Improved error handling for extreme rewinds

[mirror_zfs.git] / module / zfs / vdev.c

/*
 * CDDL HEADER START
 *
 * The contents of this file are subject to the terms of the
 * Common Development and Distribution License (the "License").
 * You may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
 *
 * You can obtain a copy of the license at usr/src/OPENSOLARIS.LICENSE
 * or http://www.opensolaris.org/os/licensing.
 * See the License for the specific language governing permissions
 * and limitations under the License.
 *
 * When distributing Covered Code, include this CDDL HEADER in each
 * file and include the License file at usr/src/OPENSOLARIS.LICENSE.
 * If applicable, add the following below this CDDL HEADER, with the
 * fields enclosed by brackets "[]" replaced with your own identifying
 * information: Portions Copyright [yyyy] [name of copyright owner]
 *
 * CDDL HEADER END
 */

/*
 * Copyright (c) 2005, 2010, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
 * Copyright (c) 2011, 2018 by Delphix. All rights reserved.
 * Copyright 2017 Nexenta Systems, Inc.
 * Copyright (c) 2014 Integros [integros.com]
 * Copyright 2016 Toomas Soome <tsoome@me.com>
 * Copyright 2017 Joyent, Inc.
 * Copyright (c) 2017, Intel Corporation.
 */

#include <sys/zfs_context.h>
#include <sys/fm/fs/zfs.h>
#include <sys/spa.h>
#include <sys/spa_impl.h>
#include <sys/bpobj.h>
#include <sys/dmu.h>
#include <sys/dmu_tx.h>
#include <sys/dsl_dir.h>
#include <sys/vdev_impl.h>
#include <sys/uberblock_impl.h>
#include <sys/metaslab.h>
#include <sys/metaslab_impl.h>
#include <sys/space_map.h>
#include <sys/space_reftree.h>
#include <sys/zio.h>
#include <sys/zap.h>
#include <sys/fs/zfs.h>
#include <sys/arc.h>
#include <sys/zil.h>
#include <sys/dsl_scan.h>
#include <sys/abd.h>
#include <sys/zvol.h>
#include <sys/zfs_ratelimit.h>

/* target number of metaslabs per top-level vdev */
int vdev_max_ms_count = 200;

/* minimum number of metaslabs per top-level vdev */
int vdev_min_ms_count = 16;

/* practical upper limit of total metaslabs per top-level vdev */
int vdev_ms_count_limit = 1ULL << 17;

/* lower limit for metaslab size (512M) */
int vdev_default_ms_shift = 29;

/* upper limit for metaslab size (256G) */
int vdev_max_ms_shift = 38;

int vdev_validate_skip = B_FALSE;

/*
 * Since the DTL space map of a vdev is not expected to have a lot of
 * entries, we default its block size to 4K.
 */
int vdev_dtl_sm_blksz = (1 << 12);

/*
 * Rate limit delay events to this many IO delays per second.
 */
unsigned int zfs_delays_per_second = 20;

/*
 * Rate limit checksum events after this many checksum errors per second.
 */
unsigned int zfs_checksums_per_second = 20;

/*
 * Ignore errors during scrub/resilver.  Allows to work around resilver
 * upon import when there are pool errors.
 */
int zfs_scan_ignore_errors = 0;

/*
 * vdev-wide space maps that have lots of entries written to them at
 * the end of each transaction can benefit from a higher I/O bandwidth
 * (e.g. vdev_obsolete_sm), thus we default their block size to 128K.
 */
int vdev_standard_sm_blksz = (1 << 17);

/*PRINTFLIKE2*/
void
vdev_dbgmsg(vdev_t *vd, const char *fmt, ...)
{
        va_list adx;
        char buf[256];

        va_start(adx, fmt);
        (void) vsnprintf(buf, sizeof (buf), fmt, adx);
        va_end(adx);

        if (vd->vdev_path != NULL) {
                zfs_dbgmsg("%s vdev '%s': %s", vd->vdev_ops->vdev_op_type,
                    vd->vdev_path, buf);
        } else {
                zfs_dbgmsg("%s-%llu vdev (guid %llu): %s",
                    vd->vdev_ops->vdev_op_type,
                    (u_longlong_t)vd->vdev_id,
                    (u_longlong_t)vd->vdev_guid, buf);
        }
}

void
vdev_dbgmsg_print_tree(vdev_t *vd, int indent)
{
        char state[20];

        if (vd->vdev_ishole || vd->vdev_ops == &vdev_missing_ops) {
                zfs_dbgmsg("%*svdev %u: %s", indent, "", vd->vdev_id,
                    vd->vdev_ops->vdev_op_type);
                return;
        }

        switch (vd->vdev_state) {
        case VDEV_STATE_UNKNOWN:
                (void) snprintf(state, sizeof (state), "unknown");
                break;
        case VDEV_STATE_CLOSED:
                (void) snprintf(state, sizeof (state), "closed");
                break;
        case VDEV_STATE_OFFLINE:
                (void) snprintf(state, sizeof (state), "offline");
                break;
        case VDEV_STATE_REMOVED:
                (void) snprintf(state, sizeof (state), "removed");
                break;
        case VDEV_STATE_CANT_OPEN:
                (void) snprintf(state, sizeof (state), "can't open");
                break;
        case VDEV_STATE_FAULTED:
                (void) snprintf(state, sizeof (state), "faulted");
                break;
        case VDEV_STATE_DEGRADED:
                (void) snprintf(state, sizeof (state), "degraded");
                break;
        case VDEV_STATE_HEALTHY:
                (void) snprintf(state, sizeof (state), "healthy");
                break;
        default:
                (void) snprintf(state, sizeof (state), "<state %u>",
                    (uint_t)vd->vdev_state);
        }

        zfs_dbgmsg("%*svdev %u: %s%s, guid: %llu, path: %s, %s", indent,
            "", (int)vd->vdev_id, vd->vdev_ops->vdev_op_type,
            vd->vdev_islog ? " (log)" : "",
            (u_longlong_t)vd->vdev_guid,
            vd->vdev_path ? vd->vdev_path : "N/A", state);

        for (uint64_t i = 0; i < vd->vdev_children; i++)
                vdev_dbgmsg_print_tree(vd->vdev_child[i], indent + 2);
}

/*
 * Virtual device management.
 */

static vdev_ops_t *vdev_ops_table[] = {
        &vdev_root_ops,
        &vdev_raidz_ops,
        &vdev_mirror_ops,
        &vdev_replacing_ops,
        &vdev_spare_ops,
        &vdev_disk_ops,
        &vdev_file_ops,
        &vdev_missing_ops,
        &vdev_hole_ops,
        &vdev_indirect_ops,
        NULL
};

/*
 * Given a vdev type, return the appropriate ops vector.
 */
static vdev_ops_t *
vdev_getops(const char *type)
{
        vdev_ops_t *ops, **opspp;

        for (opspp = vdev_ops_table; (ops = *opspp) != NULL; opspp++)
                if (strcmp(ops->vdev_op_type, type) == 0)
                        break;

        return (ops);
}

/*
 * Derive the enumerated alloction bias from string input.
 * String origin is either the per-vdev zap or zpool(1M).
 */
static vdev_alloc_bias_t
vdev_derive_alloc_bias(const char *bias)
{
        vdev_alloc_bias_t alloc_bias = VDEV_BIAS_NONE;

        if (strcmp(bias, VDEV_ALLOC_BIAS_LOG) == 0)
                alloc_bias = VDEV_BIAS_LOG;
        else if (strcmp(bias, VDEV_ALLOC_BIAS_SPECIAL) == 0)
                alloc_bias = VDEV_BIAS_SPECIAL;
        else if (strcmp(bias, VDEV_ALLOC_BIAS_DEDUP) == 0)
                alloc_bias = VDEV_BIAS_DEDUP;

        return (alloc_bias);
}

/*
 * Default asize function: return the MAX of psize with the asize of
 * all children.  This is what's used by anything other than RAID-Z.
 */
uint64_t
vdev_default_asize(vdev_t *vd, uint64_t psize)
{
        uint64_t asize = P2ROUNDUP(psize, 1ULL << vd->vdev_top->vdev_ashift);
        uint64_t csize;

        for (int c = 0; c < vd->vdev_children; c++) {
                csize = vdev_psize_to_asize(vd->vdev_child[c], psize);
                asize = MAX(asize, csize);
        }

        return (asize);
}

/*
 * Get the minimum allocatable size. We define the allocatable size as
 * the vdev's asize rounded to the nearest metaslab. This allows us to
 * replace or attach devices which don't have the same physical size but
 * can still satisfy the same number of allocations.
 */
uint64_t
vdev_get_min_asize(vdev_t *vd)
{
        vdev_t *pvd = vd->vdev_parent;

        /*
         * If our parent is NULL (inactive spare or cache) or is the root,
         * just return our own asize.
         */
        if (pvd == NULL)
                return (vd->vdev_asize);

        /*
         * The top-level vdev just returns the allocatable size rounded
         * to the nearest metaslab.
         */
        if (vd == vd->vdev_top)
                return (P2ALIGN(vd->vdev_asize, 1ULL << vd->vdev_ms_shift));

        /*
         * The allocatable space for a raidz vdev is N * sizeof(smallest child),
         * so each child must provide at least 1/Nth of its asize.
         */
        if (pvd->vdev_ops == &vdev_raidz_ops)
                return ((pvd->vdev_min_asize + pvd->vdev_children - 1) /
                    pvd->vdev_children);

        return (pvd->vdev_min_asize);
}

void
vdev_set_min_asize(vdev_t *vd)
{
        vd->vdev_min_asize = vdev_get_min_asize(vd);

        for (int c = 0; c < vd->vdev_children; c++)
                vdev_set_min_asize(vd->vdev_child[c]);
}

vdev_t *
vdev_lookup_top(spa_t *spa, uint64_t vdev)
{
        vdev_t *rvd = spa->spa_root_vdev;

        ASSERT(spa_config_held(spa, SCL_ALL, RW_READER) != 0);

        if (vdev < rvd->vdev_children) {
                ASSERT(rvd->vdev_child[vdev] != NULL);
                return (rvd->vdev_child[vdev]);
        }

        return (NULL);
}

vdev_t *
vdev_lookup_by_guid(vdev_t *vd, uint64_t guid)
{
        vdev_t *mvd;

        if (vd->vdev_guid == guid)
                return (vd);

        for (int c = 0; c < vd->vdev_children; c++)
                if ((mvd = vdev_lookup_by_guid(vd->vdev_child[c], guid)) !=
                    NULL)
                        return (mvd);

        return (NULL);
}

static int
vdev_count_leaves_impl(vdev_t *vd)
{
        int n = 0;

        if (vd->vdev_ops->vdev_op_leaf)
                return (1);

        for (int c = 0; c < vd->vdev_children; c++)
                n += vdev_count_leaves_impl(vd->vdev_child[c]);

        return (n);
}

int
vdev_count_leaves(spa_t *spa)
{
        int rc;

        spa_config_enter(spa, SCL_VDEV, FTAG, RW_READER);
        rc = vdev_count_leaves_impl(spa->spa_root_vdev);
        spa_config_exit(spa, SCL_VDEV, FTAG);

        return (rc);
}

void
vdev_add_child(vdev_t *pvd, vdev_t *cvd)
{
        size_t oldsize, newsize;
        uint64_t id = cvd->vdev_id;
        vdev_t **newchild;

        ASSERT(spa_config_held(cvd->vdev_spa, SCL_ALL, RW_WRITER) == SCL_ALL);
        ASSERT(cvd->vdev_parent == NULL);

        cvd->vdev_parent = pvd;

        if (pvd == NULL)
                return;

        ASSERT(id >= pvd->vdev_children || pvd->vdev_child[id] == NULL);

        oldsize = pvd->vdev_children * sizeof (vdev_t *);
        pvd->vdev_children = MAX(pvd->vdev_children, id + 1);
        newsize = pvd->vdev_children * sizeof (vdev_t *);

        newchild = kmem_alloc(newsize, KM_SLEEP);
        if (pvd->vdev_child != NULL) {
                bcopy(pvd->vdev_child, newchild, oldsize);
                kmem_free(pvd->vdev_child, oldsize);
        }

        pvd->vdev_child = newchild;
        pvd->vdev_child[id] = cvd;

        cvd->vdev_top = (pvd->vdev_top ? pvd->vdev_top: cvd);
        ASSERT(cvd->vdev_top->vdev_parent->vdev_parent == NULL);

        /*
         * Walk up all ancestors to update guid sum.
         */
        for (; pvd != NULL; pvd = pvd->vdev_parent)
                pvd->vdev_guid_sum += cvd->vdev_guid_sum;
}

void
vdev_remove_child(vdev_t *pvd, vdev_t *cvd)
{
        int c;
        uint_t id = cvd->vdev_id;

        ASSERT(cvd->vdev_parent == pvd);

        if (pvd == NULL)
                return;

        ASSERT(id < pvd->vdev_children);
        ASSERT(pvd->vdev_child[id] == cvd);

        pvd->vdev_child[id] = NULL;
        cvd->vdev_parent = NULL;

        for (c = 0; c < pvd->vdev_children; c++)
                if (pvd->vdev_child[c])
                        break;

        if (c == pvd->vdev_children) {
                kmem_free(pvd->vdev_child, c * sizeof (vdev_t *));
                pvd->vdev_child = NULL;
                pvd->vdev_children = 0;
        }

        /*
         * Walk up all ancestors to update guid sum.
         */
        for (; pvd != NULL; pvd = pvd->vdev_parent)
                pvd->vdev_guid_sum -= cvd->vdev_guid_sum;
}

/*
 * Remove any holes in the child array.
 */
void
vdev_compact_children(vdev_t *pvd)
{
        vdev_t **newchild, *cvd;
        int oldc = pvd->vdev_children;
        int newc;

        ASSERT(spa_config_held(pvd->vdev_spa, SCL_ALL, RW_WRITER) == SCL_ALL);

        if (oldc == 0)
                return;

        for (int c = newc = 0; c < oldc; c++)
                if (pvd->vdev_child[c])
                        newc++;

        if (newc > 0) {
                newchild = kmem_zalloc(newc * sizeof (vdev_t *), KM_SLEEP);

                for (int c = newc = 0; c < oldc; c++) {
                        if ((cvd = pvd->vdev_child[c]) != NULL) {
                                newchild[newc] = cvd;
                                cvd->vdev_id = newc++;
                        }
                }
        } else {
                newchild = NULL;
        }

        kmem_free(pvd->vdev_child, oldc * sizeof (vdev_t *));
        pvd->vdev_child = newchild;
        pvd->vdev_children = newc;
}

/*
 * Allocate and minimally initialize a vdev_t.
 */
vdev_t *
vdev_alloc_common(spa_t *spa, uint_t id, uint64_t guid, vdev_ops_t *ops)
{
        vdev_t *vd;
        vdev_indirect_config_t *vic;

        vd = kmem_zalloc(sizeof (vdev_t), KM_SLEEP);
        vic = &vd->vdev_indirect_config;

        if (spa->spa_root_vdev == NULL) {
                ASSERT(ops == &vdev_root_ops);
                spa->spa_root_vdev = vd;
                spa->spa_load_guid = spa_generate_guid(NULL);
        }

        if (guid == 0 && ops != &vdev_hole_ops) {
                if (spa->spa_root_vdev == vd) {
                        /*
                         * The root vdev's guid will also be the pool guid,
                         * which must be unique among all pools.
                         */
                        guid = spa_generate_guid(NULL);
                } else {
                        /*
                         * Any other vdev's guid must be unique within the pool.
                         */
                        guid = spa_generate_guid(spa);
                }
                ASSERT(!spa_guid_exists(spa_guid(spa), guid));
        }

        vd->vdev_spa = spa;
        vd->vdev_id = id;
        vd->vdev_guid = guid;
        vd->vdev_guid_sum = guid;
        vd->vdev_ops = ops;
        vd->vdev_state = VDEV_STATE_CLOSED;
        vd->vdev_ishole = (ops == &vdev_hole_ops);
        vic->vic_prev_indirect_vdev = UINT64_MAX;

        rw_init(&vd->vdev_indirect_rwlock, NULL, RW_DEFAULT, NULL);
        mutex_init(&vd->vdev_obsolete_lock, NULL, MUTEX_DEFAULT, NULL);
        vd->vdev_obsolete_segments = range_tree_create(NULL, NULL);

        /*
         * Initialize rate limit structs for events.  We rate limit ZIO delay
         * and checksum events so that we don't overwhelm ZED with thousands
         * of events when a disk is acting up.
         */
        zfs_ratelimit_init(&vd->vdev_delay_rl, &zfs_delays_per_second, 1);
        zfs_ratelimit_init(&vd->vdev_checksum_rl, &zfs_checksums_per_second, 1);

        list_link_init(&vd->vdev_config_dirty_node);
        list_link_init(&vd->vdev_state_dirty_node);
        mutex_init(&vd->vdev_dtl_lock, NULL, MUTEX_NOLOCKDEP, NULL);
        mutex_init(&vd->vdev_stat_lock, NULL, MUTEX_DEFAULT, NULL);
        mutex_init(&vd->vdev_probe_lock, NULL, MUTEX_DEFAULT, NULL);
        mutex_init(&vd->vdev_queue_lock, NULL, MUTEX_DEFAULT, NULL);
        mutex_init(&vd->vdev_scan_io_queue_lock, NULL, MUTEX_DEFAULT, NULL);

        for (int t = 0; t < DTL_TYPES; t++) {
                vd->vdev_dtl[t] = range_tree_create(NULL, NULL);
        }
        txg_list_create(&vd->vdev_ms_list, spa,
            offsetof(struct metaslab, ms_txg_node));
        txg_list_create(&vd->vdev_dtl_list, spa,
            offsetof(struct vdev, vdev_dtl_node));
        vd->vdev_stat.vs_timestamp = gethrtime();
        vdev_queue_init(vd);
        vdev_cache_init(vd);

        return (vd);
}

/*
 * Allocate a new vdev.  The 'alloctype' is used to control whether we are
 * creating a new vdev or loading an existing one - the behavior is slightly
 * different for each case.
 */
int
vdev_alloc(spa_t *spa, vdev_t **vdp, nvlist_t *nv, vdev_t *parent, uint_t id,
    int alloctype)
{
        vdev_ops_t *ops;
        char *type;
        uint64_t guid = 0, islog, nparity;
        vdev_t *vd;
        vdev_indirect_config_t *vic;
        char *tmp = NULL;
        int rc;
        vdev_alloc_bias_t alloc_bias = VDEV_BIAS_NONE;
        boolean_t top_level = (parent && !parent->vdev_parent);

