Rebase master to b108

[mirror_zfs.git] / module / zfs / vdev_label.c

/*
 * CDDL HEADER START
 *
 * The contents of this file are subject to the terms of the
 * Common Development and Distribution License (the "License").
 * You may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
 *
 * You can obtain a copy of the license at usr/src/OPENSOLARIS.LICENSE
 * or http://www.opensolaris.org/os/licensing.
 * See the License for the specific language governing permissions
 * and limitations under the License.
 *
 * When distributing Covered Code, include this CDDL HEADER in each
 * file and include the License file at usr/src/OPENSOLARIS.LICENSE.
 * If applicable, add the following below this CDDL HEADER, with the
 * fields enclosed by brackets "[]" replaced with your own identifying
 * information: Portions Copyright [yyyy] [name of copyright owner]
 *
 * CDDL HEADER END
 */
/*
 * Copyright 2009 Sun Microsystems, Inc.  All rights reserved.
 * Use is subject to license terms.
 */

/*
 * Virtual Device Labels
 * ---------------------
 *
 * The vdev label serves several distinct purposes:
 *
 *      1. Uniquely identify this device as part of a ZFS pool and confirm its
 *         identity within the pool.
 *
 *      2. Verify that all the devices given in a configuration are present
 *         within the pool.
 *
 *      3. Determine the uberblock for the pool.
 *
 *      4. In case of an import operation, determine the configuration of the
 *         toplevel vdev of which it is a part.
 *
 *      5. If an import operation cannot find all the devices in the pool,
 *         provide enough information to the administrator to determine which
 *         devices are missing.
 *
 * It is important to note that while the kernel is responsible for writing the
 * label, it only consumes the information in the first three cases.  The
 * latter information is only consumed in userland when determining the
 * configuration to import a pool.
 *
 *
 * Label Organization
 * ------------------
 *
 * Before describing the contents of the label, it's important to understand how
 * the labels are written and updated with respect to the uberblock.
 *
 * When the pool configuration is altered, either because it was newly created
 * or a device was added, we want to update all the labels such that we can deal
 * with fatal failure at any point.  To this end, each disk has two labels which
 * are updated before and after the uberblock is synced.  Assuming we have
 * labels and an uberblock with the following transaction groups:
 *
 *              L1          UB          L2
 *           +------+    +------+    +------+
 *           |      |    |      |    |      |
 *           | t10  |    | t10  |    | t10  |
 *           |      |    |      |    |      |
 *           +------+    +------+    +------+
 *
 * In this stable state, the labels and the uberblock were all updated within
 * the same transaction group (10).  Each label is mirrored and checksummed, so
 * that we can detect when we fail partway through writing the label.
 *
 * In order to identify which labels are valid, the labels are written in the
 * following manner:
 *
 *      1. For each vdev, update 'L1' to the new label
 *      2. Update the uberblock
 *      3. For each vdev, update 'L2' to the new label
 *
 * Given arbitrary failure, we can determine the correct label to use based on
 * the transaction group.  If we fail after updating L1 but before updating the
 * UB, we will notice that L1's transaction group is greater than the uberblock,
 * so L2 must be valid.  If we fail after writing the uberblock but before
 * writing L2, we will notice that L2's transaction group is less than L1, and
 * therefore L1 is valid.
 *
 * Another added complexity is that not every label is updated when the config
 * is synced.  If we add a single device, we do not want to have to re-write
 * every label for every device in the pool.  This means that both L1 and L2 may
 * be older than the pool uberblock, because the necessary information is stored
 * on another vdev.
 *
 *
 * On-disk Format
 * --------------
 *
 * The vdev label consists of two distinct parts, and is wrapped within the
 * vdev_label_t structure.  The label includes 8k of padding to permit legacy
 * VTOC disk labels, but is otherwise ignored.
 *
 * The first half of the label is a packed nvlist which contains pool wide
 * properties, per-vdev properties, and configuration information.  It is
 * described in more detail below.
 *
 * The latter half of the label consists of a redundant array of uberblocks.
 * These uberblocks are updated whenever a transaction group is committed,
 * or when the configuration is updated.  When a pool is loaded, we scan each
 * vdev for the 'best' uberblock.
 *
 *
 * Configuration Information
 * -------------------------
 *
 * The nvlist describing the pool and vdev contains the following elements:
 *
 *      version         ZFS on-disk version
 *      name            Pool name
 *      state           Pool state
 *      txg             Transaction group in which this label was written
 *      pool_guid       Unique identifier for this pool
 *      vdev_tree       An nvlist describing vdev tree.
 *
 * Each leaf device label also contains the following:
 *
 *      top_guid        Unique ID for top-level vdev in which this is contained
 *      guid            Unique ID for the leaf vdev
 *
 * The 'vs' configuration follows the format described in 'spa_config.c'.
 */

#include <sys/zfs_context.h>
#include <sys/spa.h>
#include <sys/spa_impl.h>
#include <sys/dmu.h>
#include <sys/zap.h>
#include <sys/vdev.h>
#include <sys/vdev_impl.h>
#include <sys/uberblock_impl.h>
#include <sys/metaslab.h>
#include <sys/zio.h>
#include <sys/fs/zfs.h>

