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1 | ifdef::manvolnum[] | |
2 | PVE({manvolnum}) | |
3 | ================ | |
4 | include::attributes.txt[] | |
5 | ||
6 | :pve-toplevel: | |
7 | ||
8 | NAME | |
9 | ---- | |
10 | ||
11 | pct - Tool to manage Linux Containers (LXC) on Proxmox VE | |
12 | ||
13 | ||
14 | SYNOPSIS | |
15 | -------- | |
16 | ||
17 | include::pct.1-synopsis.adoc[] | |
18 | ||
19 | DESCRIPTION | |
20 | ----------- | |
21 | endif::manvolnum[] | |
22 | ||
23 | ifndef::manvolnum[] | |
24 | Proxmox Container Toolkit | |
25 | ========================= | |
26 | include::attributes.txt[] | |
27 | endif::manvolnum[] | |
28 | ||
29 | ifdef::wiki[] | |
30 | :pve-toplevel: | |
31 | endif::wiki[] | |
32 | ||
33 | Containers are a lightweight alternative to fully virtualized | |
34 | VMs. Instead of emulating a complete Operating System (OS), containers | |
35 | simply use the OS of the host they run on. This implies that all | |
36 | containers use the same kernel, and that they can access resources | |
37 | from the host directly. | |
38 | ||
39 | This is great because containers do not waste CPU power nor memory due | |
40 | to kernel emulation. Container run-time costs are close to zero and | |
41 | usually negligible. But there are also some drawbacks you need to | |
42 | consider: | |
43 | ||
44 | * You can only run Linux based OS inside containers, i.e. it is not | |
45 | possible to run FreeBSD or MS Windows inside. | |
46 | ||
47 | * For security reasons, access to host resources needs to be | |
48 | restricted. This is done with AppArmor, SecComp filters and other | |
49 | kernel features. Be prepared that some syscalls are not allowed | |
50 | inside containers. | |
51 | ||
52 | {pve} uses https://linuxcontainers.org/[LXC] as underlying container | |
53 | technology. We consider LXC as low-level library, which provides | |
54 | countless options. It would be too difficult to use those tools | |
55 | directly. Instead, we provide a small wrapper called `pct`, the | |
56 | "Proxmox Container Toolkit". | |
57 | ||
58 | The toolkit is tightly coupled with {pve}. That means that it is aware | |
59 | of the cluster setup, and it can use the same network and storage | |
60 | resources as fully virtualized VMs. You can even use the {pve} | |
61 | firewall, or manage containers using the HA framework. | |
62 | ||
63 | Our primary goal is to offer an environment as one would get from a | |
64 | VM, but without the additional overhead. We call this "System | |
65 | Containers". | |
66 | ||
67 | NOTE: If you want to run micro-containers (with docker, rkt, ...), it | |
68 | is best to run them inside a VM. | |
69 | ||
70 | ||
71 | Security Considerations | |
72 | ----------------------- | |
73 | ||
74 | Containers use the same kernel as the host, so there is a big attack | |
75 | surface for malicious users. You should consider this fact if you | |
76 | provide containers to totally untrusted people. In general, fully | |
77 | virtualized VMs provide better isolation. | |
78 | ||
79 | The good news is that LXC uses many kernel security features like | |
80 | AppArmor, CGroups and PID and user namespaces, which makes containers | |
81 | usage quite secure. We distinguish two types of containers: | |
82 | ||
83 | ||
84 | Privileged Containers | |
85 | ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ | |
86 | ||
87 | Security is done by dropping capabilities, using mandatory access | |
88 | control (AppArmor), SecComp filters and namespaces. The LXC team | |
89 | considers this kind of container as unsafe, and they will not consider | |
90 | new container escape exploits to be security issues worthy of a CVE | |
91 | and quick fix. So you should use this kind of containers only inside a | |
92 | trusted environment, or when no untrusted task is running as root in | |
93 | the container. | |
94 | ||
95 | ||
96 | Unprivileged Containers | |
97 | ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ | |
98 | ||
99 | This kind of containers use a new kernel feature called user | |
