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1 | ifdef::manvolnum[] |
2 | PVE({manvolnum}) | |
3 | ================ | |
38fd0958 | 4 | include::attributes.txt[] |
c7eda5e6 DM |
5 | |
6 | NAME | |
7 | ---- | |
8 | ||
9 | pve-firewall - The PVE Firewall Daemon | |
10 | ||
11 | ||
12 | SYNOPSYS | |
13 | -------- | |
14 | ||
5f34196d | 15 | include::pve-firewall.8-synopsis.adoc[] |
c7eda5e6 DM |
16 | |
17 | ||
18 | DESCRIPTION | |
19 | ----------- | |
20 | endif::manvolnum[] | |
21 | ||
22 | ifndef::manvolnum[] | |
23 | {pve} Firewall | |
24 | ============== | |
38fd0958 | 25 | include::attributes.txt[] |
c7eda5e6 DM |
26 | endif::manvolnum[] |
27 | ||
28 | // Copied from pve wiki: Revision as of 08:45, 9 November 2015 | |
29 | ||
30 | Proxmox VE Firewall provides an easy way to protect your IT | |
31 | infrastructure. You can easily setup firewall rules for all hosts | |
32 | inside a cluster, or define rules for virtual machines and | |
33 | containers. Features like firewall macros, security groups, IP sets | |
34 | and aliases help making that task easier. | |
35 | ||
36 | While all configuration is stored on the cluster file system, the | |
37 | iptables based firewall runs on each cluster node, and thus provides | |
38 | full isolation between virtual machines. The distributed nature of | |
39 | this system also provides much higher bandwidth than a central | |
40 | firewall solution. | |
41 | ||
42 | NOTE: If you enable the firewall, all traffic is blocked by default, | |
43 | except WebGUI(8006) and ssh(22) from your local network. | |
44 | ||
bd73a43e DM |
45 | The firewall has full support for IPv4 and IPv6. IPv6 support is fully |
46 | transparent, and we filter traffic for both protocols by default. So | |
47 | there is no need to maintain a different set of rules for IPv6. | |
48 | ||
c7eda5e6 DM |
49 | |
50 | Zones | |
51 | ----- | |
52 | ||
53 | The Proxmox VE firewall groups the network into the following logical zones: | |
54 | ||
55 | Host:: | |
56 | ||
57 | Traffic from/to a cluster node | |
58 | ||
59 | VM:: | |
60 | ||
61 | Traffic from/to a specific VM | |
62 | ||
63 | For each zone, you can define firewall rules for incoming and/or | |
64 | outgoing traffic. | |
65 | ||
66 | ||
79672214 DM |
67 | Configuration Files |
68 | ------------------- | |
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69 | |
70 | All firewall related configuration is stored on the proxmox cluster | |
71 | file system. So those files are automatically distributed to all | |
72 | cluster nodes, and the 'pve-firewall' service updates the underlying | |
79672214 | 73 | iptables rules automatically on changes. Any configuration can be |
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74 | done using the GUI (i.e. Datacenter -> Firewall -> Options tab (tabs |
75 | at the bottom of the page), or on a Node -> Firewall), so the | |
76 | following configuration file snippets are just for completeness. | |
77 | ||
79672214 DM |
78 | All firewall configuration files contains sections of key-value |
79 | pairs. Lines beginning with a '#' and blank lines are considered | |
80 | comments. Sections starts with a header line containing the section | |
81 | name enclosed in '[' and ']'. | |
82 | ||
83 | Cluster Wide Setup | |
84 | ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ | |
85 | ||
86 | The cluster wide firewall configuration is stored at: | |
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87 | |
88 | /etc/pve/firewall/cluster.fw | |
89 | ||
79672214 | 90 | The configuration can contain the following sections: |
c7eda5e6 | 91 | |
79672214 DM |
92 | '[OPTIONS]':: |
93 | ||
94 | This is used to set cluster wide firewall options. | |
95 | ||
96 | NOTE: The firewall is completely disabled by default, so you need to | |
97 | set the enable option here: | |