        ASSERT(spa_config_held(spa, SCL_ALL, RW_WRITER) == SCL_ALL);

        if (nvlist_lookup_string(nv, ZPOOL_CONFIG_TYPE, &type) != 0)
                return (SET_ERROR(EINVAL));

        if ((ops = vdev_getops(type)) == NULL)
                return (SET_ERROR(EINVAL));

        /*
         * If this is a load, get the vdev guid from the nvlist.
         * Otherwise, vdev_alloc_common() will generate one for us.
         */
        if (alloctype == VDEV_ALLOC_LOAD) {
                uint64_t label_id;

                if (nvlist_lookup_uint64(nv, ZPOOL_CONFIG_ID, &label_id) ||
                    label_id != id)
                        return (SET_ERROR(EINVAL));

                if (nvlist_lookup_uint64(nv, ZPOOL_CONFIG_GUID, &guid) != 0)
                        return (SET_ERROR(EINVAL));
        } else if (alloctype == VDEV_ALLOC_SPARE) {
                if (nvlist_lookup_uint64(nv, ZPOOL_CONFIG_GUID, &guid) != 0)
                        return (SET_ERROR(EINVAL));
        } else if (alloctype == VDEV_ALLOC_L2CACHE) {
                if (nvlist_lookup_uint64(nv, ZPOOL_CONFIG_GUID, &guid) != 0)
                        return (SET_ERROR(EINVAL));
        } else if (alloctype == VDEV_ALLOC_ROOTPOOL) {
                if (nvlist_lookup_uint64(nv, ZPOOL_CONFIG_GUID, &guid) != 0)
                        return (SET_ERROR(EINVAL));
        }

        /*
         * The first allocated vdev must be of type 'root'.
         */
        if (ops != &vdev_root_ops && spa->spa_root_vdev == NULL)
                return (SET_ERROR(EINVAL));

        /*
         * Determine whether we're a log vdev.
         */
        islog = 0;
        (void) nvlist_lookup_uint64(nv, ZPOOL_CONFIG_IS_LOG, &islog);
        if (islog && spa_version(spa) < SPA_VERSION_SLOGS)
                return (SET_ERROR(ENOTSUP));

        if (ops == &vdev_hole_ops && spa_version(spa) < SPA_VERSION_HOLES)
                return (SET_ERROR(ENOTSUP));

        /*
         * Set the nparity property for RAID-Z vdevs.
         */
        nparity = -1ULL;
        if (ops == &vdev_raidz_ops) {
                if (nvlist_lookup_uint64(nv, ZPOOL_CONFIG_NPARITY,
                    &nparity) == 0) {
                        if (nparity == 0 || nparity > VDEV_RAIDZ_MAXPARITY)
                                return (SET_ERROR(EINVAL));
                        /*
                         * Previous versions could only support 1 or 2 parity
                         * device.
                         */
                        if (nparity > 1 &&
                            spa_version(spa) < SPA_VERSION_RAIDZ2)
                                return (SET_ERROR(ENOTSUP));
                        if (nparity > 2 &&
                            spa_version(spa) < SPA_VERSION_RAIDZ3)
                                return (SET_ERROR(ENOTSUP));
                } else {
                        /*
                         * We require the parity to be specified for SPAs that
                         * support multiple parity levels.
                         */
                        if (spa_version(spa) >= SPA_VERSION_RAIDZ2)
                                return (SET_ERROR(EINVAL));
                        /*
                         * Otherwise, we default to 1 parity device for RAID-Z.
                         */
                        nparity = 1;
                }
        } else {
                nparity = 0;
        }
        ASSERT(nparity != -1ULL);

        /*
         * If creating a top-level vdev, check for allocation classes input
         */
        if (top_level && alloctype == VDEV_ALLOC_ADD) {
                char *bias;

                if (nvlist_lookup_string(nv, ZPOOL_CONFIG_ALLOCATION_BIAS,
                    &bias) == 0) {
                        alloc_bias = vdev_derive_alloc_bias(bias);

                        /* spa_vdev_add() expects feature to be enabled */
                        if (spa->spa_load_state != SPA_LOAD_CREATE &&
                            !spa_feature_is_enabled(spa,
                            SPA_FEATURE_ALLOCATION_CLASSES)) {
                                return (SET_ERROR(ENOTSUP));
                        }
                }
        }

        vd = vdev_alloc_common(spa, id, guid, ops);
        vic = &vd->vdev_indirect_config;

        vd->vdev_islog = islog;
        vd->vdev_nparity = nparity;
        if (top_level && alloc_bias != VDEV_BIAS_NONE)
                vd->vdev_alloc_bias = alloc_bias;

        if (nvlist_lookup_string(nv, ZPOOL_CONFIG_PATH, &vd->vdev_path) == 0)
                vd->vdev_path = spa_strdup(vd->vdev_path);

        /*
         * ZPOOL_CONFIG_AUX_STATE = "external" means we previously forced a
         * fault on a vdev and want it to persist across imports (like with
         * zpool offline -f).
         */
        rc = nvlist_lookup_string(nv, ZPOOL_CONFIG_AUX_STATE, &tmp);
        if (rc == 0 && tmp != NULL && strcmp(tmp, "external") == 0) {
                vd->vdev_stat.vs_aux = VDEV_AUX_EXTERNAL;
                vd->vdev_faulted = 1;
                vd->vdev_label_aux = VDEV_AUX_EXTERNAL;
        }

        if (nvlist_lookup_string(nv, ZPOOL_CONFIG_DEVID, &vd->vdev_devid) == 0)
                vd->vdev_devid = spa_strdup(vd->vdev_devid);
        if (nvlist_lookup_string(nv, ZPOOL_CONFIG_PHYS_PATH,
            &vd->vdev_physpath) == 0)
                vd->vdev_physpath = spa_strdup(vd->vdev_physpath);

        if (nvlist_lookup_string(nv, ZPOOL_CONFIG_VDEV_ENC_SYSFS_PATH,
            &vd->vdev_enc_sysfs_path) == 0)
                vd->vdev_enc_sysfs_path = spa_strdup(vd->vdev_enc_sysfs_path);

        if (nvlist_lookup_string(nv, ZPOOL_CONFIG_FRU, &vd->vdev_fru) == 0)
                vd->vdev_fru = spa_strdup(vd->vdev_fru);

        /*
         * Set the whole_disk property.  If it's not specified, leave the value
         * as -1.
         */
        if (nvlist_lookup_uint64(nv, ZPOOL_CONFIG_WHOLE_DISK,
            &vd->vdev_wholedisk) != 0)
                vd->vdev_wholedisk = -1ULL;

        ASSERT0(vic->vic_mapping_object);
        (void) nvlist_lookup_uint64(nv, ZPOOL_CONFIG_INDIRECT_OBJECT,
            &vic->vic_mapping_object);
        ASSERT0(vic->vic_births_object);
        (void) nvlist_lookup_uint64(nv, ZPOOL_CONFIG_INDIRECT_BIRTHS,
            &vic->vic_births_object);
        ASSERT3U(vic->vic_prev_indirect_vdev, ==, UINT64_MAX);
        (void) nvlist_lookup_uint64(nv, ZPOOL_CONFIG_PREV_INDIRECT_VDEV,
            &vic->vic_prev_indirect_vdev);

        /*
         * Look for the 'not present' flag.  This will only be set if the device
         * was not present at the time of import.
         */
        (void) nvlist_lookup_uint64(nv, ZPOOL_CONFIG_NOT_PRESENT,
            &vd->vdev_not_present);

        /*
         * Get the alignment requirement.
         */
        (void) nvlist_lookup_uint64(nv, ZPOOL_CONFIG_ASHIFT, &vd->vdev_ashift);

        /*
         * Retrieve the vdev creation time.
         */
        (void) nvlist_lookup_uint64(nv, ZPOOL_CONFIG_CREATE_TXG,
            &vd->vdev_crtxg);

        /*
         * If we're a top-level vdev, try to load the allocation parameters.
         */
        if (top_level &&
            (alloctype == VDEV_ALLOC_LOAD || alloctype == VDEV_ALLOC_SPLIT)) {
                (void) nvlist_lookup_uint64(nv, ZPOOL_CONFIG_METASLAB_ARRAY,
                    &vd->vdev_ms_array);
                (void) nvlist_lookup_uint64(nv, ZPOOL_CONFIG_METASLAB_SHIFT,
                    &vd->vdev_ms_shift);
                (void) nvlist_lookup_uint64(nv, ZPOOL_CONFIG_ASIZE,
                    &vd->vdev_asize);
                (void) nvlist_lookup_uint64(nv, ZPOOL_CONFIG_REMOVING,
                    &vd->vdev_removing);
                (void) nvlist_lookup_uint64(nv, ZPOOL_CONFIG_VDEV_TOP_ZAP,
                    &vd->vdev_top_zap);
        } else {
                ASSERT0(vd->vdev_top_zap);
        }

        if (top_level && alloctype != VDEV_ALLOC_ATTACH) {
                ASSERT(alloctype == VDEV_ALLOC_LOAD ||
                    alloctype == VDEV_ALLOC_ADD ||
                    alloctype == VDEV_ALLOC_SPLIT ||
                    alloctype == VDEV_ALLOC_ROOTPOOL);
                /* Note: metaslab_group_create() is now deferred */
        }

        if (vd->vdev_ops->vdev_op_leaf &&
            (alloctype == VDEV_ALLOC_LOAD || alloctype == VDEV_ALLOC_SPLIT)) {
                (void) nvlist_lookup_uint64(nv,
                    ZPOOL_CONFIG_VDEV_LEAF_ZAP, &vd->vdev_leaf_zap);
        } else {
                ASSERT0(vd->vdev_leaf_zap);
        }

        /*
         * If we're a leaf vdev, try to load the DTL object and other state.
         */

        if (vd->vdev_ops->vdev_op_leaf &&
            (alloctype == VDEV_ALLOC_LOAD || alloctype == VDEV_ALLOC_L2CACHE ||
            alloctype == VDEV_ALLOC_ROOTPOOL)) {
                if (alloctype == VDEV_ALLOC_LOAD) {
                        (void) nvlist_lookup_uint64(nv, ZPOOL_CONFIG_DTL,
                            &vd->vdev_dtl_object);
                        (void) nvlist_lookup_uint64(nv, ZPOOL_CONFIG_UNSPARE,
                            &vd->vdev_unspare);
                }

                if (alloctype == VDEV_ALLOC_ROOTPOOL) {
                        uint64_t spare = 0;

                        if (nvlist_lookup_uint64(nv, ZPOOL_CONFIG_IS_SPARE,
                            &spare) == 0 && spare)
                                spa_spare_add(vd);
                }

                (void) nvlist_lookup_uint64(nv, ZPOOL_CONFIG_OFFLINE,
                    &vd->vdev_offline);

                (void) nvlist_lookup_uint64(nv, ZPOOL_CONFIG_RESILVER_TXG,
                    &vd->vdev_resilver_txg);

                /*
                 * In general, when importing a pool we want to ignore the
                 * persistent fault state, as the diagnosis made on another
                 * system may not be valid in the current context.  The only
                 * exception is if we forced a vdev to a persistently faulted
                 * state with 'zpool offline -f'.  The persistent fault will
                 * remain across imports until cleared.
                 *
                 * Local vdevs will remain in the faulted state.
                 */
                if (spa_load_state(spa) == SPA_LOAD_OPEN ||
                    spa_load_state(spa) == SPA_LOAD_IMPORT) {
                        (void) nvlist_lookup_uint64(nv, ZPOOL_CONFIG_FAULTED,
                            &vd->vdev_faulted);
                        (void) nvlist_lookup_uint64(nv, ZPOOL_CONFIG_DEGRADED,
                            &vd->vdev_degraded);
                        (void) nvlist_lookup_uint64(nv, ZPOOL_CONFIG_REMOVED,
                            &vd->vdev_removed);

                        if (vd->vdev_faulted || vd->vdev_degraded) {
                                char *aux;

                                vd->vdev_label_aux =
                                    VDEV_AUX_ERR_EXCEEDED;
                                if (nvlist_lookup_string(nv,
                                    ZPOOL_CONFIG_AUX_STATE, &aux) == 0 &&
                                    strcmp(aux, "external") == 0)
                                        vd->vdev_label_aux = VDEV_AUX_EXTERNAL;
                                else
                                        vd->vdev_faulted = 0ULL;
                        }
                }
        }

        /*
         * Add ourselves to the parent's list of children.
         */
        vdev_add_child(parent, vd);

        *vdp = vd;

        return (0);
}

void
vdev_free(vdev_t *vd)
{
        spa_t *spa = vd->vdev_spa;

        /*
         * Scan queues are normally destroyed at the end of a scan. If the
         * queue exists here, that implies the vdev is being removed while
         * the scan is still running.
         */
        if (vd->vdev_scan_io_queue != NULL) {
                mutex_enter(&vd->vdev_scan_io_queue_lock);
                dsl_scan_io_queue_destroy(vd->vdev_scan_io_queue);
                vd->vdev_scan_io_queue = NULL;
                mutex_exit(&vd->vdev_scan_io_queue_lock);
        }

        /*
         * vdev_free() implies closing the vdev first.  This is simpler than
         * trying to ensure complicated semantics for all callers.
         */
        vdev_close(vd);

        ASSERT(!list_link_active(&vd->vdev_config_dirty_node));
        ASSERT(!list_link_active(&vd->vdev_state_dirty_node));

        /*
         * Free all children.
         */
        for (int c = 0; c < vd->vdev_children; c++)
                vdev_free(vd->vdev_child[c]);

        ASSERT(vd->vdev_child == NULL);
        ASSERT(vd->vdev_guid_sum == vd->vdev_guid);

        /*
         * Discard allocation state.
         */
        if (vd->vdev_mg != NULL) {
                vdev_metaslab_fini(vd);
                metaslab_group_destroy(vd->vdev_mg);
        }

        ASSERT0(vd->vdev_stat.vs_space);
        ASSERT0(vd->vdev_stat.vs_dspace);
        ASSERT0(vd->vdev_stat.vs_alloc);

        /*
         * Remove this vdev from its parent's child list.
         */
        vdev_remove_child(vd->vdev_parent, vd);

        ASSERT(vd->vdev_parent == NULL);

        /*
         * Clean up vdev structure.
         */
        vdev_queue_fini(vd);
        vdev_cache_fini(vd);

        if (vd->vdev_path)
                spa_strfree(vd->vdev_path);
        if (vd->vdev_devid)
                spa_strfree(vd->vdev_devid);
        if (vd->vdev_physpath)
                spa_strfree(vd->vdev_physpath);

        if (vd->vdev_enc_sysfs_path)
                spa_strfree(vd->vdev_enc_sysfs_path);

        if (vd->vdev_fru)
                spa_strfree(vd->vdev_fru);

        if (vd->vdev_isspare)
                spa_spare_remove(vd);
        if (vd->vdev_isl2cache)
                spa_l2cache_remove(vd);

        txg_list_destroy(&vd->vdev_ms_list);
        txg_list_destroy(&vd->vdev_dtl_list);

        mutex_enter(&vd->vdev_dtl_lock);
        space_map_close(vd->vdev_dtl_sm);
        for (int t = 0; t < DTL_TYPES; t++) {
                range_tree_vacate(vd->vdev_dtl[t], NULL, NULL);
                range_tree_destroy(vd->vdev_dtl[t]);
        }
        mutex_exit(&vd->vdev_dtl_lock);

        EQUIV(vd->vdev_indirect_births != NULL,
            vd->vdev_indirect_mapping != NULL);
        if (vd->vdev_indirect_births != NULL) {
                vdev_indirect_mapping_close(vd->vdev_indirect_mapping);
                vdev_indirect_births_close(vd->vdev_indirect_births);
        }

        if (vd->vdev_obsolete_sm != NULL) {
                ASSERT(vd->vdev_removing ||
                    vd->vdev_ops == &vdev_indirect_ops);
                space_map_close(vd->vdev_obsolete_sm);
                vd->vdev_obsolete_sm = NULL;
        }
        range_tree_destroy(vd->vdev_obsolete_segments);
        rw_destroy(&vd->vdev_indirect_rwlock);
        mutex_destroy(&vd->vdev_obsolete_lock);

        mutex_destroy(&vd->vdev_queue_lock);
        mutex_destroy(&vd->vdev_dtl_lock);
        mutex_destroy(&vd->vdev_stat_lock);
        mutex_destroy(&vd->vdev_probe_lock);
        mutex_destroy(&vd->vdev_scan_io_queue_lock);

        zfs_ratelimit_fini(&vd->vdev_delay_rl);
        zfs_ratelimit_fini(&vd->vdev_checksum_rl);

        if (vd == spa->spa_root_vdev)
                spa->spa_root_vdev = NULL;

        kmem_free(vd, sizeof (vdev_t));
}

/*
 * Transfer top-level vdev state from svd to tvd.
 */
static void
vdev_top_transfer(vdev_t *svd, vdev_t *tvd)
{
        spa_t *spa = svd->vdev_spa;
        metaslab_t *msp;
        vdev_t *vd;
        int t;

