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1 | ifdef::manvolnum[] | |
2 | PVE({manvolnum}) | |
3 | ================ | |
4 | include::attributes.txt[] | |
5 | ||
6 | :pve-toplevel: | |
7 | ||
8 | NAME | |
9 | ---- | |
10 | ||
11 | pct - Tool to manage Linux Containers (LXC) on Proxmox VE | |
12 | ||
13 | ||
14 | SYNOPSIS | |
15 | -------- | |
16 | ||
17 | include::pct.1-synopsis.adoc[] | |
18 | ||
19 | DESCRIPTION | |
20 | ----------- | |
21 | endif::manvolnum[] | |
22 | ||
23 | ifndef::manvolnum[] | |
24 | Proxmox Container Toolkit | |
25 | ========================= | |
26 | include::attributes.txt[] | |
27 | endif::manvolnum[] | |
28 | ||
29 | ifdef::wiki[] | |
30 | :pve-toplevel: | |
31 | :title: Linux Container | |
32 | endif::wiki[] | |
33 | ||
34 | Containers are a lightweight alternative to fully virtualized | |
35 | VMs. Instead of emulating a complete Operating System (OS), containers | |
36 | simply use the OS of the host they run on. This implies that all | |
37 | containers use the same kernel, and that they can access resources | |
38 | from the host directly. | |
39 | ||
40 | This is great because containers do not waste CPU power nor memory due | |
41 | to kernel emulation. Container run-time costs are close to zero and | |
42 | usually negligible. But there are also some drawbacks you need to | |
43 | consider: | |
44 | ||
45 | * You can only run Linux based OS inside containers, i.e. it is not | |
46 | possible to run FreeBSD or MS Windows inside. | |
47 | ||
48 | * For security reasons, access to host resources needs to be | |
49 | restricted. This is done with AppArmor, SecComp filters and other | |
50 | kernel features. Be prepared that some syscalls are not allowed | |
51 | inside containers. | |
52 | ||
53 | {pve} uses https://linuxcontainers.org/[LXC] as underlying container | |
54 | technology. We consider LXC as low-level library, which provides | |
55 | countless options. It would be too difficult to use those tools | |
56 | directly. Instead, we provide a small wrapper called `pct`, the | |
57 | "Proxmox Container Toolkit". | |
58 | ||
59 | The toolkit is tightly coupled with {pve}. That means that it is aware | |
60 | of the cluster setup, and it can use the same network and storage | |
61 | resources as fully virtualized VMs. You can even use the {pve} | |
62 | firewall, or manage containers using the HA framework. | |
63 | ||
64 | Our primary goal is to offer an environment as one would get from a | |
65 | VM, but without the additional overhead. We call this "System | |
66 | Containers". | |
67 | ||
68 | NOTE: If you want to run micro-containers (with docker, rkt, ...), it | |
69 | is best to run them inside a VM. | |
70 | ||
71 | ||
72 | Security Considerations | |
73 | ----------------------- | |
74 | ||
75 | Containers use the same kernel as the host, so there is a big attack | |
76 | surface for malicious users. You should consider this fact if you | |
77 | provide containers to totally untrusted people. In general, fully | |
78 | virtualized VMs provide better isolation. | |
79 | ||
80 | The good news is that LXC uses many kernel security features like | |
81 | AppArmor, CGroups and PID and user namespaces, which makes containers | |
82 | usage quite secure. We distinguish two types of containers: | |
83 | ||
84 | ||
85 | Privileged Containers | |
86 | ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ | |
87 | ||
88 | Security is done by dropping capabilities, using mandatory access | |
89 | control (AppArmor), SecComp filters and namespaces. The LXC team | |
90 | considers this kind of container as unsafe, and they will not consider | |
91 | new container escape exploits to be security issues worthy of a CVE | |
92 | and quick fix. So you should use this kind of containers only inside a | |
93 | trusted environment, or when no untrusted task is running as root in | |
94 | the container. | |
95 | ||
96 | ||
97 | Unprivileged Containers | |
98 | ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ | |
99 | ||