/*
 * Basic routines to read and write from a vdev label.
 * Used throughout the rest of this file.
 */
uint64_t
vdev_label_offset(uint64_t psize, int l, uint64_t offset)
{
        ASSERT(offset < sizeof (vdev_label_t));
        ASSERT(P2PHASE_TYPED(psize, sizeof (vdev_label_t), uint64_t) == 0);

        return (offset + l * sizeof (vdev_label_t) + (l < VDEV_LABELS / 2 ?
            0 : psize - VDEV_LABELS * sizeof (vdev_label_t)));
}

/*
 * Returns back the vdev label associated with the passed in offset.
 */
int
vdev_label_number(uint64_t psize, uint64_t offset)
{
        int l;

        if (offset >= psize - VDEV_LABEL_END_SIZE) {
                offset -= psize - VDEV_LABEL_END_SIZE;
                offset += (VDEV_LABELS / 2) * sizeof (vdev_label_t);
        }
        l = offset / sizeof (vdev_label_t);
        return (l < VDEV_LABELS ? l : -1);
}

static void
vdev_label_read(zio_t *zio, vdev_t *vd, int l, void *buf, uint64_t offset,
        uint64_t size, zio_done_func_t *done, void *private, int flags)
{
        ASSERT(spa_config_held(zio->io_spa, SCL_STATE_ALL, RW_WRITER) ==
            SCL_STATE_ALL);
        ASSERT(flags & ZIO_FLAG_CONFIG_WRITER);

        zio_nowait(zio_read_phys(zio, vd,
            vdev_label_offset(vd->vdev_psize, l, offset),
            size, buf, ZIO_CHECKSUM_LABEL, done, private,
            ZIO_PRIORITY_SYNC_READ, flags, B_TRUE));
}

static void
vdev_label_write(zio_t *zio, vdev_t *vd, int l, void *buf, uint64_t offset,
        uint64_t size, zio_done_func_t *done, void *private, int flags)
{
        ASSERT(spa_config_held(zio->io_spa, SCL_ALL, RW_WRITER) == SCL_ALL ||
            (spa_config_held(zio->io_spa, SCL_CONFIG | SCL_STATE, RW_READER) ==
            (SCL_CONFIG | SCL_STATE) &&
            dsl_pool_sync_context(spa_get_dsl(zio->io_spa))));
        ASSERT(flags & ZIO_FLAG_CONFIG_WRITER);

        zio_nowait(zio_write_phys(zio, vd,
            vdev_label_offset(vd->vdev_psize, l, offset),
            size, buf, ZIO_CHECKSUM_LABEL, done, private,
            ZIO_PRIORITY_SYNC_WRITE, flags, B_TRUE));
}

/*
 * Generate the nvlist representing this vdev's config.
 */
nvlist_t *
vdev_config_generate(spa_t *spa, vdev_t *vd, boolean_t getstats,
    boolean_t isspare, boolean_t isl2cache)
{
        nvlist_t *nv = NULL;

        VERIFY(nvlist_alloc(&nv, NV_UNIQUE_NAME, KM_SLEEP) == 0);

        VERIFY(nvlist_add_string(nv, ZPOOL_CONFIG_TYPE,
            vd->vdev_ops->vdev_op_type) == 0);
        if (!isspare && !isl2cache)
                VERIFY(nvlist_add_uint64(nv, ZPOOL_CONFIG_ID, vd->vdev_id)
                    == 0);
        VERIFY(nvlist_add_uint64(nv, ZPOOL_CONFIG_GUID, vd->vdev_guid) == 0);

        if (vd->vdev_path != NULL)
                VERIFY(nvlist_add_string(nv, ZPOOL_CONFIG_PATH,
                    vd->vdev_path) == 0);

        if (vd->vdev_devid != NULL)
                VERIFY(nvlist_add_string(nv, ZPOOL_CONFIG_DEVID,
                    vd->vdev_devid) == 0);

        if (vd->vdev_physpath != NULL)
                VERIFY(nvlist_add_string(nv, ZPOOL_CONFIG_PHYS_PATH,
                    vd->vdev_physpath) == 0);

        if (vd->vdev_nparity != 0) {
                ASSERT(strcmp(vd->vdev_ops->vdev_op_type,
                    VDEV_TYPE_RAIDZ) == 0);

                /*
                 * Make sure someone hasn't managed to sneak a fancy new vdev
                 * into a crufty old storage pool.
                 */
                ASSERT(vd->vdev_nparity == 1 ||
                    (vd->vdev_nparity == 2 &&
                    spa_version(spa) >= SPA_VERSION_RAID6));