        ASSERT(tvd == tvd->vdev_top);

        tvd->vdev_pending_fastwrite = svd->vdev_pending_fastwrite;
        tvd->vdev_ms_array = svd->vdev_ms_array;
        tvd->vdev_ms_shift = svd->vdev_ms_shift;
        tvd->vdev_ms_count = svd->vdev_ms_count;
        tvd->vdev_top_zap = svd->vdev_top_zap;

        svd->vdev_ms_array = 0;
        svd->vdev_ms_shift = 0;
        svd->vdev_ms_count = 0;
        svd->vdev_top_zap = 0;

        if (tvd->vdev_mg)
                ASSERT3P(tvd->vdev_mg, ==, svd->vdev_mg);
        tvd->vdev_mg = svd->vdev_mg;
        tvd->vdev_ms = svd->vdev_ms;

        svd->vdev_mg = NULL;
        svd->vdev_ms = NULL;

        if (tvd->vdev_mg != NULL)
                tvd->vdev_mg->mg_vd = tvd;

        tvd->vdev_checkpoint_sm = svd->vdev_checkpoint_sm;
        svd->vdev_checkpoint_sm = NULL;

        tvd->vdev_alloc_bias = svd->vdev_alloc_bias;
        svd->vdev_alloc_bias = VDEV_BIAS_NONE;

        tvd->vdev_stat.vs_alloc = svd->vdev_stat.vs_alloc;
        tvd->vdev_stat.vs_space = svd->vdev_stat.vs_space;
        tvd->vdev_stat.vs_dspace = svd->vdev_stat.vs_dspace;

        svd->vdev_stat.vs_alloc = 0;
        svd->vdev_stat.vs_space = 0;
        svd->vdev_stat.vs_dspace = 0;

        /*
         * State which may be set on a top-level vdev that's in the
         * process of being removed.
         */
        ASSERT0(tvd->vdev_indirect_config.vic_births_object);
        ASSERT0(tvd->vdev_indirect_config.vic_mapping_object);
        ASSERT3U(tvd->vdev_indirect_config.vic_prev_indirect_vdev, ==, -1ULL);
        ASSERT3P(tvd->vdev_indirect_mapping, ==, NULL);
        ASSERT3P(tvd->vdev_indirect_births, ==, NULL);
        ASSERT3P(tvd->vdev_obsolete_sm, ==, NULL);
        ASSERT0(tvd->vdev_removing);
        tvd->vdev_removing = svd->vdev_removing;
        tvd->vdev_indirect_config = svd->vdev_indirect_config;
        tvd->vdev_indirect_mapping = svd->vdev_indirect_mapping;
        tvd->vdev_indirect_births = svd->vdev_indirect_births;
        range_tree_swap(&svd->vdev_obsolete_segments,
            &tvd->vdev_obsolete_segments);
        tvd->vdev_obsolete_sm = svd->vdev_obsolete_sm;
        svd->vdev_indirect_config.vic_mapping_object = 0;
        svd->vdev_indirect_config.vic_births_object = 0;
        svd->vdev_indirect_config.vic_prev_indirect_vdev = -1ULL;
        svd->vdev_indirect_mapping = NULL;
        svd->vdev_indirect_births = NULL;
        svd->vdev_obsolete_sm = NULL;
        svd->vdev_removing = 0;

        for (t = 0; t < TXG_SIZE; t++) {
                while ((msp = txg_list_remove(&svd->vdev_ms_list, t)) != NULL)
                        (void) txg_list_add(&tvd->vdev_ms_list, msp, t);
                while ((vd = txg_list_remove(&svd->vdev_dtl_list, t)) != NULL)
                        (void) txg_list_add(&tvd->vdev_dtl_list, vd, t);
                if (txg_list_remove_this(&spa->spa_vdev_txg_list, svd, t))
                        (void) txg_list_add(&spa->spa_vdev_txg_list, tvd, t);
        }

        if (list_link_active(&svd->vdev_config_dirty_node)) {
                vdev_config_clean(svd);
                vdev_config_dirty(tvd);
        }

        if (list_link_active(&svd->vdev_state_dirty_node)) {
                vdev_state_clean(svd);
                vdev_state_dirty(tvd);
        }

        tvd->vdev_deflate_ratio = svd->vdev_deflate_ratio;
        svd->vdev_deflate_ratio = 0;

        tvd->vdev_islog = svd->vdev_islog;
        svd->vdev_islog = 0;

        dsl_scan_io_queue_vdev_xfer(svd, tvd);
}

static void
vdev_top_update(vdev_t *tvd, vdev_t *vd)
{
        if (vd == NULL)
                return;

        vd->vdev_top = tvd;

        for (int c = 0; c < vd->vdev_children; c++)
                vdev_top_update(tvd, vd->vdev_child[c]);
}

/*
 * Add a mirror/replacing vdev above an existing vdev.
 */
vdev_t *
vdev_add_parent(vdev_t *cvd, vdev_ops_t *ops)
{
        spa_t *spa = cvd->vdev_spa;
        vdev_t *pvd = cvd->vdev_parent;
        vdev_t *mvd;

        ASSERT(spa_config_held(spa, SCL_ALL, RW_WRITER) == SCL_ALL);

        mvd = vdev_alloc_common(spa, cvd->vdev_id, 0, ops);

        mvd->vdev_asize = cvd->vdev_asize;
        mvd->vdev_min_asize = cvd->vdev_min_asize;
        mvd->vdev_max_asize = cvd->vdev_max_asize;
        mvd->vdev_psize = cvd->vdev_psize;
        mvd->vdev_ashift = cvd->vdev_ashift;
        mvd->vdev_state = cvd->vdev_state;
        mvd->vdev_crtxg = cvd->vdev_crtxg;

        vdev_remove_child(pvd, cvd);
        vdev_add_child(pvd, mvd);
        cvd->vdev_id = mvd->vdev_children;
        vdev_add_child(mvd, cvd);
        vdev_top_update(cvd->vdev_top, cvd->vdev_top);

        if (mvd == mvd->vdev_top)
                vdev_top_transfer(cvd, mvd);

        return (mvd);
}

/*
 * Remove a 1-way mirror/replacing vdev from the tree.
 */
void
vdev_remove_parent(vdev_t *cvd)
{
        vdev_t *mvd = cvd->vdev_parent;
        vdev_t *pvd = mvd->vdev_parent;

        ASSERT(spa_config_held(cvd->vdev_spa, SCL_ALL, RW_WRITER) == SCL_ALL);

        ASSERT(mvd->vdev_children == 1);
        ASSERT(mvd->vdev_ops == &vdev_mirror_ops ||
            mvd->vdev_ops == &vdev_replacing_ops ||
            mvd->vdev_ops == &vdev_spare_ops);
        cvd->vdev_ashift = mvd->vdev_ashift;

        vdev_remove_child(mvd, cvd);
        vdev_remove_child(pvd, mvd);

        /*
         * If cvd will replace mvd as a top-level vdev, preserve mvd's guid.
         * Otherwise, we could have detached an offline device, and when we
         * go to import the pool we'll think we have two top-level vdevs,
         * instead of a different version of the same top-level vdev.
         */
        if (mvd->vdev_top == mvd) {
                uint64_t guid_delta = mvd->vdev_guid - cvd->vdev_guid;
                cvd->vdev_orig_guid = cvd->vdev_guid;
                cvd->vdev_guid += guid_delta;
                cvd->vdev_guid_sum += guid_delta;

                /*
                 * If pool not set for autoexpand, we need to also preserve
                 * mvd's asize to prevent automatic expansion of cvd.
                 * Otherwise if we are adjusting the mirror by attaching and
                 * detaching children of non-uniform sizes, the mirror could
                 * autoexpand, unexpectedly requiring larger devices to
                 * re-establish the mirror.
                 */
                if (!cvd->vdev_spa->spa_autoexpand)
                        cvd->vdev_asize = mvd->vdev_asize;
        }
        cvd->vdev_id = mvd->vdev_id;
        vdev_add_child(pvd, cvd);
        vdev_top_update(cvd->vdev_top, cvd->vdev_top);

        if (cvd == cvd->vdev_top)
                vdev_top_transfer(mvd, cvd);

        ASSERT(mvd->vdev_children == 0);
        vdev_free(mvd);
}

static void
vdev_metaslab_group_create(vdev_t *vd)
{
        spa_t *spa = vd->vdev_spa;

        /*
         * metaslab_group_create was delayed until allocation bias was available
         */
        if (vd->vdev_mg == NULL) {
                metaslab_class_t *mc;

                if (vd->vdev_islog && vd->vdev_alloc_bias == VDEV_BIAS_NONE)
                        vd->vdev_alloc_bias = VDEV_BIAS_LOG;

                ASSERT3U(vd->vdev_islog, ==,
                    (vd->vdev_alloc_bias == VDEV_BIAS_LOG));

                switch (vd->vdev_alloc_bias) {
                case VDEV_BIAS_LOG:
                        mc = spa_log_class(spa);
                        break;
                case VDEV_BIAS_SPECIAL:
                        mc = spa_special_class(spa);
                        break;
                case VDEV_BIAS_DEDUP:
                        mc = spa_dedup_class(spa);
                        break;
                default:
                        mc = spa_normal_class(spa);
                }

                vd->vdev_mg = metaslab_group_create(mc, vd,
                    spa->spa_alloc_count);

                /*
                 * The spa ashift values currently only reflect the
                 * general vdev classes. Class destination is late
                 * binding so ashift checking had to wait until now
                 */
                if (vd->vdev_top == vd && vd->vdev_ashift != 0 &&
                    mc == spa_normal_class(spa) && vd->vdev_aux == NULL) {
                        if (vd->vdev_ashift > spa->spa_max_ashift)
                                spa->spa_max_ashift = vd->vdev_ashift;
                        if (vd->vdev_ashift < spa->spa_min_ashift)
                                spa->spa_min_ashift = vd->vdev_ashift;
                }
        }
}

int
vdev_metaslab_init(vdev_t *vd, uint64_t txg)
{
        spa_t *spa = vd->vdev_spa;
        objset_t *mos = spa->spa_meta_objset;
        uint64_t m;
        uint64_t oldc = vd->vdev_ms_count;
        uint64_t newc = vd->vdev_asize >> vd->vdev_ms_shift;
        metaslab_t **mspp;
        int error;
        boolean_t expanding = (oldc != 0);

        ASSERT(txg == 0 || spa_config_held(spa, SCL_ALLOC, RW_WRITER));

        /*
         * This vdev is not being allocated from yet or is a hole.
         */
        if (vd->vdev_ms_shift == 0)
                return (0);

        ASSERT(!vd->vdev_ishole);

        ASSERT(oldc <= newc);

        mspp = vmem_zalloc(newc * sizeof (*mspp), KM_SLEEP);

        if (expanding) {
                bcopy(vd->vdev_ms, mspp, oldc * sizeof (*mspp));
                vmem_free(vd->vdev_ms, oldc * sizeof (*mspp));
        }

        vd->vdev_ms = mspp;
        vd->vdev_ms_count = newc;
        for (m = oldc; m < newc; m++) {
                uint64_t object = 0;

                /*
                 * vdev_ms_array may be 0 if we are creating the "fake"
                 * metaslabs for an indirect vdev for zdb's leak detection.
                 * See zdb_leak_init().
                 */
                if (txg == 0 && vd->vdev_ms_array != 0) {
                        error = dmu_read(mos, vd->vdev_ms_array,
                            m * sizeof (uint64_t), sizeof (uint64_t), &object,
                            DMU_READ_PREFETCH);
                        if (error != 0) {
                                vdev_dbgmsg(vd, "unable to read the metaslab "
                                    "array [error=%d]", error);
                                return (error);
                        }
                }

#ifndef _KERNEL
                /*
                 * To accomodate zdb_leak_init() fake indirect
                 * metaslabs, we allocate a metaslab group for
                 * indirect vdevs which normally don't have one.
                 */
                if (vd->vdev_mg == NULL) {
                        ASSERT0(vdev_is_concrete(vd));
                        vdev_metaslab_group_create(vd);
                }
#endif
                error = metaslab_init(vd->vdev_mg, m, object, txg,
                    &(vd->vdev_ms[m]));
                if (error != 0) {
                        vdev_dbgmsg(vd, "metaslab_init failed [error=%d]",
                            error);
                        return (error);
                }
        }

        if (txg == 0)
                spa_config_enter(spa, SCL_ALLOC, FTAG, RW_WRITER);

        /*
         * If the vdev is being removed we don't activate
         * the metaslabs since we want to ensure that no new
         * allocations are performed on this device.
         */
        if (!expanding && !vd->vdev_removing) {
                metaslab_group_activate(vd->vdev_mg);
        }

        if (txg == 0)
                spa_config_exit(spa, SCL_ALLOC, FTAG);

        return (0);
}

void
vdev_metaslab_fini(vdev_t *vd)
{
        if (vd->vdev_checkpoint_sm != NULL) {
                ASSERT(spa_feature_is_active(vd->vdev_spa,
                    SPA_FEATURE_POOL_CHECKPOINT));
                space_map_close(vd->vdev_checkpoint_sm);
                /*
                 * Even though we close the space map, we need to set its
                 * pointer to NULL. The reason is that vdev_metaslab_fini()
                 * may be called multiple times for certain operations
                 * (i.e. when destroying a pool) so we need to ensure that
                 * this clause never executes twice. This logic is similar
                 * to the one used for the vdev_ms clause below.
                 */
                vd->vdev_checkpoint_sm = NULL;
        }

        if (vd->vdev_ms != NULL) {
                uint64_t count = vd->vdev_ms_count;

                metaslab_group_passivate(vd->vdev_mg);
                for (uint64_t m = 0; m < count; m++) {
                        metaslab_t *msp = vd->vdev_ms[m];

                        if (msp != NULL)
                                metaslab_fini(msp);
                }
                vmem_free(vd->vdev_ms, count * sizeof (metaslab_t *));
                vd->vdev_ms = NULL;

                vd->vdev_ms_count = 0;
        }
        ASSERT0(vd->vdev_ms_count);
        ASSERT3U(vd->vdev_pending_fastwrite, ==, 0);
}

typedef struct vdev_probe_stats {
        boolean_t       vps_readable;
        boolean_t       vps_writeable;
        int             vps_flags;
} vdev_probe_stats_t;

static void
vdev_probe_done(zio_t *zio)
{
        spa_t *spa = zio->io_spa;
        vdev_t *vd = zio->io_vd;
        vdev_probe_stats_t *vps = zio->io_private;

        ASSERT(vd->vdev_probe_zio != NULL);

        if (zio->io_type == ZIO_TYPE_READ) {
                if (zio->io_error == 0)
                        vps->vps_readable = 1;
                if (zio->io_error == 0 && spa_writeable(spa)) {
                        zio_nowait(zio_write_phys(vd->vdev_probe_zio, vd,
                            zio->io_offset, zio->io_size, zio->io_abd,
                            ZIO_CHECKSUM_OFF, vdev_probe_done, vps,
                            ZIO_PRIORITY_SYNC_WRITE, vps->vps_flags, B_TRUE));
                } else {
                        abd_free(zio->io_abd);
                }
        } else if (zio->io_type == ZIO_TYPE_WRITE) {
                if (zio->io_error == 0)
                        vps->vps_writeable = 1;
                abd_free(zio->io_abd);
        } else if (zio->io_type == ZIO_TYPE_NULL) {
                zio_t *pio;
                zio_link_t *zl;

                vd->vdev_cant_read |= !vps->vps_readable;
                vd->vdev_cant_write |= !vps->vps_writeable;

                if (vdev_readable(vd) &&
                    (vdev_writeable(vd) || !spa_writeable(spa))) {
                        zio->io_error = 0;
                } else {
                        ASSERT(zio->io_error != 0);
                        vdev_dbgmsg(vd, "failed probe");
                        zfs_ereport_post(FM_EREPORT_ZFS_PROBE_FAILURE,
                            spa, vd, NULL, NULL, 0, 0);
                        zio->io_error = SET_ERROR(ENXIO);
                }

                mutex_enter(&vd->vdev_probe_lock);
                ASSERT(vd->vdev_probe_zio == zio);
                vd->vdev_probe_zio = NULL;
                mutex_exit(&vd->vdev_probe_lock);

                zl = NULL;
                while ((pio = zio_walk_parents(zio, &zl)) != NULL)
                        if (!vdev_accessible(vd, pio))
                                pio->io_error = SET_ERROR(ENXIO);

                kmem_free(vps, sizeof (*vps));
        }
}

/*
 * Determine whether this device is accessible.
 *
 * Read and write to several known locations: the pad regions of each
 * vdev label but the first, which we leave alone in case it contains
 * a VTOC.
 */
zio_t *
vdev_probe(vdev_t *vd, zio_t *zio)
{
        spa_t *spa = vd->vdev_spa;
        vdev_probe_stats_t *vps = NULL;
        zio_t *pio;

