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6e4c46c4 DC |
1 | [[qm_pci_passthrough]] |
2 | PCI(e) Passthrough | |
3 | ------------------ | |
e582833b DC |
4 | ifdef::wiki[] |
5 | :pve-toplevel: | |
6 | endif::wiki[] | |
6e4c46c4 DC |
7 | |
8 | PCI(e) passthrough is a mechanism to give a virtual machine control over | |
49f20f1b TL |
9 | a PCI device from the host. This can have some advantages over using |
10 | virtualized hardware, for example lower latency, higher performance, or more | |
11 | features (e.g., offloading). | |
6e4c46c4 | 12 | |
49f20f1b | 13 | But, if you pass through a device to a virtual machine, you cannot use that |
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14 | device anymore on the host or in any other VM. |
15 | ||
16 | General Requirements | |
17 | ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ | |
18 | ||
19 | Since passthrough is a feature which also needs hardware support, there are | |
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20 | some requirements to check and preparations to be done to make it work. |
21 | ||
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22 | |
23 | Hardware | |
24 | ^^^^^^^^ | |
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25 | Your hardware needs to support `IOMMU` (*I*/*O* **M**emory **M**anagement |
26 | **U**nit) interrupt remapping, this includes the CPU and the mainboard. | |
6e4c46c4 | 27 | |
49f20f1b TL |
28 | Generally, Intel systems with VT-d, and AMD systems with AMD-Vi support this. |
29 | But it is not guaranteed that everything will work out of the box, due | |
30 | to bad hardware implementation and missing or low quality drivers. | |
6e4c46c4 | 31 | |
49f20f1b | 32 | Further, server grade hardware has often better support than consumer grade |
6e4c46c4 DC |
33 | hardware, but even then, many modern system can support this. |
34 | ||
49f20f1b | 35 | Please refer to your hardware vendor to check if they support this feature |
a22d7c24 | 36 | under Linux for your specific setup. |
49f20f1b | 37 | |
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38 | |
39 | Configuration | |
40 | ^^^^^^^^^^^^^ | |
41 | ||
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42 | Once you ensured that your hardware supports passthrough, you will need to do |
43 | some configuration to enable PCI(e) passthrough. | |
6e4c46c4 | 44 | |
6e4c46c4 | 45 | |
39d84f28 | 46 | .IOMMU |
6e4c46c4 | 47 | |
1748211a SI |
48 | The IOMMU has to be activated on the |
49 | xref:edit_kernel_cmdline[kernel commandline]. | |
50 | ||
51 | The command line parameters are: | |
6e4c46c4 | 52 | |
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53 | * for Intel CPUs: |
54 | + | |
55 | ---- | |
56 | intel_iommu=on | |
57 | ---- | |
58 | * for AMD CPUs: | |
59 | + | |
60 | ---- | |
6e4c46c4 | 61 | amd_iommu=on |
49f20f1b | 62 | ---- |
6e4c46c4 | 63 | |
6e4c46c4 | 64 | |
39d84f28 | 65 | .Kernel Modules |
6e4c46c4 | 66 | |
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67 | You have to make sure the following modules are loaded. This can be achieved by |
68 | adding them to `'/etc/modules'' | |
6e4c46c4 | 69 | |
49f20f1b | 70 | ---- |
6e4c46c4 DC |
71 | vfio |
72 | vfio_iommu_type1 | |
73 | vfio_pci | |
74 | vfio_virqfd | |
49f20f1b | 75 | ---- |
6e4c46c4 | 76 | |
49f20f1b | 77 | [[qm_pci_passthrough_update_initramfs]] |
6e4c46c4 | 78 | After changing anything modules related, you need to refresh your |
49f20f1b | 79 | `initramfs`. On {pve} this can be done by executing: |
6e4c46c4 DC |
80 | |
81 | ---- | |
49f20f1b | 82 | # update-initramfs -u -k all |
6e4c46c4 DC |
83 | ---- |
84 | ||
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85 | If you are using `systemd-boot` make sure to |
86 | xref:systemd-boot-refresh[sync the new initramfs to the bootable partitions]. | |
87 | ||
39d84f28 | 88 | .Finish Configuration |
49f20f1b TL |
89 | |
90 | Finally reboot to bring the changes into effect and check that it is indeed | |
91 | enabled. | |
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92 | |
93 | ---- | |
5e235b99 | 94 | # dmesg | grep -e DMAR -e IOMMU -e AMD-Vi |
6e4c46c4 DC |
95 | ---- |
96 | ||
49f20f1b TL |
97 | should display that `IOMMU`, `Directed I/O` or `Interrupt Remapping` is |
98 | enabled, depending on hardware and kernel the exact message can vary. | |
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99 | |
100 | It is also important that the device(s) you want to pass through | |