                /*
                 * Note that we'll add the nparity tag even on storage pools
                 * that only support a single parity device -- older software
                 * will just ignore it.
                 */
                VERIFY(nvlist_add_uint64(nv, ZPOOL_CONFIG_NPARITY,
                    vd->vdev_nparity) == 0);
        }

        if (vd->vdev_wholedisk != -1ULL)
                VERIFY(nvlist_add_uint64(nv, ZPOOL_CONFIG_WHOLE_DISK,
                    vd->vdev_wholedisk) == 0);

        if (vd->vdev_not_present)
                VERIFY(nvlist_add_uint64(nv, ZPOOL_CONFIG_NOT_PRESENT, 1) == 0);

        if (vd->vdev_isspare)
                VERIFY(nvlist_add_uint64(nv, ZPOOL_CONFIG_IS_SPARE, 1) == 0);

        if (!isspare && !isl2cache && vd == vd->vdev_top) {
                VERIFY(nvlist_add_uint64(nv, ZPOOL_CONFIG_METASLAB_ARRAY,
                    vd->vdev_ms_array) == 0);
                VERIFY(nvlist_add_uint64(nv, ZPOOL_CONFIG_METASLAB_SHIFT,
                    vd->vdev_ms_shift) == 0);
                VERIFY(nvlist_add_uint64(nv, ZPOOL_CONFIG_ASHIFT,
                    vd->vdev_ashift) == 0);
                VERIFY(nvlist_add_uint64(nv, ZPOOL_CONFIG_ASIZE,
                    vd->vdev_asize) == 0);
                VERIFY(nvlist_add_uint64(nv, ZPOOL_CONFIG_IS_LOG,
                    vd->vdev_islog) == 0);
        }

        if (vd->vdev_dtl_smo.smo_object != 0)
                VERIFY(nvlist_add_uint64(nv, ZPOOL_CONFIG_DTL,
                    vd->vdev_dtl_smo.smo_object) == 0);

        if (getstats) {
                vdev_stat_t vs;
                vdev_get_stats(vd, &vs);
                VERIFY(nvlist_add_uint64_array(nv, ZPOOL_CONFIG_STATS,
                    (uint64_t *)&vs, sizeof (vs) / sizeof (uint64_t)) == 0);
        }

        if (!vd->vdev_ops->vdev_op_leaf) {
                nvlist_t **child;
                int c;

                child = kmem_alloc(vd->vdev_children * sizeof (nvlist_t *),
                    KM_SLEEP);

                for (c = 0; c < vd->vdev_children; c++)
                        child[c] = vdev_config_generate(spa, vd->vdev_child[c],
                            getstats, isspare, isl2cache);

                VERIFY(nvlist_add_nvlist_array(nv, ZPOOL_CONFIG_CHILDREN,
                    child, vd->vdev_children) == 0);

                for (c = 0; c < vd->vdev_children; c++)
                        nvlist_free(child[c]);

                kmem_free(child, vd->vdev_children * sizeof (nvlist_t *));

        } else {
                if (vd->vdev_offline && !vd->vdev_tmpoffline)
                        VERIFY(nvlist_add_uint64(nv, ZPOOL_CONFIG_OFFLINE,
                            B_TRUE) == 0);
                if (vd->vdev_faulted)
                        VERIFY(nvlist_add_uint64(nv, ZPOOL_CONFIG_FAULTED,
                            B_TRUE) == 0);
                if (vd->vdev_degraded)
                        VERIFY(nvlist_add_uint64(nv, ZPOOL_CONFIG_DEGRADED,
                            B_TRUE) == 0);
                if (vd->vdev_removed)
                        VERIFY(nvlist_add_uint64(nv, ZPOOL_CONFIG_REMOVED,
                            B_TRUE) == 0);
                if (vd->vdev_unspare)
                        VERIFY(nvlist_add_uint64(nv, ZPOOL_CONFIG_UNSPARE,
                            B_TRUE) == 0);
        }

        return (nv);
}

nvlist_t *
vdev_label_read_config(vdev_t *vd)
{
        spa_t *spa = vd->vdev_spa;
        nvlist_t *config = NULL;
        vdev_phys_t *vp;
        zio_t *zio;
        int flags =
            ZIO_FLAG_CONFIG_WRITER | ZIO_FLAG_CANFAIL | ZIO_FLAG_SPECULATIVE;

        ASSERT(spa_config_held(spa, SCL_STATE_ALL, RW_WRITER) == SCL_STATE_ALL);

        if (!vdev_readable(vd))
                return (NULL);

        vp = zio_buf_alloc(sizeof (vdev_phys_t));

        for (int l = 0; l < VDEV_LABELS; l++) {

                zio = zio_root(spa, NULL, NULL, flags);

                vdev_label_read(zio, vd, l, vp,
                    offsetof(vdev_label_t, vl_vdev_phys),
                    sizeof (vdev_phys_t), NULL, NULL, flags);

                if (zio_wait(zio) == 0 &&
                    nvlist_unpack(vp->vp_nvlist, sizeof (vp->vp_nvlist),
                    &config, 0) == 0)
                        break;

                if (config != NULL) {
                        nvlist_free(config);
                        config = NULL;
                }
        }

        zio_buf_free(vp, sizeof (vdev_phys_t));

        return (config);
}

/*
 * Determine if a device is in use.  The 'spare_guid' parameter will be filled
 * in with the device guid if this spare is active elsewhere on the system.
 */
static boolean_t
vdev_inuse(vdev_t *vd, uint64_t crtxg, vdev_labeltype_t reason,
    uint64_t *spare_guid, uint64_t *l2cache_guid)
{
        spa_t *spa = vd->vdev_spa;
        uint64_t state, pool_guid, device_guid, txg, spare_pool;
        uint64_t vdtxg = 0;
        nvlist_t *label;

        if (spare_guid)
                *spare_guid = 0ULL;
        if (l2cache_guid)
                *l2cache_guid = 0ULL;