        ASSERT(vd->vdev_ops->vdev_op_leaf);

        /*
         * Don't probe the probe.
         */
        if (zio && (zio->io_flags & ZIO_FLAG_PROBE))
                return (NULL);

        /*
         * To prevent 'probe storms' when a device fails, we create
         * just one probe i/o at a time.  All zios that want to probe
         * this vdev will become parents of the probe io.
         */
        mutex_enter(&vd->vdev_probe_lock);

        if ((pio = vd->vdev_probe_zio) == NULL) {
                vps = kmem_zalloc(sizeof (*vps), KM_SLEEP);

                vps->vps_flags = ZIO_FLAG_CANFAIL | ZIO_FLAG_PROBE |
                    ZIO_FLAG_DONT_CACHE | ZIO_FLAG_DONT_AGGREGATE |
                    ZIO_FLAG_TRYHARD;

                if (spa_config_held(spa, SCL_ZIO, RW_WRITER)) {
                        /*
                         * vdev_cant_read and vdev_cant_write can only
                         * transition from TRUE to FALSE when we have the
                         * SCL_ZIO lock as writer; otherwise they can only
                         * transition from FALSE to TRUE.  This ensures that
                         * any zio looking at these values can assume that
                         * failures persist for the life of the I/O.  That's
                         * important because when a device has intermittent
                         * connectivity problems, we want to ensure that
                         * they're ascribed to the device (ENXIO) and not
                         * the zio (EIO).
                         *
                         * Since we hold SCL_ZIO as writer here, clear both
                         * values so the probe can reevaluate from first
                         * principles.
                         */
                        vps->vps_flags |= ZIO_FLAG_CONFIG_WRITER;
                        vd->vdev_cant_read = B_FALSE;
                        vd->vdev_cant_write = B_FALSE;
                }

                vd->vdev_probe_zio = pio = zio_null(NULL, spa, vd,
                    vdev_probe_done, vps,
                    vps->vps_flags | ZIO_FLAG_DONT_PROPAGATE);

                /*
                 * We can't change the vdev state in this context, so we
                 * kick off an async task to do it on our behalf.
                 */
                if (zio != NULL) {
                        vd->vdev_probe_wanted = B_TRUE;
                        spa_async_request(spa, SPA_ASYNC_PROBE);
                }
        }

        if (zio != NULL)
                zio_add_child(zio, pio);

        mutex_exit(&vd->vdev_probe_lock);

        if (vps == NULL) {
                ASSERT(zio != NULL);
                return (NULL);
        }

        for (int l = 1; l < VDEV_LABELS; l++) {
                zio_nowait(zio_read_phys(pio, vd,
                    vdev_label_offset(vd->vdev_psize, l,
                    offsetof(vdev_label_t, vl_pad2)), VDEV_PAD_SIZE,
                    abd_alloc_for_io(VDEV_PAD_SIZE, B_TRUE),
                    ZIO_CHECKSUM_OFF, vdev_probe_done, vps,
                    ZIO_PRIORITY_SYNC_READ, vps->vps_flags, B_TRUE));
        }

        if (zio == NULL)
                return (pio);

        zio_nowait(pio);
        return (NULL);
}

static void
vdev_open_child(void *arg)
{
        vdev_t *vd = arg;

        vd->vdev_open_thread = curthread;
        vd->vdev_open_error = vdev_open(vd);
        vd->vdev_open_thread = NULL;
}

static boolean_t
vdev_uses_zvols(vdev_t *vd)
{
#ifdef _KERNEL
        if (zvol_is_zvol(vd->vdev_path))
                return (B_TRUE);
#endif

        for (int c = 0; c < vd->vdev_children; c++)
                if (vdev_uses_zvols(vd->vdev_child[c]))
                        return (B_TRUE);

        return (B_FALSE);
}

void
vdev_open_children(vdev_t *vd)
{
        taskq_t *tq;
        int children = vd->vdev_children;

        /*
         * in order to handle pools on top of zvols, do the opens
         * in a single thread so that the same thread holds the
         * spa_namespace_lock
         */
        if (vdev_uses_zvols(vd)) {
retry_sync:
                for (int c = 0; c < children; c++)
                        vd->vdev_child[c]->vdev_open_error =
                            vdev_open(vd->vdev_child[c]);
        } else {
                tq = taskq_create("vdev_open", children, minclsyspri,
                    children, children, TASKQ_PREPOPULATE);
                if (tq == NULL)
                        goto retry_sync;

                for (int c = 0; c < children; c++)
                        VERIFY(taskq_dispatch(tq, vdev_open_child,
                            vd->vdev_child[c], TQ_SLEEP) != TASKQID_INVALID);

                taskq_destroy(tq);
        }

        vd->vdev_nonrot = B_TRUE;

        for (int c = 0; c < children; c++)
                vd->vdev_nonrot &= vd->vdev_child[c]->vdev_nonrot;
}

/*
 * Compute the raidz-deflation ratio.  Note, we hard-code
 * in 128k (1 << 17) because it is the "typical" blocksize.
 * Even though SPA_MAXBLOCKSIZE changed, this algorithm can not change,
 * otherwise it would inconsistently account for existing bp's.
 */
static void
vdev_set_deflate_ratio(vdev_t *vd)
{
        if (vd == vd->vdev_top && !vd->vdev_ishole && vd->vdev_ashift != 0) {
                vd->vdev_deflate_ratio = (1 << 17) /
                    (vdev_psize_to_asize(vd, 1 << 17) >> SPA_MINBLOCKSHIFT);
        }
}

/*
 * Prepare a virtual device for access.
 */
int
vdev_open(vdev_t *vd)
{
        spa_t *spa = vd->vdev_spa;
        int error;
        uint64_t osize = 0;
        uint64_t max_osize = 0;
        uint64_t asize, max_asize, psize;
        uint64_t ashift = 0;

        ASSERT(vd->vdev_open_thread == curthread ||
            spa_config_held(spa, SCL_STATE_ALL, RW_WRITER) == SCL_STATE_ALL);
        ASSERT(vd->vdev_state == VDEV_STATE_CLOSED ||
            vd->vdev_state == VDEV_STATE_CANT_OPEN ||
            vd->vdev_state == VDEV_STATE_OFFLINE);

        vd->vdev_stat.vs_aux = VDEV_AUX_NONE;
        vd->vdev_cant_read = B_FALSE;
        vd->vdev_cant_write = B_FALSE;
        vd->vdev_min_asize = vdev_get_min_asize(vd);

        /*
         * If this vdev is not removed, check its fault status.  If it's
         * faulted, bail out of the open.
         */
        if (!vd->vdev_removed && vd->vdev_faulted) {
                ASSERT(vd->vdev_children == 0);
                ASSERT(vd->vdev_label_aux == VDEV_AUX_ERR_EXCEEDED ||
                    vd->vdev_label_aux == VDEV_AUX_EXTERNAL);
                vdev_set_state(vd, B_TRUE, VDEV_STATE_FAULTED,
                    vd->vdev_label_aux);
                return (SET_ERROR(ENXIO));
        } else if (vd->vdev_offline) {
                ASSERT(vd->vdev_children == 0);
                vdev_set_state(vd, B_TRUE, VDEV_STATE_OFFLINE, VDEV_AUX_NONE);
                return (SET_ERROR(ENXIO));
        }

        error = vd->vdev_ops->vdev_op_open(vd, &osize, &max_osize, &ashift);

        /*
         * Reset the vdev_reopening flag so that we actually close
         * the vdev on error.
         */
        vd->vdev_reopening = B_FALSE;
        if (zio_injection_enabled && error == 0)
                error = zio_handle_device_injection(vd, NULL, ENXIO);

        if (error) {
                if (vd->vdev_removed &&
                    vd->vdev_stat.vs_aux != VDEV_AUX_OPEN_FAILED)
                        vd->vdev_removed = B_FALSE;

                if (vd->vdev_stat.vs_aux == VDEV_AUX_CHILDREN_OFFLINE) {
                        vdev_set_state(vd, B_TRUE, VDEV_STATE_OFFLINE,
                            vd->vdev_stat.vs_aux);
                } else {
                        vdev_set_state(vd, B_TRUE, VDEV_STATE_CANT_OPEN,
                            vd->vdev_stat.vs_aux);
                }
                return (error);
        }

        vd->vdev_removed = B_FALSE;

        /*
         * Recheck the faulted flag now that we have confirmed that
         * the vdev is accessible.  If we're faulted, bail.
         */
        if (vd->vdev_faulted) {
                ASSERT(vd->vdev_children == 0);
                ASSERT(vd->vdev_label_aux == VDEV_AUX_ERR_EXCEEDED ||
                    vd->vdev_label_aux == VDEV_AUX_EXTERNAL);
                vdev_set_state(vd, B_TRUE, VDEV_STATE_FAULTED,
                    vd->vdev_label_aux);
                return (SET_ERROR(ENXIO));
        }

        if (vd->vdev_degraded) {
                ASSERT(vd->vdev_children == 0);
                vdev_set_state(vd, B_TRUE, VDEV_STATE_DEGRADED,
                    VDEV_AUX_ERR_EXCEEDED);
        } else {
                vdev_set_state(vd, B_TRUE, VDEV_STATE_HEALTHY, 0);
        }

        /*
         * For hole or missing vdevs we just return success.
         */
        if (vd->vdev_ishole || vd->vdev_ops == &vdev_missing_ops)
                return (0);

        for (int c = 0; c < vd->vdev_children; c++) {
                if (vd->vdev_child[c]->vdev_state != VDEV_STATE_HEALTHY) {
                        vdev_set_state(vd, B_TRUE, VDEV_STATE_DEGRADED,
                            VDEV_AUX_NONE);
                        break;
                }
        }

        osize = P2ALIGN(osize, (uint64_t)sizeof (vdev_label_t));
        max_osize = P2ALIGN(max_osize, (uint64_t)sizeof (vdev_label_t));

        if (vd->vdev_children == 0) {
                if (osize < SPA_MINDEVSIZE) {
                        vdev_set_state(vd, B_TRUE, VDEV_STATE_CANT_OPEN,
                            VDEV_AUX_TOO_SMALL);
                        return (SET_ERROR(EOVERFLOW));
                }
                psize = osize;
                asize = osize - (VDEV_LABEL_START_SIZE + VDEV_LABEL_END_SIZE);
                max_asize = max_osize - (VDEV_LABEL_START_SIZE +
                    VDEV_LABEL_END_SIZE);
        } else {
                if (vd->vdev_parent != NULL && osize < SPA_MINDEVSIZE -
                    (VDEV_LABEL_START_SIZE + VDEV_LABEL_END_SIZE)) {
                        vdev_set_state(vd, B_TRUE, VDEV_STATE_CANT_OPEN,
                            VDEV_AUX_TOO_SMALL);
                        return (SET_ERROR(EOVERFLOW));
                }
                psize = 0;
                asize = osize;
                max_asize = max_osize;
        }

        /*
         * If the vdev was expanded, record this so that we can re-create the
         * uberblock rings in labels {2,3}, during the next sync.
         */
        if ((psize > vd->vdev_psize) && (vd->vdev_psize != 0))
                vd->vdev_copy_uberblocks = B_TRUE;

        vd->vdev_psize = psize;

        /*
         * Make sure the allocatable size hasn't shrunk too much.
         */
        if (asize < vd->vdev_min_asize) {
                vdev_set_state(vd, B_TRUE, VDEV_STATE_CANT_OPEN,
                    VDEV_AUX_BAD_LABEL);
                return (SET_ERROR(EINVAL));
        }

        if (vd->vdev_asize == 0) {
                /*
                 * This is the first-ever open, so use the computed values.
                 * For compatibility, a different ashift can be requested.
                 */
                vd->vdev_asize = asize;
                vd->vdev_max_asize = max_asize;
                if (vd->vdev_ashift == 0) {
                        vd->vdev_ashift = ashift; /* use detected value */
                }
                if (vd->vdev_ashift != 0 && (vd->vdev_ashift < ASHIFT_MIN ||
                    vd->vdev_ashift > ASHIFT_MAX)) {
                        vdev_set_state(vd, B_TRUE, VDEV_STATE_CANT_OPEN,
                            VDEV_AUX_BAD_ASHIFT);
                        return (SET_ERROR(EDOM));
                }
        } else {
                /*
                 * Detect if the alignment requirement has increased.
                 * We don't want to make the pool unavailable, just
                 * post an event instead.
                 */
                if (ashift > vd->vdev_top->vdev_ashift &&
                    vd->vdev_ops->vdev_op_leaf) {
                        zfs_ereport_post(FM_EREPORT_ZFS_DEVICE_BAD_ASHIFT,
                            spa, vd, NULL, NULL, 0, 0);
                }

                vd->vdev_max_asize = max_asize;
        }

        /*
         * If all children are healthy we update asize if either:
         * The asize has increased, due to a device expansion caused by dynamic
         * LUN growth or vdev replacement, and automatic expansion is enabled;
         * making the additional space available.
         *
         * The asize has decreased, due to a device shrink usually caused by a
         * vdev replace with a smaller device. This ensures that calculations
         * based of max_asize and asize e.g. esize are always valid. It's safe
         * to do this as we've already validated that asize is greater than
         * vdev_min_asize.
         */
        if (vd->vdev_state == VDEV_STATE_HEALTHY &&
            ((asize > vd->vdev_asize &&
            (vd->vdev_expanding || spa->spa_autoexpand)) ||
            (asize < vd->vdev_asize)))
                vd->vdev_asize = asize;

        vdev_set_min_asize(vd);

        /*
         * Ensure we can issue some IO before declaring the
         * vdev open for business.
         */
        if (vd->vdev_ops->vdev_op_leaf &&
            (error = zio_wait(vdev_probe(vd, NULL))) != 0) {
                vdev_set_state(vd, B_TRUE, VDEV_STATE_FAULTED,
                    VDEV_AUX_ERR_EXCEEDED);
                return (error);
        }

        /*
         * Track the min and max ashift values for normal data devices.
         *
         * DJB - TBD these should perhaps be tracked per allocation class
         * (e.g. spa_min_ashift is used to round up post compression buffers)
         */
        if (vd->vdev_top == vd && vd->vdev_ashift != 0 &&
            vd->vdev_alloc_bias == VDEV_BIAS_NONE &&
            vd->vdev_aux == NULL) {
                if (vd->vdev_ashift > spa->spa_max_ashift)
                        spa->spa_max_ashift = vd->vdev_ashift;
                if (vd->vdev_ashift < spa->spa_min_ashift)
                        spa->spa_min_ashift = vd->vdev_ashift;
        }

        /*
         * If a leaf vdev has a DTL, and seems healthy, then kick off a
         * resilver.  But don't do this if we are doing a reopen for a scrub,
         * since this would just restart the scrub we are already doing.
         */
        if (vd->vdev_ops->vdev_op_leaf && !spa->spa_scrub_reopen &&
            vdev_resilver_needed(vd, NULL, NULL))
                spa_async_request(spa, SPA_ASYNC_RESILVER);

        return (0);
}

/*
 * Called once the vdevs are all opened, this routine validates the label
 * contents. This needs to be done before vdev_load() so that we don't
 * inadvertently do repair I/Os to the wrong device.
 *
 * This function will only return failure if one of the vdevs indicates that it
 * has since been destroyed or exported.  This is only possible if
 * /etc/zfs/zpool.cache was readonly at the time.  Otherwise, the vdev state
 * will be updated but the function will return 0.
 */
int
vdev_validate(vdev_t *vd)
{
        spa_t *spa = vd->vdev_spa;
        nvlist_t *label;
        uint64_t guid = 0, aux_guid = 0, top_guid;
        uint64_t state;
        nvlist_t *nvl;
        uint64_t txg;

        if (vdev_validate_skip)
                return (0);

        for (uint64_t c = 0; c < vd->vdev_children; c++)
                if (vdev_validate(vd->vdev_child[c]) != 0)
                        return (SET_ERROR(EBADF));

        /*
         * If the device has already failed, or was marked offline, don't do
         * any further validation.  Otherwise, label I/O will fail and we will
         * overwrite the previous state.
         */
        if (!vd->vdev_ops->vdev_op_leaf || !vdev_readable(vd))
                return (0);

        /*
         * If we are performing an extreme rewind, we allow for a label that
         * was modified at a point after the current txg.
         * If config lock is not held do not check for the txg. spa_sync could
         * be updating the vdev's label before updating spa_last_synced_txg.
         */
        if (spa->spa_extreme_rewind || spa_last_synced_txg(spa) == 0 ||
            spa_config_held(spa, SCL_CONFIG, RW_WRITER) != SCL_CONFIG)
                txg = UINT64_MAX;
        else
                txg = spa_last_synced_txg(spa);

        if ((label = vdev_label_read_config(vd, txg)) == NULL) {
                vdev_set_state(vd, B_TRUE, VDEV_STATE_CANT_OPEN,
                    VDEV_AUX_BAD_LABEL);
                vdev_dbgmsg(vd, "vdev_validate: failed reading config for "
                    "txg %llu", (u_longlong_t)txg);
                return (0);
        }

