster.log,
@ file.server.0.type=tcp,file.server.0.host=1.2.3.4,file.server.0.port=24007,
@ file.server.1.type=unix,file.server.1.socket=/var/run/glusterd.socket
Example: boot from a remote Fedora 20 live ISO image
@example
-qemu-system-x86_64 --drive media=cdrom,file=http://dl.fedoraproject.org/pub/fedora/linux/releases/20/Live/x86_64/Fedora-Live-Desktop-x86_64-20-1.iso,readonly
+@value{qemu_system_x86} --drive media=cdrom,file=http://dl.fedoraproject.org/pub/fedora/linux/releases/20/Live/x86_64/Fedora-Live-Desktop-x86_64-20-1.iso,readonly
-qemu-system-x86_64 --drive media=cdrom,file.driver=http,file.url=http://dl.fedoraproject.org/pub/fedora/linux/releases/20/Live/x86_64/Fedora-Live-Desktop-x86_64-20-1.iso,readonly
+@value{qemu_system_x86} --drive media=cdrom,file.driver=http,file.url=http://dl.fedoraproject.org/pub/fedora/linux/releases/20/Live/x86_64/Fedora-Live-Desktop-x86_64-20-1.iso,readonly
@end example
Example: boot from a remote Fedora 20 cloud image using a local overlay for
@example
qemu-img create -f qcow2 -o backing_file='json:@{"file.driver":"http",, "file.url":"https://dl.fedoraproject.org/pub/fedora/linux/releases/20/Images/x86_64/Fedora-x86_64-20-20131211.1-sda.qcow2",, "file.readahead":"64k"@}' /tmp/Fedora-x86_64-20-20131211.1-sda.qcow2
-qemu-system-x86_64 -drive file=/tmp/Fedora-x86_64-20-20131211.1-sda.qcow2,copy-on-read=on
+@value{qemu_system_x86} -drive file=/tmp/Fedora-x86_64-20-20131211.1-sda.qcow2,copy-on-read=on
@end example
Example: boot from an image stored on a VMware vSphere server with a self-signed
@example
qemu-img create -f qcow2 -o backing_file='json:@{"file.driver":"https",, "file.url":"https://user:password@@vsphere.example.com/folder/test/test-flat.vmdk?dcPath=Datacenter&dsName=datastore1",, "file.sslverify":"off",, "file.readahead":"64k",, "file.timeout":10@}' /tmp/test.qcow2
-qemu-system-x86_64 -drive file=/tmp/test.qcow2
+@value{qemu_system_x86} -drive file=/tmp/test.qcow2
@end example
@end table
is:
@example
-qemu-system-x86_64 -device ivshmem-plain,memdev=@var{hostmem}
+@value{qemu_system_x86} -device ivshmem-plain,memdev=@var{hostmem}
@end example
where @var{hostmem} names a host memory backend. For a POSIX shared
ivshmem-server -p @var{pidfile} -S @var{path} -m @var{shm-name} -l @var{shm-size} -n @var{vectors}
# Then start your qemu instances with matching arguments
-qemu-system-x86_64 -device ivshmem-doorbell,vectors=@var{vectors},chardev=@var{id}
+@value{qemu_system_x86} -device ivshmem-doorbell,vectors=@var{vectors},chardev=@var{id}
-chardev socket,path=@var{path},id=@var{id}
@end example
a memory backend that has hugepage support:
@example
-qemu-system-x86_64 -object memory-backend-file,size=1G,mem-path=/dev/hugepages/my-shmem-file,share,id=mb1
+@value{qemu_system_x86} -object memory-backend-file,size=1G,mem-path=/dev/hugepages/my-shmem-file,share,id=mb1
-device ivshmem-plain,memdev=mb1
@end example
The syntax is:
@example
-qemu-system-i386 -kernel arch/i386/boot/bzImage -hda root-2.4.20.img -append "root=/dev/hda"
+@value{qemu_system} -kernel bzImage -hda rootdisk.img -append "root=/dev/hda"
@end example
Use @option{-kernel} to provide the Linux kernel image and
the virtual serial port and the QEMU monitor to the console with the
@option{-nographic} option. The typical command line is:
@example
-qemu-system-i386 -kernel arch/i386/boot/bzImage -hda root-2.4.20.img \
+@value{qemu_system} -kernel bzImage -hda rootdisk.img \
-append "root=/dev/hda console=ttyS0" -nographic
@end example
specifies a netdev defined with @code{-netdev @dots{},id=@var{id}}.