        /*
         * Read the label, if any, and perform some basic sanity checks.
         */
        if ((label = vdev_label_read_config(vd)) == NULL)
                return (B_FALSE);

        (void) nvlist_lookup_uint64(label, ZPOOL_CONFIG_CREATE_TXG,
            &vdtxg);

        if (nvlist_lookup_uint64(label, ZPOOL_CONFIG_POOL_STATE,
            &state) != 0 ||
            nvlist_lookup_uint64(label, ZPOOL_CONFIG_GUID,
            &device_guid) != 0) {
                nvlist_free(label);
                return (B_FALSE);
        }

        if (state != POOL_STATE_SPARE && state != POOL_STATE_L2CACHE &&
            (nvlist_lookup_uint64(label, ZPOOL_CONFIG_POOL_GUID,
            &pool_guid) != 0 ||
            nvlist_lookup_uint64(label, ZPOOL_CONFIG_POOL_TXG,
            &txg) != 0)) {
                nvlist_free(label);
                return (B_FALSE);
        }

        nvlist_free(label);

        /*
         * Check to see if this device indeed belongs to the pool it claims to
         * be a part of.  The only way this is allowed is if the device is a hot
         * spare (which we check for later on).
         */
        if (state != POOL_STATE_SPARE && state != POOL_STATE_L2CACHE &&
            !spa_guid_exists(pool_guid, device_guid) &&
            !spa_spare_exists(device_guid, NULL, NULL) &&
            !spa_l2cache_exists(device_guid, NULL))
                return (B_FALSE);

        /*
         * If the transaction group is zero, then this an initialized (but
         * unused) label.  This is only an error if the create transaction
         * on-disk is the same as the one we're using now, in which case the
         * user has attempted to add the same vdev multiple times in the same
         * transaction.
         */
        if (state != POOL_STATE_SPARE && state != POOL_STATE_L2CACHE &&
            txg == 0 && vdtxg == crtxg)
                return (B_TRUE);

        /*
         * Check to see if this is a spare device.  We do an explicit check for
         * spa_has_spare() here because it may be on our pending list of spares
         * to add.  We also check if it is an l2cache device.
         */
        if (spa_spare_exists(device_guid, &spare_pool, NULL) ||
            spa_has_spare(spa, device_guid)) {
                if (spare_guid)
                        *spare_guid = device_guid;

                switch (reason) {
                case VDEV_LABEL_CREATE:
                case VDEV_LABEL_L2CACHE:
                        return (B_TRUE);

                case VDEV_LABEL_REPLACE:
                        return (!spa_has_spare(spa, device_guid) ||
                            spare_pool != 0ULL);

                case VDEV_LABEL_SPARE:
                        return (spa_has_spare(spa, device_guid));
                }
        }

        /*
         * Check to see if this is an l2cache device.
         */
        if (spa_l2cache_exists(device_guid, NULL))
                return (B_TRUE);

        /*
         * If the device is marked ACTIVE, then this device is in use by another
         * pool on the system.
         */
        return (state == POOL_STATE_ACTIVE);
}

/*
 * Initialize a vdev label.  We check to make sure each leaf device is not in
 * use, and writable.  We put down an initial label which we will later
 * overwrite with a complete label.  Note that it's important to do this
 * sequentially, not in parallel, so that we catch cases of multiple use of the
 * same leaf vdev in the vdev we're creating -- e.g. mirroring a disk with
 * itself.
 */
int
vdev_label_init(vdev_t *vd, uint64_t crtxg, vdev_labeltype_t reason)
{
        spa_t *spa = vd->vdev_spa;
        nvlist_t *label;
        vdev_phys_t *vp;
        vdev_boot_header_t *vb;
        uberblock_t *ub;
        zio_t *zio;
        char *buf;
        size_t buflen;
        int error;
        uint64_t spare_guid, l2cache_guid;
        int flags = ZIO_FLAG_CONFIG_WRITER | ZIO_FLAG_CANFAIL;

        ASSERT(spa_config_held(spa, SCL_ALL, RW_WRITER) == SCL_ALL);

        for (int c = 0; c < vd->vdev_children; c++)
                if ((error = vdev_label_init(vd->vdev_child[c],
                    crtxg, reason)) != 0)
                        return (error);

        if (!vd->vdev_ops->vdev_op_leaf)
                return (0);

        /*
         * Dead vdevs cannot be initialized.
         */
        if (vdev_is_dead(vd))
                return (EIO);

        /*
         * Determine if the vdev is in use.
         */
        if (reason != VDEV_LABEL_REMOVE &&
            vdev_inuse(vd, crtxg, reason, &spare_guid, &l2cache_guid))
                return (EBUSY);