        /*
         * Determine if this vdev has been split off into another
         * pool.  If so, then refuse to open it.
         */
        if (nvlist_lookup_uint64(label, ZPOOL_CONFIG_SPLIT_GUID,
            &aux_guid) == 0 && aux_guid == spa_guid(spa)) {
                vdev_set_state(vd, B_FALSE, VDEV_STATE_CANT_OPEN,
                    VDEV_AUX_SPLIT_POOL);
                nvlist_free(label);
                vdev_dbgmsg(vd, "vdev_validate: vdev split into other pool");
                return (0);
        }

        if (nvlist_lookup_uint64(label, ZPOOL_CONFIG_POOL_GUID, &guid) != 0) {
                vdev_set_state(vd, B_FALSE, VDEV_STATE_CANT_OPEN,
                    VDEV_AUX_CORRUPT_DATA);
                nvlist_free(label);
                vdev_dbgmsg(vd, "vdev_validate: '%s' missing from label",
                    ZPOOL_CONFIG_POOL_GUID);
                return (0);
        }

        /*
         * If config is not trusted then ignore the spa guid check. This is
         * necessary because if the machine crashed during a re-guid the new
         * guid might have been written to all of the vdev labels, but not the
         * cached config. The check will be performed again once we have the
         * trusted config from the MOS.
         */
        if (spa->spa_trust_config && guid != spa_guid(spa)) {
                vdev_set_state(vd, B_FALSE, VDEV_STATE_CANT_OPEN,
                    VDEV_AUX_CORRUPT_DATA);
                nvlist_free(label);
                vdev_dbgmsg(vd, "vdev_validate: vdev label pool_guid doesn't "
                    "match config (%llu != %llu)", (u_longlong_t)guid,
                    (u_longlong_t)spa_guid(spa));
                return (0);
        }

        if (nvlist_lookup_nvlist(label, ZPOOL_CONFIG_VDEV_TREE, &nvl)
            != 0 || nvlist_lookup_uint64(nvl, ZPOOL_CONFIG_ORIG_GUID,
            &aux_guid) != 0)
                aux_guid = 0;

        if (nvlist_lookup_uint64(label, ZPOOL_CONFIG_GUID, &guid) != 0) {
                vdev_set_state(vd, B_FALSE, VDEV_STATE_CANT_OPEN,
                    VDEV_AUX_CORRUPT_DATA);
                nvlist_free(label);
                vdev_dbgmsg(vd, "vdev_validate: '%s' missing from label",
                    ZPOOL_CONFIG_GUID);
                return (0);
        }

        if (nvlist_lookup_uint64(label, ZPOOL_CONFIG_TOP_GUID, &top_guid)
            != 0) {
                vdev_set_state(vd, B_FALSE, VDEV_STATE_CANT_OPEN,
                    VDEV_AUX_CORRUPT_DATA);
                nvlist_free(label);
                vdev_dbgmsg(vd, "vdev_validate: '%s' missing from label",
                    ZPOOL_CONFIG_TOP_GUID);
                return (0);
        }

        /*
         * If this vdev just became a top-level vdev because its sibling was
         * detached, it will have adopted the parent's vdev guid -- but the
         * label may or may not be on disk yet. Fortunately, either version
         * of the label will have the same top guid, so if we're a top-level
         * vdev, we can safely compare to that instead.
         * However, if the config comes from a cachefile that failed to update
         * after the detach, a top-level vdev will appear as a non top-level
         * vdev in the config. Also relax the constraints if we perform an
         * extreme rewind.
         *
         * If we split this vdev off instead, then we also check the
         * original pool's guid. We don't want to consider the vdev
         * corrupt if it is partway through a split operation.
         */
        if (vd->vdev_guid != guid && vd->vdev_guid != aux_guid) {
                boolean_t mismatch = B_FALSE;
                if (spa->spa_trust_config && !spa->spa_extreme_rewind) {
                        if (vd != vd->vdev_top || vd->vdev_guid != top_guid)
                                mismatch = B_TRUE;
                } else {
                        if (vd->vdev_guid != top_guid &&
                            vd->vdev_top->vdev_guid != guid)
                                mismatch = B_TRUE;
                }

                if (mismatch) {
                        vdev_set_state(vd, B_FALSE, VDEV_STATE_CANT_OPEN,
                            VDEV_AUX_CORRUPT_DATA);
                        nvlist_free(label);
                        vdev_dbgmsg(vd, "vdev_validate: config guid "
                            "doesn't match label guid");
                        vdev_dbgmsg(vd, "CONFIG: guid %llu, top_guid %llu",
                            (u_longlong_t)vd->vdev_guid,
                            (u_longlong_t)vd->vdev_top->vdev_guid);
                        vdev_dbgmsg(vd, "LABEL: guid %llu, top_guid %llu, "
                            "aux_guid %llu", (u_longlong_t)guid,
                            (u_longlong_t)top_guid, (u_longlong_t)aux_guid);
                        return (0);
                }
        }

        if (nvlist_lookup_uint64(label, ZPOOL_CONFIG_POOL_STATE,
            &state) != 0) {
                vdev_set_state(vd, B_FALSE, VDEV_STATE_CANT_OPEN,
                    VDEV_AUX_CORRUPT_DATA);
                nvlist_free(label);
                vdev_dbgmsg(vd, "vdev_validate: '%s' missing from label",
                    ZPOOL_CONFIG_POOL_STATE);
                return (0);
        }

        nvlist_free(label);

        /*
         * If this is a verbatim import, no need to check the
         * state of the pool.
         */
        if (!(spa->spa_import_flags & ZFS_IMPORT_VERBATIM) &&
            spa_load_state(spa) == SPA_LOAD_OPEN &&
            state != POOL_STATE_ACTIVE) {
                vdev_dbgmsg(vd, "vdev_validate: invalid pool state (%llu) "
                    "for spa %s", (u_longlong_t)state, spa->spa_name);
                return (SET_ERROR(EBADF));
        }

        /*
         * If we were able to open and validate a vdev that was
         * previously marked permanently unavailable, clear that state
         * now.
         */
        if (vd->vdev_not_present)
                vd->vdev_not_present = 0;

        return (0);
}

static void
vdev_copy_path_impl(vdev_t *svd, vdev_t *dvd)
{
        if (svd->vdev_path != NULL && dvd->vdev_path != NULL) {
                if (strcmp(svd->vdev_path, dvd->vdev_path) != 0) {
                        zfs_dbgmsg("vdev_copy_path: vdev %llu: path changed "
                            "from '%s' to '%s'", (u_longlong_t)dvd->vdev_guid,
                            dvd->vdev_path, svd->vdev_path);
                        spa_strfree(dvd->vdev_path);
                        dvd->vdev_path = spa_strdup(svd->vdev_path);
                }
        } else if (svd->vdev_path != NULL) {
                dvd->vdev_path = spa_strdup(svd->vdev_path);
                zfs_dbgmsg("vdev_copy_path: vdev %llu: path set to '%s'",
                    (u_longlong_t)dvd->vdev_guid, dvd->vdev_path);
        }
}

/*
 * Recursively copy vdev paths from one vdev to another. Source and destination
 * vdev trees must have same geometry otherwise return error. Intended to copy
 * paths from userland config into MOS config.
 */
int
vdev_copy_path_strict(vdev_t *svd, vdev_t *dvd)
{
        if ((svd->vdev_ops == &vdev_missing_ops) ||
            (svd->vdev_ishole && dvd->vdev_ishole) ||
            (dvd->vdev_ops == &vdev_indirect_ops))
                return (0);

        if (svd->vdev_ops != dvd->vdev_ops) {
                vdev_dbgmsg(svd, "vdev_copy_path: vdev type mismatch: %s != %s",
                    svd->vdev_ops->vdev_op_type, dvd->vdev_ops->vdev_op_type);
                return (SET_ERROR(EINVAL));
        }

        if (svd->vdev_guid != dvd->vdev_guid) {
                vdev_dbgmsg(svd, "vdev_copy_path: guids mismatch (%llu != "
                    "%llu)", (u_longlong_t)svd->vdev_guid,
                    (u_longlong_t)dvd->vdev_guid);
                return (SET_ERROR(EINVAL));
        }

        if (svd->vdev_children != dvd->vdev_children) {
                vdev_dbgmsg(svd, "vdev_copy_path: children count mismatch: "
                    "%llu != %llu", (u_longlong_t)svd->vdev_children,
                    (u_longlong_t)dvd->vdev_children);
                return (SET_ERROR(EINVAL));
        }

        for (uint64_t i = 0; i < svd->vdev_children; i++) {
                int error = vdev_copy_path_strict(svd->vdev_child[i],
                    dvd->vdev_child[i]);
                if (error != 0)
                        return (error);
        }

        if (svd->vdev_ops->vdev_op_leaf)
                vdev_copy_path_impl(svd, dvd);

        return (0);
}

static void
vdev_copy_path_search(vdev_t *stvd, vdev_t *dvd)
{
        ASSERT(stvd->vdev_top == stvd);
        ASSERT3U(stvd->vdev_id, ==, dvd->vdev_top->vdev_id);

        for (uint64_t i = 0; i < dvd->vdev_children; i++) {
                vdev_copy_path_search(stvd, dvd->vdev_child[i]);
        }

        if (!dvd->vdev_ops->vdev_op_leaf || !vdev_is_concrete(dvd))
                return;

        /*
         * The idea here is that while a vdev can shift positions within
         * a top vdev (when replacing, attaching mirror, etc.) it cannot
         * step outside of it.
         */
        vdev_t *vd = vdev_lookup_by_guid(stvd, dvd->vdev_guid);

        if (vd == NULL || vd->vdev_ops != dvd->vdev_ops)
                return;

        ASSERT(vd->vdev_ops->vdev_op_leaf);

        vdev_copy_path_impl(vd, dvd);
}

/*
 * Recursively copy vdev paths from one root vdev to another. Source and
 * destination vdev trees may differ in geometry. For each destination leaf
 * vdev, search a vdev with the same guid and top vdev id in the source.
 * Intended to copy paths from userland config into MOS config.
 */
void
vdev_copy_path_relaxed(vdev_t *srvd, vdev_t *drvd)
{
        uint64_t children = MIN(srvd->vdev_children, drvd->vdev_children);
        ASSERT(srvd->vdev_ops == &vdev_root_ops);
        ASSERT(drvd->vdev_ops == &vdev_root_ops);

        for (uint64_t i = 0; i < children; i++) {
                vdev_copy_path_search(srvd->vdev_child[i],
                    drvd->vdev_child[i]);
        }
}

/*
 * Close a virtual device.
 */
void
vdev_close(vdev_t *vd)
{
        vdev_t *pvd = vd->vdev_parent;
        ASSERTV(spa_t *spa = vd->vdev_spa);

        ASSERT(spa_config_held(spa, SCL_STATE_ALL, RW_WRITER) == SCL_STATE_ALL);

        /*
         * If our parent is reopening, then we are as well, unless we are
         * going offline.
         */
        if (pvd != NULL && pvd->vdev_reopening)
                vd->vdev_reopening = (pvd->vdev_reopening && !vd->vdev_offline);

        vd->vdev_ops->vdev_op_close(vd);

        vdev_cache_purge(vd);

        /*
         * We record the previous state before we close it, so that if we are
         * doing a reopen(), we don't generate FMA ereports if we notice that
         * it's still faulted.
         */
        vd->vdev_prevstate = vd->vdev_state;

        if (vd->vdev_offline)
                vd->vdev_state = VDEV_STATE_OFFLINE;
        else
                vd->vdev_state = VDEV_STATE_CLOSED;
        vd->vdev_stat.vs_aux = VDEV_AUX_NONE;
}

void
vdev_hold(vdev_t *vd)
{
        spa_t *spa = vd->vdev_spa;

        ASSERT(spa_is_root(spa));
        if (spa->spa_state == POOL_STATE_UNINITIALIZED)
                return;

        for (int c = 0; c < vd->vdev_children; c++)
                vdev_hold(vd->vdev_child[c]);

        if (vd->vdev_ops->vdev_op_leaf)
                vd->vdev_ops->vdev_op_hold(vd);
}

void
vdev_rele(vdev_t *vd)
{
        ASSERT(spa_is_root(vd->vdev_spa));
        for (int c = 0; c < vd->vdev_children; c++)
                vdev_rele(vd->vdev_child[c]);

        if (vd->vdev_ops->vdev_op_leaf)
                vd->vdev_ops->vdev_op_rele(vd);
}

/*
 * Reopen all interior vdevs and any unopened leaves.  We don't actually
 * reopen leaf vdevs which had previously been opened as they might deadlock
 * on the spa_config_lock.  Instead we only obtain the leaf's physical size.
 * If the leaf has never been opened then open it, as usual.
 */
void
vdev_reopen(vdev_t *vd)
{
        spa_t *spa = vd->vdev_spa;

        ASSERT(spa_config_held(spa, SCL_STATE_ALL, RW_WRITER) == SCL_STATE_ALL);

        /* set the reopening flag unless we're taking the vdev offline */
        vd->vdev_reopening = !vd->vdev_offline;
        vdev_close(vd);
        (void) vdev_open(vd);

        /*
         * Call vdev_validate() here to make sure we have the same device.
         * Otherwise, a device with an invalid label could be successfully
         * opened in response to vdev_reopen().
         */
        if (vd->vdev_aux) {
                (void) vdev_validate_aux(vd);
                if (vdev_readable(vd) && vdev_writeable(vd) &&
                    vd->vdev_aux == &spa->spa_l2cache &&
                    !l2arc_vdev_present(vd))
                        l2arc_add_vdev(spa, vd);
        } else {
                (void) vdev_validate(vd);
        }

        /*
         * Reassess parent vdev's health.
         */
        vdev_propagate_state(vd);
}

int
vdev_create(vdev_t *vd, uint64_t txg, boolean_t isreplacing)
{
        int error;

        /*
         * Normally, partial opens (e.g. of a mirror) are allowed.
         * For a create, however, we want to fail the request if
         * there are any components we can't open.
         */
        error = vdev_open(vd);

        if (error || vd->vdev_state != VDEV_STATE_HEALTHY) {
                vdev_close(vd);
                return (error ? error : ENXIO);
        }

        /*
         * Recursively load DTLs and initialize all labels.
         */
        if ((error = vdev_dtl_load(vd)) != 0 ||
            (error = vdev_label_init(vd, txg, isreplacing ?
            VDEV_LABEL_REPLACE : VDEV_LABEL_CREATE)) != 0) {
                vdev_close(vd);
                return (error);
        }

        return (0);
}

void
vdev_metaslab_set_size(vdev_t *vd)
{
        uint64_t asize = vd->vdev_asize;
        uint64_t ms_count = asize >> vdev_default_ms_shift;
        uint64_t ms_shift;

        /*
         * There are two dimensions to the metaslab sizing calculation:
         * the size of the metaslab and the count of metaslabs per vdev.
         * In general, we aim for vdev_max_ms_count (200) metaslabs. The
         * range of the dimensions are as follows:
         *
         *      2^29 <= ms_size  <= 2^38
         *        16 <= ms_count <= 131,072
         *
         * On the lower end of vdev sizes, we aim for metaslabs sizes of
         * at least 512MB (2^29) to minimize fragmentation effects when
         * testing with smaller devices.  However, the count constraint
         * of at least 16 metaslabs will override this minimum size goal.
         *
         * On the upper end of vdev sizes, we aim for a maximum metaslab
         * size of 256GB.  However, we will cap the total count to 2^17
         * metaslabs to keep our memory footprint in check.
         *
         * The net effect of applying above constrains is summarized below.
         *
         *      vdev size       metaslab count
         *      -------------|-----------------
         *      < 8GB           ~16
         *      8GB - 100GB     one per 512MB
         *      100GB - 50TB    ~200
         *      50TB - 32PB     one per 256GB
         *      > 32PB          ~131,072
         *      -------------------------------
         */

        if (ms_count < vdev_min_ms_count)
                ms_shift = highbit64(asize / vdev_min_ms_count);
        else if (ms_count > vdev_max_ms_count)
                ms_shift = highbit64(asize / vdev_max_ms_count);
        else
                ms_shift = vdev_default_ms_shift;

        if (ms_shift < SPA_MAXBLOCKSHIFT) {
                ms_shift = SPA_MAXBLOCKSHIFT;
        } else if (ms_shift > vdev_max_ms_shift) {
                ms_shift = vdev_max_ms_shift;
                /* cap the total count to constrain memory footprint */
                if ((asize >> ms_shift) > vdev_ms_count_limit)
                        ms_shift = highbit64(asize / vdev_ms_count_limit);
        }

        vd->vdev_ms_shift = ms_shift;
        ASSERT3U(vd->vdev_ms_shift, >=, SPA_MAXBLOCKSHIFT);
}

void
vdev_dirty(vdev_t *vd, int flags, void *arg, uint64_t txg)
{
        ASSERT(vd == vd->vdev_top);
        /* indirect vdevs don't have metaslabs or dtls */
        ASSERT(vdev_is_concrete(vd) || flags == 0);
        ASSERT(ISP2(flags));
        ASSERT(spa_writeable(vd->vdev_spa));

        if (flags & VDD_METASLAB)
                (void) txg_list_add(&vd->vdev_ms_list, arg, txg);

        if (flags & VDD_DTL)
                (void) txg_list_add(&vd->vdev_dtl_list, arg, txg);

        (void) txg_list_add(&vd->vdev_spa->spa_vdev_txg_list, vd, txg);
}

void
vdev_dirty_leaves(vdev_t *vd, int flags, uint64_t txg)
{
        for (int c = 0; c < vd->vdev_children; c++)
                vdev_dirty_leaves(vd->vdev_child[c], flags, txg);

        if (vd->vdev_ops->vdev_op_leaf)
                vdev_dirty(vd->vdev_top, flags, vd, txg);
}