For instance, user-mode networking can be used with
@example
-qemu-system-i386 [...] -netdev user,id=net0 -device usb-net,netdev=net0
+@value{qemu_system} [...] -netdev user,id=net0 -device usb-net,netdev=net0
@end example
@item usb-ccid
Smartcard reader device
This USB device implements the USB Transport Layer of HCI. Example
usage:
@example
-@command{qemu-system-i386} [...@var{OPTIONS}...] @option{-usbdevice} bt:hci,vlan=3 @option{-bt} device:keyboard,vlan=3
+@command{@value{qemu_system}} [...@var{OPTIONS}...] @option{-usbdevice} bt:hci,vlan=3 @option{-bt} device:keyboard,vlan=3
@end example
@end table
socket only. For example
@example
-qemu-system-i386 [...OPTIONS...] -vnc unix:/home/joebloggs/.qemu-myvm-vnc
+@value{qemu_system} [...OPTIONS...] -vnc unix:/home/joebloggs/.qemu-myvm-vnc
@end example
This ensures that only users on local box with read/write access to that
set the password all clients will be rejected.
@example
-qemu-system-i386 [...OPTIONS...] -vnc :1,password -monitor stdio
+@value{qemu_system} [...OPTIONS...] -vnc :1,password -monitor stdio
(qemu) change vnc password
Password: ********
(qemu)
client to connect, and provides an encrypted session.
@example
-qemu-system-i386 [...OPTIONS...] \
+@value{qemu_system} [...OPTIONS...] \
-object tls-creds-x509,id=tls0,dir=/etc/pki/qemu,endpoint=server,verify-peer=no \
-vnc :1,tls-creds=tls0 -monitor stdio
@end example
instead.
@example
-qemu-system-i386 [...OPTIONS...] \
+@value{qemu_system} [...OPTIONS...] \
-object tls-creds-x509,id=tls0,dir=/etc/pki/qemu,endpoint=server,verify-peer=yes \
-vnc :1,tls-creds=tls0 -monitor stdio
@end example
to provide two layers of authentication for clients.
@example
-qemu-system-i386 [...OPTIONS...] \
+@value{qemu_system} [...OPTIONS...] \
-object tls-creds-x509,id=tls0,dir=/etc/pki/qemu,endpoint=server,verify-peer=yes \
-vnc :1,tls-creds=tls0,password -monitor stdio
(qemu) change vnc password
then QEMU can be launched with:
@example
-qemu-system-i386 [...OPTIONS...] -vnc :1,sasl -monitor stdio
+@value{qemu_system} [...OPTIONS...] -vnc :1,sasl -monitor stdio
@end example
@node vnc_sec_certificate_sasl
with the aforementioned TLS + x509 options:
@example
-qemu-system-i386 [...OPTIONS...] \
+@value{qemu_system} [...OPTIONS...] \
-object tls-creds-x509,id=tls0,dir=/etc/pki/qemu,endpoint=server,verify-peer=yes \
-vnc :1,tls-creds=tls0,sasl -monitor stdio
@end example
enabled
@example
-$QEMU -object tls-creds-x509,id=tls0,dir=/etc/pki/qemu,endpoint=server
+@value{qemu_system} -object tls-creds-x509,id=tls0,dir=/etc/pki/qemu,endpoint=server
@end example
while to load client credentials use
@example
-$QEMU -object tls-creds-x509,id=tls0,dir=/etc/pki/qemu,endpoint=client
+@value{qemu_system} -object tls-creds-x509,id=tls0,dir=/etc/pki/qemu,endpoint=client
@end example
Network services which support TLS will all have a @code{tls-creds}
example with VNC:
@example
-$QEMU -vnc 0.0.0.0:0,tls-creds=tls0
+@value{qemu_system} -vnc 0.0.0.0:0,tls-creds=tls0
@end example
@node tls_psk
In order to use gdb, launch QEMU with the '-s' option. It will wait for a
gdb connection:
@example
-qemu-system-i386 -s -kernel arch/i386/boot/bzImage -hda root-2.4.20.img \
