[mirror_zfs.git] / module / os / linux / zfs / zvol_os.c

/*
 * CDDL HEADER START
 *
 * The contents of this file are subject to the terms of the
 * Common Development and Distribution License (the "License").
 * You may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
 *
 * You can obtain a copy of the license at usr/src/OPENSOLARIS.LICENSE
 * or https://opensource.org/licenses/CDDL-1.0.
 * See the License for the specific language governing permissions
 * and limitations under the License.
 *
 * When distributing Covered Code, include this CDDL HEADER in each
 * file and include the License file at usr/src/OPENSOLARIS.LICENSE.
 * If applicable, add the following below this CDDL HEADER, with the
 * fields enclosed by brackets "[]" replaced with your own identifying
 * information: Portions Copyright [yyyy] [name of copyright owner]
 *
 * CDDL HEADER END
 */
/*
 * Copyright (c) 2012, 2020 by Delphix. All rights reserved.
 */

#include <sys/dataset_kstats.h>
#include <sys/dbuf.h>
#include <sys/dmu_traverse.h>
#include <sys/dsl_dataset.h>
#include <sys/dsl_prop.h>
#include <sys/dsl_dir.h>
#include <sys/zap.h>
#include <sys/zfeature.h>
#include <sys/zil_impl.h>
#include <sys/dmu_tx.h>
#include <sys/zio.h>
#include <sys/zfs_rlock.h>
#include <sys/spa_impl.h>
#include <sys/zvol.h>
#include <sys/zvol_impl.h>
#include <cityhash.h>

#include <linux/blkdev_compat.h>
#include <linux/task_io_accounting_ops.h>

#ifdef HAVE_BLK_MQ
#include <linux/blk-mq.h>
#endif

static void zvol_request_impl(zvol_state_t *zv, struct bio *bio,
    struct request *rq, boolean_t force_sync);

static unsigned int zvol_major = ZVOL_MAJOR;
static unsigned int zvol_request_sync = 0;
static unsigned int zvol_prefetch_bytes = (128 * 1024);
static unsigned long zvol_max_discard_blocks = 16384;

/*
 * Switch taskq at multiple of 512 MB offset. This can be set to a lower value
 * to utilize more threads for small files but may affect prefetch hits.
 */
#define ZVOL_TASKQ_OFFSET_SHIFT 29

#ifndef HAVE_BLKDEV_GET_ERESTARTSYS
static unsigned int zvol_open_timeout_ms = 1000;
#endif

static unsigned int zvol_threads = 0;
#ifdef HAVE_BLK_MQ
static unsigned int zvol_blk_mq_threads = 0;
static unsigned int zvol_blk_mq_actual_threads;
static boolean_t zvol_use_blk_mq = B_FALSE;

/*
 * The maximum number of volblocksize blocks to process per thread.  Typically,
 * write heavy workloads preform better with higher values here, and read
 * heavy workloads preform better with lower values, but that's not a hard
 * and fast rule.  It's basically a knob to tune between "less overhead with
 * less parallelism" and "more overhead, but more parallelism".
 *
 * '8' was chosen as a reasonable, balanced, default based off of sequential
 * read and write tests to a zvol in an NVMe pool (with 16 CPUs).
 */
static unsigned int zvol_blk_mq_blocks_per_thread = 8;
#endif

static unsigned int zvol_num_taskqs = 0;

#ifndef BLKDEV_DEFAULT_RQ
/* BLKDEV_MAX_RQ was renamed to BLKDEV_DEFAULT_RQ in the 5.16 kernel */
#define BLKDEV_DEFAULT_RQ BLKDEV_MAX_RQ
#endif

/*
 * Finalize our BIO or request.
 */
#ifdef  HAVE_BLK_MQ
#define END_IO(zv, bio, rq, error)  do { \
        if (bio) { \
                BIO_END_IO(bio, error); \
        } else { \
                blk_mq_end_request(rq, errno_to_bi_status(error)); \
        } \
} while (0)
#else
#define END_IO(zv, bio, rq, error)      BIO_END_IO(bio, error)
#endif

#ifdef HAVE_BLK_MQ
static unsigned int zvol_blk_mq_queue_depth = BLKDEV_DEFAULT_RQ;
static unsigned int zvol_actual_blk_mq_queue_depth;
#endif

struct zvol_state_os {
        struct gendisk          *zvo_disk;      /* generic disk */
        struct request_queue    *zvo_queue;     /* request queue */
        dev_t                   zvo_dev;        /* device id */

#ifdef HAVE_BLK_MQ
        struct blk_mq_tag_set tag_set;
#endif

        /* Set from the global 'zvol_use_blk_mq' at zvol load */
        boolean_t use_blk_mq;
};

typedef struct zv_taskq {
        uint_t tqs_cnt;
        taskq_t **tqs_taskq;
} zv_taskq_t;
static zv_taskq_t zvol_taskqs;
static struct ida zvol_ida;

typedef struct zv_request_stack {
        zvol_state_t    *zv;
        struct bio      *bio;
        struct request *rq;
} zv_request_t;

typedef struct zv_work {
        struct request  *rq;
        struct work_struct work;
} zv_work_t;

typedef struct zv_request_task {
        zv_request_t zvr;
        taskq_ent_t     ent;
} zv_request_task_t;

static zv_request_task_t *
zv_request_task_create(zv_request_t zvr)
{
        zv_request_task_t *task;
        task = kmem_alloc(sizeof (zv_request_task_t), KM_SLEEP);
        taskq_init_ent(&task->ent);
        task->zvr = zvr;
        return (task);
}

static void
zv_request_task_free(zv_request_task_t *task)
{
        kmem_free(task, sizeof (*task));
}

#ifdef HAVE_BLK_MQ

/*
 * This is called when a new block multiqueue request comes in.  A request
 * contains one or more BIOs.
 */
static blk_status_t zvol_mq_queue_rq(struct blk_mq_hw_ctx *hctx,
    const struct blk_mq_queue_data *bd)
{
        struct request *rq = bd->rq;
        zvol_state_t *zv = rq->q->queuedata;

        /* Tell the kernel that we are starting to process this request */
        blk_mq_start_request(rq);

        if (blk_rq_is_passthrough(rq)) {
                /* Skip non filesystem request */
                blk_mq_end_request(rq, BLK_STS_IOERR);
                return (BLK_STS_IOERR);
        }

        zvol_request_impl(zv, NULL, rq, 0);

        /* Acknowledge to the kernel that we got this request */
        return (BLK_STS_OK);
}

static struct blk_mq_ops zvol_blk_mq_queue_ops = {
        .queue_rq = zvol_mq_queue_rq,
};

/* Initialize our blk-mq struct */
static int zvol_blk_mq_alloc_tag_set(zvol_state_t *zv)
{
        struct zvol_state_os *zso = zv->zv_zso;

        memset(&zso->tag_set, 0, sizeof (zso->tag_set));

        /* Initialize tag set. */
        zso->tag_set.ops = &zvol_blk_mq_queue_ops;
        zso->tag_set.nr_hw_queues = zvol_blk_mq_actual_threads;
        zso->tag_set.queue_depth = zvol_actual_blk_mq_queue_depth;
        zso->tag_set.numa_node = NUMA_NO_NODE;
        zso->tag_set.cmd_size = 0;

        /*
         * We need BLK_MQ_F_BLOCKING here since we do blocking calls in
         * zvol_request_impl()
         */
        zso->tag_set.flags = BLK_MQ_F_SHOULD_MERGE | BLK_MQ_F_BLOCKING;
        zso->tag_set.driver_data = zv;

        return (blk_mq_alloc_tag_set(&zso->tag_set));
}
#endif /* HAVE_BLK_MQ */

/*
 * Given a path, return TRUE if path is a ZVOL.
 */
boolean_t
zvol_os_is_zvol(const char *path)
{
        dev_t dev = 0;

        if (vdev_lookup_bdev(path, &dev) != 0)
                return (B_FALSE);

        if (MAJOR(dev) == zvol_major)
                return (B_TRUE);

        return (B_FALSE);
}

static void
zvol_write(zv_request_t *zvr)
{
        struct bio *bio = zvr->bio;
        struct request *rq = zvr->rq;
        int error = 0;
        zfs_uio_t uio;
        zvol_state_t *zv = zvr->zv;
        struct request_queue *q;
        struct gendisk *disk;
        unsigned long start_time = 0;
        boolean_t acct = B_FALSE;