49f20f1b | 101 | are in a *separate* `IOMMU` group. This can be checked with: |
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102 | |
103 | ---- | |
49f20f1b | 104 | # find /sys/kernel/iommu_groups/ -type l |
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105 | ---- |
106 | ||
49f20f1b | 107 | It is okay if the device is in an `IOMMU` group together with its functions |
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108 | (e.g. a GPU with the HDMI Audio device) or with its root port or PCI(e) bridge. |
109 | ||
110 | .PCI(e) slots | |
111 | [NOTE] | |
112 | ==== | |
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113 | Some platforms handle their physical PCI(e) slots differently. So, sometimes |
114 | it can help to put the card in a another PCI(e) slot, if you do not get the | |
115 | desired `IOMMU` group separation. | |
6e4c46c4 DC |
116 | ==== |
117 | ||
118 | .Unsafe interrupts | |
119 | [NOTE] | |
120 | ==== | |
121 | For some platforms, it may be necessary to allow unsafe interrupts. | |
49f20f1b TL |
122 | For this add the following line in a file ending with `.conf' file in |
123 | */etc/modprobe.d/*: | |
6e4c46c4 | 124 | |
49f20f1b | 125 | ---- |
6e4c46c4 | 126 | options vfio_iommu_type1 allow_unsafe_interrupts=1 |
49f20f1b | 127 | ---- |
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128 | |
129 | Please be aware that this option can make your system unstable. | |
130 | ==== | |
131 | ||
082b32fb TL |
132 | GPU Passthrough Notes |
133 | ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ | |
13cae0c1 | 134 | |
082b32fb TL |
135 | It is not possible to display the frame buffer of the GPU via NoVNC or SPICE on |
136 | the {pve} web interface. | |
13cae0c1 | 137 | |
082b32fb TL |
138 | When passing through a whole GPU or a vGPU and graphic output is wanted, one |
139 | has to either physically connect a monitor to the card, or configure a remote | |
140 | desktop software (for example, VNC or RDP) inside the guest. | |
13cae0c1 | 141 | |
082b32fb TL |
142 | If you want to use the GPU as a hardware accelerator, for example, for |
143 | programs using OpenCL or CUDA, this is not required. | |
13cae0c1 | 144 | |
49f20f1b | 145 | Host Device Passthrough |
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146 | ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ |
147 | ||
148 | The most used variant of PCI(e) passthrough is to pass through a whole | |
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149 | PCI(e) card, for example a GPU or a network card. |
150 | ||
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151 | |
152 | Host Configuration | |
153 | ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ | |
154 | ||
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155 | In this case, the host cannot use the card. There are two methods to achieve |
156 | this: | |
6e4c46c4 | 157 | |
49f20f1b TL |
158 | * pass the device IDs to the options of the 'vfio-pci' modules by adding |
159 | + | |
160 | ---- | |
6e4c46c4 | 161 | options vfio-pci ids=1234:5678,4321:8765 |
6e4c46c4 | 162 | ---- |
49f20f1b TL |
163 | + |
164 | to a .conf file in */etc/modprobe.d/* where `1234:5678` and `4321:8765` are | |
165 | the vendor and device IDs obtained by: | |
166 | + | |
167 | ---- | |
168 | # lcpci -nn | |
6e4c46c4 DC |
169 | ---- |
170 | ||
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171 | * blacklist the driver completely on the host, ensuring that it is free to bind |
172 | for passthrough, with | |
173 | + | |
174 | ---- | |
6e4c46c4 | 175 | blacklist DRIVERNAME |
49f20f1b TL |
176 | ---- |
177 | + | |
178 | in a .conf file in */etc/modprobe.d/*. | |
6e4c46c4 | 179 | |
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180 | For both methods you need to |
181 | xref:qm_pci_passthrough_update_initramfs[update the `initramfs`] again and | |
182 | reboot after that. | |
6e4c46c4 | 183 | |
49f20f1b | 184 | [[qm_pci_passthrough_vm_config]] |
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185 | VM Configuration |
186 | ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ | |
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187 | To pass through the device you need to set the *hostpciX* option in the VM |
188 | configuration, for example by executing: | |
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189 | |
190 | ---- | |
49f20f1b | 191 | # qm set VMID -hostpci0 00:02.0 |