100 | This kind of containers use a new kernel feature called user | |
101 | namespaces. The root UID 0 inside the container is mapped to an | |
102 | unprivileged user outside the container. This means that most security | |
103 | issues (container escape, resource abuse, ...) in those containers | |
104 | will affect a random unprivileged user, and so would be a generic | |
105 | kernel security bug rather than an LXC issue. The LXC team thinks | |
106 | unprivileged containers are safe by design. | |
107 | ||
108 | ||
109 | Configuration | |
110 | ------------- | |
111 | ||
112 | The `/etc/pve/lxc/<CTID>.conf` file stores container configuration, | |
113 | where `<CTID>` is the numeric ID of the given container. Like all | |
114 | other files stored inside `/etc/pve/`, they get automatically | |
115 | replicated to all other cluster nodes. | |
116 | ||
117 | NOTE: CTIDs < 100 are reserved for internal purposes, and CTIDs need to be | |
118 | unique cluster wide. | |
119 | ||
120 | .Example Container Configuration | |
121 | ---- | |
122 | ostype: debian | |
123 | arch: amd64 | |
124 | hostname: www | |
125 | memory: 512 | |
126 | swap: 512 | |
127 | net0: bridge=vmbr0,hwaddr=66:64:66:64:64:36,ip=dhcp,name=eth0,type=veth | |
128 | rootfs: local:107/vm-107-disk-1.raw,size=7G | |
129 | ---- | |
130 | ||
131 | Those configuration files are simple text files, and you can edit them | |
132 | using a normal text editor (`vi`, `nano`, ...). This is sometimes | |
133 | useful to do small corrections, but keep in mind that you need to | |
134 | restart the container to apply such changes. | |
135 | ||
136 | For that reason, it is usually better to use the `pct` command to | |
137 | generate and modify those files, or do the whole thing using the GUI. | |
138 | Our toolkit is smart enough to instantaneously apply most changes to | |
139 | running containers. This feature is called "hot plug", and there is no | |
140 | need to restart the container in that case. | |
141 | ||
142 | ||
143 | File Format | |
144 | ~~~~~~~~~~~ | |
145 | ||
146 | Container configuration files use a simple colon separated key/value | |
147 | format. Each line has the following format: | |
148 | ||
149 | ----- | |
150 | # this is a comment | |
151 | OPTION: value | |
152 | ----- | |
153 | ||
154 | Blank lines in those files are ignored, and lines starting with a `#` | |
155 | character are treated as comments and are also ignored. | |
156 | ||
157 | It is possible to add low-level, LXC style configuration directly, for | |
158 | example: | |
159 | ||
160 | lxc.init_cmd: /sbin/my_own_init | |
161 | ||
162 | or | |
163 | ||
164 | lxc.init_cmd = /sbin/my_own_init | |
165 | ||
166 | Those settings are directly passed to the LXC low-level tools. | |
167 | ||
168 | ||
169 | Snapshots | |
170 | ~~~~~~~~~ | |
171 | ||
172 | When you create a snapshot, `pct` stores the configuration at snapshot | |
173 | time into a separate snapshot section within the same configuration | |
174 | file. For example, after creating a snapshot called ``testsnapshot'', | |
175 | your configuration file will look like this: | |
176 | ||
177 | .Container configuration with snapshot | |
178 | ---- | |
179 | memory: 512 | |
180 | swap: 512 | |
181 | parent: testsnaphot | |
182 | ... | |
183 | ||
184 | [testsnaphot] | |
185 | memory: 512 | |
186 | swap: 512 | |
187 | snaptime: 1457170803 | |
188 | ... | |
189 | ---- | |
190 | ||
191 | There are a few snapshot related properties like `parent` and | |
192 | `snaptime`. The `parent` property is used to store the parent/child | |
193 | relationship between snapshots. `snaptime` is the snapshot creation | |
194 | time stamp (Unix epoch). | |
195 | ||
196 | ||
197 | Guest Operating System Configuration | |
198 | ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ | |
199 | ||
200 | We normally try to detect the operating system type inside the | |
201 | container, and then modify some files inside the container to make | |
202 | them work as expected. Here is a short list of things we do at | |
203 | container startup: | |