100 | namespaces. The root UID 0 inside the container is mapped to an | |
101 | unprivileged user outside the container. This means that most security | |
102 | issues (container escape, resource abuse, ...) in those containers | |
103 | will affect a random unprivileged user, and so would be a generic | |
104 | kernel security bug rather than an LXC issue. The LXC team thinks | |
105 | unprivileged containers are safe by design. | |
106 | ||
107 | ||
108 | Configuration | |
109 | ------------- | |
110 | ||
111 | The `/etc/pve/lxc/<CTID>.conf` file stores container configuration, | |
112 | where `<CTID>` is the numeric ID of the given container. Like all | |
113 | other files stored inside `/etc/pve/`, they get automatically | |
114 | replicated to all other cluster nodes. | |
115 | ||
116 | NOTE: CTIDs < 100 are reserved for internal purposes, and CTIDs need to be | |
117 | unique cluster wide. | |
118 | ||
119 | .Example Container Configuration | |
120 | ---- | |
121 | ostype: debian | |
122 | arch: amd64 | |
123 | hostname: www | |
124 | memory: 512 | |
125 | swap: 512 | |
126 | net0: bridge=vmbr0,hwaddr=66:64:66:64:64:36,ip=dhcp,name=eth0,type=veth | |
127 | rootfs: local:107/vm-107-disk-1.raw,size=7G | |
128 | ---- | |
129 | ||
130 | Those configuration files are simple text files, and you can edit them | |
131 | using a normal text editor (`vi`, `nano`, ...). This is sometimes | |
132 | useful to do small corrections, but keep in mind that you need to | |
133 | restart the container to apply such changes. | |
134 | ||
135 | For that reason, it is usually better to use the `pct` command to | |
136 | generate and modify those files, or do the whole thing using the GUI. | |
137 | Our toolkit is smart enough to instantaneously apply most changes to | |
138 | running containers. This feature is called "hot plug", and there is no | |
139 | need to restart the container in that case. | |
140 | ||
141 | ||
142 | File Format | |
143 | ~~~~~~~~~~~ | |
144 | ||
145 | Container configuration files use a simple colon separated key/value | |
146 | format. Each line has the following format: | |
147 | ||
148 | ----- | |
149 | # this is a comment | |
150 | OPTION: value | |
151 | ----- | |
152 | ||
153 | Blank lines in those files are ignored, and lines starting with a `#` | |
154 | character are treated as comments and are also ignored. | |
155 | ||
156 | It is possible to add low-level, LXC style configuration directly, for | |
157 | example: | |
158 | ||
159 | lxc.init_cmd: /sbin/my_own_init | |
160 | ||
161 | or | |
162 | ||
163 | lxc.init_cmd = /sbin/my_own_init | |
164 | ||
165 | Those settings are directly passed to the LXC low-level tools. | |
166 | ||
167 | ||
168 | Snapshots | |
169 | ~~~~~~~~~ | |
170 | ||
171 | When you create a snapshot, `pct` stores the configuration at snapshot | |
172 | time into a separate snapshot section within the same configuration | |
173 | file. For example, after creating a snapshot called ``testsnapshot'', | |
174 | your configuration file will look like this: | |
175 | ||
176 | .Container configuration with snapshot | |
177 | ---- | |
178 | memory: 512 | |
179 | swap: 512 | |
180 | parent: testsnaphot | |
181 | ... | |
182 | ||
183 | [testsnaphot] | |
184 | memory: 512 | |
185 | swap: 512 | |
186 | snaptime: 1457170803 | |
187 | ... | |
188 | ---- | |
189 | ||
190 | There are a few snapshot related properties like `parent` and | |
191 | `snaptime`. The `parent` property is used to store the parent/child | |
192 | relationship between snapshots. `snaptime` is the snapshot creation | |
193 | time stamp (Unix epoch). | |
194 | ||
195 | ||
196 | Guest Operating System Configuration | |
197 | ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ | |
198 | ||
199 | We normally try to detect the operating system type inside the | |
200 | container, and then modify some files inside the container to make | |
201 | them work as expected. Here is a short list of things we do at | |
202 | container startup: | |
203 | ||