        /*
         * If this is a request to add or replace a spare or l2cache device
         * that is in use elsewhere on the system, then we must update the
         * guid (which was initialized to a random value) to reflect the
         * actual GUID (which is shared between multiple pools).
         */
        if (reason != VDEV_LABEL_REMOVE && reason != VDEV_LABEL_L2CACHE &&
            spare_guid != 0ULL) {
                uint64_t guid_delta = spare_guid - vd->vdev_guid;

                vd->vdev_guid += guid_delta;

                for (vdev_t *pvd = vd; pvd != NULL; pvd = pvd->vdev_parent)
                        pvd->vdev_guid_sum += guid_delta;

                /*
                 * If this is a replacement, then we want to fallthrough to the
                 * rest of the code.  If we're adding a spare, then it's already
                 * labeled appropriately and we can just return.
                 */
                if (reason == VDEV_LABEL_SPARE)
                        return (0);
                ASSERT(reason == VDEV_LABEL_REPLACE);
        }

        if (reason != VDEV_LABEL_REMOVE && reason != VDEV_LABEL_SPARE &&
            l2cache_guid != 0ULL) {
                uint64_t guid_delta = l2cache_guid - vd->vdev_guid;

                vd->vdev_guid += guid_delta;

                for (vdev_t *pvd = vd; pvd != NULL; pvd = pvd->vdev_parent)
                        pvd->vdev_guid_sum += guid_delta;

                /*
                 * If this is a replacement, then we want to fallthrough to the
                 * rest of the code.  If we're adding an l2cache, then it's
                 * already labeled appropriately and we can just return.
                 */
                if (reason == VDEV_LABEL_L2CACHE)
                        return (0);
                ASSERT(reason == VDEV_LABEL_REPLACE);
        }

        /*
         * Initialize its label.
         */
        vp = zio_buf_alloc(sizeof (vdev_phys_t));
        bzero(vp, sizeof (vdev_phys_t));

        /*
         * Generate a label describing the pool and our top-level vdev.
         * We mark it as being from txg 0 to indicate that it's not
         * really part of an active pool just yet.  The labels will
         * be written again with a meaningful txg by spa_sync().
         */
        if (reason == VDEV_LABEL_SPARE ||
            (reason == VDEV_LABEL_REMOVE && vd->vdev_isspare)) {
                /*
                 * For inactive hot spares, we generate a special label that
                 * identifies as a mutually shared hot spare.  We write the
                 * label if we are adding a hot spare, or if we are removing an
                 * active hot spare (in which case we want to revert the
                 * labels).
                 */
                VERIFY(nvlist_alloc(&label, NV_UNIQUE_NAME, KM_SLEEP) == 0);

                VERIFY(nvlist_add_uint64(label, ZPOOL_CONFIG_VERSION,
                    spa_version(spa)) == 0);
                VERIFY(nvlist_add_uint64(label, ZPOOL_CONFIG_POOL_STATE,
                    POOL_STATE_SPARE) == 0);
                VERIFY(nvlist_add_uint64(label, ZPOOL_CONFIG_GUID,
                    vd->vdev_guid) == 0);
        } else if (reason == VDEV_LABEL_L2CACHE ||
            (reason == VDEV_LABEL_REMOVE && vd->vdev_isl2cache)) {
                /*
                 * For level 2 ARC devices, add a special label.
                 */
                VERIFY(nvlist_alloc(&label, NV_UNIQUE_NAME, KM_SLEEP) == 0);

                VERIFY(nvlist_add_uint64(label, ZPOOL_CONFIG_VERSION,
                    spa_version(spa)) == 0);
                VERIFY(nvlist_add_uint64(label, ZPOOL_CONFIG_POOL_STATE,
                    POOL_STATE_L2CACHE) == 0);
                VERIFY(nvlist_add_uint64(label, ZPOOL_CONFIG_GUID,
                    vd->vdev_guid) == 0);
        } else {
                label = spa_config_generate(spa, vd, 0ULL, B_FALSE);

                /*
                 * Add our creation time.  This allows us to detect multiple
                 * vdev uses as described above, and automatically expires if we
                 * fail.
                 */
                VERIFY(nvlist_add_uint64(label, ZPOOL_CONFIG_CREATE_TXG,
                    crtxg) == 0);
        }

        buf = vp->vp_nvlist;
        buflen = sizeof (vp->vp_nvlist);

        error = nvlist_pack(label, &buf, &buflen, NV_ENCODE_XDR, KM_SLEEP);
        if (error != 0) {
                nvlist_free(label);
                zio_buf_free(vp, sizeof (vdev_phys_t));
                /* EFAULT means nvlist_pack ran out of room */
                return (error == EFAULT ? ENAMETOOLONG : EINVAL);
        }

        /*
         * Initialize boot block header.
         */
        vb = zio_buf_alloc(sizeof (vdev_boot_header_t));
        bzero(vb, sizeof (vdev_boot_header_t));
        vb->vb_magic = VDEV_BOOT_MAGIC;
        vb->vb_version = VDEV_BOOT_VERSION;
        vb->vb_offset = VDEV_BOOT_OFFSET;
        vb->vb_size = VDEV_BOOT_SIZE;