03fd9895 | 98 | |
c7eda5e6 DM |
99 | ---- |
100 | [OPTIONS] | |
101 | # enable firewall (cluster wide setting, default is disabled) | |
102 | enable: 1 | |
103 | ---- | |
104 | ||
79672214 | 105 | '[RULES]':: |
c7eda5e6 | 106 | |
79672214 DM |
107 | This sections contains cluster wide firewall rules for all nodes. |
108 | ||
109 | '[IPSET <name>]':: | |
110 | ||
111 | Cluster wide IP set definitions. | |
112 | ||
113 | '[GROUP <name>]':: | |
114 | ||
115 | Cluster wide security group definitions. | |
116 | ||
117 | '[ALIASES]':: | |
118 | ||
119 | Cluster wide Alias definitions. | |
120 | ||
121 | Host specific Configuration | |
122 | ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ | |
123 | ||
124 | Host related configuration is read from: | |
125 | ||
126 | /etc/pve/nodes/<nodename>/host.fw | |
127 | ||
128 | This is useful if you want to overwrite rules from 'cluster.fw' | |
129 | config. You can also increase log verbosity, and set netfilter related | |
130 | options. | |
131 | ||
132 | ||
133 | VM/Container configuration | |
134 | ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ | |
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135 | |
136 | VM firewall configuration is read from: | |
137 | ||
138 | /etc/pve/firewall/<VMID>.fw | |
139 | ||
140 | and contains the following data: | |
141 | ||
142 | * IP set definitions | |
143 | * Alias definitions | |
144 | * Firewall rules for this VM | |
145 | * VM specific options | |
146 | ||
c7eda5e6 | 147 | |
58b16f71 | 148 | Enabling the Firewall for VMs and Containers |
79672214 | 149 | ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ |
c7eda5e6 | 150 | |
58b16f71 WB |
151 | You need to enable the firewall on the virtual network interface configuration |
152 | in addition to the general 'Enable Firewall' option in the 'Options' tab. | |
c7eda5e6 | 153 | |
79672214 | 154 | |
c7eda5e6 | 155 | Firewall Rules |
79672214 | 156 | -------------- |
c7eda5e6 | 157 | |
696fb448 DM |
158 | Firewall rules consists of a direction (`IN` or `OUT`) and an |
159 | action (`ACCEPT`, `DENY`, `REJECT`). You can also specify a macro | |
160 | name. Macros contain predifined sets of rules and options. Rules can be disabled by prefixing them with '|'. | |
c7eda5e6 | 161 | |
696fb448 | 162 | .Firewall rules syntax |
c7eda5e6 DM |
163 | ---- |
164 | [RULES] | |
165 | ||
696fb448 DM |
166 | DIRECTION ACTION [OPTIONS] |
167 | |DIRECTION ACTION [OPTIONS] # disabled rule | |
c7eda5e6 | 168 | |
696fb448 DM |
169 | DIRECTION MACRO(ACTION) [OPTIONS] # use predefined macro |
170 | ---- | |
171 | ||
172 | The following options can be used to refine rule matches. | |
173 | ||
174 | include::pve-firewall-rules-opts.adoc[] | |
175 | ||
176 | Here are some examples: | |
c7eda5e6 | 177 | |
696fb448 DM |
178 | ---- |
179 | [RULES] | |
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180 | IN SSH(ACCEPT) -i net0 |
181 | IN SSH(ACCEPT) -i net0 # a comment | |
696fb448 | 182 | IN SSH(ACCEPT) -i net0 -source 192.168.2.192 # only allow SSH from 192.168.2.192 |
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183 | IN SSH(ACCEPT) -i net0 -source 10.0.0.1-10.0.0.10 # accept SSH for ip range |
184 | IN SSH(ACCEPT) -i net0 -source 10.0.0.1,10.0.0.2,10.0.0.3 #accept ssh for ip list | |
696fb448 DM |
185 | IN SSH(ACCEPT) -i net0 -source +mynetgroup # accept ssh for ipset mynetgroup |
186 | IN SSH(ACCEPT) -i net0 -source myserveralias #accept ssh for alias myserveralias | |
c7eda5e6 DM |
187 | |
188 | |IN SSH(ACCEPT) -i net0 # disabled rule | |
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189 | |
190 | IN DROP # drop all incoming packages | |
191 | OUT ACCEPT # accept all outgoing packages | |
c7eda5e6 DM |
192 | ---- |
193 | ||
194 | Security Groups | |
79672214 | 195 | --------------- |
c7eda5e6 | 196 | |