204 | set /etc/hostname:: to set the container name | |
205 | ||
206 | modify /etc/hosts:: to allow lookup of the local hostname | |
207 | ||
208 | network setup:: pass the complete network setup to the container | |
209 | ||
210 | configure DNS:: pass information about DNS servers | |
211 | ||
212 | adapt the init system:: for example, fix the number of spawned getty processes | |
213 | ||
214 | set the root password:: when creating a new container | |
215 | ||
216 | rewrite ssh_host_keys:: so that each container has unique keys | |
217 | ||
218 | randomize crontab:: so that cron does not start at the same time on all containers | |
219 | ||
220 | Changes made by {PVE} are enclosed by comment markers: | |
221 | ||
222 | ---- | |
223 | # --- BEGIN PVE --- | |
224 | <data> | |
225 | # --- END PVE --- | |
226 | ---- | |
227 | ||
228 | Those markers will be inserted at a reasonable location in the | |
229 | file. If such a section already exists, it will be updated in place | |
230 | and will not be moved. | |
231 | ||
232 | Modification of a file can be prevented by adding a `.pve-ignore.` | |
233 | file for it. For instance, if the file `/etc/.pve-ignore.hosts` | |
234 | exists then the `/etc/hosts` file will not be touched. This can be a | |
235 | simple empty file creatd via: | |
236 | ||
237 | # touch /etc/.pve-ignore.hosts | |
238 | ||
239 | Most modifications are OS dependent, so they differ between different | |
240 | distributions and versions. You can completely disable modifications | |
241 | by manually setting the `ostype` to `unmanaged`. | |
242 | ||
243 | OS type detection is done by testing for certain files inside the | |
244 | container: | |
245 | ||
246 | Ubuntu:: inspect /etc/lsb-release (`DISTRIB_ID=Ubuntu`) | |
247 | ||
248 | Debian:: test /etc/debian_version | |
249 | ||
250 | Fedora:: test /etc/fedora-release | |
251 | ||
252 | RedHat or CentOS:: test /etc/redhat-release | |
253 | ||
254 | ArchLinux:: test /etc/arch-release | |
255 | ||
256 | Alpine:: test /etc/alpine-release | |
257 | ||
258 | Gentoo:: test /etc/gentoo-release | |
259 | ||
260 | NOTE: Container start fails if the configured `ostype` differs from the auto | |
261 | detected type. | |
262 | ||
263 | ||
264 | Options | |
265 | ~~~~~~~ | |
266 | ||
267 | include::pct.conf.5-opts.adoc[] | |
268 | ||
269 | ||
270 | Container Images | |
271 | ---------------- | |
272 | ||
273 | Container images, sometimes also referred to as ``templates'' or | |
274 | ``appliances'', are `tar` archives which contain everything to run a | |
275 | container. You can think of it as a tidy container backup. Like most | |
276 | modern container toolkits, `pct` uses those images when you create a | |
277 | new container, for example: | |
278 | ||
279 | pct create 999 local:vztmpl/debian-8.0-standard_8.0-1_amd64.tar.gz | |
280 | ||
281 | {pve} itself ships a set of basic templates for most common | |
282 | operating systems, and you can download them using the `pveam` (short | |
283 | for {pve} Appliance Manager) command line utility. You can also | |
284 | download https://www.turnkeylinux.org/[TurnKey Linux] containers using | |
285 | that tool (or the graphical user interface). | |
286 | ||
287 | Our image repositories contain a list of available images, and there | |
288 | is a cron job run each day to download that list. You can trigger that | |
289 | update manually with: | |
290 | ||
291 | pveam update | |
292 | ||
293 | After that you can view the list of available images using: | |
294 | ||
295 | pveam available | |
296 | ||
297 | You can restrict this large list by specifying the `section` you are | |
298 | interested in, for example basic `system` images: | |
299 | ||
300 | .List available system images | |
301 | ---- | |
302 | # pveam available --section system | |
303 | system archlinux-base_2015-24-29-1_x86_64.tar.gz | |
304 | system centos-7-default_20160205_amd64.tar.xz | |
305 | system debian-6.0-standard_6.0-7_amd64.tar.gz | |
306 | system debian-7.0-standard_7.0-3_amd64.tar.gz | |