- -append "root=/dev/hda"
+@value{qemu_system} -s -kernel bzImage -hda rootdisk.img -append "root=/dev/hda"
Connected to host network interface: tun0
Waiting gdb connection on port 1234
@end example
You can open an image using pre-opened file descriptors from an fd set:
@example
-qemu-system-i386
--add-fd fd=3,set=2,opaque="rdwr:/path/to/file"
--add-fd fd=4,set=2,opaque="rdonly:/path/to/file"
--drive file=/dev/fdset/2,index=0,media=disk
+@value{qemu_system} \
+ -add-fd fd=3,set=2,opaque="rdwr:/path/to/file" \
+ -add-fd fd=4,set=2,opaque="rdonly:/path/to/file" \
+ -drive file=/dev/fdset/2,index=0,media=disk
@end example
ETEXI
Set default value of @var{driver}'s property @var{prop} to @var{value}, e.g.:
@example
-qemu-system-i386 -global ide-hd.physical_block_size=4096 disk-image.img
+@value{qemu_system_x86} -global ide-hd.physical_block_size=4096 disk-image.img
@end example
In particular, you can use this to set driver properties for devices which are
@example
# try to boot from network first, then from hard disk
-qemu-system-i386 -boot order=nc
+@value{qemu_system_x86} -boot order=nc
# boot from CD-ROM first, switch back to default order after reboot
-qemu-system-i386 -boot once=d
+@value{qemu_system_x86} -boot once=d
# boot with a splash picture for 5 seconds.
-qemu-system-i386 -boot menu=on,splash=/root/boot.bmp,splash-time=5000
+@value{qemu_system_x86} -boot menu=on,splash=/root/boot.bmp,splash-time=5000
@end example
Note: The legacy format '-boot @var{drives}' is still supported but its
memory the guest can reach to 4GB:
@example
-qemu-system-x86_64 -m 1G,slots=3,maxmem=4G
+@value{qemu_system} -m 1G,slots=3,maxmem=4G
@end example
If @var{slots} and @var{maxmem} are not specified, memory hotplug won't
@item -soundhw @var{card1}[,@var{card2},...] or -soundhw all
@findex -soundhw
Enable audio and selected sound hardware. Use 'help' to print all
-available sound hardware.
+available sound hardware. For example:
@example
-qemu-system-i386 -soundhw sb16,adlib disk.img
-qemu-system-i386 -soundhw es1370 disk.img
-qemu-system-i386 -soundhw ac97 disk.img
-qemu-system-i386 -soundhw hda disk.img
-qemu-system-i386 -soundhw all disk.img
-qemu-system-i386 -soundhw help
+@value{qemu_system_x86} -soundhw sb16,adlib disk.img
+@value{qemu_system_x86} -soundhw es1370 disk.img
+@value{qemu_system_x86} -soundhw ac97 disk.img
+@value{qemu_system_x86} -soundhw hda disk.img
+@value{qemu_system_x86} -soundhw all disk.img
+@value{qemu_system_x86} -soundhw help
@end example
Note that Linux's i810_audio OSS kernel (for AC97) module might
Instead of @option{-cdrom} you can use:
@example
-qemu-system-i386 -drive file=file,index=2,media=cdrom
+@value{qemu_system} -drive file=file,index=2,media=cdrom
@end example
Instead of @option{-hda}, @option{-hdb}, @option{-hdc}, @option{-hdd}, you can
use:
@example
-qemu-system-i386 -drive file=file,index=0,media=disk
-qemu-system-i386 -drive file=file,index=1,media=disk
-qemu-system-i386 -drive file=file,index=2,media=disk
-qemu-system-i386 -drive file=file,index=3,media=disk
+@value{qemu_system} -drive file=file,index=0,media=disk
+@value{qemu_system} -drive file=file,index=1,media=disk
+@value{qemu_system} -drive file=file,index=2,media=disk