6e4c46c4 DC |
192 | ---- |
193 | ||
5ee3d3cd | 194 | If your device has multiple functions (e.g., ``00:02.0`' and ``00:02.1`' ), |
1c1241f2 | 195 | you can pass them through all together with the shortened syntax ``00:02`' |
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196 | |
197 | There are some options to which may be necessary, depending on the device | |
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198 | and guest OS: |
199 | ||
200 | * *x-vga=on|off* marks the PCI(e) device as the primary GPU of the VM. | |
201 | With this enabled the *vga* configuration option will be ignored. | |
6e4c46c4 | 202 | |
6e4c46c4 | 203 | * *pcie=on|off* tells {pve} to use a PCIe or PCI port. Some guests/device |
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204 | combination require PCIe rather than PCI. PCIe is only available for 'q35' |
205 | machine types. | |
206 | ||
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207 | * *rombar=on|off* makes the firmware ROM visible for the guest. Default is on. |
208 | Some PCI(e) devices need this disabled. | |
49f20f1b | 209 | |
6e4c46c4 | 210 | * *romfile=<path>*, is an optional path to a ROM file for the device to use. |
49f20f1b TL |
211 | This is a relative path under */usr/share/kvm/*. |
212 | ||
39d84f28 | 213 | .Example |
6e4c46c4 DC |
214 | |
215 | An example of PCIe passthrough with a GPU set to primary: | |
216 | ||
217 | ---- | |
49f20f1b | 218 | # qm set VMID -hostpci0 02:00,pcie=on,x-vga=on |
6e4c46c4 DC |
219 | ---- |
220 | ||
49f20f1b | 221 | |
6e4c46c4 DC |
222 | Other considerations |
223 | ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ | |
224 | ||
225 | When passing through a GPU, the best compatibility is reached when using | |
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226 | 'q35' as machine type, 'OVMF' ('EFI' for VMs) instead of SeaBIOS and PCIe |
227 | instead of PCI. Note that if you want to use 'OVMF' for GPU passthrough, the | |
228 | GPU needs to have an EFI capable ROM, otherwise use SeaBIOS instead. | |
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229 | |
230 | SR-IOV | |
231 | ~~~~~~ | |
232 | ||
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233 | Another variant for passing through PCI(e) devices, is to use the hardware |
234 | virtualization features of your devices, if available. | |
235 | ||
236 | 'SR-IOV' (**S**ingle-**R**oot **I**nput/**O**utput **V**irtualization) enables | |
237 | a single device to provide multiple 'VF' (**V**irtual **F**unctions) to the | |
238 | system. Each of those 'VF' can be used in a different VM, with full hardware | |
239 | features and also better performance and lower latency than software | |
240 | virtualized devices. | |
6e4c46c4 | 241 | |
49f20f1b TL |
242 | Currently, the most common use case for this are NICs (**N**etwork |
243 | **I**nterface **C**ard) with SR-IOV support, which can provide multiple VFs per | |
244 | physical port. This allows using features such as checksum offloading, etc. to | |
245 | be used inside a VM, reducing the (host) CPU overhead. | |
6e4c46c4 | 246 | |
6e4c46c4 DC |
247 | |
248 | Host Configuration | |
249 | ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ | |
250 | ||
49f20f1b | 251 | Generally, there are two methods for enabling virtual functions on a device. |
6e4c46c4 | 252 | |
49f20f1b | 253 | * sometimes there is an option for the driver module e.g. for some |
6e4c46c4 | 254 | Intel drivers |
49f20f1b TL |
255 | + |
256 | ---- | |
6e4c46c4 | 257 | max_vfs=4 |
49f20f1b TL |
258 | ---- |
259 | + | |
260 | which could be put file with '.conf' ending under */etc/modprobe.d/*. | |
6e4c46c4 | 261 | (Do not forget to update your initramfs after that) |
49f20f1b | 262 | + |
6e4c46c4 DC |
263 | Please refer to your driver module documentation for the exact |
264 | parameters and options. | |
265 | ||
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266 | * The second, more generic, approach is using the `sysfs`. |
267 | If a device and driver supports this you can change the number of VFs on | |
268 | the fly. For example, to setup 4 VFs on device 0000:01:00.0 execute: | |
269 | + | |
6e4c46c4 | 270 | ---- |
49f20f1b | 271 | # echo 4 > /sys/bus/pci/devices/0000:01:00.0/sriov_numvfs |
6e4c46c4 | 272 | ---- |
49f20f1b TL |
273 | + |
274 | To make this change persistent you can use the `sysfsutils` Debian package. | |
39d84f28 | 275 | After installation configure it via */etc/sysfs.conf* or a `FILE.conf' in |