        /*
         * Initialize uberblock template.
         */
        ub = zio_buf_alloc(VDEV_UBERBLOCK_SIZE(vd));
        bzero(ub, VDEV_UBERBLOCK_SIZE(vd));
        *ub = spa->spa_uberblock;
        ub->ub_txg = 0;

        /*
         * Write everything in parallel.
         */
        zio = zio_root(spa, NULL, NULL, flags);

        for (int l = 0; l < VDEV_LABELS; l++) {

                vdev_label_write(zio, vd, l, vp,
                    offsetof(vdev_label_t, vl_vdev_phys),
                    sizeof (vdev_phys_t), NULL, NULL, flags);

                vdev_label_write(zio, vd, l, vb,
                    offsetof(vdev_label_t, vl_boot_header),
                    sizeof (vdev_boot_header_t), NULL, NULL, flags);

                for (int n = 0; n < VDEV_UBERBLOCK_COUNT(vd); n++) {
                        vdev_label_write(zio, vd, l, ub,
                            VDEV_UBERBLOCK_OFFSET(vd, n),
                            VDEV_UBERBLOCK_SIZE(vd), NULL, NULL, flags);
                }
        }

        error = zio_wait(zio);

        nvlist_free(label);
        zio_buf_free(ub, VDEV_UBERBLOCK_SIZE(vd));
        zio_buf_free(vb, sizeof (vdev_boot_header_t));
        zio_buf_free(vp, sizeof (vdev_phys_t));

        /*
         * If this vdev hasn't been previously identified as a spare, then we
         * mark it as such only if a) we are labeling it as a spare, or b) it
         * exists as a spare elsewhere in the system.  Do the same for
         * level 2 ARC devices.
         */
        if (error == 0 && !vd->vdev_isspare &&
            (reason == VDEV_LABEL_SPARE ||
            spa_spare_exists(vd->vdev_guid, NULL, NULL)))
                spa_spare_add(vd);

        if (error == 0 && !vd->vdev_isl2cache &&
            (reason == VDEV_LABEL_L2CACHE ||
            spa_l2cache_exists(vd->vdev_guid, NULL)))
                spa_l2cache_add(vd);

        return (error);
}

/*
 * ==========================================================================
 * uberblock load/sync
 * ==========================================================================
 */

/*
 * For use by zdb and debugging purposes only
 */
uint64_t ub_max_txg = UINT64_MAX;

/*
 * Consider the following situation: txg is safely synced to disk.  We've
 * written the first uberblock for txg + 1, and then we lose power.  When we
 * come back up, we fail to see the uberblock for txg + 1 because, say,
 * it was on a mirrored device and the replica to which we wrote txg + 1
 * is now offline.  If we then make some changes and sync txg + 1, and then
 * the missing replica comes back, then for a new seconds we'll have two
 * conflicting uberblocks on disk with the same txg.  The solution is simple:
 * among uberblocks with equal txg, choose the one with the latest timestamp.
 */
static int
vdev_uberblock_compare(uberblock_t *ub1, uberblock_t *ub2)
{
        if (ub1->ub_txg < ub2->ub_txg)
                return (-1);
        if (ub1->ub_txg > ub2->ub_txg)
                return (1);

        if (ub1->ub_timestamp < ub2->ub_timestamp)
                return (-1);
        if (ub1->ub_timestamp > ub2->ub_timestamp)
                return (1);

        return (0);
}

static void
vdev_uberblock_load_done(zio_t *zio)
{
        zio_t *rio = zio->io_private;
        uberblock_t *ub = zio->io_data;
        uberblock_t *ubbest = rio->io_private;

        ASSERT3U(zio->io_size, ==, VDEV_UBERBLOCK_SIZE(zio->io_vd));

        if (zio->io_error == 0 && uberblock_verify(ub) == 0) {
                mutex_enter(&rio->io_lock);
                if (ub->ub_txg <= ub_max_txg &&
                    vdev_uberblock_compare(ub, ubbest) > 0)
                        *ubbest = *ub;
                mutex_exit(&rio->io_lock);
        }

        zio_buf_free(zio->io_data, zio->io_size);
}

void
vdev_uberblock_load(zio_t *zio, vdev_t *vd, uberblock_t *ubbest)
{
        spa_t *spa = vd->vdev_spa;
        vdev_t *rvd = spa->spa_root_vdev;
        int flags =
            ZIO_FLAG_CONFIG_WRITER | ZIO_FLAG_CANFAIL | ZIO_FLAG_SPECULATIVE;

        if (vd == rvd) {
                ASSERT(zio == NULL);
                spa_config_enter(spa, SCL_ALL, FTAG, RW_WRITER);
                zio = zio_root(spa, NULL, ubbest, flags);
                bzero(ubbest, sizeof (uberblock_t));
        }

        ASSERT(zio != NULL);

        for (int c = 0; c < vd->vdev_children; c++)
                vdev_uberblock_load(zio, vd->vdev_child[c], ubbest);

        if (vd->vdev_ops->vdev_op_leaf && vdev_readable(vd)) {
                for (int l = 0; l < VDEV_LABELS; l++) {
                        for (int n = 0; n < VDEV_UBERBLOCK_COUNT(vd); n++) {
                                vdev_label_read(zio, vd, l,
                                    zio_buf_alloc(VDEV_UBERBLOCK_SIZE(vd)),
                                    VDEV_UBERBLOCK_OFFSET(vd, n),
                                    VDEV_UBERBLOCK_SIZE(vd),
                                    vdev_uberblock_load_done, zio, flags);
                        }
                }
        }

        if (vd == rvd) {
                (void) zio_wait(zio);
                spa_config_exit(spa, SCL_ALL, FTAG);
        }
}