307 | system debian-8.0-standard_8.0-1_amd64.tar.gz | |
308 | system ubuntu-12.04-standard_12.04-1_amd64.tar.gz | |
309 | system ubuntu-14.04-standard_14.04-1_amd64.tar.gz | |
310 | system ubuntu-15.04-standard_15.04-1_amd64.tar.gz | |
311 | system ubuntu-15.10-standard_15.10-1_amd64.tar.gz | |
312 | ---- | |
313 | ||
314 | Before you can use such a template, you need to download them into one | |
315 | of your storages. You can simply use storage `local` for that | |
316 | purpose. For clustered installations, it is preferred to use a shared | |
317 | storage so that all nodes can access those images. | |
318 | ||
319 | pveam download local debian-8.0-standard_8.0-1_amd64.tar.gz | |
320 | ||
321 | You are now ready to create containers using that image, and you can | |
322 | list all downloaded images on storage `local` with: | |
323 | ||
324 | ---- | |
325 | # pveam list local | |
326 | local:vztmpl/debian-8.0-standard_8.0-1_amd64.tar.gz 190.20MB | |
327 | ---- | |
328 | ||
329 | The above command shows you the full {pve} volume identifiers. They include | |
330 | the storage name, and most other {pve} commands can use them. For | |
331 | example you can delete that image later with: | |
332 | ||
333 | pveam remove local:vztmpl/debian-8.0-standard_8.0-1_amd64.tar.gz | |
334 | ||
335 | ||
336 | Container Storage | |
337 | ----------------- | |
338 | ||
339 | Traditional containers use a very simple storage model, only allowing | |
340 | a single mount point, the root file system. This was further | |
341 | restricted to specific file system types like `ext4` and `nfs`. | |
342 | Additional mounts are often done by user provided scripts. This turned | |
343 | out to be complex and error prone, so we try to avoid that now. | |
344 | ||
345 | Our new LXC based container model is more flexible regarding | |
346 | storage. First, you can have more than a single mount point. This | |
347 | allows you to choose a suitable storage for each application. For | |
348 | example, you can use a relatively slow (and thus cheap) storage for | |
349 | the container root file system. Then you can use a second mount point | |
350 | to mount a very fast, distributed storage for your database | |
351 | application. | |
352 | ||
353 | The second big improvement is that you can use any storage type | |
354 | supported by the {pve} storage library. That means that you can store | |
355 | your containers on local `lvmthin` or `zfs`, shared `iSCSI` storage, | |
356 | or even on distributed storage systems like `ceph`. It also enables us | |
357 | to use advanced storage features like snapshots and clones. `vzdump` | |
358 | can also use the snapshot feature to provide consistent container | |
359 | backups. | |
360 | ||
361 | Last but not least, you can also mount local devices directly, or | |
362 | mount local directories using bind mounts. That way you can access | |
363 | local storage inside containers with zero overhead. Such bind mounts | |
364 | also provide an easy way to share data between different containers. | |
365 | ||
366 | ||
367 | Mount Points | |
368 | ~~~~~~~~~~~~ | |
369 | ||
370 | The root mount point is configured with the `rootfs` property, and you can | |
371 | configure up to 10 additional mount points. The corresponding options | |
372 | are called `mp0` to `mp9`, and they can contain the following setting: | |
373 | ||
374 | include::pct-mountpoint-opts.adoc[] | |
375 | ||
376 | Currently there are basically three types of mount points: storage backed | |
377 | mount points, bind mounts and device mounts. | |
378 | ||
379 | .Typical container `rootfs` configuration | |
380 | ---- | |
381 | rootfs: thin1:base-100-disk-1,size=8G | |
382 | ---- | |
383 | ||
384 | ||
385 | Storage Backed Mount Points | |
386 | ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ | |
387 | ||
388 | Storage backed mount points are managed by the {pve} storage subsystem and come | |
389 | in three different flavors: | |
390 | ||
391 | - Image based: these are raw images containing a single ext4 formatted file | |