        ASSERT3P(zv, !=, NULL);
        ASSERT3U(zv->zv_open_count, >, 0);
        ASSERT3P(zv->zv_zilog, !=, NULL);

        q = zv->zv_zso->zvo_queue;
        disk = zv->zv_zso->zvo_disk;

        /* bio marked as FLUSH need to flush before write */
        if (io_is_flush(bio, rq))
                zil_commit(zv->zv_zilog, ZVOL_OBJ);

        /* Some requests are just for flush and nothing else. */
        if (io_size(bio, rq) == 0) {
                rw_exit(&zv->zv_suspend_lock);
                END_IO(zv, bio, rq, 0);
                return;
        }

        zfs_uio_bvec_init(&uio, bio, rq);

        ssize_t start_resid = uio.uio_resid;

        /*
         * With use_blk_mq, accounting is done by blk_mq_start_request()
         * and blk_mq_end_request(), so we can skip it here.
         */
        if (bio) {
                acct = blk_queue_io_stat(q);
                if (acct) {
                        start_time = blk_generic_start_io_acct(q, disk, WRITE,
                            bio);
                }
        }

        boolean_t sync =
            io_is_fua(bio, rq) || zv->zv_objset->os_sync == ZFS_SYNC_ALWAYS;

        zfs_locked_range_t *lr = zfs_rangelock_enter(&zv->zv_rangelock,
            uio.uio_loffset, uio.uio_resid, RL_WRITER);

        uint64_t volsize = zv->zv_volsize;
        while (uio.uio_resid > 0 && uio.uio_loffset < volsize) {
                uint64_t bytes = MIN(uio.uio_resid, DMU_MAX_ACCESS >> 1);
                uint64_t off = uio.uio_loffset;
                dmu_tx_t *tx = dmu_tx_create(zv->zv_objset);

                if (bytes > volsize - off)      /* don't write past the end */
                        bytes = volsize - off;

                dmu_tx_hold_write_by_dnode(tx, zv->zv_dn, off, bytes);

                /* This will only fail for ENOSPC */
                error = dmu_tx_assign(tx, TXG_WAIT);
                if (error) {
                        dmu_tx_abort(tx);
                        break;
                }
                error = dmu_write_uio_dnode(zv->zv_dn, &uio, bytes, tx);
                if (error == 0) {
                        zvol_log_write(zv, tx, off, bytes, sync);
                }
                dmu_tx_commit(tx);

                if (error)
                        break;
        }
        zfs_rangelock_exit(lr);

        int64_t nwritten = start_resid - uio.uio_resid;
        dataset_kstats_update_write_kstats(&zv->zv_kstat, nwritten);
        task_io_account_write(nwritten);

        if (sync)
                zil_commit(zv->zv_zilog, ZVOL_OBJ);

        rw_exit(&zv->zv_suspend_lock);

        if (bio && acct) {
                blk_generic_end_io_acct(q, disk, WRITE, bio, start_time);
        }

        END_IO(zv, bio, rq, -error);
}

static void
zvol_write_task(void *arg)
{
        zv_request_task_t *task = arg;
        zvol_write(&task->zvr);
        zv_request_task_free(task);
}

static void
zvol_discard(zv_request_t *zvr)
{
        struct bio *bio = zvr->bio;
        struct request *rq = zvr->rq;
        zvol_state_t *zv = zvr->zv;
        uint64_t start = io_offset(bio, rq);
        uint64_t size = io_size(bio, rq);
        uint64_t end = start + size;
        boolean_t sync;
        int error = 0;
        dmu_tx_t *tx;
        struct request_queue *q = zv->zv_zso->zvo_queue;
        struct gendisk *disk = zv->zv_zso->zvo_disk;
        unsigned long start_time = 0;
        boolean_t acct = B_FALSE;

        ASSERT3P(zv, !=, NULL);
        ASSERT3U(zv->zv_open_count, >, 0);
        ASSERT3P(zv->zv_zilog, !=, NULL);

        if (bio) {
                acct = blk_queue_io_stat(q);
                if (acct) {
                        start_time = blk_generic_start_io_acct(q, disk, WRITE,
                            bio);
                }
        }

        sync = io_is_fua(bio, rq) || zv->zv_objset->os_sync == ZFS_SYNC_ALWAYS;

        if (end > zv->zv_volsize) {
                error = SET_ERROR(EIO);
                goto unlock;
        }

        /*
         * Align the request to volume block boundaries when a secure erase is
         * not required.  This will prevent dnode_free_range() from zeroing out
         * the unaligned parts which is slow (read-modify-write) and useless
         * since we are not freeing any space by doing so.
         */
        if (!io_is_secure_erase(bio, rq)) {
                start = P2ROUNDUP(start, zv->zv_volblocksize);
                end = P2ALIGN(end, zv->zv_volblocksize);
                size = end - start;
        }

        if (start >= end)
                goto unlock;

        zfs_locked_range_t *lr = zfs_rangelock_enter(&zv->zv_rangelock,
            start, size, RL_WRITER);

        tx = dmu_tx_create(zv->zv_objset);
        dmu_tx_mark_netfree(tx);
        error = dmu_tx_assign(tx, TXG_WAIT);
        if (error != 0) {
                dmu_tx_abort(tx);
        } else {
                zvol_log_truncate(zv, tx, start, size);
                dmu_tx_commit(tx);
                error = dmu_free_long_range(zv->zv_objset,
                    ZVOL_OBJ, start, size);
        }
        zfs_rangelock_exit(lr);

        if (error == 0 && sync)
                zil_commit(zv->zv_zilog, ZVOL_OBJ);

unlock:
        rw_exit(&zv->zv_suspend_lock);

        if (bio && acct) {
                blk_generic_end_io_acct(q, disk, WRITE, bio,
                    start_time);
        }

        END_IO(zv, bio, rq, -error);
}

static void
zvol_discard_task(void *arg)
{
        zv_request_task_t *task = arg;
        zvol_discard(&task->zvr);
        zv_request_task_free(task);
}

static void
zvol_read(zv_request_t *zvr)
{
        struct bio *bio = zvr->bio;
        struct request *rq = zvr->rq;
        int error = 0;
        zfs_uio_t uio;
        boolean_t acct = B_FALSE;
        zvol_state_t *zv = zvr->zv;
        struct request_queue *q;
        struct gendisk *disk;
        unsigned long start_time = 0;

        ASSERT3P(zv, !=, NULL);
        ASSERT3U(zv->zv_open_count, >, 0);

        zfs_uio_bvec_init(&uio, bio, rq);

        q = zv->zv_zso->zvo_queue;
        disk = zv->zv_zso->zvo_disk;

        ssize_t start_resid = uio.uio_resid;

        /*
         * When blk-mq is being used, accounting is done by
         * blk_mq_start_request() and blk_mq_end_request().
         */
        if (bio) {
                acct = blk_queue_io_stat(q);
                if (acct)
                        start_time = blk_generic_start_io_acct(q, disk, READ,
                            bio);
        }

        zfs_locked_range_t *lr = zfs_rangelock_enter(&zv->zv_rangelock,
            uio.uio_loffset, uio.uio_resid, RL_READER);

        uint64_t volsize = zv->zv_volsize;

        while (uio.uio_resid > 0 && uio.uio_loffset < volsize) {
                uint64_t bytes = MIN(uio.uio_resid, DMU_MAX_ACCESS >> 1);

                /* don't read past the end */
                if (bytes > volsize - uio.uio_loffset)
                        bytes = volsize - uio.uio_loffset;

                error = dmu_read_uio_dnode(zv->zv_dn, &uio, bytes);
                if (error) {
                        /* convert checksum errors into IO errors */
                        if (error == ECKSUM)
                                error = SET_ERROR(EIO);
                        break;
                }
        }
        zfs_rangelock_exit(lr);

        int64_t nread = start_resid - uio.uio_resid;
        dataset_kstats_update_read_kstats(&zv->zv_kstat, nread);
        task_io_account_read(nread);

        rw_exit(&zv->zv_suspend_lock);

        if (bio && acct) {
                blk_generic_end_io_acct(q, disk, READ, bio, start_time);
        }