58b16f71 WB |
197 | A security group is a collection of rules, defined at cluster level, which |
198 | can be used in all VMs' rules. For example you can define a group named | |
199 | `webserver` with rules to open the http and https ports. | |
c7eda5e6 DM |
200 | |
201 | ---- | |
202 | # /etc/pve/firewall/cluster.fw | |
203 | ||
204 | [group webserver] | |
205 | IN ACCEPT -p tcp -dport 80 | |
206 | IN ACCEPT -p tcp -dport 443 | |
207 | ---- | |
208 | ||
58b16f71 | 209 | Then, you can add this group to a VM's firewall |
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210 | |
211 | ---- | |
212 | # /etc/pve/firewall/<VMID>.fw | |
213 | ||
214 | [RULES] | |
215 | GROUP webserver | |
216 | ---- | |
217 | ||
218 | ||
219 | IP Aliases | |
79672214 | 220 | ---------- |
c7eda5e6 | 221 | |
58b16f71 | 222 | IP Aliases allow you to associate IP addresses of networks with a |
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223 | name. You can then refer to those names: |
224 | ||
225 | * inside IP set definitions | |
226 | * in `source` and `dest` properties of firewall rules | |
227 | ||
228 | Standard IP alias `local_network` | |
79672214 | 229 | ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ |
c7eda5e6 DM |
230 | |
231 | This alias is automatically defined. Please use the following command | |
232 | to see assigned values: | |
233 | ||
234 | ---- | |
235 | # pve-firewall localnet | |
236 | local hostname: example | |
237 | local IP address: 192.168.2.100 | |
238 | network auto detect: 192.168.0.0/20 | |
239 | using detected local_network: 192.168.0.0/20 | |
240 | ---- | |
241 | ||
242 | The firewall automatically sets up rules to allow everything needed | |
58b16f71 | 243 | for cluster communication (corosync, API, SSH) using this alias. |
c7eda5e6 DM |
244 | |
245 | The user can overwrite these values in the cluster.fw alias | |
246 | section. If you use a single host on a public network, it is better to | |
247 | explicitly assign the local IP address | |
248 | ||
249 | ---- | |
250 | # /etc/pve/firewall/cluster.fw | |
251 | [ALIASES] | |
252 | local_network 1.2.3.4 # use the single ip address | |
253 | ---- | |
254 | ||
255 | IP Sets | |
79672214 | 256 | ------- |
c7eda5e6 DM |
257 | |
258 | IP sets can be used to define groups of networks and hosts. You can | |
58b16f71 | 259 | refer to them with `+name` in the firewall rules' `source` and `dest` |
c7eda5e6 DM |
260 | properties. |
261 | ||
262 | The following example allows HTTP traffic from the `management` IP | |
263 | set. | |
264 | ||
265 | IN HTTP(ACCEPT) -source +management | |
266 | ||
267 | Standard IP set `management` | |
79672214 | 268 | ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ |
c7eda5e6 DM |
269 | |
270 | This IP set applies only to host firewalls (not VM firewalls). Those | |
271 | ips are allowed to do normal management tasks (PVE GUI, VNC, SPICE, | |
272 | SSH). | |
273 | ||
274 | The local cluster network is automatically added to this IP set (alias | |
275 | `cluster_network`), to enable inter-host cluster | |
276 | communication. (multicast,ssh,...) | |
277 | ||
278 | ---- | |
279 | # /etc/pve/firewall/cluster.fw | |
280 | ||
281 | [IPSET management] | |
282 | 192.168.2.10 | |
283 | 192.168.2.10/24 | |
284 | ---- | |
285 | ||
286 | Standard IP set 'blacklist' | |
79672214 | 287 | ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ |
c7eda5e6 | 288 | |
58b16f71 | 289 | Traffic from these ips is dropped by every host's and VM's firewall. |
c7eda5e6 DM |
290 | |
291 | ---- | |
292 | # /etc/pve/firewall/cluster.fw | |
293 | ||
294 | [IPSET blacklist] | |
295 | 77.240.159.182 | |
296 | 213.87.123.0/24 | |
297 | ---- | |
298 | ||
6300d424 | 299 | [[ipfilter-section]] |
a34d23e8 | 300 | Standard IP set 'ipfilter-net*' |
79672214 | 301 | ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ |
c7eda5e6 | 302 | |
a34d23e8 WB |
303 | These filters belong to a VM's network interface and are mainly used to prevent |
304 | IP spoofing. If such a set exists for an interface then any outgoing traffic | |
305 | with a source IP not matching its interface's corresponding ipfilter set will | |
306 | be dropped. | |
307 | ||
308 | For containers with configured IP addresses these sets, if they exist (or are | |
309 | activated via the general `IP Filter` option in the VM's firewall's 'options' | |
310 | tab), implicitly contain the associated IP addresses. | |
311 | ||
312 | For both virtual machines and containers they also implicitly contain the | |
313 | standard MAC-derived IPv6 link-local address in order to allow the neighbor | |
314 | discovery protocol to work. | |
c7eda5e6 DM |
315 | |
316 | ---- | |
317 | /etc/pve/firewall/<VMID>.fw | |
318 | ||
319 | [IPSET ipfilter-net0] # only allow specified IPs on net0 | |
320 | 192.168.2.10 | |
321 | ---- | |
322 | ||
79672214 | 323 | |
c7eda5e6 | 324 | Services and Commands |
79672214 | 325 | --------------------- |
c7eda5e6 DM |
326 | |
327 | The firewall runs two service daemons on each node: | |
328 | ||
329 | * pvefw-logger: NFLOG daemon (ulogd replacement). | |
330 | * pve-firewall: updates iptables rules | |
331 | ||
332 | There is also a CLI command named 'pve-firewall', which can be used to | |
333 | start and stop the firewall service: | |
334 | ||
335 | # pve-firewall start | |
336 | # pve-firewall stop | |
337 | ||
338 | To get the status use: | |
339 | ||
340 | # pve-firewall status | |
341 | ||
342 | The above command reads and compiles all firewall rules, so you will | |
343 | see warnings if your firewall configuration contains any errors. | |
344 | ||
345 | If you want to see the generated iptables rules you can use: | |
346 | ||
347 | # iptables-save | |
348 | ||
79672214 | 349 | |
c7eda5e6 | 350 | Tips and Tricks |
79672214 | 351 | --------------- |
c7eda5e6 DM |
352 | |
353 | How to allow FTP | |
79672214 | 354 | ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ |
c7eda5e6 DM |
355 | |
356 | FTP is an old style protocol which uses port 21 and several other dynamic ports. So you | |
357 | need a rule to accept port 21. In addition, you need to load the 'ip_conntrack_ftp' module. | |
358 | So please run: | |
359 | ||
360 | modprobe ip_conntrack_ftp | |
361 | ||
362 | and add `ip_conntrack_ftp` to '/etc/modules' (so that it works after a reboot) . | |
363 | ||
79672214 | 364 | |
c7eda5e6 | 365 | Suricata IPS integration |
79672214 | 366 | ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ |
c7eda5e6 DM |
367 | |
368 | If you want to use the http://suricata-ids.org/[Suricata IPS] | |
369 | (Intrusion Prevention System), it's possible. | |
370 | ||
371 | Packets will be forwarded to the IPS only after the firewall ACCEPTed | |
372 | them. | |
373 | ||
374 | Rejected/Dropped firewall packets don't go to the IPS. | |
375 | ||
376 | Install suricata on proxmox host: | |
377 | ||
378 | ---- | |
379 | # apt-get install suricata | |
380 | # modprobe nfnetlink_queue | |
381 | ---- | |
382 | ||
383 | Don't forget to add `nfnetlink_queue` to '/etc/modules' for next reboot. | |
384 | ||
385 | Then, enable IPS for a specific VM with: | |
386 | ||
387 | ---- | |
388 | # /etc/pve/firewall/<VMID>.fw | |
389 | ||
390 | [OPTIONS] | |
391 | ips: 1 | |
392 | ips_queues: 0 | |
393 | ---- | |
394 | ||
395 | `ips_queues` will bind a specific cpu queue for this VM. | |
396 | ||
397 | Available queues are defined in | |
398 | ||
399 | ---- | |
400 | # /etc/default/suricata | |
401 | NFQUEUE=0 | |
402 | ---- | |
403 | ||
326e9652 | 404 | Avoiding link-local addresses on tap and veth devices |
79672214 | 405 | ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ |
326e9652 WB |
406 | |