392 | system. | |
393 | - ZFS subvolumes: these are technically bind mounts, but with managed storage, | |
394 | and thus allow resizing and snapshotting. | |
395 | - Directories: passing `size=0` triggers a special case where instead of a raw | |
396 | image a directory is created. | |
397 | ||
398 | ||
399 | Bind Mount Points | |
400 | ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ | |
401 | ||
402 | Bind mounts allow you to access arbitrary directories from your Proxmox VE host | |
403 | inside a container. Some potential use cases are: | |
404 | ||
405 | - Accessing your home directory in the guest | |
406 | - Accessing an USB device directory in the guest | |
407 | - Accessing an NFS mount from the host in the guest | |
408 | ||
409 | Bind mounts are considered to not be managed by the storage subsystem, so you | |
410 | cannot make snapshots or deal with quotas from inside the container. With | |
411 | unprivileged containers you might run into permission problems caused by the | |
412 | user mapping and cannot use ACLs. | |
413 | ||
414 | NOTE: The contents of bind mount points are not backed up when using `vzdump`. | |
415 | ||
416 | WARNING: For security reasons, bind mounts should only be established | |
417 | using source directories especially reserved for this purpose, e.g., a | |
418 | directory hierarchy under `/mnt/bindmounts`. Never bind mount system | |
419 | directories like `/`, `/var` or `/etc` into a container - this poses a | |
420 | great security risk. | |
421 | ||
422 | NOTE: The bind mount source path must not contain any symlinks. | |
423 | ||
424 | For example, to make the directory `/mnt/bindmounts/shared` accessible in the | |
425 | container with ID `100` under the path `/shared`, use a configuration line like | |
426 | `mp0: /mnt/bindmounts/shared,mp=/shared` in `/etc/pve/lxc/100.conf`. | |
427 | Alternatively, use `pct set 100 -mp0 /mnt/bindmounts/shared,mp=/shared` to | |
428 | achieve the same result. | |
429 | ||
430 | ||
431 | Device Mount Points | |
432 | ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ | |
433 | ||
434 | Device mount points allow to mount block devices of the host directly into the | |
435 | container. Similar to bind mounts, device mounts are not managed by {PVE}'s | |
436 | storage subsystem, but the `quota` and `acl` options will be honored. | |
437 | ||
438 | NOTE: Device mount points should only be used under special circumstances. In | |
439 | most cases a storage backed mount point offers the same performance and a lot | |
440 | more features. | |
441 | ||
442 | NOTE: The contents of device mount points are not backed up when using `vzdump`. | |
443 | ||
444 | ||
445 | FUSE Mounts | |
446 | ~~~~~~~~~~~ | |
447 | ||
448 | WARNING: Because of existing issues in the Linux kernel's freezer | |
449 | subsystem the usage of FUSE mounts inside a container is strongly | |
450 | advised against, as containers need to be frozen for suspend or | |
451 | snapshot mode backups. | |
452 | ||
453 | If FUSE mounts cannot be replaced by other mounting mechanisms or storage | |
454 | technologies, it is possible to establish the FUSE mount on the Proxmox host | |
455 | and use a bind mount point to make it accessible inside the container. | |
456 | ||
457 | ||
458 | Using Quotas Inside Containers | |
459 | ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ | |
460 | ||
461 | Quotas allow to set limits inside a container for the amount of disk | |
462 | space that each user can use. This only works on ext4 image based | |
463 | storage types and currently does not work with unprivileged | |
464 | containers. | |
465 | ||
466 | Activating the `quota` option causes the following mount options to be | |
467 | used for a mount point: | |
468 | `usrjquota=aquota.user,grpjquota=aquota.group,jqfmt=vfsv0` | |
469 | ||
470 | This allows quotas to be used like you would on any other system. You | |
471 | can initialize the `/aquota.user` and `/aquota.group` files by running | |
472 | ||
473 | ---- | |
474 | quotacheck -cmug / | |