204 | ||
205 | set /etc/hostname:: to set the container name | |
206 | ||
207 | modify /etc/hosts:: to allow lookup of the local hostname | |
208 | ||
209 | network setup:: pass the complete network setup to the container | |
210 | ||
211 | configure DNS:: pass information about DNS servers | |
212 | ||
213 | adapt the init system:: for example, fix the number of spawned getty processes | |
214 | ||
215 | set the root password:: when creating a new container | |
216 | ||
217 | rewrite ssh_host_keys:: so that each container has unique keys | |
218 | ||
219 | randomize crontab:: so that cron does not start at the same time on all containers | |
220 | ||
221 | Changes made by {PVE} are enclosed by comment markers: | |
222 | ||
223 | ---- | |
224 | # --- BEGIN PVE --- | |
225 | <data> | |
226 | # --- END PVE --- | |
227 | ---- | |
228 | ||
229 | Those markers will be inserted at a reasonable location in the | |
230 | file. If such a section already exists, it will be updated in place | |
231 | and will not be moved. | |
232 | ||
233 | Modification of a file can be prevented by adding a `.pve-ignore.` | |
234 | file for it. For instance, if the file `/etc/.pve-ignore.hosts` | |
235 | exists then the `/etc/hosts` file will not be touched. This can be a | |
236 | simple empty file creatd via: | |
237 | ||
238 | # touch /etc/.pve-ignore.hosts | |
239 | ||
240 | Most modifications are OS dependent, so they differ between different | |
241 | distributions and versions. You can completely disable modifications | |
242 | by manually setting the `ostype` to `unmanaged`. | |
243 | ||
244 | OS type detection is done by testing for certain files inside the | |
245 | container: | |
246 | ||
247 | Ubuntu:: inspect /etc/lsb-release (`DISTRIB_ID=Ubuntu`) | |
248 | ||
249 | Debian:: test /etc/debian_version | |
250 | ||
251 | Fedora:: test /etc/fedora-release | |
252 | ||
253 | RedHat or CentOS:: test /etc/redhat-release | |
254 | ||
255 | ArchLinux:: test /etc/arch-release | |
256 | ||
257 | Alpine:: test /etc/alpine-release | |
258 | ||
259 | Gentoo:: test /etc/gentoo-release | |
260 | ||
261 | NOTE: Container start fails if the configured `ostype` differs from the auto | |
262 | detected type. | |
263 | ||
264 | ||
265 | Options | |
266 | ~~~~~~~ | |
267 | ||
268 | include::pct.conf.5-opts.adoc[] | |
269 | ||
270 | ||
271 | Container Images | |
272 | ---------------- | |
273 | ||
274 | Container images, sometimes also referred to as ``templates'' or | |
275 | ``appliances'', are `tar` archives which contain everything to run a | |
276 | container. You can think of it as a tidy container backup. Like most | |
277 | modern container toolkits, `pct` uses those images when you create a | |
278 | new container, for example: | |
279 | ||
280 | pct create 999 local:vztmpl/debian-8.0-standard_8.0-1_amd64.tar.gz | |
281 | ||
282 | {pve} itself ships a set of basic templates for most common | |
283 | operating systems, and you can download them using the `pveam` (short | |
284 | for {pve} Appliance Manager) command line utility. You can also | |
285 | download https://www.turnkeylinux.org/[TurnKey Linux] containers using | |
286 | that tool (or the graphical user interface). | |
287 | ||
288 | Our image repositories contain a list of available images, and there | |
289 | is a cron job run each day to download that list. You can trigger that | |
290 | update manually with: | |
291 | ||
292 | pveam update | |
293 | ||
294 | After that you can view the list of available images using: | |
295 | ||
296 | pveam available | |
297 | ||
298 | You can restrict this large list by specifying the `section` you are | |
299 | interested in, for example basic `system` images: | |
300 | ||
301 | .List available system images | |
302 | ---- | |
303 | # pveam available --section system | |
304 | system archlinux-base_2015-24-29-1_x86_64.tar.gz | |
305 | system centos-7-default_20160205_amd64.tar.xz | |
306 | system debian-6.0-standard_6.0-7_amd64.tar.gz | |
307 | system debian-7.0-standard_7.0-3_amd64.tar.gz | |