        END_IO(zv, bio, rq, -error);
}

static void
zvol_read_task(void *arg)
{
        zv_request_task_t *task = arg;
        zvol_read(&task->zvr);
        zv_request_task_free(task);
}


/*
 * Process a BIO or request
 *
 * Either 'bio' or 'rq' should be set depending on if we are processing a
 * bio or a request (both should not be set).
 *
 * force_sync:  Set to 0 to defer processing to a background taskq
 *                      Set to 1 to process data synchronously
 */
static void
zvol_request_impl(zvol_state_t *zv, struct bio *bio, struct request *rq,
    boolean_t force_sync)
{
        fstrans_cookie_t cookie = spl_fstrans_mark();
        uint64_t offset = io_offset(bio, rq);
        uint64_t size = io_size(bio, rq);
        int rw = io_data_dir(bio, rq);

        if (zvol_request_sync || zv->zv_threading == B_FALSE)
                force_sync = 1;

        zv_request_t zvr = {
                .zv = zv,
                .bio = bio,
                .rq = rq,
        };

        if (io_has_data(bio, rq) && offset + size > zv->zv_volsize) {
                printk(KERN_INFO "%s: bad access: offset=%llu, size=%lu\n",
                    zv->zv_zso->zvo_disk->disk_name,
                    (long long unsigned)offset,
                    (long unsigned)size);

                END_IO(zv, bio, rq, -SET_ERROR(EIO));
                goto out;
        }

        zv_request_task_t *task;
        zv_taskq_t *ztqs = &zvol_taskqs;
        uint_t blk_mq_hw_queue = 0;
        uint_t tq_idx;
        uint_t taskq_hash;
#ifdef HAVE_BLK_MQ
        if (rq)
                blk_mq_hw_queue = rq->mq_hctx->queue_num;
#endif
        taskq_hash = cityhash4((uintptr_t)zv, offset >> ZVOL_TASKQ_OFFSET_SHIFT,
            blk_mq_hw_queue, 0);
        tq_idx = taskq_hash % ztqs->tqs_cnt;

        if (rw == WRITE) {
                if (unlikely(zv->zv_flags & ZVOL_RDONLY)) {
                        END_IO(zv, bio, rq, -SET_ERROR(EROFS));
                        goto out;
                }

                /*
                 * Prevents the zvol from being suspended, or the ZIL being
                 * concurrently opened.  Will be released after the i/o
                 * completes.
                 */
                rw_enter(&zv->zv_suspend_lock, RW_READER);

                /*
                 * Open a ZIL if this is the first time we have written to this
                 * zvol. We protect zv->zv_zilog with zv_suspend_lock rather
                 * than zv_state_lock so that we don't need to acquire an
                 * additional lock in this path.
                 */
                if (zv->zv_zilog == NULL) {
                        rw_exit(&zv->zv_suspend_lock);
                        rw_enter(&zv->zv_suspend_lock, RW_WRITER);
                        if (zv->zv_zilog == NULL) {
                                zv->zv_zilog = zil_open(zv->zv_objset,
                                    zvol_get_data, &zv->zv_kstat.dk_zil_sums);
                                zv->zv_flags |= ZVOL_WRITTEN_TO;
                                /* replay / destroy done in zvol_create_minor */
                                VERIFY0((zv->zv_zilog->zl_header->zh_flags &
                                    ZIL_REPLAY_NEEDED));
                        }
                        rw_downgrade(&zv->zv_suspend_lock);
                }

                /*
                 * We don't want this thread to be blocked waiting for i/o to
                 * complete, so we instead wait from a taskq callback. The
                 * i/o may be a ZIL write (via zil_commit()), or a read of an
                 * indirect block, or a read of a data block (if this is a
                 * partial-block write).  We will indicate that the i/o is
                 * complete by calling END_IO() from the taskq callback.
                 *
                 * This design allows the calling thread to continue and
                 * initiate more concurrent operations by calling
                 * zvol_request() again. There are typically only a small
                 * number of threads available to call zvol_request() (e.g.
                 * one per iSCSI target), so keeping the latency of
                 * zvol_request() low is important for performance.
                 *
                 * The zvol_request_sync module parameter allows this
                 * behavior to be altered, for performance evaluation
                 * purposes.  If the callback blocks, setting
                 * zvol_request_sync=1 will result in much worse performance.
                 *
                 * We can have up to zvol_threads concurrent i/o's being
                 * processed for all zvols on the system.  This is typically
                 * a vast improvement over the zvol_request_sync=1 behavior
                 * of one i/o at a time per zvol.  However, an even better
                 * design would be for zvol_request() to initiate the zio
                 * directly, and then be notified by the zio_done callback,
                 * which would call END_IO().  Unfortunately, the DMU/ZIL
                 * interfaces lack this functionality (they block waiting for
                 * the i/o to complete).
                 */
                if (io_is_discard(bio, rq) || io_is_secure_erase(bio, rq)) {
                        if (force_sync) {
                                zvol_discard(&zvr);
                        } else {
                                task = zv_request_task_create(zvr);
                                taskq_dispatch_ent(ztqs->tqs_taskq[tq_idx],
                                    zvol_discard_task, task, 0, &task->ent);
                        }
                } else {
                        if (force_sync) {
                                zvol_write(&zvr);
                        } else {
                                task = zv_request_task_create(zvr);
                                taskq_dispatch_ent(ztqs->tqs_taskq[tq_idx],
                                    zvol_write_task, task, 0, &task->ent);
                        }
                }
        } else {
                /*
                 * The SCST driver, and possibly others, may issue READ I/Os
                 * with a length of zero bytes.  These empty I/Os contain no
                 * data and require no additional handling.
                 */
                if (size == 0) {
                        END_IO(zv, bio, rq, 0);
                        goto out;
                }

                rw_enter(&zv->zv_suspend_lock, RW_READER);

                /* See comment in WRITE case above. */
                if (force_sync) {
                        zvol_read(&zvr);
                } else {
                        task = zv_request_task_create(zvr);
                        taskq_dispatch_ent(ztqs->tqs_taskq[tq_idx],
                            zvol_read_task, task, 0, &task->ent);
                }
        }

out:
        spl_fstrans_unmark(cookie);
}

#ifdef HAVE_SUBMIT_BIO_IN_BLOCK_DEVICE_OPERATIONS
#ifdef HAVE_BDEV_SUBMIT_BIO_RETURNS_VOID
static void
zvol_submit_bio(struct bio *bio)
#else
static blk_qc_t
zvol_submit_bio(struct bio *bio)
#endif
#else
static MAKE_REQUEST_FN_RET
zvol_request(struct request_queue *q, struct bio *bio)
#endif
{
#ifdef HAVE_SUBMIT_BIO_IN_BLOCK_DEVICE_OPERATIONS
#if defined(HAVE_BIO_BDEV_DISK)
        struct request_queue *q = bio->bi_bdev->bd_disk->queue;
#else
        struct request_queue *q = bio->bi_disk->queue;
#endif
#endif
        zvol_state_t *zv = q->queuedata;

        zvol_request_impl(zv, bio, NULL, 0);
#if defined(HAVE_MAKE_REQUEST_FN_RET_QC) || \
        defined(HAVE_SUBMIT_BIO_IN_BLOCK_DEVICE_OPERATIONS) && \
        !defined(HAVE_BDEV_SUBMIT_BIO_RETURNS_VOID)
        return (BLK_QC_T_NONE);
#endif
}

static int
#ifdef HAVE_BLK_MODE_T
zvol_open(struct gendisk *disk, blk_mode_t flag)
#else
zvol_open(struct block_device *bdev, fmode_t flag)
#endif
{
        zvol_state_t *zv;
        int error = 0;
        boolean_t drop_suspend = B_FALSE;
#ifndef HAVE_BLKDEV_GET_ERESTARTSYS
        hrtime_t timeout = MSEC2NSEC(zvol_open_timeout_ms);
        hrtime_t start = gethrtime();