/*
 * DTLs.
 *
 * A vdev's DTL (dirty time log) is the set of transaction groups for which
 * the vdev has less than perfect replication.  There are four kinds of DTL:
 *
 * DTL_MISSING: txgs for which the vdev has no valid copies of the data
 *
 * DTL_PARTIAL: txgs for which data is available, but not fully replicated
 *
 * DTL_SCRUB: the txgs that could not be repaired by the last scrub; upon
 *      scrub completion, DTL_SCRUB replaces DTL_MISSING in the range of
 *      txgs that was scrubbed.
 *
 * DTL_OUTAGE: txgs which cannot currently be read, whether due to
 *      persistent errors or just some device being offline.
 *      Unlike the other three, the DTL_OUTAGE map is not generally
 *      maintained; it's only computed when needed, typically to
 *      determine whether a device can be detached.
 *
 * For leaf vdevs, DTL_MISSING and DTL_PARTIAL are identical: the device
 * either has the data or it doesn't.
 *
 * For interior vdevs such as mirror and RAID-Z the picture is more complex.
 * A vdev's DTL_PARTIAL is the union of its children's DTL_PARTIALs, because
 * if any child is less than fully replicated, then so is its parent.
 * A vdev's DTL_MISSING is a modified union of its children's DTL_MISSINGs,
 * comprising only those txgs which appear in 'maxfaults' or more children;
 * those are the txgs we don't have enough replication to read.  For example,
 * double-parity RAID-Z can tolerate up to two missing devices (maxfaults == 2);
 * thus, its DTL_MISSING consists of the set of txgs that appear in more than
 * two child DTL_MISSING maps.
 *
 * It should be clear from the above that to compute the DTLs and outage maps
 * for all vdevs, it suffices to know just the leaf vdevs' DTL_MISSING maps.
 * Therefore, that is all we keep on disk.  When loading the pool, or after
 * a configuration change, we generate all other DTLs from first principles.
 */
void
vdev_dtl_dirty(vdev_t *vd, vdev_dtl_type_t t, uint64_t txg, uint64_t size)
{
        range_tree_t *rt = vd->vdev_dtl[t];

        ASSERT(t < DTL_TYPES);
        ASSERT(vd != vd->vdev_spa->spa_root_vdev);
        ASSERT(spa_writeable(vd->vdev_spa));

        mutex_enter(&vd->vdev_dtl_lock);
        if (!range_tree_contains(rt, txg, size))
                range_tree_add(rt, txg, size);
        mutex_exit(&vd->vdev_dtl_lock);
}

boolean_t
vdev_dtl_contains(vdev_t *vd, vdev_dtl_type_t t, uint64_t txg, uint64_t size)
{
        range_tree_t *rt = vd->vdev_dtl[t];
        boolean_t dirty = B_FALSE;

        ASSERT(t < DTL_TYPES);
        ASSERT(vd != vd->vdev_spa->spa_root_vdev);

        /*
         * While we are loading the pool, the DTLs have not been loaded yet.
         * Ignore the DTLs and try all devices.  This avoids a recursive
         * mutex enter on the vdev_dtl_lock, and also makes us try hard
         * when loading the pool (relying on the checksum to ensure that
         * we get the right data -- note that we while loading, we are
         * only reading the MOS, which is always checksummed).
         */
        if (vd->vdev_spa->spa_load_state != SPA_LOAD_NONE)
                return (B_FALSE);

        mutex_enter(&vd->vdev_dtl_lock);
        if (!range_tree_is_empty(rt))
                dirty = range_tree_contains(rt, txg, size);
        mutex_exit(&vd->vdev_dtl_lock);

        return (dirty);
}

boolean_t
vdev_dtl_empty(vdev_t *vd, vdev_dtl_type_t t)
{
        range_tree_t *rt = vd->vdev_dtl[t];
        boolean_t empty;

        mutex_enter(&vd->vdev_dtl_lock);
        empty = range_tree_is_empty(rt);
        mutex_exit(&vd->vdev_dtl_lock);

        return (empty);
}

/*
 * Returns B_TRUE if vdev determines offset needs to be resilvered.
 */
boolean_t
vdev_dtl_need_resilver(vdev_t *vd, uint64_t offset, size_t psize)
{
        ASSERT(vd != vd->vdev_spa->spa_root_vdev);

        if (vd->vdev_ops->vdev_op_need_resilver == NULL ||
            vd->vdev_ops->vdev_op_leaf)
                return (B_TRUE);

        return (vd->vdev_ops->vdev_op_need_resilver(vd, offset, psize));
}

/*
 * Returns the lowest txg in the DTL range.
 */
static uint64_t
vdev_dtl_min(vdev_t *vd)
{
        range_seg_t *rs;

        ASSERT(MUTEX_HELD(&vd->vdev_dtl_lock));
        ASSERT3U(range_tree_space(vd->vdev_dtl[DTL_MISSING]), !=, 0);
        ASSERT0(vd->vdev_children);

        rs = avl_first(&vd->vdev_dtl[DTL_MISSING]->rt_root);
        return (rs->rs_start - 1);
}

/*
 * Returns the highest txg in the DTL.
 */
static uint64_t
vdev_dtl_max(vdev_t *vd)
{
        range_seg_t *rs;

        ASSERT(MUTEX_HELD(&vd->vdev_dtl_lock));
        ASSERT3U(range_tree_space(vd->vdev_dtl[DTL_MISSING]), !=, 0);
        ASSERT0(vd->vdev_children);

        rs = avl_last(&vd->vdev_dtl[DTL_MISSING]->rt_root);
        return (rs->rs_end);
}

/*
 * Determine if a resilvering vdev should remove any DTL entries from
 * its range. If the vdev was resilvering for the entire duration of the
 * scan then it should excise that range from its DTLs. Otherwise, this
 * vdev is considered partially resilvered and should leave its DTL
 * entries intact. The comment in vdev_dtl_reassess() describes how we
 * excise the DTLs.
 */
static boolean_t
vdev_dtl_should_excise(vdev_t *vd)
{
        spa_t *spa = vd->vdev_spa;
        dsl_scan_t *scn = spa->spa_dsl_pool->dp_scan;

        ASSERT0(scn->scn_phys.scn_errors);
        ASSERT0(vd->vdev_children);

        if (vd->vdev_state < VDEV_STATE_DEGRADED)
                return (B_FALSE);

        if (vd->vdev_resilver_txg == 0 ||
            range_tree_is_empty(vd->vdev_dtl[DTL_MISSING]))
                return (B_TRUE);

        /*
         * When a resilver is initiated the scan will assign the scn_max_txg
         * value to the highest txg value that exists in all DTLs. If this
         * device's max DTL is not part of this scan (i.e. it is not in
         * the range (scn_min_txg, scn_max_txg] then it is not eligible
         * for excision.
         */
        if (vdev_dtl_max(vd) <= scn->scn_phys.scn_max_txg) {
                ASSERT3U(scn->scn_phys.scn_min_txg, <=, vdev_dtl_min(vd));
                ASSERT3U(scn->scn_phys.scn_min_txg, <, vd->vdev_resilver_txg);
                ASSERT3U(vd->vdev_resilver_txg, <=, scn->scn_phys.scn_max_txg);
                return (B_TRUE);
        }
        return (B_FALSE);
}

/*
 * Reassess DTLs after a config change or scrub completion.
 */
void
vdev_dtl_reassess(vdev_t *vd, uint64_t txg, uint64_t scrub_txg, int scrub_done)
{
        spa_t *spa = vd->vdev_spa;
        avl_tree_t reftree;
        int minref;

        ASSERT(spa_config_held(spa, SCL_ALL, RW_READER) != 0);

        for (int c = 0; c < vd->vdev_children; c++)
                vdev_dtl_reassess(vd->vdev_child[c], txg,
                    scrub_txg, scrub_done);

        if (vd == spa->spa_root_vdev || !vdev_is_concrete(vd) || vd->vdev_aux)
                return;

        if (vd->vdev_ops->vdev_op_leaf) {
                dsl_scan_t *scn = spa->spa_dsl_pool->dp_scan;

                mutex_enter(&vd->vdev_dtl_lock);

                /*
                 * If requested, pretend the scan completed cleanly.
                 */
                if (zfs_scan_ignore_errors && scn)
                        scn->scn_phys.scn_errors = 0;

                /*
                 * If we've completed a scan cleanly then determine
                 * if this vdev should remove any DTLs. We only want to
                 * excise regions on vdevs that were available during
                 * the entire duration of this scan.
                 */
                if (scrub_txg != 0 &&
                    (spa->spa_scrub_started ||
                    (scn != NULL && scn->scn_phys.scn_errors == 0)) &&
                    vdev_dtl_should_excise(vd)) {
                        /*
                         * We completed a scrub up to scrub_txg.  If we
                         * did it without rebooting, then the scrub dtl
                         * will be valid, so excise the old region and
                         * fold in the scrub dtl.  Otherwise, leave the
                         * dtl as-is if there was an error.
                         *
                         * There's little trick here: to excise the beginning
                         * of the DTL_MISSING map, we put it into a reference
                         * tree and then add a segment with refcnt -1 that
                         * covers the range [0, scrub_txg).  This means
                         * that each txg in that range has refcnt -1 or 0.
                         * We then add DTL_SCRUB with a refcnt of 2, so that
                         * entries in the range [0, scrub_txg) will have a
                         * positive refcnt -- either 1 or 2.  We then convert
                         * the reference tree into the new DTL_MISSING map.
                         */
                        space_reftree_create(&reftree);
                        space_reftree_add_map(&reftree,
                            vd->vdev_dtl[DTL_MISSING], 1);
                        space_reftree_add_seg(&reftree, 0, scrub_txg, -1);
                        space_reftree_add_map(&reftree,
                            vd->vdev_dtl[DTL_SCRUB], 2);
                        space_reftree_generate_map(&reftree,
                            vd->vdev_dtl[DTL_MISSING], 1);
                        space_reftree_destroy(&reftree);
                }
                range_tree_vacate(vd->vdev_dtl[DTL_PARTIAL], NULL, NULL);
                range_tree_walk(vd->vdev_dtl[DTL_MISSING],
                    range_tree_add, vd->vdev_dtl[DTL_PARTIAL]);
                if (scrub_done)
                        range_tree_vacate(vd->vdev_dtl[DTL_SCRUB], NULL, NULL);
                range_tree_vacate(vd->vdev_dtl[DTL_OUTAGE], NULL, NULL);
                if (!vdev_readable(vd))
                        range_tree_add(vd->vdev_dtl[DTL_OUTAGE], 0, -1ULL);
                else
                        range_tree_walk(vd->vdev_dtl[DTL_MISSING],
                            range_tree_add, vd->vdev_dtl[DTL_OUTAGE]);

                /*
                 * If the vdev was resilvering and no longer has any
                 * DTLs then reset its resilvering flag and dirty
                 * the top level so that we persist the change.
                 */
                if (vd->vdev_resilver_txg != 0 &&
                    range_tree_is_empty(vd->vdev_dtl[DTL_MISSING]) &&
                    range_tree_is_empty(vd->vdev_dtl[DTL_OUTAGE])) {
                        vd->vdev_resilver_txg = 0;
                        vdev_config_dirty(vd->vdev_top);
                }

                mutex_exit(&vd->vdev_dtl_lock);

                if (txg != 0)
                        vdev_dirty(vd->vdev_top, VDD_DTL, vd, txg);
                return;
        }

        mutex_enter(&vd->vdev_dtl_lock);
        for (int t = 0; t < DTL_TYPES; t++) {
                /* account for child's outage in parent's missing map */
                int s = (t == DTL_MISSING) ? DTL_OUTAGE: t;
                if (t == DTL_SCRUB)
                        continue;                       /* leaf vdevs only */
                if (t == DTL_PARTIAL)
                        minref = 1;                     /* i.e. non-zero */
                else if (vd->vdev_nparity != 0)
                        minref = vd->vdev_nparity + 1;  /* RAID-Z */
                else
                        minref = vd->vdev_children;     /* any kind of mirror */
                space_reftree_create(&reftree);
                for (int c = 0; c < vd->vdev_children; c++) {
                        vdev_t *cvd = vd->vdev_child[c];
                        mutex_enter(&cvd->vdev_dtl_lock);
                        space_reftree_add_map(&reftree, cvd->vdev_dtl[s], 1);
                        mutex_exit(&cvd->vdev_dtl_lock);
                }
                space_reftree_generate_map(&reftree, vd->vdev_dtl[t], minref);
                space_reftree_destroy(&reftree);
        }
        mutex_exit(&vd->vdev_dtl_lock);
}

int
vdev_dtl_load(vdev_t *vd)
{
        spa_t *spa = vd->vdev_spa;
        objset_t *mos = spa->spa_meta_objset;
        int error = 0;

        if (vd->vdev_ops->vdev_op_leaf && vd->vdev_dtl_object != 0) {
                ASSERT(vdev_is_concrete(vd));

                error = space_map_open(&vd->vdev_dtl_sm, mos,
                    vd->vdev_dtl_object, 0, -1ULL, 0);
                if (error)
                        return (error);
                ASSERT(vd->vdev_dtl_sm != NULL);

                mutex_enter(&vd->vdev_dtl_lock);

                /*
                 * Now that we've opened the space_map we need to update
                 * the in-core DTL.
                 */
                space_map_update(vd->vdev_dtl_sm);

                error = space_map_load(vd->vdev_dtl_sm,
                    vd->vdev_dtl[DTL_MISSING], SM_ALLOC);
                mutex_exit(&vd->vdev_dtl_lock);

                return (error);
        }

        for (int c = 0; c < vd->vdev_children; c++) {
                error = vdev_dtl_load(vd->vdev_child[c]);
                if (error != 0)
                        break;
        }

        return (error);
}

static void
vdev_zap_allocation_data(vdev_t *vd, dmu_tx_t *tx)
{
        spa_t *spa = vd->vdev_spa;
        objset_t *mos = spa->spa_meta_objset;
        vdev_alloc_bias_t alloc_bias = vd->vdev_alloc_bias;
        const char *string;

        ASSERT(alloc_bias != VDEV_BIAS_NONE);

        string =
            (alloc_bias == VDEV_BIAS_LOG) ? VDEV_ALLOC_BIAS_LOG :
            (alloc_bias == VDEV_BIAS_SPECIAL) ? VDEV_ALLOC_BIAS_SPECIAL :
            (alloc_bias == VDEV_BIAS_DEDUP) ? VDEV_ALLOC_BIAS_DEDUP : NULL;

        ASSERT(string != NULL);
        VERIFY0(zap_add(mos, vd->vdev_top_zap, VDEV_TOP_ZAP_ALLOCATION_BIAS,
            1, strlen(string) + 1, string, tx));

        if (alloc_bias == VDEV_BIAS_SPECIAL || alloc_bias == VDEV_BIAS_DEDUP) {
                spa_activate_allocation_classes(spa, tx);
        }
}

void
vdev_destroy_unlink_zap(vdev_t *vd, uint64_t zapobj, dmu_tx_t *tx)
{
        spa_t *spa = vd->vdev_spa;

        VERIFY0(zap_destroy(spa->spa_meta_objset, zapobj, tx));
        VERIFY0(zap_remove_int(spa->spa_meta_objset, spa->spa_all_vdev_zaps,
            zapobj, tx));
}

uint64_t
vdev_create_link_zap(vdev_t *vd, dmu_tx_t *tx)
{
        spa_t *spa = vd->vdev_spa;
        uint64_t zap = zap_create(spa->spa_meta_objset, DMU_OTN_ZAP_METADATA,
            DMU_OT_NONE, 0, tx);

        ASSERT(zap != 0);
        VERIFY0(zap_add_int(spa->spa_meta_objset, spa->spa_all_vdev_zaps,
            zap, tx));

        return (zap);
}

void
vdev_construct_zaps(vdev_t *vd, dmu_tx_t *tx)
{
        if (vd->vdev_ops != &vdev_hole_ops &&
            vd->vdev_ops != &vdev_missing_ops &&
            vd->vdev_ops != &vdev_root_ops &&
            !vd->vdev_top->vdev_removing) {
                if (vd->vdev_ops->vdev_op_leaf && vd->vdev_leaf_zap == 0) {
                        vd->vdev_leaf_zap = vdev_create_link_zap(vd, tx);
                }
                if (vd == vd->vdev_top && vd->vdev_top_zap == 0) {
                        vd->vdev_top_zap = vdev_create_link_zap(vd, tx);
                        if (vd->vdev_alloc_bias != VDEV_BIAS_NONE)
                                vdev_zap_allocation_data(vd, tx);
                }
        }

        for (uint64_t i = 0; i < vd->vdev_children; i++) {
                vdev_construct_zaps(vd->vdev_child[i], tx);
        }
}

void
vdev_dtl_sync(vdev_t *vd, uint64_t txg)
{
        spa_t *spa = vd->vdev_spa;
        range_tree_t *rt = vd->vdev_dtl[DTL_MISSING];
        objset_t *mos = spa->spa_meta_objset;
        range_tree_t *rtsync;
        dmu_tx_t *tx;
        uint64_t object = space_map_object(vd->vdev_dtl_sm);

        ASSERT(vdev_is_concrete(vd));
        ASSERT(vd->vdev_ops->vdev_op_leaf);

        tx = dmu_tx_create_assigned(spa->spa_dsl_pool, txg);

        if (vd->vdev_detached || vd->vdev_top->vdev_removing) {
                mutex_enter(&vd->vdev_dtl_lock);
                space_map_free(vd->vdev_dtl_sm, tx);
                space_map_close(vd->vdev_dtl_sm);
                vd->vdev_dtl_sm = NULL;
                mutex_exit(&vd->vdev_dtl_lock);