/*
 * On success, increment root zio's count of good writes.
 * We only get credit for writes to known-visible vdevs; see spa_vdev_add().
 */
static void
vdev_uberblock_sync_done(zio_t *zio)
{
        uint64_t *good_writes = zio->io_private;

        if (zio->io_error == 0 && zio->io_vd->vdev_top->vdev_ms_array != 0)
                atomic_add_64(good_writes, 1);
}

/*
 * Write the uberblock to all labels of all leaves of the specified vdev.
 */
static void
vdev_uberblock_sync(zio_t *zio, uberblock_t *ub, vdev_t *vd, int flags)
{
        uberblock_t *ubbuf;
        int n;

        for (int c = 0; c < vd->vdev_children; c++)
                vdev_uberblock_sync(zio, ub, vd->vdev_child[c], flags);

        if (!vd->vdev_ops->vdev_op_leaf)
                return;

        if (!vdev_writeable(vd))
                return;

        n = ub->ub_txg & (VDEV_UBERBLOCK_COUNT(vd) - 1);

        ubbuf = zio_buf_alloc(VDEV_UBERBLOCK_SIZE(vd));
        bzero(ubbuf, VDEV_UBERBLOCK_SIZE(vd));
        *ubbuf = *ub;

        for (int l = 0; l < VDEV_LABELS; l++)
                vdev_label_write(zio, vd, l, ubbuf,
                    VDEV_UBERBLOCK_OFFSET(vd, n), VDEV_UBERBLOCK_SIZE(vd),
                    vdev_uberblock_sync_done, zio->io_private,
                    flags | ZIO_FLAG_DONT_PROPAGATE);

        zio_buf_free(ubbuf, VDEV_UBERBLOCK_SIZE(vd));
}

int
vdev_uberblock_sync_list(vdev_t **svd, int svdcount, uberblock_t *ub, int flags)
{
        spa_t *spa = svd[0]->vdev_spa;
        zio_t *zio;
        uint64_t good_writes = 0;

        zio = zio_root(spa, NULL, &good_writes, flags);

        for (int v = 0; v < svdcount; v++)
                vdev_uberblock_sync(zio, ub, svd[v], flags);

        (void) zio_wait(zio);

        /*
         * Flush the uberblocks to disk.  This ensures that the odd labels
         * are no longer needed (because the new uberblocks and the even
         * labels are safely on disk), so it is safe to overwrite them.
         */
        zio = zio_root(spa, NULL, NULL, flags);

        for (int v = 0; v < svdcount; v++)
                zio_flush(zio, svd[v]);

        (void) zio_wait(zio);

        return (good_writes >= 1 ? 0 : EIO);
}

/*
 * On success, increment the count of good writes for our top-level vdev.
 */
static void
vdev_label_sync_done(zio_t *zio)
{
        uint64_t *good_writes = zio->io_private;

        if (zio->io_error == 0)
                atomic_add_64(good_writes, 1);
}

/*
 * If there weren't enough good writes, indicate failure to the parent.
 */
static void
vdev_label_sync_top_done(zio_t *zio)
{
        uint64_t *good_writes = zio->io_private;

        if (*good_writes == 0)
                zio->io_error = EIO;

        kmem_free(good_writes, sizeof (uint64_t));
}

/*
 * We ignore errors for log and cache devices, simply free the private data.
 */
static void
vdev_label_sync_ignore_done(zio_t *zio)
{
        kmem_free(zio->io_private, sizeof (uint64_t));
}

/*
 * Write all even or odd labels to all leaves of the specified vdev.
 */
static void
vdev_label_sync(zio_t *zio, vdev_t *vd, int l, uint64_t txg, int flags)
{
        nvlist_t *label;
        vdev_phys_t *vp;
        char *buf;
        size_t buflen;

        for (int c = 0; c < vd->vdev_children; c++)
                vdev_label_sync(zio, vd->vdev_child[c], l, txg, flags);

        if (!vd->vdev_ops->vdev_op_leaf)
                return;

        if (!vdev_writeable(vd))
                return;

        /*
         * Generate a label describing the top-level config to which we belong.
         */
        label = spa_config_generate(vd->vdev_spa, vd, txg, B_FALSE);

        vp = zio_buf_alloc(sizeof (vdev_phys_t));
        bzero(vp, sizeof (vdev_phys_t));

        buf = vp->vp_nvlist;
        buflen = sizeof (vp->vp_nvlist);

        if (nvlist_pack(label, &buf, &buflen, NV_ENCODE_XDR, KM_SLEEP) == 0) {
                for (; l < VDEV_LABELS; l += 2) {
                        vdev_label_write(zio, vd, l, vp,
                            offsetof(vdev_label_t, vl_vdev_phys),
                            sizeof (vdev_phys_t),
                            vdev_label_sync_done, zio->io_private,
                            flags | ZIO_FLAG_DONT_PROPAGATE);
                }
        }

        zio_buf_free(vp, sizeof (vdev_phys_t));
        nvlist_free(label);
}

int
vdev_label_sync_list(spa_t *spa, int l, uint64_t txg, int flags)
{
        list_t *dl = &spa->spa_config_dirty_list;
        vdev_t *vd;
        zio_t *zio;
        int error;