308 | system debian-8.0-standard_8.0-1_amd64.tar.gz | |
309 | system ubuntu-12.04-standard_12.04-1_amd64.tar.gz | |
310 | system ubuntu-14.04-standard_14.04-1_amd64.tar.gz | |
311 | system ubuntu-15.04-standard_15.04-1_amd64.tar.gz | |
312 | system ubuntu-15.10-standard_15.10-1_amd64.tar.gz | |
313 | ---- | |
314 | ||
315 | Before you can use such a template, you need to download them into one | |
316 | of your storages. You can simply use storage `local` for that | |
317 | purpose. For clustered installations, it is preferred to use a shared | |
318 | storage so that all nodes can access those images. | |
319 | ||
320 | pveam download local debian-8.0-standard_8.0-1_amd64.tar.gz | |
321 | ||
322 | You are now ready to create containers using that image, and you can | |
323 | list all downloaded images on storage `local` with: | |
324 | ||
325 | ---- | |
326 | # pveam list local | |
327 | local:vztmpl/debian-8.0-standard_8.0-1_amd64.tar.gz 190.20MB | |
328 | ---- | |
329 | ||
330 | The above command shows you the full {pve} volume identifiers. They include | |
331 | the storage name, and most other {pve} commands can use them. For | |
332 | example you can delete that image later with: | |
333 | ||
334 | pveam remove local:vztmpl/debian-8.0-standard_8.0-1_amd64.tar.gz | |
335 | ||
336 | ||
337 | Container Storage | |
338 | ----------------- | |
339 | ||
340 | Traditional containers use a very simple storage model, only allowing | |
341 | a single mount point, the root file system. This was further | |
342 | restricted to specific file system types like `ext4` and `nfs`. | |
343 | Additional mounts are often done by user provided scripts. This turned | |
344 | out to be complex and error prone, so we try to avoid that now. | |
345 | ||
346 | Our new LXC based container model is more flexible regarding | |
347 | storage. First, you can have more than a single mount point. This | |
348 | allows you to choose a suitable storage for each application. For | |
349 | example, you can use a relatively slow (and thus cheap) storage for | |
350 | the container root file system. Then you can use a second mount point | |
351 | to mount a very fast, distributed storage for your database | |
352 | application. | |
353 | ||
354 | The second big improvement is that you can use any storage type | |
355 | supported by the {pve} storage library. That means that you can store | |
356 | your containers on local `lvmthin` or `zfs`, shared `iSCSI` storage, | |
357 | or even on distributed storage systems like `ceph`. It also enables us | |
358 | to use advanced storage features like snapshots and clones. `vzdump` | |
359 | can also use the snapshot feature to provide consistent container | |
360 | backups. | |
361 | ||
362 | Last but not least, you can also mount local devices directly, or | |
363 | mount local directories using bind mounts. That way you can access | |
364 | local storage inside containers with zero overhead. Such bind mounts | |
365 | also provide an easy way to share data between different containers. | |
366 | ||
367 | ||
368 | Mount Points | |
369 | ~~~~~~~~~~~~ | |
370 | ||
371 | The root mount point is configured with the `rootfs` property, and you can | |
372 | configure up to 10 additional mount points. The corresponding options | |
373 | are called `mp0` to `mp9`, and they can contain the following setting: | |
374 | ||
375 | include::pct-mountpoint-opts.adoc[] | |
376 | ||
377 | Currently there are basically three types of mount points: storage backed | |
378 | mount points, bind mounts and device mounts. | |
379 | ||
380 | .Typical container `rootfs` configuration | |
381 | ---- | |
382 | rootfs: thin1:base-100-disk-1,size=8G | |
383 | ---- | |
384 | ||
385 | ||
386 | Storage Backed Mount Points | |
387 | ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ | |
388 | ||
389 | Storage backed mount points are managed by the {pve} storage subsystem and come | |
390 | in three different flavors: | |
391 | ||
392 | - Image based: these are raw images containing a single ext4 formatted file | |