retry:
#endif
        rw_enter(&zvol_state_lock, RW_READER);
        /*
         * Obtain a copy of private_data under the zvol_state_lock to make
         * sure that either the result of zvol free code path setting
         * disk->private_data to NULL is observed, or zvol_os_free()
         * is not called on this zv because of the positive zv_open_count.
         */
#ifdef HAVE_BLK_MODE_T
        zv = disk->private_data;
#else
        zv = bdev->bd_disk->private_data;
#endif
        if (zv == NULL) {
                rw_exit(&zvol_state_lock);
                return (SET_ERROR(-ENXIO));
        }

        mutex_enter(&zv->zv_state_lock);
        /*
         * Make sure zvol is not suspended during first open
         * (hold zv_suspend_lock) and respect proper lock acquisition
         * ordering - zv_suspend_lock before zv_state_lock
         */
        if (zv->zv_open_count == 0) {
                if (!rw_tryenter(&zv->zv_suspend_lock, RW_READER)) {
                        mutex_exit(&zv->zv_state_lock);
                        rw_enter(&zv->zv_suspend_lock, RW_READER);
                        mutex_enter(&zv->zv_state_lock);
                        /* check to see if zv_suspend_lock is needed */
                        if (zv->zv_open_count != 0) {
                                rw_exit(&zv->zv_suspend_lock);
                        } else {
                                drop_suspend = B_TRUE;
                        }
                } else {
                        drop_suspend = B_TRUE;
                }
        }
        rw_exit(&zvol_state_lock);

        ASSERT(MUTEX_HELD(&zv->zv_state_lock));

        if (zv->zv_open_count == 0) {
                boolean_t drop_namespace = B_FALSE;

                ASSERT(RW_READ_HELD(&zv->zv_suspend_lock));

                /*
                 * In all other call paths the spa_namespace_lock is taken
                 * before the bdev->bd_mutex lock.  However, on open(2)
                 * the __blkdev_get() function calls fops->open() with the
                 * bdev->bd_mutex lock held.  This can result in a deadlock
                 * when zvols from one pool are used as vdevs in another.
                 *
                 * To prevent a lock inversion deadlock we preemptively
                 * take the spa_namespace_lock.  Normally the lock will not
                 * be contended and this is safe because spa_open_common()
                 * handles the case where the caller already holds the
                 * spa_namespace_lock.
                 *
                 * When the lock cannot be aquired after multiple retries
                 * this must be the vdev on zvol deadlock case and we have
                 * no choice but to return an error.  For 5.12 and older
                 * kernels returning -ERESTARTSYS will result in the
                 * bdev->bd_mutex being dropped, then reacquired, and
                 * fops->open() being called again.  This process can be
                 * repeated safely until both locks are acquired.  For 5.13
                 * and newer the -ERESTARTSYS retry logic was removed from
                 * the kernel so the only option is to return the error for
                 * the caller to handle it.
                 */
                if (!mutex_owned(&spa_namespace_lock)) {
                        if (!mutex_tryenter(&spa_namespace_lock)) {
                                mutex_exit(&zv->zv_state_lock);
                                rw_exit(&zv->zv_suspend_lock);

#ifdef HAVE_BLKDEV_GET_ERESTARTSYS
                                schedule();
                                return (SET_ERROR(-ERESTARTSYS));
#else
                                if ((gethrtime() - start) > timeout)
                                        return (SET_ERROR(-ERESTARTSYS));

                                schedule_timeout(MSEC_TO_TICK(10));
                                goto retry;
#endif
                        } else {
                                drop_namespace = B_TRUE;
                        }
                }

                error = -zvol_first_open(zv, !(blk_mode_is_open_write(flag)));

                if (drop_namespace)
                        mutex_exit(&spa_namespace_lock);
        }

        if (error == 0) {
                if ((blk_mode_is_open_write(flag)) &&
                    (zv->zv_flags & ZVOL_RDONLY)) {
                        if (zv->zv_open_count == 0)
                                zvol_last_close(zv);

                        error = SET_ERROR(-EROFS);
                } else {
                        zv->zv_open_count++;
                }
        }

        mutex_exit(&zv->zv_state_lock);
        if (drop_suspend)
                rw_exit(&zv->zv_suspend_lock);

        if (error == 0)
#ifdef HAVE_BLK_MODE_T
                disk_check_media_change(disk);
#else
                zfs_check_media_change(bdev);
#endif

        return (error);
}

static void
#ifdef HAVE_BLOCK_DEVICE_OPERATIONS_RELEASE_1ARG
zvol_release(struct gendisk *disk)
#else
zvol_release(struct gendisk *disk, fmode_t unused)
#endif
{
#if !defined(HAVE_BLOCK_DEVICE_OPERATIONS_RELEASE_1ARG)
        (void) unused;
#endif
        zvol_state_t *zv;
        boolean_t drop_suspend = B_TRUE;

        rw_enter(&zvol_state_lock, RW_READER);
        zv = disk->private_data;

        mutex_enter(&zv->zv_state_lock);
        ASSERT3U(zv->zv_open_count, >, 0);
        /*
         * make sure zvol is not suspended during last close
         * (hold zv_suspend_lock) and respect proper lock acquisition
         * ordering - zv_suspend_lock before zv_state_lock
         */
        if (zv->zv_open_count == 1) {
                if (!rw_tryenter(&zv->zv_suspend_lock, RW_READER)) {
                        mutex_exit(&zv->zv_state_lock);
                        rw_enter(&zv->zv_suspend_lock, RW_READER);
                        mutex_enter(&zv->zv_state_lock);
                        /* check to see if zv_suspend_lock is needed */
                        if (zv->zv_open_count != 1) {
                                rw_exit(&zv->zv_suspend_lock);
                                drop_suspend = B_FALSE;
                        }
                }
        } else {
                drop_suspend = B_FALSE;
        }
        rw_exit(&zvol_state_lock);

        ASSERT(MUTEX_HELD(&zv->zv_state_lock));

        zv->zv_open_count--;
        if (zv->zv_open_count == 0) {
                ASSERT(RW_READ_HELD(&zv->zv_suspend_lock));
                zvol_last_close(zv);
        }

        mutex_exit(&zv->zv_state_lock);

        if (drop_suspend)
                rw_exit(&zv->zv_suspend_lock);
}

static int
zvol_ioctl(struct block_device *bdev, fmode_t mode,
    unsigned int cmd, unsigned long arg)
{
        zvol_state_t *zv = bdev->bd_disk->private_data;
        int error = 0;

        ASSERT3U(zv->zv_open_count, >, 0);

        switch (cmd) {
        case BLKFLSBUF:
#ifdef HAVE_FSYNC_BDEV
                fsync_bdev(bdev);
#elif defined(HAVE_SYNC_BLOCKDEV)
                sync_blockdev(bdev);
#else
#error "Neither fsync_bdev() nor sync_blockdev() found"
#endif
                invalidate_bdev(bdev);
                rw_enter(&zv->zv_suspend_lock, RW_READER);

                if (!(zv->zv_flags & ZVOL_RDONLY))
                        txg_wait_synced(dmu_objset_pool(zv->zv_objset), 0);

                rw_exit(&zv->zv_suspend_lock);
                break;

        case BLKZNAME:
                mutex_enter(&zv->zv_state_lock);
                error = copy_to_user((void *)arg, zv->zv_name, MAXNAMELEN);
                mutex_exit(&zv->zv_state_lock);
                break;

        default:
                error = -ENOTTY;
                break;
        }

        return (SET_ERROR(error));
}

#ifdef CONFIG_COMPAT
static int
zvol_compat_ioctl(struct block_device *bdev, fmode_t mode,
    unsigned cmd, unsigned long arg)
{
        return (zvol_ioctl(bdev, mode, cmd, arg));
}
#else
#define zvol_compat_ioctl       NULL
#endif

static unsigned int
zvol_check_events(struct gendisk *disk, unsigned int clearing)
{
        unsigned int mask = 0;

        rw_enter(&zvol_state_lock, RW_READER);

        zvol_state_t *zv = disk->private_data;
        if (zv != NULL) {
                mutex_enter(&zv->zv_state_lock);
                mask = zv->zv_changed ? DISK_EVENT_MEDIA_CHANGE : 0;
                zv->zv_changed = 0;
                mutex_exit(&zv->zv_state_lock);
        }

        rw_exit(&zvol_state_lock);

        return (mask);
}

static int
zvol_revalidate_disk(struct gendisk *disk)
{
        rw_enter(&zvol_state_lock, RW_READER);

        zvol_state_t *zv = disk->private_data;
        if (zv != NULL) {
                mutex_enter(&zv->zv_state_lock);
                set_capacity(zv->zv_zso->zvo_disk,
                    zv->zv_volsize >> SECTOR_BITS);
                mutex_exit(&zv->zv_state_lock);
        }

        rw_exit(&zvol_state_lock);

        return (0);
}

int
zvol_os_update_volsize(zvol_state_t *zv, uint64_t volsize)
{
        struct gendisk *disk = zv->zv_zso->zvo_disk;