                /*
                 * We only destroy the leaf ZAP for detached leaves or for
                 * removed log devices. Removed data devices handle leaf ZAP
                 * cleanup later, once cancellation is no longer possible.
                 */
                if (vd->vdev_leaf_zap != 0 && (vd->vdev_detached ||
                    vd->vdev_top->vdev_islog)) {
                        vdev_destroy_unlink_zap(vd, vd->vdev_leaf_zap, tx);
                        vd->vdev_leaf_zap = 0;
                }

                dmu_tx_commit(tx);
                return;
        }

        if (vd->vdev_dtl_sm == NULL) {
                uint64_t new_object;

                new_object = space_map_alloc(mos, vdev_dtl_sm_blksz, tx);
                VERIFY3U(new_object, !=, 0);

                VERIFY0(space_map_open(&vd->vdev_dtl_sm, mos, new_object,
                    0, -1ULL, 0));
                ASSERT(vd->vdev_dtl_sm != NULL);
        }

        rtsync = range_tree_create(NULL, NULL);

        mutex_enter(&vd->vdev_dtl_lock);
        range_tree_walk(rt, range_tree_add, rtsync);
        mutex_exit(&vd->vdev_dtl_lock);

        space_map_truncate(vd->vdev_dtl_sm, vdev_dtl_sm_blksz, tx);
        space_map_write(vd->vdev_dtl_sm, rtsync, SM_ALLOC, SM_NO_VDEVID, tx);
        range_tree_vacate(rtsync, NULL, NULL);

        range_tree_destroy(rtsync);

        /*
         * If the object for the space map has changed then dirty
         * the top level so that we update the config.
         */
        if (object != space_map_object(vd->vdev_dtl_sm)) {
                vdev_dbgmsg(vd, "txg %llu, spa %s, DTL old object %llu, "
                    "new object %llu", (u_longlong_t)txg, spa_name(spa),
                    (u_longlong_t)object,
                    (u_longlong_t)space_map_object(vd->vdev_dtl_sm));
                vdev_config_dirty(vd->vdev_top);
        }

        dmu_tx_commit(tx);

        mutex_enter(&vd->vdev_dtl_lock);
        space_map_update(vd->vdev_dtl_sm);
        mutex_exit(&vd->vdev_dtl_lock);
}

/*
 * Determine whether the specified vdev can be offlined/detached/removed
 * without losing data.
 */
boolean_t
vdev_dtl_required(vdev_t *vd)
{
        spa_t *spa = vd->vdev_spa;
        vdev_t *tvd = vd->vdev_top;
        uint8_t cant_read = vd->vdev_cant_read;
        boolean_t required;

        ASSERT(spa_config_held(spa, SCL_STATE_ALL, RW_WRITER) == SCL_STATE_ALL);

        if (vd == spa->spa_root_vdev || vd == tvd)
                return (B_TRUE);

        /*
         * Temporarily mark the device as unreadable, and then determine
         * whether this results in any DTL outages in the top-level vdev.
         * If not, we can safely offline/detach/remove the device.
         */
        vd->vdev_cant_read = B_TRUE;
        vdev_dtl_reassess(tvd, 0, 0, B_FALSE);
        required = !vdev_dtl_empty(tvd, DTL_OUTAGE);
        vd->vdev_cant_read = cant_read;
        vdev_dtl_reassess(tvd, 0, 0, B_FALSE);

        if (!required && zio_injection_enabled)
                required = !!zio_handle_device_injection(vd, NULL, ECHILD);

        return (required);
}

/*
 * Determine if resilver is needed, and if so the txg range.
 */
boolean_t
vdev_resilver_needed(vdev_t *vd, uint64_t *minp, uint64_t *maxp)
{
        boolean_t needed = B_FALSE;
        uint64_t thismin = UINT64_MAX;
        uint64_t thismax = 0;

        if (vd->vdev_children == 0) {
                mutex_enter(&vd->vdev_dtl_lock);
                if (!range_tree_is_empty(vd->vdev_dtl[DTL_MISSING]) &&
                    vdev_writeable(vd)) {

                        thismin = vdev_dtl_min(vd);
                        thismax = vdev_dtl_max(vd);
                        needed = B_TRUE;
                }
                mutex_exit(&vd->vdev_dtl_lock);
        } else {
                for (int c = 0; c < vd->vdev_children; c++) {
                        vdev_t *cvd = vd->vdev_child[c];
                        uint64_t cmin, cmax;

                        if (vdev_resilver_needed(cvd, &cmin, &cmax)) {
                                thismin = MIN(thismin, cmin);
                                thismax = MAX(thismax, cmax);
                                needed = B_TRUE;
                        }
                }
        }

        if (needed && minp) {
                *minp = thismin;
                *maxp = thismax;
        }
        return (needed);
}

/*
 * Gets the checkpoint space map object from the vdev's ZAP.  On success sm_obj
 * will contain either the checkpoint spacemap object or zero if none exists.
 * All other errors are returned to the caller.
 */
int
vdev_checkpoint_sm_object(vdev_t *vd, uint64_t *sm_obj)
{
        ASSERT0(spa_config_held(vd->vdev_spa, SCL_ALL, RW_WRITER));

        if (vd->vdev_top_zap == 0) {
                *sm_obj = 0;
                return (0);
        }

        int error = zap_lookup(spa_meta_objset(vd->vdev_spa), vd->vdev_top_zap,
            VDEV_TOP_ZAP_POOL_CHECKPOINT_SM, sizeof (uint64_t), 1, sm_obj);
        if (error == ENOENT) {
                *sm_obj = 0;
                error = 0;
        }

        return (error);
}

int
vdev_load(vdev_t *vd)
{
        int error = 0;

        /*
         * Recursively load all children.
         */
        for (int c = 0; c < vd->vdev_children; c++) {
                error = vdev_load(vd->vdev_child[c]);
                if (error != 0) {
                        return (error);
                }
        }

        vdev_set_deflate_ratio(vd);

        /*
         * On spa_load path, grab the allocation bias from our zap
         */
        if (vd == vd->vdev_top && vd->vdev_top_zap != 0) {
                spa_t *spa = vd->vdev_spa;
                char bias_str[64];

                if (zap_lookup(spa->spa_meta_objset, vd->vdev_top_zap,
                    VDEV_TOP_ZAP_ALLOCATION_BIAS, 1, sizeof (bias_str),
                    bias_str) == 0) {
                        ASSERT(vd->vdev_alloc_bias == VDEV_BIAS_NONE);
                        vd->vdev_alloc_bias = vdev_derive_alloc_bias(bias_str);
                }
        }

        /*
         * If this is a top-level vdev, initialize its metaslabs.
         */
        if (vd == vd->vdev_top && vdev_is_concrete(vd)) {
                vdev_metaslab_group_create(vd);

                if (vd->vdev_ashift == 0 || vd->vdev_asize == 0) {
                        vdev_set_state(vd, B_FALSE, VDEV_STATE_CANT_OPEN,
                            VDEV_AUX_CORRUPT_DATA);
                        vdev_dbgmsg(vd, "vdev_load: invalid size. ashift=%llu, "
                            "asize=%llu", (u_longlong_t)vd->vdev_ashift,
                            (u_longlong_t)vd->vdev_asize);
                        return (SET_ERROR(ENXIO));
                } else if ((error = vdev_metaslab_init(vd, 0)) != 0) {
                        vdev_dbgmsg(vd, "vdev_load: metaslab_init failed "
                            "[error=%d]", error);
                        vdev_set_state(vd, B_FALSE, VDEV_STATE_CANT_OPEN,
                            VDEV_AUX_CORRUPT_DATA);
                        return (error);
                }

                uint64_t checkpoint_sm_obj;
                error = vdev_checkpoint_sm_object(vd, &checkpoint_sm_obj);
                if (error == 0 && checkpoint_sm_obj != 0) {
                        objset_t *mos = spa_meta_objset(vd->vdev_spa);
                        ASSERT(vd->vdev_asize != 0);
                        ASSERT3P(vd->vdev_checkpoint_sm, ==, NULL);

                        if ((error = space_map_open(&vd->vdev_checkpoint_sm,
                            mos, checkpoint_sm_obj, 0, vd->vdev_asize,
                            vd->vdev_ashift))) {
                                vdev_dbgmsg(vd, "vdev_load: space_map_open "
                                    "failed for checkpoint spacemap (obj %llu) "
                                    "[error=%d]",
                                    (u_longlong_t)checkpoint_sm_obj, error);
                                return (error);
                        }
                        ASSERT3P(vd->vdev_checkpoint_sm, !=, NULL);
                        space_map_update(vd->vdev_checkpoint_sm);

                        /*
                         * Since the checkpoint_sm contains free entries
                         * exclusively we can use sm_alloc to indicate the
                         * cumulative checkpointed space that has been freed.
                         */
                        vd->vdev_stat.vs_checkpoint_space =
                            -vd->vdev_checkpoint_sm->sm_alloc;
                        vd->vdev_spa->spa_checkpoint_info.sci_dspace +=
                            vd->vdev_stat.vs_checkpoint_space;
                } else if (error != 0) {
                        vdev_dbgmsg(vd, "vdev_load: failed to retrieve "
                            "checkpoint space map object from vdev ZAP "
                            "[error=%d]", error);
                        return (error);
                }
        }

        /*
         * If this is a leaf vdev, load its DTL.
         */
        if (vd->vdev_ops->vdev_op_leaf && (error = vdev_dtl_load(vd)) != 0) {
                vdev_set_state(vd, B_FALSE, VDEV_STATE_CANT_OPEN,
                    VDEV_AUX_CORRUPT_DATA);
                vdev_dbgmsg(vd, "vdev_load: vdev_dtl_load failed "
                    "[error=%d]", error);
                return (error);
        }

        uint64_t obsolete_sm_object;
        error = vdev_obsolete_sm_object(vd, &obsolete_sm_object);
        if (error == 0 && obsolete_sm_object != 0) {
                objset_t *mos = vd->vdev_spa->spa_meta_objset;
                ASSERT(vd->vdev_asize != 0);
                ASSERT3P(vd->vdev_obsolete_sm, ==, NULL);

                if ((error = space_map_open(&vd->vdev_obsolete_sm, mos,
                    obsolete_sm_object, 0, vd->vdev_asize, 0))) {
                        vdev_set_state(vd, B_FALSE, VDEV_STATE_CANT_OPEN,
                            VDEV_AUX_CORRUPT_DATA);
                        vdev_dbgmsg(vd, "vdev_load: space_map_open failed for "
                            "obsolete spacemap (obj %llu) [error=%d]",
                            (u_longlong_t)obsolete_sm_object, error);
                        return (error);
                }
                space_map_update(vd->vdev_obsolete_sm);
        } else if (error != 0) {
                vdev_dbgmsg(vd, "vdev_load: failed to retrieve obsolete "
                    "space map object from vdev ZAP [error=%d]", error);
                return (error);
        }

        return (0);
}

/*
 * The special vdev case is used for hot spares and l2cache devices.  Its
 * sole purpose it to set the vdev state for the associated vdev.  To do this,
 * we make sure that we can open the underlying device, then try to read the
 * label, and make sure that the label is sane and that it hasn't been
 * repurposed to another pool.
 */
int
vdev_validate_aux(vdev_t *vd)
{
        nvlist_t *label;
        uint64_t guid, version;
        uint64_t state;

        if (!vdev_readable(vd))
                return (0);

        if ((label = vdev_label_read_config(vd, -1ULL)) == NULL) {
                vdev_set_state(vd, B_TRUE, VDEV_STATE_CANT_OPEN,
                    VDEV_AUX_CORRUPT_DATA);
                return (-1);
        }

        if (nvlist_lookup_uint64(label, ZPOOL_CONFIG_VERSION, &version) != 0 ||
            !SPA_VERSION_IS_SUPPORTED(version) ||
            nvlist_lookup_uint64(label, ZPOOL_CONFIG_GUID, &guid) != 0 ||
            guid != vd->vdev_guid ||
            nvlist_lookup_uint64(label, ZPOOL_CONFIG_POOL_STATE, &state) != 0) {
                vdev_set_state(vd, B_TRUE, VDEV_STATE_CANT_OPEN,
                    VDEV_AUX_CORRUPT_DATA);
                nvlist_free(label);
                return (-1);
        }

        /*
         * We don't actually check the pool state here.  If it's in fact in
         * use by another pool, we update this fact on the fly when requested.
         */
        nvlist_free(label);
        return (0);
}

/*
 * Free the objects used to store this vdev's spacemaps, and the array
 * that points to them.
 */
void
vdev_destroy_spacemaps(vdev_t *vd, dmu_tx_t *tx)
{
        if (vd->vdev_ms_array == 0)
                return;

        objset_t *mos = vd->vdev_spa->spa_meta_objset;
        uint64_t array_count = vd->vdev_asize >> vd->vdev_ms_shift;
        size_t array_bytes = array_count * sizeof (uint64_t);
        uint64_t *smobj_array = kmem_alloc(array_bytes, KM_SLEEP);
        VERIFY0(dmu_read(mos, vd->vdev_ms_array, 0,
            array_bytes, smobj_array, 0));

        for (uint64_t i = 0; i < array_count; i++) {
                uint64_t smobj = smobj_array[i];
                if (smobj == 0)
                        continue;

                space_map_free_obj(mos, smobj, tx);
        }

        kmem_free(smobj_array, array_bytes);
        VERIFY0(dmu_object_free(mos, vd->vdev_ms_array, tx));
        vd->vdev_ms_array = 0;
}

static void
vdev_remove_empty(vdev_t *vd, uint64_t txg)
{
        spa_t *spa = vd->vdev_spa;
        dmu_tx_t *tx;

        ASSERT(vd == vd->vdev_top);
        ASSERT3U(txg, ==, spa_syncing_txg(spa));

        if (vd->vdev_ms != NULL) {
                metaslab_group_t *mg = vd->vdev_mg;

                metaslab_group_histogram_verify(mg);
                metaslab_class_histogram_verify(mg->mg_class);

                for (int m = 0; m < vd->vdev_ms_count; m++) {
                        metaslab_t *msp = vd->vdev_ms[m];

                        if (msp == NULL || msp->ms_sm == NULL)
                                continue;

                        mutex_enter(&msp->ms_lock);
                        /*
                         * If the metaslab was not loaded when the vdev
                         * was removed then the histogram accounting may
                         * not be accurate. Update the histogram information
                         * here so that we ensure that the metaslab group
                         * and metaslab class are up-to-date.
                         */
                        metaslab_group_histogram_remove(mg, msp);

                        VERIFY0(space_map_allocated(msp->ms_sm));
                        space_map_close(msp->ms_sm);
                        msp->ms_sm = NULL;
                        mutex_exit(&msp->ms_lock);
                }

                if (vd->vdev_checkpoint_sm != NULL) {
                        ASSERT(spa_has_checkpoint(spa));
                        space_map_close(vd->vdev_checkpoint_sm);
                        vd->vdev_checkpoint_sm = NULL;
                }

                metaslab_group_histogram_verify(mg);
                metaslab_class_histogram_verify(mg->mg_class);

                for (int i = 0; i < RANGE_TREE_HISTOGRAM_SIZE; i++)
                        ASSERT0(mg->mg_histogram[i]);
        }

        tx = dmu_tx_create_assigned(spa_get_dsl(spa), txg);
        vdev_destroy_spacemaps(vd, tx);

        if (vd->vdev_islog && vd->vdev_top_zap != 0) {
                vdev_destroy_unlink_zap(vd, vd->vdev_top_zap, tx);
                vd->vdev_top_zap = 0;
        }
        dmu_tx_commit(tx);
}

void
vdev_sync_done(vdev_t *vd, uint64_t txg)
{
        metaslab_t *msp;
        boolean_t reassess = !txg_list_empty(&vd->vdev_ms_list, TXG_CLEAN(txg));

        ASSERT(vdev_is_concrete(vd));

        while ((msp = txg_list_remove(&vd->vdev_ms_list, TXG_CLEAN(txg))))
                metaslab_sync_done(msp, txg);

        if (reassess)
                metaslab_sync_reassess(vd->vdev_mg);
}

void
vdev_sync(vdev_t *vd, uint64_t txg)
{
        spa_t *spa = vd->vdev_spa;
        vdev_t *lvd;
        metaslab_t *msp;
        dmu_tx_t *tx;

        if (range_tree_space(vd->vdev_obsolete_segments) > 0) {
                dmu_tx_t *tx;

                ASSERT(vd->vdev_removing ||
                    vd->vdev_ops == &vdev_indirect_ops);

                tx = dmu_tx_create_assigned(spa->spa_dsl_pool, txg);
                vdev_indirect_sync_obsolete(vd, tx);
                dmu_tx_commit(tx);

                /*
                 * If the vdev is indirect, it can't have dirty
                 * metaslabs or DTLs.
                 */
                if (vd->vdev_ops == &vdev_indirect_ops) {
                        ASSERT(txg_list_empty(&vd->vdev_ms_list, txg));
                        ASSERT(txg_list_empty(&vd->vdev_dtl_list, txg));
                        return;
                }
        }