393 | system. | |
394 | - ZFS subvolumes: these are technically bind mounts, but with managed storage, | |
395 | and thus allow resizing and snapshotting. | |
396 | - Directories: passing `size=0` triggers a special case where instead of a raw | |
397 | image a directory is created. | |
398 | ||
399 | ||
400 | Bind Mount Points | |
401 | ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ | |
402 | ||
403 | Bind mounts allow you to access arbitrary directories from your Proxmox VE host | |
404 | inside a container. Some potential use cases are: | |
405 | ||
406 | - Accessing your home directory in the guest | |
407 | - Accessing an USB device directory in the guest | |
408 | - Accessing an NFS mount from the host in the guest | |
409 | ||
410 | Bind mounts are considered to not be managed by the storage subsystem, so you | |
411 | cannot make snapshots or deal with quotas from inside the container. With | |
412 | unprivileged containers you might run into permission problems caused by the | |
413 | user mapping and cannot use ACLs. | |
414 | ||
415 | NOTE: The contents of bind mount points are not backed up when using `vzdump`. | |
416 | ||
417 | WARNING: For security reasons, bind mounts should only be established | |
418 | using source directories especially reserved for this purpose, e.g., a | |
419 | directory hierarchy under `/mnt/bindmounts`. Never bind mount system | |
420 | directories like `/`, `/var` or `/etc` into a container - this poses a | |
421 | great security risk. | |
422 | ||
423 | NOTE: The bind mount source path must not contain any symlinks. | |
424 | ||
425 | For example, to make the directory `/mnt/bindmounts/shared` accessible in the | |
426 | container with ID `100` under the path `/shared`, use a configuration line like | |
427 | `mp0: /mnt/bindmounts/shared,mp=/shared` in `/etc/pve/lxc/100.conf`. | |
428 | Alternatively, use `pct set 100 -mp0 /mnt/bindmounts/shared,mp=/shared` to | |
429 | achieve the same result. | |
430 | ||
431 | ||
432 | Device Mount Points | |
433 | ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ | |
434 | ||
435 | Device mount points allow to mount block devices of the host directly into the | |
436 | container. Similar to bind mounts, device mounts are not managed by {PVE}'s | |
437 | storage subsystem, but the `quota` and `acl` options will be honored. | |
438 | ||
439 | NOTE: Device mount points should only be used under special circumstances. In | |
440 | most cases a storage backed mount point offers the same performance and a lot | |
441 | more features. | |
442 | ||
443 | NOTE: The contents of device mount points are not backed up when using `vzdump`. | |
444 | ||
445 | ||
446 | FUSE Mounts | |
447 | ~~~~~~~~~~~ | |
448 | ||
449 | WARNING: Because of existing issues in the Linux kernel's freezer | |
450 | subsystem the usage of FUSE mounts inside a container is strongly | |
451 | advised against, as containers need to be frozen for suspend or | |
452 | snapshot mode backups. | |
453 | ||
454 | If FUSE mounts cannot be replaced by other mounting mechanisms or storage | |
455 | technologies, it is possible to establish the FUSE mount on the Proxmox host | |
456 | and use a bind mount point to make it accessible inside the container. | |
457 | ||
458 | ||
459 | Using Quotas Inside Containers | |
460 | ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ | |
461 | ||
462 | Quotas allow to set limits inside a container for the amount of disk | |
463 | space that each user can use. This only works on ext4 image based | |
464 | storage types and currently does not work with unprivileged | |
465 | containers. | |
466 | ||
467 | Activating the `quota` option causes the following mount options to be | |
468 | used for a mount point: | |
469 | `usrjquota=aquota.user,grpjquota=aquota.group,jqfmt=vfsv0` | |
470 | ||
471 | This allows quotas to be used like you would on any other system. You | |
472 | can initialize the `/aquota.user` and `/aquota.group` files by running | |
473 | ||
474 | ---- | |