#if defined(HAVE_REVALIDATE_DISK_SIZE)
        revalidate_disk_size(disk, zvol_revalidate_disk(disk) == 0);
#elif defined(HAVE_REVALIDATE_DISK)
        revalidate_disk(disk);
#else
        zvol_revalidate_disk(disk);
#endif
        return (0);
}

void
zvol_os_clear_private(zvol_state_t *zv)
{
        /*
         * Cleared while holding zvol_state_lock as a writer
         * which will prevent zvol_open() from opening it.
         */
        zv->zv_zso->zvo_disk->private_data = NULL;
}

/*
 * Provide a simple virtual geometry for legacy compatibility.  For devices
 * smaller than 1 MiB a small head and sector count is used to allow very
 * tiny devices.  For devices over 1 Mib a standard head and sector count
 * is used to keep the cylinders count reasonable.
 */
static int
zvol_getgeo(struct block_device *bdev, struct hd_geometry *geo)
{
        zvol_state_t *zv = bdev->bd_disk->private_data;
        sector_t sectors;

        ASSERT3U(zv->zv_open_count, >, 0);

        sectors = get_capacity(zv->zv_zso->zvo_disk);

        if (sectors > 2048) {
                geo->heads = 16;
                geo->sectors = 63;
        } else {
                geo->heads = 2;
                geo->sectors = 4;
        }

        geo->start = 0;
        geo->cylinders = sectors / (geo->heads * geo->sectors);

        return (0);
}

/*
 * Why have two separate block_device_operations structs?
 *
 * Normally we'd just have one, and assign 'submit_bio' as needed.  However,
 * it's possible the user's kernel is built with CONSTIFY_PLUGIN, meaning we
 * can't just change submit_bio dynamically at runtime.  So just create two
 * separate structs to get around this.
 */
static const struct block_device_operations zvol_ops_blk_mq = {
        .open                   = zvol_open,
        .release                = zvol_release,
        .ioctl                  = zvol_ioctl,
        .compat_ioctl           = zvol_compat_ioctl,
        .check_events           = zvol_check_events,
#ifdef HAVE_BLOCK_DEVICE_OPERATIONS_REVALIDATE_DISK
        .revalidate_disk        = zvol_revalidate_disk,
#endif
        .getgeo                 = zvol_getgeo,
        .owner                  = THIS_MODULE,
};

static const struct block_device_operations zvol_ops = {
        .open                   = zvol_open,
        .release                = zvol_release,
        .ioctl                  = zvol_ioctl,
        .compat_ioctl           = zvol_compat_ioctl,
        .check_events           = zvol_check_events,
#ifdef HAVE_BLOCK_DEVICE_OPERATIONS_REVALIDATE_DISK
        .revalidate_disk        = zvol_revalidate_disk,
#endif
        .getgeo                 = zvol_getgeo,
        .owner                  = THIS_MODULE,
#ifdef HAVE_SUBMIT_BIO_IN_BLOCK_DEVICE_OPERATIONS
        .submit_bio             = zvol_submit_bio,
#endif
};

static int
zvol_alloc_non_blk_mq(struct zvol_state_os *zso)
{
#if defined(HAVE_SUBMIT_BIO_IN_BLOCK_DEVICE_OPERATIONS)
#if defined(HAVE_BLK_ALLOC_DISK)
        zso->zvo_disk = blk_alloc_disk(NUMA_NO_NODE);
        if (zso->zvo_disk == NULL)
                return (1);

        zso->zvo_disk->minors = ZVOL_MINORS;
        zso->zvo_queue = zso->zvo_disk->queue;
#elif defined(HAVE_BLK_ALLOC_DISK_2ARG)
        struct gendisk *disk = blk_alloc_disk(NULL, NUMA_NO_NODE);
        if (IS_ERR(disk)) {
                zso->zvo_disk = NULL;
                return (1);
        }

        zso->zvo_disk = disk;
        zso->zvo_disk->minors = ZVOL_MINORS;
        zso->zvo_queue = zso->zvo_disk->queue;
#else
        zso->zvo_queue = blk_alloc_queue(NUMA_NO_NODE);
        if (zso->zvo_queue == NULL)
                return (1);

        zso->zvo_disk = alloc_disk(ZVOL_MINORS);
        if (zso->zvo_disk == NULL) {
                blk_cleanup_queue(zso->zvo_queue);
                return (1);
        }

        zso->zvo_disk->queue = zso->zvo_queue;
#endif /* HAVE_BLK_ALLOC_DISK */
#else
        zso->zvo_queue = blk_generic_alloc_queue(zvol_request, NUMA_NO_NODE);
        if (zso->zvo_queue == NULL)
                return (1);

        zso->zvo_disk = alloc_disk(ZVOL_MINORS);
        if (zso->zvo_disk == NULL) {
                blk_cleanup_queue(zso->zvo_queue);
                return (1);
        }

        zso->zvo_disk->queue = zso->zvo_queue;
#endif /* HAVE_SUBMIT_BIO_IN_BLOCK_DEVICE_OPERATIONS */
        return (0);

}

static int
zvol_alloc_blk_mq(zvol_state_t *zv)
{
#ifdef HAVE_BLK_MQ
        struct zvol_state_os *zso = zv->zv_zso;

        /* Allocate our blk-mq tag_set */
        if (zvol_blk_mq_alloc_tag_set(zv) != 0)
                return (1);

#if defined(HAVE_BLK_ALLOC_DISK)
        zso->zvo_disk = blk_mq_alloc_disk(&zso->tag_set, zv);
        if (zso->zvo_disk == NULL) {
                blk_mq_free_tag_set(&zso->tag_set);
                return (1);
        }
        zso->zvo_queue = zso->zvo_disk->queue;
        zso->zvo_disk->minors = ZVOL_MINORS;
#elif defined(HAVE_BLK_ALLOC_DISK_2ARG)
        struct gendisk *disk = blk_mq_alloc_disk(&zso->tag_set, NULL, zv);
        if (IS_ERR(disk)) {
                zso->zvo_disk = NULL;
                blk_mq_free_tag_set(&zso->tag_set);
                return (1);
        }

        zso->zvo_disk = disk;
        zso->zvo_queue = zso->zvo_disk->queue;
        zso->zvo_disk->minors = ZVOL_MINORS;
#else
        zso->zvo_disk = alloc_disk(ZVOL_MINORS);
        if (zso->zvo_disk == NULL) {
                blk_cleanup_queue(zso->zvo_queue);
                blk_mq_free_tag_set(&zso->tag_set);
                return (1);
        }
        /* Allocate queue */
        zso->zvo_queue = blk_mq_init_queue(&zso->tag_set);
        if (IS_ERR(zso->zvo_queue)) {
                blk_mq_free_tag_set(&zso->tag_set);
                return (1);
        }

        /* Our queue is now created, assign it to our disk */
        zso->zvo_disk->queue = zso->zvo_queue;