407 | With IPv6 enabled by default every interface gets a MAC-derived link local | |
408 | address. However, most devices on a typical {pve} setup are connected to a | |
409 | bridge and so the bridge is the only interface which really needs one. | |
410 | ||
411 | To disable a link local address on an interface you can set the interface's | |
412 | `disable_ipv6` sysconf variable. Despite the name, this does not prevent IPv6 | |
413 | traffic from passing through the interface when routing or bridging, so the | |
414 | only noticeable effect will be the removal of the link local address. | |
415 | ||
416 | The easiest method of achieving this setting for all newly started VMs is to | |
417 | set it for the `default` interface configuration and enabling it explicitly on | |
418 | the interfaces which need it. This is also the case for other settings such as | |
419 | `forwarding`, `accept_ra` or `autoconf`. | |
420 | ||
421 | Here's a possible setup: | |
422 | ---- | |
423 | # /etc/sysconf.d/90-ipv6.conf | |
424 | ||
425 | net.ipv6.conf.default.forwarding = 0 | |
426 | net.ipv6.conf.default.proxy_ndp = 0 | |
427 | net.ipv6.conf.default.autoconf = 0 | |
428 | net.ipv6.conf.default.disable_ipv6 = 1 | |
429 | net.ipv6.conf.default.accept_ra = 0 | |
430 | ||
431 | net.ipv6.conf.lo.disable_ipv6 = 0 | |
432 | ---- | |
433 | ||
434 | ---- | |
435 | # /etc/network/interfaces | |
436 | (...) | |
437 | iface vmbr0 inet6 static | |
438 | address fc00::31 | |
439 | netmask 16 | |
440 | gateway fc00::1 | |
441 | accept_ra 0 | |
442 | pre-up echo 0 > /proc/sys/net/ipv6/conf/$IFACE/disable_ipv6 | |
443 | (...) | |
444 | ---- | |
14c06023 | 445 | |
79672214 DM |
446 | |
447 | Notes on IPv6 | |
448 | ------------- | |
449 | ||
450 | The firewall contains a few IPv6 specific options. One thing to note is that | |
451 | IPv6 does not use the ARP protocol anymore, and instead uses NDP (Neighbor | |
452 | Discovery Protocol) which works on IP level and thus needs IP addresses to | |
453 | succeed. For this purpose link-local addresses derived from the interface's MAC | |
454 | address are used. By default the 'NDP' option is enabled on both host and VM | |
455 | level to allow neighbor discovery (NDP) packets to be sent and received. | |
456 | ||
457 | Beside neighbor discovery NDP is also used for a couple of other things, like | |
458 | autoconfiguration and advertising routers. | |
459 | ||
460 | By default VMs are allowed to send out router solicitation messages (to query | |
461 | for a router), and to receive router advetisement packets. This allows them to | |
462 | use stateless auto configuration. On the other hand VMs cannot advertise | |
463 | themselves as routers unless the 'Allow Router Advertisement' (`radv: 1`) option | |
464 | is set. | |
465 | ||
466 | As for the link local addresses required for NDP, there's also an 'IP Filter' | |
467 | (`ipfilter: 1`) option which can be enabled which has the same effect as adding | |
468 | an `ipfilter-net*` ipset for each of the VM's network interfaces containing the | |
469 | corresponding link local addresses. (See the | |
470 | <<ipfilter-section,Standard IP set 'ipfilter-net*'>> section for details.) | |
471 | ||
472 | ||
224128ce DM |
473 | Ports used by Proxmox VE |
474 | ------------------------ | |
475 | ||
476 | * Web interface: 8006 | |
477 | * VNC Web console: 5900-5999 | |
478 | * SPICE proxy: 3128 | |
479 | * sshd (used for cluster actions): 22 | |
480 | * rpcbind: 111 | |
481 | * corosync multicast (if you run a cluster): 5404, 5405 UDP | |
482 | ||
14c06023 DM |
483 | |
484 | ifdef::manvolnum[] | |
485 | ||
486 | Macro Definitions | |
487 | ----------------- | |
488 | ||
489 | include::pve-firewall-macros.adoc[] | |
490 | ||
491 | ||
492 | include::pve-copyright.adoc[] | |
493 | ||
494 | endif::manvolnum[] |