+@value{qemu_system} -drive file=file,index=3,media=disk
@end example
You can open an image using pre-opened file descriptors from an fd set:
@example
-qemu-system-i386
--add-fd fd=3,set=2,opaque="rdwr:/path/to/file"
--add-fd fd=4,set=2,opaque="rdonly:/path/to/file"
--drive file=/dev/fdset/2,index=0,media=disk
+@value{qemu_system} \
+ -add-fd fd=3,set=2,opaque="rdwr:/path/to/file" \
+ -add-fd fd=4,set=2,opaque="rdonly:/path/to/file" \
+ -drive file=/dev/fdset/2,index=0,media=disk
@end example
You can connect a CDROM to the slave of ide0:
@example
-qemu-system-i386 -drive file=file,if=ide,index=1,media=cdrom
+@value{qemu_system_x86} -drive file=file,if=ide,index=1,media=cdrom
@end example
If you don't specify the "file=" argument, you define an empty drive:
@example
-qemu-system-i386 -drive if=ide,index=1,media=cdrom
+@value{qemu_system_x86} -drive if=ide,index=1,media=cdrom
@end example
Instead of @option{-fda}, @option{-fdb}, you can use:
@example
-qemu-system-i386 -drive file=file,index=0,if=floppy
-qemu-system-i386 -drive file=file,index=1,if=floppy
+@value{qemu_system_x86} -drive file=file,index=0,if=floppy
+@value{qemu_system_x86} -drive file=file,index=1,if=floppy
@end example
By default, @var{interface} is "ide" and @var{index} is automatically
incremented:
@example
-qemu-system-i386 -drive file=a -drive file=b"
+@value{qemu_system_x86} -drive file=a -drive file=b"
@end example
is interpreted like:
@example
-qemu-system-i386 -hda a -hdb b
+@value{qemu_system_x86} -hda a -hdb b
@end example
ETEXI
be used to shorten the command line length (note that the e1000 is the default
on i386, so the @option{model=e1000} parameter could even be omitted here, too):
@example
-qemu-system-i386 -netdev user,id=n1,ipv6=off -device e1000,netdev=n1,mac=52:54:98:76:54:32
-qemu-system-i386 -nic user,ipv6=off,model=e1000,mac=52:54:98:76:54:32
+@value{qemu_system} -netdev user,id=n1,ipv6=off -device e1000,netdev=n1,mac=52:54:98:76:54:32
+@value{qemu_system} -nic user,ipv6=off,model=e1000,mac=52:54:98:76:54:32
@end example
@item -nic none
Example:
@example
-qemu-system-i386 -nic user,dnssearch=mgmt.example.org,dnssearch=example.org
+@value{qemu_system} -nic user,dnssearch=mgmt.example.org,dnssearch=example.org
@end example
@item domainname=@var{domain}
Example (using pxelinux):
@example
-qemu-system-i386 -hda linux.img -boot n -device e1000,netdev=n1 \
+@value{qemu_system} -hda linux.img -boot n -device e1000,netdev=n1 \
-netdev user,id=n1,tftp=/path/to/tftp/files,bootfile=/pxelinux.0
@end example
@example
# on the host
-qemu-system-i386 -nic user,hostfwd=tcp:127.0.0.1:6001-:6000
+@value{qemu_system} -nic user,hostfwd=tcp:127.0.0.1:6001-:6000
# this host xterm should open in the guest X11 server
xterm -display :1
@end example
@example
# on the host
-qemu-system-i386 -nic user,hostfwd=tcp::5555-:23
+@value{qemu_system} -nic user,hostfwd=tcp::5555-:23
telnet localhost 5555
@end example
@example
# open 10.10.1.1:4321 on bootup, connect 10.0.2.100:1234 to it whenever
# the guest accesses it
-qemu-system-i386 -nic user,guestfwd=tcp:10.0.2.100:1234-tcp:10.10.1.1:4321
+@value{qemu_system} -nic user,guestfwd=tcp:10.0.2.100:1234-tcp:10.10.1.1:4321
@end example