#endif
#endif
        return (0);
}

/*
 * Allocate memory for a new zvol_state_t and setup the required
 * request queue and generic disk structures for the block device.
 */
static zvol_state_t *
zvol_alloc(dev_t dev, const char *name)
{
        zvol_state_t *zv;
        struct zvol_state_os *zso;
        uint64_t volmode;
        int ret;

        if (dsl_prop_get_integer(name, "volmode", &volmode, NULL) != 0)
                return (NULL);

        if (volmode == ZFS_VOLMODE_DEFAULT)
                volmode = zvol_volmode;

        if (volmode == ZFS_VOLMODE_NONE)
                return (NULL);

        zv = kmem_zalloc(sizeof (zvol_state_t), KM_SLEEP);
        zso = kmem_zalloc(sizeof (struct zvol_state_os), KM_SLEEP);
        zv->zv_zso = zso;
        zv->zv_volmode = volmode;

        list_link_init(&zv->zv_next);
        mutex_init(&zv->zv_state_lock, NULL, MUTEX_DEFAULT, NULL);

#ifdef HAVE_BLK_MQ
        zv->zv_zso->use_blk_mq = zvol_use_blk_mq;
#endif

        /*
         * The block layer has 3 interfaces for getting BIOs:
         *
         * 1. blk-mq request queues (new)
         * 2. submit_bio() (oldest)
         * 3. regular request queues (old).
         *
         * Each of those interfaces has two permutations:
         *
         * a) We have blk_alloc_disk()/blk_mq_alloc_disk(), which allocates
         *    both the disk and its queue (5.14 kernel or newer)
         *
         * b) We don't have blk_*alloc_disk(), and have to allocate the
         *    disk and the queue separately. (5.13 kernel or older)
         */
        if (zv->zv_zso->use_blk_mq) {
                ret = zvol_alloc_blk_mq(zv);
                zso->zvo_disk->fops = &zvol_ops_blk_mq;
        } else {
                ret = zvol_alloc_non_blk_mq(zso);
                zso->zvo_disk->fops = &zvol_ops;
        }
        if (ret != 0)
                goto out_kmem;

        blk_queue_set_write_cache(zso->zvo_queue, B_TRUE, B_TRUE);

        /* Limit read-ahead to a single page to prevent over-prefetching. */
        blk_queue_set_read_ahead(zso->zvo_queue, 1);

        if (!zv->zv_zso->use_blk_mq) {
                /* Disable write merging in favor of the ZIO pipeline. */
                blk_queue_flag_set(QUEUE_FLAG_NOMERGES, zso->zvo_queue);
        }

        /* Enable /proc/diskstats */
        blk_queue_flag_set(QUEUE_FLAG_IO_STAT, zso->zvo_queue);

        zso->zvo_queue->queuedata = zv;
        zso->zvo_dev = dev;
        zv->zv_open_count = 0;
        strlcpy(zv->zv_name, name, sizeof (zv->zv_name));

        zfs_rangelock_init(&zv->zv_rangelock, NULL, NULL);
        rw_init(&zv->zv_suspend_lock, NULL, RW_DEFAULT, NULL);

        zso->zvo_disk->major = zvol_major;
        zso->zvo_disk->events = DISK_EVENT_MEDIA_CHANGE;

        /*
         * Setting ZFS_VOLMODE_DEV disables partitioning on ZVOL devices.
         * This is accomplished by limiting the number of minors for the
         * device to one and explicitly disabling partition scanning.
         */
        if (volmode == ZFS_VOLMODE_DEV) {
                zso->zvo_disk->minors = 1;
                zso->zvo_disk->flags &= ~ZFS_GENHD_FL_EXT_DEVT;
                zso->zvo_disk->flags |= ZFS_GENHD_FL_NO_PART;
        }

        zso->zvo_disk->first_minor = (dev & MINORMASK);
        zso->zvo_disk->private_data = zv;
        snprintf(zso->zvo_disk->disk_name, DISK_NAME_LEN, "%s%d",
            ZVOL_DEV_NAME, (dev & MINORMASK));

        return (zv);

out_kmem:
        kmem_free(zso, sizeof (struct zvol_state_os));
        kmem_free(zv, sizeof (zvol_state_t));
        return (NULL);
}

/*
 * Cleanup then free a zvol_state_t which was created by zvol_alloc().
 * At this time, the structure is not opened by anyone, is taken off
 * the zvol_state_list, and has its private data set to NULL.
 * The zvol_state_lock is dropped.
 *
 * This function may take many milliseconds to complete (e.g. we've seen
 * it take over 256ms), due to the calls to "blk_cleanup_queue" and
 * "del_gendisk". Thus, consumers need to be careful to account for this
 * latency when calling this function.
 */
void
zvol_os_free(zvol_state_t *zv)
{

        ASSERT(!RW_LOCK_HELD(&zv->zv_suspend_lock));
        ASSERT(!MUTEX_HELD(&zv->zv_state_lock));
        ASSERT0(zv->zv_open_count);
        ASSERT3P(zv->zv_zso->zvo_disk->private_data, ==, NULL);

        rw_destroy(&zv->zv_suspend_lock);
        zfs_rangelock_fini(&zv->zv_rangelock);

        del_gendisk(zv->zv_zso->zvo_disk);
#if defined(HAVE_SUBMIT_BIO_IN_BLOCK_DEVICE_OPERATIONS) && \
        (defined(HAVE_BLK_ALLOC_DISK) || defined(HAVE_BLK_ALLOC_DISK_2ARG))
#if defined(HAVE_BLK_CLEANUP_DISK)
        blk_cleanup_disk(zv->zv_zso->zvo_disk);
#else
        put_disk(zv->zv_zso->zvo_disk);
#endif
#else
        blk_cleanup_queue(zv->zv_zso->zvo_queue);
        put_disk(zv->zv_zso->zvo_disk);
#endif

#ifdef HAVE_BLK_MQ
        if (zv->zv_zso->use_blk_mq)
                blk_mq_free_tag_set(&zv->zv_zso->tag_set);
#endif

        ida_simple_remove(&zvol_ida,
            MINOR(zv->zv_zso->zvo_dev) >> ZVOL_MINOR_BITS);

        mutex_destroy(&zv->zv_state_lock);
        dataset_kstats_destroy(&zv->zv_kstat);

        kmem_free(zv->zv_zso, sizeof (struct zvol_state_os));
        kmem_free(zv, sizeof (zvol_state_t));
}

void
zvol_wait_close(zvol_state_t *zv)
{
}

/*
 * Create a block device minor node and setup the linkage between it
 * and the specified volume.  Once this function returns the block
 * device is live and ready for use.
 */
int
zvol_os_create_minor(const char *name)
{
        zvol_state_t *zv;
        objset_t *os;
        dmu_object_info_t *doi;
        uint64_t volsize;
        uint64_t len;
        unsigned minor = 0;
        int error = 0;
        int idx;
        uint64_t hash = zvol_name_hash(name);
        uint64_t volthreading;
        bool replayed_zil = B_FALSE;

        if (zvol_inhibit_dev)
                return (0);

        idx = ida_simple_get(&zvol_ida, 0, 0, kmem_flags_convert(KM_SLEEP));
        if (idx < 0)
                return (SET_ERROR(-idx));
        minor = idx << ZVOL_MINOR_BITS;
        if (MINOR(minor) != minor) {
                /* too many partitions can cause an overflow */
                zfs_dbgmsg("zvol: create minor overflow: %s, minor %u/%u",
                    name, minor, MINOR(minor));
                ida_simple_remove(&zvol_ida, idx);
                return (SET_ERROR(EINVAL));
        }

        zv = zvol_find_by_name_hash(name, hash, RW_NONE);
        if (zv) {
                ASSERT(MUTEX_HELD(&zv->zv_state_lock));
                mutex_exit(&zv->zv_state_lock);
                ida_simple_remove(&zvol_ida, idx);
                return (SET_ERROR(EEXIST));
        }

        doi = kmem_alloc(sizeof (dmu_object_info_t), KM_SLEEP);

        error = dmu_objset_own(name, DMU_OST_ZVOL, B_TRUE, B_TRUE, FTAG, &os);
        if (error)
                goto out_doi;

        error = dmu_object_info(os, ZVOL_OBJ, doi);
        if (error)
                goto out_dmu_objset_disown;

        error = zap_lookup(os, ZVOL_ZAP_OBJ, "size", 8, 1, &volsize);
        if (error)
                goto out_dmu_objset_disown;

        zv = zvol_alloc(MKDEV(zvol_major, minor), name);
        if (zv == NULL) {
                error = SET_ERROR(EAGAIN);
                goto out_dmu_objset_disown;
        }
        zv->zv_hash = hash;

        if (dmu_objset_is_snapshot(os))
                zv->zv_flags |= ZVOL_RDONLY;

        zv->zv_volblocksize = doi->doi_data_block_size;
        zv->zv_volsize = volsize;
        zv->zv_objset = os;