475 | quotaon / | |
476 | ---- | |
477 | ||
478 | and edit the quotas via the `edquota` command. Refer to the documentation | |
479 | of the distribution running inside the container for details. | |
480 | ||
481 | NOTE: You need to run the above commands for every mount point by passing | |
482 | the mount point's path instead of just `/`. | |
483 | ||
484 | ||
485 | Using ACLs Inside Containers | |
486 | ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ | |
487 | ||
488 | The standard Posix **A**ccess **C**ontrol **L**ists are also available inside containers. | |
489 | ACLs allow you to set more detailed file ownership than the traditional user/ | |
490 | group/others model. | |
491 | ||
492 | ||
493 | Container Network | |
494 | ----------------- | |
495 | ||
496 | You can configure up to 10 network interfaces for a single | |
497 | container. The corresponding options are called `net0` to `net9`, and | |
498 | they can contain the following setting: | |
499 | ||
500 | include::pct-network-opts.adoc[] | |
501 | ||
502 | ||
503 | Backup and Restore | |
504 | ------------------ | |
505 | ||
506 | ||
507 | Container Backup | |
508 | ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ | |
509 | ||
510 | It is possible to use the `vzdump` tool for container backup. Please | |
511 | refer to the `vzdump` manual page for details. | |
512 | ||
513 | ||
514 | Restoring Container Backups | |
515 | ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ | |
516 | ||
517 | Restoring container backups made with `vzdump` is possible using the | |
518 | `pct restore` command. By default, `pct restore` will attempt to restore as much | |
519 | of the backed up container configuration as possible. It is possible to override | |
520 | the backed up configuration by manually setting container options on the command | |
521 | line (see the `pct` manual page for details). | |
522 | ||
523 | NOTE: `pvesm extractconfig` can be used to view the backed up configuration | |
524 | contained in a vzdump archive. | |
525 | ||
526 | There are two basic restore modes, only differing by their handling of mount | |
527 | points: | |
528 | ||
529 | ||
530 | ``Simple'' Restore Mode | |
531 | ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ | |
532 | ||
533 | If neither the `rootfs` parameter nor any of the optional `mpX` parameters | |
534 | are explicitly set, the mount point configuration from the backed up | |
535 | configuration file is restored using the following steps: | |
536 | ||
537 | . Extract mount points and their options from backup | |
538 | . Create volumes for storage backed mount points (on storage provided with the | |
539 | `storage` parameter, or default local storage if unset) | |
540 | . Extract files from backup archive | |
541 | . Add bind and device mount points to restored configuration (limited to root user) | |
542 | ||
543 | NOTE: Since bind and device mount points are never backed up, no files are | |
544 | restored in the last step, but only the configuration options. The assumption | |
545 | is that such mount points are either backed up with another mechanism (e.g., | |
546 | NFS space that is bind mounted into many containers), or not intended to be | |
547 | backed up at all. | |
548 | ||
549 | This simple mode is also used by the container restore operations in the web | |
550 | interface. | |
551 | ||
552 | ||
553 | ``Advanced'' Restore Mode | |
554 | ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ | |
555 | ||
556 | By setting the `rootfs` parameter (and optionally, any combination of `mpX` | |
557 | parameters), the `pct restore` command is automatically switched into an | |
558 | advanced mode. This advanced mode completely ignores the `rootfs` and `mpX` | |
559 | configuration options contained in the backup archive, and instead only | |
560 | uses the options explicitly provided as parameters. | |
561 | ||
562 | This mode allows flexible configuration of mount point settings at restore time, | |
563 | for example: | |
564 | ||