Or you can execute a command on every TCP connection established by the guest,
@example
# call "netcat 10.10.1.1 4321" on every TCP connection to 10.0.2.100:1234
# and connect the TCP stream to its stdin/stdout
-qemu-system-i386 -nic 'user,id=n1,guestfwd=tcp:10.0.2.100:1234-cmd:netcat 10.10.1.1 4321'
+@value{qemu_system} -nic 'user,id=n1,guestfwd=tcp:10.0.2.100:1234-cmd:netcat 10.10.1.1 4321'
@end example
@end table
@example
#launch a QEMU instance with the default network script
-qemu-system-i386 linux.img -nic tap
+@value{qemu_system} linux.img -nic tap
@end example
@example
#launch a QEMU instance with two NICs, each one connected
#to a TAP device
-qemu-system-i386 linux.img \
+@value{qemu_system} linux.img \
-netdev tap,id=nd0,ifname=tap0 -device e1000,netdev=nd0 \
-netdev tap,id=nd1,ifname=tap1 -device rtl8139,netdev=nd1
@end example
@example
#launch a QEMU instance with the default network helper to
#connect a TAP device to bridge br0
-qemu-system-i386 linux.img -device virtio-net-pci,netdev=n1 \
+@value{qemu_system} linux.img -device virtio-net-pci,netdev=n1 \
-netdev tap,id=n1,"helper=/path/to/qemu-bridge-helper"
@end example
@example
#launch a QEMU instance with the default network helper to
#connect a TAP device to bridge br0
-qemu-system-i386 linux.img -netdev bridge,id=n1 -device virtio-net,netdev=n1
+@value{qemu_system} linux.img -netdev bridge,id=n1 -device virtio-net,netdev=n1
@end example
@example
#launch a QEMU instance with the default network helper to
#connect a TAP device to bridge qemubr0
-qemu-system-i386 linux.img -netdev bridge,br=qemubr0,id=n1 -device virtio-net,netdev=n1
+@value{qemu_system} linux.img -netdev bridge,br=qemubr0,id=n1 -device virtio-net,netdev=n1
@end example
@item -netdev socket,id=@var{id}[,fd=@var{h}][,listen=[@var{host}]:@var{port}][,connect=@var{host}:@var{port}]
Example:
@example
# launch a first QEMU instance
-qemu-system-i386 linux.img \
+@value{qemu_system} linux.img \
-device e1000,netdev=n1,mac=52:54:00:12:34:56 \
-netdev socket,id=n1,listen=:1234
# connect the network of this instance to the network of the first instance
-qemu-system-i386 linux.img \
+@value{qemu_system} linux.img \
-device e1000,netdev=n2,mac=52:54:00:12:34:57 \
-netdev socket,id=n2,connect=127.0.0.1:1234
@end example
Example:
@example
# launch one QEMU instance
-qemu-system-i386 linux.img \
+@value{qemu_system} linux.img \
-device e1000,netdev=n1,mac=52:54:00:12:34:56 \
-netdev socket,id=n1,mcast=230.0.0.1:1234
# launch another QEMU instance on same "bus"
-qemu-system-i386 linux.img \
+@value{qemu_system} linux.img \
-device e1000,netdev=n2,mac=52:54:00:12:34:57 \
-netdev socket,id=n2,mcast=230.0.0.1:1234
# launch yet another QEMU instance on same "bus"
-qemu-system-i386 linux.img \
+@value{qemu_system} linux.img \
-device e1000,netdev=n3,mac=52:54:00:12:34:58 \
-netdev socket,id=n3,mcast=230.0.0.1:1234
@end example
Example (User Mode Linux compat.):
@example
# launch QEMU instance (note mcast address selected is UML's default)
-qemu-system-i386 linux.img \
+@value{qemu_system} linux.img \
-device e1000,netdev=n1,mac=52:54:00:12:34:56 \
-netdev socket,id=n1,mcast=239.192.168.1:1102
# launch UML
Example (send packets from host's 1.2.3.4):