        /* Default */
        zv->zv_threading = B_TRUE;
        if (dsl_prop_get_integer(name, "volthreading", &volthreading, NULL)
            == 0)
                zv->zv_threading = volthreading;

        set_capacity(zv->zv_zso->zvo_disk, zv->zv_volsize >> 9);

        blk_queue_max_hw_sectors(zv->zv_zso->zvo_queue,
            (DMU_MAX_ACCESS / 4) >> 9);

        if (zv->zv_zso->use_blk_mq) {
                /*
                 * IO requests can be really big (1MB).  When an IO request
                 * comes in, it is passed off to zvol_read() or zvol_write()
                 * in a new thread, where it is chunked up into 'volblocksize'
                 * sized pieces and processed.  So for example, if the request
                 * is a 1MB write and your volblocksize is 128k, one zvol_write
                 * thread will take that request and sequentially do ten 128k
                 * IOs.  This is due to the fact that the thread needs to lock
                 * each volblocksize sized block.  So you might be wondering:
                 * "instead of passing the whole 1MB request to one thread,
                 * why not pass ten individual 128k chunks to ten threads and
                 * process the whole write in parallel?"  The short answer is
                 * that there's a sweet spot number of chunks that balances
                 * the greater parallelism with the added overhead of more
                 * threads. The sweet spot can be different depending on if you
                 * have a read or write  heavy workload.  Writes typically want
                 * high chunk counts while reads typically want lower ones.  On
                 * a test pool with 6 NVMe drives in a 3x 2-disk mirror
                 * configuration, with volblocksize=8k, the sweet spot for good
                 * sequential reads and writes was at 8 chunks.
                 */

                /*
                 * Below we tell the kernel how big we want our requests
                 * to be.  You would think that blk_queue_io_opt() would be
                 * used to do this since it is used to "set optimal request
                 * size for the queue", but that doesn't seem to do
                 * anything - the kernel still gives you huge requests
                 * with tons of little PAGE_SIZE segments contained within it.
                 *
                 * Knowing that the kernel will just give you PAGE_SIZE segments
                 * no matter what, you can say "ok, I want PAGE_SIZE byte
                 * segments, and I want 'N' of them per request", where N is
                 * the correct number of segments for the volblocksize and
                 * number of chunks you want.
                 */
#ifdef HAVE_BLK_MQ
                if (zvol_blk_mq_blocks_per_thread != 0) {
                        unsigned int chunks;
                        chunks = MIN(zvol_blk_mq_blocks_per_thread, UINT16_MAX);

                        blk_queue_max_segment_size(zv->zv_zso->zvo_queue,
                            PAGE_SIZE);
                        blk_queue_max_segments(zv->zv_zso->zvo_queue,
                            (zv->zv_volblocksize * chunks) / PAGE_SIZE);
                } else {
                        /*
                         * Special case: zvol_blk_mq_blocks_per_thread = 0
                         * Max everything out.
                         */
                        blk_queue_max_segments(zv->zv_zso->zvo_queue,
                            UINT16_MAX);
                        blk_queue_max_segment_size(zv->zv_zso->zvo_queue,
                            UINT_MAX);
                }
#endif
        } else {
                blk_queue_max_segments(zv->zv_zso->zvo_queue, UINT16_MAX);
                blk_queue_max_segment_size(zv->zv_zso->zvo_queue, UINT_MAX);
        }

        blk_queue_physical_block_size(zv->zv_zso->zvo_queue,
            zv->zv_volblocksize);
        blk_queue_io_opt(zv->zv_zso->zvo_queue, zv->zv_volblocksize);
        blk_queue_max_discard_sectors(zv->zv_zso->zvo_queue,
            (zvol_max_discard_blocks * zv->zv_volblocksize) >> 9);
        blk_queue_discard_granularity(zv->zv_zso->zvo_queue,
            zv->zv_volblocksize);
#ifdef QUEUE_FLAG_DISCARD
        blk_queue_flag_set(QUEUE_FLAG_DISCARD, zv->zv_zso->zvo_queue);
#endif
#ifdef QUEUE_FLAG_NONROT
        blk_queue_flag_set(QUEUE_FLAG_NONROT, zv->zv_zso->zvo_queue);
#endif
#ifdef QUEUE_FLAG_ADD_RANDOM
        blk_queue_flag_clear(QUEUE_FLAG_ADD_RANDOM, zv->zv_zso->zvo_queue);
#endif
        /* This flag was introduced in kernel version 4.12. */
#ifdef QUEUE_FLAG_SCSI_PASSTHROUGH
        blk_queue_flag_set(QUEUE_FLAG_SCSI_PASSTHROUGH, zv->zv_zso->zvo_queue);
#endif

        ASSERT3P(zv->zv_kstat.dk_kstats, ==, NULL);
        error = dataset_kstats_create(&zv->zv_kstat, zv->zv_objset);
        if (error)
                goto out_dmu_objset_disown;
        ASSERT3P(zv->zv_zilog, ==, NULL);
        zv->zv_zilog = zil_open(os, zvol_get_data, &zv->zv_kstat.dk_zil_sums);
        if (spa_writeable(dmu_objset_spa(os))) {
                if (zil_replay_disable)
                        replayed_zil = zil_destroy(zv->zv_zilog, B_FALSE);
                else
                        replayed_zil = zil_replay(os, zv, zvol_replay_vector);
        }
        if (replayed_zil)
                zil_close(zv->zv_zilog);
        zv->zv_zilog = NULL;

        /*
         * When udev detects the addition of the device it will immediately
         * invoke blkid(8) to determine the type of content on the device.
         * Prefetching the blocks commonly scanned by blkid(8) will speed
         * up this process.
         */
        len = MIN(zvol_prefetch_bytes, SPA_MAXBLOCKSIZE);
        if (len > 0) {
                dmu_prefetch(os, ZVOL_OBJ, 0, 0, len, ZIO_PRIORITY_SYNC_READ);
                dmu_prefetch(os, ZVOL_OBJ, 0, volsize - len, len,
                    ZIO_PRIORITY_SYNC_READ);
        }

        zv->zv_objset = NULL;
out_dmu_objset_disown:
        dmu_objset_disown(os, B_TRUE, FTAG);
out_doi:
        kmem_free(doi, sizeof (dmu_object_info_t));

        /*
         * Keep in mind that once add_disk() is called, the zvol is
         * announced to the world, and zvol_open()/zvol_release() can
         * be called at any time. Incidentally, add_disk() itself calls
         * zvol_open()->zvol_first_open() and zvol_release()->zvol_last_close()
         * directly as well.
         */
        if (error == 0) {
                rw_enter(&zvol_state_lock, RW_WRITER);
                zvol_insert(zv);
                rw_exit(&zvol_state_lock);
#ifdef HAVE_ADD_DISK_RET
                error = add_disk(zv->zv_zso->zvo_disk);
#else
                add_disk(zv->zv_zso->zvo_disk);
#endif
        } else {
                ida_simple_remove(&zvol_ida, idx);
        }

        return (error);
}

void
zvol_os_rename_minor(zvol_state_t *zv, const char *newname)
{
        int readonly = get_disk_ro(zv->zv_zso->zvo_disk);