475 | quotacheck -cmug / | |
476 | quotaon / | |
477 | ---- | |
478 | ||
479 | and edit the quotas via the `edquota` command. Refer to the documentation | |
480 | of the distribution running inside the container for details. | |
481 | ||
482 | NOTE: You need to run the above commands for every mount point by passing | |
483 | the mount point's path instead of just `/`. | |
484 | ||
485 | ||
486 | Using ACLs Inside Containers | |
487 | ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ | |
488 | ||
489 | The standard Posix **A**ccess **C**ontrol **L**ists are also available inside containers. | |
490 | ACLs allow you to set more detailed file ownership than the traditional user/ | |
491 | group/others model. | |
492 | ||
493 | ||
494 | Container Network | |
495 | ----------------- | |
496 | ||
497 | You can configure up to 10 network interfaces for a single | |
498 | container. The corresponding options are called `net0` to `net9`, and | |
499 | they can contain the following setting: | |
500 | ||
501 | include::pct-network-opts.adoc[] | |
502 | ||
503 | ||
504 | Backup and Restore | |
505 | ------------------ | |
506 | ||
507 | ||
508 | Container Backup | |
509 | ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ | |
510 | ||
511 | It is possible to use the `vzdump` tool for container backup. Please | |
512 | refer to the `vzdump` manual page for details. | |
513 | ||
514 | ||
515 | Restoring Container Backups | |
516 | ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ | |
517 | ||
518 | Restoring container backups made with `vzdump` is possible using the | |
519 | `pct restore` command. By default, `pct restore` will attempt to restore as much | |
520 | of the backed up container configuration as possible. It is possible to override | |
521 | the backed up configuration by manually setting container options on the command | |
522 | line (see the `pct` manual page for details). | |
523 | ||
524 | NOTE: `pvesm extractconfig` can be used to view the backed up configuration | |
525 | contained in a vzdump archive. | |
526 | ||
527 | There are two basic restore modes, only differing by their handling of mount | |
528 | points: | |
529 | ||
530 | ||
531 | ``Simple'' Restore Mode | |
532 | ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ | |
533 | ||
534 | If neither the `rootfs` parameter nor any of the optional `mpX` parameters | |
535 | are explicitly set, the mount point configuration from the backed up | |
536 | configuration file is restored using the following steps: | |
537 | ||
538 | . Extract mount points and their options from backup | |
539 | . Create volumes for storage backed mount points (on storage provided with the | |
540 | `storage` parameter, or default local storage if unset) | |
541 | . Extract files from backup archive | |
542 | . Add bind and device mount points to restored configuration (limited to root user) | |
543 | ||
544 | NOTE: Since bind and device mount points are never backed up, no files are | |
545 | restored in the last step, but only the configuration options. The assumption | |
546 | is that such mount points are either backed up with another mechanism (e.g., | |
547 | NFS space that is bind mounted into many containers), or not intended to be | |
548 | backed up at all. | |
549 | ||
550 | This simple mode is also used by the container restore operations in the web | |
551 | interface. | |
552 | ||
553 | ||
554 | ``Advanced'' Restore Mode | |
555 | ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ | |
556 | ||
557 | By setting the `rootfs` parameter (and optionally, any combination of `mpX` | |
558 | parameters), the `pct restore` command is automatically switched into an | |
559 | advanced mode. This advanced mode completely ignores the `rootfs` and `mpX` | |
560 | configuration options contained in the backup archive, and instead only | |
561 | uses the options explicitly provided as parameters. | |
562 | ||
563 | This mode allows flexible configuration of mount point settings at restore time, | |
564 | for example: | |
565 | ||