        /*
         * Write the new labels to disk.
         */
        zio = zio_root(spa, NULL, NULL, flags);

        for (vd = list_head(dl); vd != NULL; vd = list_next(dl, vd)) {
                uint64_t *good_writes = kmem_zalloc(sizeof (uint64_t),
                    KM_SLEEP);
                zio_t *vio = zio_null(zio, spa, NULL,
                    (vd->vdev_islog || vd->vdev_aux != NULL) ?
                    vdev_label_sync_ignore_done : vdev_label_sync_top_done,
                    good_writes, flags);
                vdev_label_sync(vio, vd, l, txg, flags);
                zio_nowait(vio);
        }

        error = zio_wait(zio);

        /*
         * Flush the new labels to disk.
         */
        zio = zio_root(spa, NULL, NULL, flags);

        for (vd = list_head(dl); vd != NULL; vd = list_next(dl, vd))
                zio_flush(zio, vd);

        (void) zio_wait(zio);

        return (error);
}

/*
 * Sync the uberblock and any changes to the vdev configuration.
 *
 * The order of operations is carefully crafted to ensure that
 * if the system panics or loses power at any time, the state on disk
 * is still transactionally consistent.  The in-line comments below
 * describe the failure semantics at each stage.
 *
 * Moreover, vdev_config_sync() is designed to be idempotent: if it fails
 * at any time, you can just call it again, and it will resume its work.
 */
int
vdev_config_sync(vdev_t **svd, int svdcount, uint64_t txg)
{
        spa_t *spa = svd[0]->vdev_spa;
        uberblock_t *ub = &spa->spa_uberblock;
        vdev_t *vd;
        zio_t *zio;
        int error;
        int flags = ZIO_FLAG_CONFIG_WRITER | ZIO_FLAG_CANFAIL;

        ASSERT(ub->ub_txg <= txg);

        /*
         * If this isn't a resync due to I/O errors,
         * and nothing changed in this transaction group,
         * and the vdev configuration hasn't changed,
         * then there's nothing to do.
         */
        if (ub->ub_txg < txg &&
            uberblock_update(ub, spa->spa_root_vdev, txg) == B_FALSE &&
            list_is_empty(&spa->spa_config_dirty_list))
                return (0);

        if (txg > spa_freeze_txg(spa))
                return (0);

        ASSERT(txg <= spa->spa_final_txg);

        /*
         * Flush the write cache of every disk that's been written to
         * in this transaction group.  This ensures that all blocks
         * written in this txg will be committed to stable storage
         * before any uberblock that references them.
         */
        zio = zio_root(spa, NULL, NULL, flags);

        for (vd = txg_list_head(&spa->spa_vdev_txg_list, TXG_CLEAN(txg)); vd;
            vd = txg_list_next(&spa->spa_vdev_txg_list, vd, TXG_CLEAN(txg)))
                zio_flush(zio, vd);

        (void) zio_wait(zio);

        /*
         * Sync out the even labels (L0, L2) for every dirty vdev.  If the
         * system dies in the middle of this process, that's OK: all of the
         * even labels that made it to disk will be newer than any uberblock,
         * and will therefore be considered invalid.  The odd labels (L1, L3),
         * which have not yet been touched, will still be valid.  We flush
         * the new labels to disk to ensure that all even-label updates
         * are committed to stable storage before the uberblock update.
         */
        if ((error = vdev_label_sync_list(spa, 0, txg, flags)) != 0)
                return (error);

        /*
         * Sync the uberblocks to all vdevs in svd[].
         * If the system dies in the middle of this step, there are two cases
         * to consider, and the on-disk state is consistent either way:
         *
         * (1)  If none of the new uberblocks made it to disk, then the
         *      previous uberblock will be the newest, and the odd labels
         *      (which had not yet been touched) will be valid with respect
         *      to that uberblock.
         *
         * (2)  If one or more new uberblocks made it to disk, then they
         *      will be the newest, and the even labels (which had all
         *      been successfully committed) will be valid with respect
         *      to the new uberblocks.
         */
        if ((error = vdev_uberblock_sync_list(svd, svdcount, ub, flags)) != 0)
                return (error);

        /*
         * Sync out odd labels for every dirty vdev.  If the system dies
         * in the middle of this process, the even labels and the new
         * uberblocks will suffice to open the pool.  The next time
         * the pool is opened, the first thing we'll do -- before any
         * user data is modified -- is mark every vdev dirty so that
         * all labels will be brought up to date.  We flush the new labels
         * to disk to ensure that all odd-label updates are committed to
         * stable storage before the next transaction group begins.
         */
        return (vdev_label_sync_list(spa, 1, txg, flags));
}