        ASSERT(RW_LOCK_HELD(&zvol_state_lock));
        ASSERT(MUTEX_HELD(&zv->zv_state_lock));

        strlcpy(zv->zv_name, newname, sizeof (zv->zv_name));

        /* move to new hashtable entry  */
        zv->zv_hash = zvol_name_hash(zv->zv_name);
        hlist_del(&zv->zv_hlink);
        hlist_add_head(&zv->zv_hlink, ZVOL_HT_HEAD(zv->zv_hash));

        /*
         * The block device's read-only state is briefly changed causing
         * a KOBJ_CHANGE uevent to be issued.  This ensures udev detects
         * the name change and fixes the symlinks.  This does not change
         * ZVOL_RDONLY in zv->zv_flags so the actual read-only state never
         * changes.  This would normally be done using kobject_uevent() but
         * that is a GPL-only symbol which is why we need this workaround.
         */
        set_disk_ro(zv->zv_zso->zvo_disk, !readonly);
        set_disk_ro(zv->zv_zso->zvo_disk, readonly);

        dataset_kstats_rename(&zv->zv_kstat, newname);
}

void
zvol_os_set_disk_ro(zvol_state_t *zv, int flags)
{

        set_disk_ro(zv->zv_zso->zvo_disk, flags);
}

void
zvol_os_set_capacity(zvol_state_t *zv, uint64_t capacity)
{

        set_capacity(zv->zv_zso->zvo_disk, capacity);
}

int
zvol_init(void)
{
        int error;

        /*
         * zvol_threads is the module param the user passes in.
         *
         * zvol_actual_threads is what we use internally, since the user can
         * pass zvol_thread = 0 to mean "use all the CPUs" (the default).
         */
        static unsigned int zvol_actual_threads;

        if (zvol_threads == 0) {
                /*
                 * See dde9380a1 for why 32 was chosen here.  This should
                 * probably be refined to be some multiple of the number
                 * of CPUs.
                 */
                zvol_actual_threads = MAX(num_online_cpus(), 32);
        } else {
                zvol_actual_threads = MIN(MAX(zvol_threads, 1), 1024);
        }

        /*
         * Use atleast 32 zvol_threads but for many core system,
         * prefer 6 threads per taskq, but no more taskqs
         * than threads in them on large systems.
         *
         *                 taskq   total
         * cpus    taskqs  threads threads
         * ------- ------- ------- -------
         * 1       1       32       32
         * 2       1       32       32
         * 4       1       32       32
         * 8       2       16       32
         * 16      3       11       33
         * 32      5       7        35
         * 64      8       8        64
         * 128     11      12       132
         * 256     16      16       256
         */
        zv_taskq_t *ztqs = &zvol_taskqs;
        uint_t num_tqs = MIN(num_online_cpus(), zvol_num_taskqs);
        if (num_tqs == 0) {
                num_tqs = 1 + num_online_cpus() / 6;
                while (num_tqs * num_tqs > zvol_actual_threads)
                        num_tqs--;
        }
        uint_t per_tq_thread = zvol_actual_threads / num_tqs;
        if (per_tq_thread * num_tqs < zvol_actual_threads)
                per_tq_thread++;
        ztqs->tqs_cnt = num_tqs;
        ztqs->tqs_taskq = kmem_alloc(num_tqs * sizeof (taskq_t *), KM_SLEEP);
        error = register_blkdev(zvol_major, ZVOL_DRIVER);
        if (error) {
                kmem_free(ztqs->tqs_taskq, ztqs->tqs_cnt * sizeof (taskq_t *));
                ztqs->tqs_taskq = NULL;
                printk(KERN_INFO "ZFS: register_blkdev() failed %d\n", error);
                return (error);
        }

#ifdef HAVE_BLK_MQ
        if (zvol_blk_mq_queue_depth == 0) {
                zvol_actual_blk_mq_queue_depth = BLKDEV_DEFAULT_RQ;
        } else {
                zvol_actual_blk_mq_queue_depth =
                    MAX(zvol_blk_mq_queue_depth, BLKDEV_MIN_RQ);
        }

        if (zvol_blk_mq_threads == 0) {
                zvol_blk_mq_actual_threads = num_online_cpus();
        } else {
                zvol_blk_mq_actual_threads = MIN(MAX(zvol_blk_mq_threads, 1),
                    1024);
        }
#endif
        for (uint_t i = 0; i < num_tqs; i++) {
                char name[32];
                (void) snprintf(name, sizeof (name), "%s_tq-%u",
                    ZVOL_DRIVER, i);
                ztqs->tqs_taskq[i] = taskq_create(name, per_tq_thread,
                    maxclsyspri, per_tq_thread, INT_MAX,
                    TASKQ_PREPOPULATE | TASKQ_DYNAMIC);
                if (ztqs->tqs_taskq[i] == NULL) {
                        for (int j = i - 1; j >= 0; j--)
                                taskq_destroy(ztqs->tqs_taskq[j]);
                        unregister_blkdev(zvol_major, ZVOL_DRIVER);
                        kmem_free(ztqs->tqs_taskq, ztqs->tqs_cnt *
                            sizeof (taskq_t *));
                        ztqs->tqs_taskq = NULL;
                        return (-ENOMEM);
                }
        }

        zvol_init_impl();
        ida_init(&zvol_ida);
        return (0);
}

void
zvol_fini(void)
{
        zv_taskq_t *ztqs = &zvol_taskqs;
        zvol_fini_impl();
        unregister_blkdev(zvol_major, ZVOL_DRIVER);

        if (ztqs->tqs_taskq == NULL) {
                ASSERT3U(ztqs->tqs_cnt, ==, 0);
        } else {
                for (uint_t i = 0; i < ztqs->tqs_cnt; i++) {
                        ASSERT3P(ztqs->tqs_taskq[i], !=, NULL);
                        taskq_destroy(ztqs->tqs_taskq[i]);
                }
                kmem_free(ztqs->tqs_taskq, ztqs->tqs_cnt *
                    sizeof (taskq_t *));
                ztqs->tqs_taskq = NULL;
        }

        ida_destroy(&zvol_ida);
}

/* BEGIN CSTYLED */
module_param(zvol_inhibit_dev, uint, 0644);
MODULE_PARM_DESC(zvol_inhibit_dev, "Do not create zvol device nodes");

module_param(zvol_major, uint, 0444);
MODULE_PARM_DESC(zvol_major, "Major number for zvol device");

module_param(zvol_threads, uint, 0444);
MODULE_PARM_DESC(zvol_threads, "Number of threads to handle I/O requests. Set"
    "to 0 to use all active CPUs");

module_param(zvol_request_sync, uint, 0644);
MODULE_PARM_DESC(zvol_request_sync, "Synchronously handle bio requests");

module_param(zvol_max_discard_blocks, ulong, 0444);
MODULE_PARM_DESC(zvol_max_discard_blocks, "Max number of blocks to discard");

module_param(zvol_num_taskqs, uint, 0444);
MODULE_PARM_DESC(zvol_num_taskqs, "Number of zvol taskqs");

module_param(zvol_prefetch_bytes, uint, 0644);
MODULE_PARM_DESC(zvol_prefetch_bytes, "Prefetch N bytes at zvol start+end");

module_param(zvol_volmode, uint, 0644);
MODULE_PARM_DESC(zvol_volmode, "Default volmode property value");

#ifdef HAVE_BLK_MQ
module_param(zvol_blk_mq_queue_depth, uint, 0644);
MODULE_PARM_DESC(zvol_blk_mq_queue_depth, "Default blk-mq queue depth");

module_param(zvol_use_blk_mq, uint, 0644);
MODULE_PARM_DESC(zvol_use_blk_mq, "Use the blk-mq API for zvols");

module_param(zvol_blk_mq_blocks_per_thread, uint, 0644);
MODULE_PARM_DESC(zvol_blk_mq_blocks_per_thread,
    "Process volblocksize blocks per thread");
#endif

#ifndef HAVE_BLKDEV_GET_ERESTARTSYS
module_param(zvol_open_timeout_ms, uint, 0644);
MODULE_PARM_DESC(zvol_open_timeout_ms, "Timeout for ZVOL open retries");
#endif

/* END CSTYLED */