565 | * Set target storages, volume sizes and other options for each mount point | |
566 | individually | |
567 | * Redistribute backed up files according to new mount point scheme | |
568 | * Restore to device and/or bind mount points (limited to root user) | |
569 | ||
570 | ||
571 | Managing Containers with `pct` | |
572 | ------------------------------ | |
573 | ||
574 | `pct` is the tool to manage Linux Containers on {pve}. You can create | |
575 | and destroy containers, and control execution (start, stop, migrate, | |
576 | ...). You can use pct to set parameters in the associated config file, | |
577 | like network configuration or memory limits. | |
578 | ||
579 | ||
580 | CLI Usage Examples | |
581 | ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ | |
582 | ||
583 | Create a container based on a Debian template (provided you have | |
584 | already downloaded the template via the web interface) | |
585 | ||
586 | pct create 100 /var/lib/vz/template/cache/debian-8.0-standard_8.0-1_amd64.tar.gz | |
587 | ||
588 | Start container 100 | |
589 | ||
590 | pct start 100 | |
591 | ||
592 | Start a login session via getty | |
593 | ||
594 | pct console 100 | |
595 | ||
596 | Enter the LXC namespace and run a shell as root user | |
597 | ||
598 | pct enter 100 | |
599 | ||
600 | Display the configuration | |
601 | ||
602 | pct config 100 | |
603 | ||
604 | Add a network interface called `eth0`, bridged to the host bridge `vmbr0`, | |
605 | set the address and gateway, while it's running | |
606 | ||
607 | pct set 100 -net0 name=eth0,bridge=vmbr0,ip=192.168.15.147/24,gw=192.168.15.1 | |
608 | ||
609 | Reduce the memory of the container to 512MB | |
610 | ||
611 | pct set 100 -memory 512 | |
612 | ||
613 | ||
614 | Obtaining Debugging Logs | |
615 | ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ | |
616 | ||
617 | In case `pct start` is unable to start a specific container, it might be | |
618 | helpful to collect debugging output by running `lxc-start` (replace `ID` with | |
619 | the container's ID): | |
620 | ||
621 | lxc-start -n ID -F -l DEBUG -o /tmp/lxc-ID.log | |
622 | ||
623 | This command will attempt to start the container in foreground mode, to stop the container run `pct shutdown ID` or `pct stop ID` in a second terminal. | |
624 | ||
625 | The collected debug log is written to `/tmp/lxc-ID.log`. | |
626 | ||
627 | NOTE: If you have changed the container's configuration since the last start | |
628 | attempt with `pct start`, you need to run `pct start` at least once to also | |
629 | update the configuration used by `lxc-start`. | |
630 | ||
631 | ||
632 | Files | |
633 | ------ | |
634 | ||
635 | `/etc/pve/lxc/<CTID>.conf`:: | |
636 | ||
637 | Configuration file for the container '<CTID>'. | |
638 | ||
639 | ||
640 | Container Advantages | |
641 | -------------------- | |
642 | ||
643 | * Simple, and fully integrated into {pve}. Setup looks similar to a normal | |
644 | VM setup. | |
645 | ||
646 | ** Storage (ZFS, LVM, NFS, Ceph, ...) | |
647 | ||
648 | ** Network | |
649 | ||
650 | ** Authentication | |
651 | ||
652 | ** Cluster | |
653 | ||
654 | * Fast: minimal overhead, as fast as bare metal | |
655 | ||
656 | * High density (perfect for idle workloads) | |
657 | ||
658 | * REST API | |
659 | ||
660 | * Direct hardware access | |
661 | ||
662 | ||
663 | Technology Overview | |
664 | ------------------- | |
665 | ||
666 | * Integrated into {pve} graphical user interface (GUI) | |
667 | ||
668 | * LXC (https://linuxcontainers.org/) | |
669 | ||
670 | * lxcfs to provide containerized /proc file system | |
671 | ||
672 | * AppArmor | |
673 | ||
674 | * CRIU: for live migration (planned) | |
675 | ||
676 | * We use latest available kernels (4.4.X) | |
677 | ||
678 | * Image based deployment (templates) | |
679 | ||
680 | * Container setup from host (network, DNS, storage, ...) | |
681 | ||
682 | ||
683 | ifdef::manvolnum[] | |
684 | include::pve-copyright.adoc[] | |
685 | endif::manvolnum[] | |
686 | ||
687 | ||
688 | ||
689 | ||
690 | ||
691 | ||
692 |