566 | * Set target storages, volume sizes and other options for each mount point | |
567 | individually | |
568 | * Redistribute backed up files according to new mount point scheme | |
569 | * Restore to device and/or bind mount points (limited to root user) | |
570 | ||
571 | ||
572 | Managing Containers with `pct` | |
573 | ------------------------------ | |
574 | ||
575 | `pct` is the tool to manage Linux Containers on {pve}. You can create | |
576 | and destroy containers, and control execution (start, stop, migrate, | |
577 | ...). You can use pct to set parameters in the associated config file, | |
578 | like network configuration or memory limits. | |
579 | ||
580 | ||
581 | CLI Usage Examples | |
582 | ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ | |
583 | ||
584 | Create a container based on a Debian template (provided you have | |
585 | already downloaded the template via the web interface) | |
586 | ||
587 | pct create 100 /var/lib/vz/template/cache/debian-8.0-standard_8.0-1_amd64.tar.gz | |
588 | ||
589 | Start container 100 | |
590 | ||
591 | pct start 100 | |
592 | ||
593 | Start a login session via getty | |
594 | ||
595 | pct console 100 | |
596 | ||
597 | Enter the LXC namespace and run a shell as root user | |
598 | ||
599 | pct enter 100 | |
600 | ||
601 | Display the configuration | |
602 | ||
603 | pct config 100 | |
604 | ||
605 | Add a network interface called `eth0`, bridged to the host bridge `vmbr0`, | |
606 | set the address and gateway, while it's running | |
607 | ||
608 | pct set 100 -net0 name=eth0,bridge=vmbr0,ip=192.168.15.147/24,gw=192.168.15.1 | |
609 | ||
610 | Reduce the memory of the container to 512MB | |
611 | ||
612 | pct set 100 -memory 512 | |
613 | ||
614 | ||
615 | Obtaining Debugging Logs | |
616 | ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ | |
617 | ||
618 | In case `pct start` is unable to start a specific container, it might be | |
619 | helpful to collect debugging output by running `lxc-start` (replace `ID` with | |
620 | the container's ID): | |
621 | ||
622 | lxc-start -n ID -F -l DEBUG -o /tmp/lxc-ID.log | |
623 | ||
624 | This command will attempt to start the container in foreground mode, to stop the container run `pct shutdown ID` or `pct stop ID` in a second terminal. | |
625 | ||
626 | The collected debug log is written to `/tmp/lxc-ID.log`. | |
627 | ||
628 | NOTE: If you have changed the container's configuration since the last start | |
629 | attempt with `pct start`, you need to run `pct start` at least once to also | |
630 | update the configuration used by `lxc-start`. | |
631 | ||
632 | ||
633 | Files | |
634 | ------ | |
635 | ||
636 | `/etc/pve/lxc/<CTID>.conf`:: | |
637 | ||
638 | Configuration file for the container '<CTID>'. | |
639 | ||
640 | ||
641 | Container Advantages | |
642 | -------------------- | |
643 | ||
644 | * Simple, and fully integrated into {pve}. Setup looks similar to a normal | |
645 | VM setup. | |
646 | ||
647 | ** Storage (ZFS, LVM, NFS, Ceph, ...) | |
648 | ||
649 | ** Network | |
650 | ||
651 | ** Authentication | |
652 | ||
653 | ** Cluster | |
654 | ||
655 | * Fast: minimal overhead, as fast as bare metal | |
656 | ||
657 | * High density (perfect for idle workloads) | |
658 | ||
659 | * REST API | |
660 | ||
661 | * Direct hardware access | |
662 | ||
663 | ||
664 | Technology Overview | |
665 | ------------------- | |
666 | ||
667 | * Integrated into {pve} graphical user interface (GUI) | |
668 | ||
669 | * LXC (https://linuxcontainers.org/) | |
670 | ||
671 | * lxcfs to provide containerized /proc file system | |
672 | ||
673 | * AppArmor | |
674 | ||
675 | * CRIU: for live migration (planned) | |
676 | ||
677 | * We use latest available kernels (4.4.X) | |
678 | ||
679 | * Image based deployment (templates) | |
680 | ||
681 | * Container setup from host (network, DNS, storage, ...) | |
682 | ||
683 | ||
684 | ifdef::manvolnum[] | |
685 | include::pve-copyright.adoc[] | |
686 | endif::manvolnum[] | |
687 | ||
688 | ||
689 | ||
690 | ||
691 | ||
692 | ||
693 |