@example
-qemu-system-i386 linux.img \
+@value{qemu_system} linux.img \
-device e1000,netdev=n1,mac=52:54:00:12:34:56 \
-netdev socket,id=n1,mcast=239.192.168.1:1102,localaddr=1.2.3.4
@end example
# on 4.3.2.1
# launch QEMU instance - if your network has reorder or is very lossy add ,pincounter
-qemu-system-i386 linux.img -device e1000,netdev=n1 \
+@value{qemu_system} linux.img -device e1000,netdev=n1 \
-netdev l2tpv3,id=n1,src=4.2.3.1,dst=1.2.3.4,udp,srcport=16384,dstport=16384,rxsession=0xffffffff,txsession=0xffffffff,counter
@end example
# launch vde switch
vde_switch -F -sock /tmp/myswitch
# launch QEMU instance
-qemu-system-i386 linux.img -nic vde,sock=/tmp/myswitch
+@value{qemu_system} linux.img -nic vde,sock=/tmp/myswitch
@end example
@item -netdev vhost-user,chardev=@var{id}[,vhostforce=on|off][,queues=n]
be used as following:
@example
-qemu-system-i386 [...OPTIONS...] -bt hci,vlan=5 -bt vhci,vlan=5
+@value{qemu_system} [...OPTIONS...] -bt hci,vlan=5 -bt vhci,vlan=5
@end example
@item -bt device:@var{dev}[,vlan=@var{n}]
stdio are reasonable use case. The latter is allowing to start QEMU from
within gdb and establish the connection via a pipe:
@example
-(gdb) target remote | exec qemu-system-i386 -gdb stdio ...
+(gdb) target remote | exec @value{qemu_system} -gdb stdio ...
@end example
ETEXI
@example
- # qemu-system-x86_64 \
+ # @value{qemu_system} \
[...] \
-object cryptodev-backend-builtin,id=cryptodev0 \
-device virtio-crypto-pci,id=crypto0,cryptodev=cryptodev0 \
@example
- # qemu-system-x86_64 \
+ # @value{qemu_system} \
[...] \
-chardev socket,id=chardev0,path=/path/to/socket \
-object cryptodev-vhost-user,id=cryptodev0,chardev=chardev0 \
@example
- # $QEMU -object secret,id=sec0,data=letmein,format=raw
+ # @value{qemu_system} -object secret,id=sec0,data=letmein,format=raw
@end example
The simplest secure usage is to provide the secret via a file
# printf "letmein" > mypasswd.txt
- # $QEMU -object secret,id=sec0,file=mypasswd.txt,format=raw
+ # @value{qemu_system} -object secret,id=sec0,file=mypasswd.txt,format=raw
For greater security, AES-256-CBC should be used. To illustrate usage,
consider the openssl command line tool which can encrypt the data. Note
contents of @code{iv.b64} to the second secret
@example
- # $QEMU \
+ # @value{qemu_system} \
-object secret,id=secmaster0,format=base64,file=key.b64 \
-object secret,id=sec0,keyid=secmaster0,format=base64,\
data=$SECRET,iv=$(<iv.b64)
e.g to launch a SEV guest
@example
- # $QEMU \
+ # @value{qemu_system_x86} \
......
-object sev-guest,id=sev0,cbitpos=47,reduced-phys-bits=5 \
-machine ...,memory-encryption=sev0
An example authorization object to validate a x509 distinguished name
would look like:
@example
- # $QEMU \
+ # @value{qemu_system} \
...
-object 'authz-simple,id=auth0,identity=CN=laptop.example.com,,O=Example Org,,L=London,,ST=London,,C=GB' \
...
An example authorization object to validate a SASL username
would look like:
@example
- # $QEMU \
+ # @value{qemu_system} \
...
-object authz-simple,id=auth0,filename=/etc/qemu/vnc-sasl.acl,refresh=yes
...
name would look like:
@example
- # $QEMU \
+ # @value{qemu_system} \
...
-object authz-pam,id=auth0,service=qemu-vnc
...