49f20f1b | 276 | */etc/sysfs.d/*. |
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277 | |
278 | VM Configuration | |
279 | ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ | |
280 | ||
49f20f1b TL |
281 | After creating VFs, you should see them as separate PCI(e) devices when |
282 | outputting them with `lspci`. Get their ID and pass them through like a | |
283 | xref:qm_pci_passthrough_vm_config[normal PCI(e) device]. | |
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284 | |
285 | Other considerations | |
286 | ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ | |
287 | ||
288 | For this feature, platform support is especially important. It may be necessary | |
49f20f1b TL |
289 | to enable this feature in the BIOS/EFI first, or to use a specific PCI(e) port |
290 | for it to work. In doubt, consult the manual of the platform or contact its | |
291 | vendor. | |
050192c5 | 292 | |
d25f097c TL |
293 | Mediated Devices (vGPU, GVT-g) |
294 | ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ | |
050192c5 | 295 | |
a22d7c24 | 296 | Mediated devices are another method to reuse features and performance from |
d25f097c TL |
297 | physical hardware for virtualized hardware. These are found most common in |
298 | virtualized GPU setups such as Intels GVT-g and Nvidias vGPUs used in their | |
299 | GRID technology. | |
300 | ||
301 | With this, a physical Card is able to create virtual cards, similar to SR-IOV. | |
302 | The difference is that mediated devices do not appear as PCI(e) devices in the | |
303 | host, and are such only suited for using in virtual machines. | |
050192c5 | 304 | |
050192c5 DC |
305 | |
306 | Host Configuration | |
307 | ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ | |
308 | ||
d25f097c | 309 | In general your card's driver must support that feature, otherwise it will |
a22d7c24 | 310 | not work. So please refer to your vendor for compatible drivers and how to |
050192c5 DC |
311 | configure them. |
312 | ||
a22d7c24 SR |
313 | Intels drivers for GVT-g are integrated in the Kernel and should work |
314 | with 5th, 6th and 7th generation Intel Core Processors, as well as E3 v4, E3 | |
315 | v5 and E3 v6 Xeon Processors. | |
050192c5 | 316 | |
1748211a SI |
317 | To enable it for Intel Graphics, you have to make sure to load the module |
318 | 'kvmgt' (for example via `/etc/modules`) and to enable it on the | |
319 | xref:edit_kernel_cmdline[Kernel commandline] and add the following parameter: | |
050192c5 DC |
320 | |
321 | ---- | |
322 | i915.enable_gvt=1 | |
323 | ---- | |
324 | ||
325 | After that remember to | |
326 | xref:qm_pci_passthrough_update_initramfs[update the `initramfs`], | |
1748211a | 327 | and reboot your host. |
050192c5 DC |
328 | |
329 | VM Configuration | |
330 | ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ | |
331 | ||
d25f097c TL |
332 | To use a mediated device, simply specify the `mdev` property on a `hostpciX` |
333 | VM configuration option. | |
050192c5 | 334 | |
d25f097c TL |
335 | You can get the supported devices via the 'sysfs'. For example, to list the |
336 | supported types for the device '0000:00:02.0' you would simply execute: | |
050192c5 DC |
337 | |
338 | ---- | |
339 | # ls /sys/bus/pci/devices/0000:00:02.0/mdev_supported_types | |
340 | ---- | |
341 | ||
342 | Each entry is a directory which contains the following important files: | |
343 | ||
d25f097c TL |
344 | * 'available_instances' contains the amount of still available instances of |
345 | this type, each 'mdev' use in a VM reduces this. | |
050192c5 | 346 | * 'description' contains a short description about the capabilities of the type |
d25f097c TL |
347 | * 'create' is the endpoint to create such a device, {pve} does this |
348 | automatically for you, if a 'hostpciX' option with `mdev` is configured. | |
050192c5 | 349 | |
d25f097c | 350 | Example configuration with an `Intel GVT-g vGPU` (`Intel Skylake 6700k`): |
050192c5 DC |
351 | |
352 | ---- | |
353 | # qm set VMID -hostpci0 00:02.0,mdev=i915-GVTg_V5_4 | |
354 | ---- | |
355 | ||
356 | With this set, {pve} automatically creates such a device on VM start, and | |
357 | cleans it up again when the VM stops. | |
e582833b DC |
358 | |
359 | ifdef::wiki[] | |
360 | ||
361 | See Also | |
362 | ~~~~~~~~ | |
363 | ||
364 | * link:/wiki/Pci_passthrough[PCI Passthrough Examples] | |
365 | ||
366 | endif::wiki[] |