        ASSERT(vdev_is_concrete(vd));

        if (vd->vdev_ms_array == 0 && vd->vdev_ms_shift != 0 &&
            !vd->vdev_removing) {
                ASSERT(vd == vd->vdev_top);
                ASSERT0(vd->vdev_indirect_config.vic_mapping_object);
                tx = dmu_tx_create_assigned(spa->spa_dsl_pool, txg);
                vd->vdev_ms_array = dmu_object_alloc(spa->spa_meta_objset,
                    DMU_OT_OBJECT_ARRAY, 0, DMU_OT_NONE, 0, tx);
                ASSERT(vd->vdev_ms_array != 0);
                vdev_config_dirty(vd);
                dmu_tx_commit(tx);
        }

        while ((msp = txg_list_remove(&vd->vdev_ms_list, txg)) != NULL) {
                metaslab_sync(msp, txg);
                (void) txg_list_add(&vd->vdev_ms_list, msp, TXG_CLEAN(txg));
        }

        while ((lvd = txg_list_remove(&vd->vdev_dtl_list, txg)) != NULL)
                vdev_dtl_sync(lvd, txg);

        /*
         * Remove the metadata associated with this vdev once it's empty.
         * Note that this is typically used for log/cache device removal;
         * we don't empty toplevel vdevs when removing them.  But if
         * a toplevel happens to be emptied, this is not harmful.
         */
        if (vd->vdev_stat.vs_alloc == 0 && vd->vdev_removing) {
                vdev_remove_empty(vd, txg);
        }

        (void) txg_list_add(&spa->spa_vdev_txg_list, vd, TXG_CLEAN(txg));
}

uint64_t
vdev_psize_to_asize(vdev_t *vd, uint64_t psize)
{
        return (vd->vdev_ops->vdev_op_asize(vd, psize));
}

/*
 * Mark the given vdev faulted.  A faulted vdev behaves as if the device could
 * not be opened, and no I/O is attempted.
 */
int
vdev_fault(spa_t *spa, uint64_t guid, vdev_aux_t aux)
{
        vdev_t *vd, *tvd;

        spa_vdev_state_enter(spa, SCL_NONE);

        if ((vd = spa_lookup_by_guid(spa, guid, B_TRUE)) == NULL)
                return (spa_vdev_state_exit(spa, NULL, ENODEV));

        if (!vd->vdev_ops->vdev_op_leaf)
                return (spa_vdev_state_exit(spa, NULL, ENOTSUP));

        tvd = vd->vdev_top;

        /*
         * If user did a 'zpool offline -f' then make the fault persist across
         * reboots.
         */
        if (aux == VDEV_AUX_EXTERNAL_PERSIST) {
                /*
                 * There are two kinds of forced faults: temporary and
                 * persistent.  Temporary faults go away at pool import, while
                 * persistent faults stay set.  Both types of faults can be
                 * cleared with a zpool clear.
                 *
                 * We tell if a vdev is persistently faulted by looking at the
                 * ZPOOL_CONFIG_AUX_STATE nvpair.  If it's set to "external" at
                 * import then it's a persistent fault.  Otherwise, it's
                 * temporary.  We get ZPOOL_CONFIG_AUX_STATE set to "external"
                 * by setting vd.vdev_stat.vs_aux to VDEV_AUX_EXTERNAL.  This
                 * tells vdev_config_generate() (which gets run later) to set
                 * ZPOOL_CONFIG_AUX_STATE to "external" in the nvlist.
                 */
                vd->vdev_stat.vs_aux = VDEV_AUX_EXTERNAL;
                vd->vdev_tmpoffline = B_FALSE;
                aux = VDEV_AUX_EXTERNAL;
        } else {
                vd->vdev_tmpoffline = B_TRUE;
        }

        /*
         * We don't directly use the aux state here, but if we do a
         * vdev_reopen(), we need this value to be present to remember why we
         * were faulted.
         */
        vd->vdev_label_aux = aux;

        /*
         * Faulted state takes precedence over degraded.
         */
        vd->vdev_delayed_close = B_FALSE;
        vd->vdev_faulted = 1ULL;
        vd->vdev_degraded = 0ULL;
        vdev_set_state(vd, B_FALSE, VDEV_STATE_FAULTED, aux);

        /*
         * If this device has the only valid copy of the data, then
         * back off and simply mark the vdev as degraded instead.
         */
        if (!tvd->vdev_islog && vd->vdev_aux == NULL && vdev_dtl_required(vd)) {
                vd->vdev_degraded = 1ULL;
                vd->vdev_faulted = 0ULL;

                /*
                 * If we reopen the device and it's not dead, only then do we
                 * mark it degraded.
                 */
                vdev_reopen(tvd);

                if (vdev_readable(vd))
                        vdev_set_state(vd, B_FALSE, VDEV_STATE_DEGRADED, aux);
        }

        return (spa_vdev_state_exit(spa, vd, 0));
}

/*
 * Mark the given vdev degraded.  A degraded vdev is purely an indication to the
 * user that something is wrong.  The vdev continues to operate as normal as far
 * as I/O is concerned.
 */
int
vdev_degrade(spa_t *spa, uint64_t guid, vdev_aux_t aux)
{
        vdev_t *vd;

        spa_vdev_state_enter(spa, SCL_NONE);

        if ((vd = spa_lookup_by_guid(spa, guid, B_TRUE)) == NULL)
                return (spa_vdev_state_exit(spa, NULL, ENODEV));

        if (!vd->vdev_ops->vdev_op_leaf)
                return (spa_vdev_state_exit(spa, NULL, ENOTSUP));

        /*
         * If the vdev is already faulted, then don't do anything.
         */
        if (vd->vdev_faulted || vd->vdev_degraded)
                return (spa_vdev_state_exit(spa, NULL, 0));

        vd->vdev_degraded = 1ULL;
        if (!vdev_is_dead(vd))
                vdev_set_state(vd, B_FALSE, VDEV_STATE_DEGRADED,
                    aux);

        return (spa_vdev_state_exit(spa, vd, 0));
}

/*
 * Online the given vdev.
 *
 * If 'ZFS_ONLINE_UNSPARE' is set, it implies two things.  First, any attached
 * spare device should be detached when the device finishes resilvering.
 * Second, the online should be treated like a 'test' online case, so no FMA
 * events are generated if the device fails to open.
 */
int
vdev_online(spa_t *spa, uint64_t guid, uint64_t flags, vdev_state_t *newstate)
{
        vdev_t *vd, *tvd, *pvd, *rvd = spa->spa_root_vdev;
        boolean_t wasoffline;
        vdev_state_t oldstate;

        spa_vdev_state_enter(spa, SCL_NONE);

        if ((vd = spa_lookup_by_guid(spa, guid, B_TRUE)) == NULL)
                return (spa_vdev_state_exit(spa, NULL, ENODEV));

        if (!vd->vdev_ops->vdev_op_leaf)
                return (spa_vdev_state_exit(spa, NULL, ENOTSUP));

        wasoffline = (vd->vdev_offline || vd->vdev_tmpoffline);
        oldstate = vd->vdev_state;

        tvd = vd->vdev_top;
        vd->vdev_offline = B_FALSE;
        vd->vdev_tmpoffline = B_FALSE;
        vd->vdev_checkremove = !!(flags & ZFS_ONLINE_CHECKREMOVE);
        vd->vdev_forcefault = !!(flags & ZFS_ONLINE_FORCEFAULT);

        /* XXX - L2ARC 1.0 does not support expansion */
        if (!vd->vdev_aux) {
                for (pvd = vd; pvd != rvd; pvd = pvd->vdev_parent)
                        pvd->vdev_expanding = !!((flags & ZFS_ONLINE_EXPAND) ||
                            spa->spa_autoexpand);
        }

        vdev_reopen(tvd);
        vd->vdev_checkremove = vd->vdev_forcefault = B_FALSE;

        if (!vd->vdev_aux) {
                for (pvd = vd; pvd != rvd; pvd = pvd->vdev_parent)
                        pvd->vdev_expanding = B_FALSE;
        }

        if (newstate)
                *newstate = vd->vdev_state;
        if ((flags & ZFS_ONLINE_UNSPARE) &&
            !vdev_is_dead(vd) && vd->vdev_parent &&
            vd->vdev_parent->vdev_ops == &vdev_spare_ops &&
            vd->vdev_parent->vdev_child[0] == vd)
                vd->vdev_unspare = B_TRUE;

        if ((flags & ZFS_ONLINE_EXPAND) || spa->spa_autoexpand) {

                /* XXX - L2ARC 1.0 does not support expansion */
                if (vd->vdev_aux)
                        return (spa_vdev_state_exit(spa, vd, ENOTSUP));
                spa_async_request(spa, SPA_ASYNC_CONFIG_UPDATE);
        }

        if (wasoffline ||
            (oldstate < VDEV_STATE_DEGRADED &&
            vd->vdev_state >= VDEV_STATE_DEGRADED))
                spa_event_notify(spa, vd, NULL, ESC_ZFS_VDEV_ONLINE);

        return (spa_vdev_state_exit(spa, vd, 0));
}

static int
vdev_offline_locked(spa_t *spa, uint64_t guid, uint64_t flags)
{
        vdev_t *vd, *tvd;
        int error = 0;
        uint64_t generation;
        metaslab_group_t *mg;

top:
        spa_vdev_state_enter(spa, SCL_ALLOC);

        if ((vd = spa_lookup_by_guid(spa, guid, B_TRUE)) == NULL)
                return (spa_vdev_state_exit(spa, NULL, ENODEV));

        if (!vd->vdev_ops->vdev_op_leaf)
                return (spa_vdev_state_exit(spa, NULL, ENOTSUP));

        tvd = vd->vdev_top;
        mg = tvd->vdev_mg;
        generation = spa->spa_config_generation + 1;

        /*
         * If the device isn't already offline, try to offline it.
         */
        if (!vd->vdev_offline) {
                /*
                 * If this device has the only valid copy of some data,
                 * don't allow it to be offlined. Log devices are always
                 * expendable.
                 */
                if (!tvd->vdev_islog && vd->vdev_aux == NULL &&
                    vdev_dtl_required(vd))
                        return (spa_vdev_state_exit(spa, NULL, EBUSY));

                /*
                 * If the top-level is a slog and it has had allocations
                 * then proceed.  We check that the vdev's metaslab group
                 * is not NULL since it's possible that we may have just
                 * added this vdev but not yet initialized its metaslabs.
                 */
                if (tvd->vdev_islog && mg != NULL) {
                        /*
                         * Prevent any future allocations.
                         */
                        metaslab_group_passivate(mg);
                        (void) spa_vdev_state_exit(spa, vd, 0);

                        error = spa_reset_logs(spa);

                        /*
                         * If the log device was successfully reset but has
                         * checkpointed data, do not offline it.
                         */
                        if (error == 0 &&
                            tvd->vdev_checkpoint_sm != NULL) {
                                ASSERT3U(tvd->vdev_checkpoint_sm->sm_alloc,
                                    !=, 0);
                                error = ZFS_ERR_CHECKPOINT_EXISTS;
                        }

                        spa_vdev_state_enter(spa, SCL_ALLOC);

                        /*
                         * Check to see if the config has changed.
                         */
                        if (error || generation != spa->spa_config_generation) {
                                metaslab_group_activate(mg);
                                if (error)
                                        return (spa_vdev_state_exit(spa,
                                            vd, error));
                                (void) spa_vdev_state_exit(spa, vd, 0);
                                goto top;
                        }
                        ASSERT0(tvd->vdev_stat.vs_alloc);
                }

                /*
                 * Offline this device and reopen its top-level vdev.
                 * If the top-level vdev is a log device then just offline
                 * it. Otherwise, if this action results in the top-level
                 * vdev becoming unusable, undo it and fail the request.
                 */
                vd->vdev_offline = B_TRUE;
                vdev_reopen(tvd);

                if (!tvd->vdev_islog && vd->vdev_aux == NULL &&
                    vdev_is_dead(tvd)) {
                        vd->vdev_offline = B_FALSE;
                        vdev_reopen(tvd);
                        return (spa_vdev_state_exit(spa, NULL, EBUSY));
                }

                /*
                 * Add the device back into the metaslab rotor so that
                 * once we online the device it's open for business.
                 */
                if (tvd->vdev_islog && mg != NULL)
                        metaslab_group_activate(mg);
        }

        vd->vdev_tmpoffline = !!(flags & ZFS_OFFLINE_TEMPORARY);

        return (spa_vdev_state_exit(spa, vd, 0));
}

int
vdev_offline(spa_t *spa, uint64_t guid, uint64_t flags)
{
        int error;

        mutex_enter(&spa->spa_vdev_top_lock);
        error = vdev_offline_locked(spa, guid, flags);
        mutex_exit(&spa->spa_vdev_top_lock);

        return (error);
}

/*
 * Clear the error counts associated with this vdev.  Unlike vdev_online() and
 * vdev_offline(), we assume the spa config is locked.  We also clear all
 * children.  If 'vd' is NULL, then the user wants to clear all vdevs.
 */
void
vdev_clear(spa_t *spa, vdev_t *vd)
{
        vdev_t *rvd = spa->spa_root_vdev;

        ASSERT(spa_config_held(spa, SCL_STATE_ALL, RW_WRITER) == SCL_STATE_ALL);

        if (vd == NULL)
                vd = rvd;

        vd->vdev_stat.vs_read_errors = 0;
        vd->vdev_stat.vs_write_errors = 0;
        vd->vdev_stat.vs_checksum_errors = 0;

        for (int c = 0; c < vd->vdev_children; c++)
                vdev_clear(spa, vd->vdev_child[c]);

        /*
         * It makes no sense to "clear" an indirect vdev.
         */
        if (!vdev_is_concrete(vd))
                return;

        /*
         * If we're in the FAULTED state or have experienced failed I/O, then
         * clear the persistent state and attempt to reopen the device.  We
         * also mark the vdev config dirty, so that the new faulted state is
         * written out to disk.
         */
        if (vd->vdev_faulted || vd->vdev_degraded ||
            !vdev_readable(vd) || !vdev_writeable(vd)) {
                /*
                 * When reopening in response to a clear event, it may be due to
                 * a fmadm repair request.  In this case, if the device is
                 * still broken, we want to still post the ereport again.
                 */
                vd->vdev_forcefault = B_TRUE;

                vd->vdev_faulted = vd->vdev_degraded = 0ULL;
                vd->vdev_cant_read = B_FALSE;
                vd->vdev_cant_write = B_FALSE;
                vd->vdev_stat.vs_aux = 0;

                vdev_reopen(vd == rvd ? rvd : vd->vdev_top);

                vd->vdev_forcefault = B_FALSE;

                if (vd != rvd && vdev_writeable(vd->vdev_top))
                        vdev_state_dirty(vd->vdev_top);

                if (vd->vdev_aux == NULL && !vdev_is_dead(vd))
                        spa_async_request(spa, SPA_ASYNC_RESILVER);

                spa_event_notify(spa, vd, NULL, ESC_ZFS_VDEV_CLEAR);
        }

        /*
         * When clearing a FMA-diagnosed fault, we always want to
         * unspare the device, as we assume that the original spare was
         * done in response to the FMA fault.
         */
        if (!vdev_is_dead(vd) && vd->vdev_parent != NULL &&
            vd->vdev_parent->vdev_ops == &vdev_spare_ops &&
            vd->vdev_parent->vdev_child[0] == vd)
                vd->vdev_unspare = B_TRUE;
}

boolean_t
vdev_is_dead(vdev_t *vd)
{
        /*
         * Holes and missing devices are always considered "dead".
         * This simplifies the code since we don't have to check for
         * these types of devices in the various code paths.
         * Instead we rely on the fact that we skip over dead devices
         * before issuing I/O to them.
         */
        return (vd->vdev_state < VDEV_STATE_DEGRADED ||
            vd->vdev_ops == &vdev_hole_ops ||
            vd->vdev_ops == &vdev_missing_ops);
}

boolean_t
vdev_readable(vdev_t *vd)
{
        return (!vdev_is_dead(vd) && !vd->vdev_cant_read);
}

boolean_t
vdev_writeable(vdev_t *vd)
{
        return (!vdev_is_dead(vd) && !vd->vdev_cant_write &&
            vdev_is_concrete(vd));
}

boolean_t
vdev_allocatable(vdev_t *vd)
{
        uint64_t state = vd->vdev_state;

        /*
         * We currently allow allocations from vdevs which may be in the
         * process of reopening (i.e. VDEV_STATE_CLOSED). If the device
         * fails to reopen then we'll catch it later when we're holding
         * the proper locks.  Note that we have to get the vdev state
         * in a local variable because although it changes atomically,
         * we're asking two separate questions about it.
         */
        return (!(state < VDEV_STATE_DEGRADED && state != VDEV_STATE_CLOSED) &&
            !vd->vdev_cant_write && vdev_is_concrete(vd) &&
            vd->vdev_mg->mg_initialized);
}

boolean_t
vdev_accessible(vdev_t *vd, zio_t *zio)
{
        ASSERT(zio->io_vd == vd);

        if (vdev_is_dead(vd) || vd->vdev_remove_wanted)
                return (B_FALSE);

        if (zio->io_type == ZIO_TYPE_READ)
                return (!vd->vdev_cant_read);

        if (zio->io_type == ZIO_TYPE_WRITE)
                return (!vd->vdev_cant_write);

        return (B_TRUE);
}

static void
vdev_get_child_stat(vdev_t *cvd, vdev_stat_t *vs, vdev_stat_t *cvs)
{
        int t;
        for (t = 0; t < ZIO_TYPES; t++) {
                vs->vs_ops[t] += cvs->vs_ops[t];
                vs->vs_bytes[t] += cvs->vs_bytes[t];
        }

        cvs->vs_scan_removing = cvd->vdev_removing;
}

/*
 * Get extended stats
 */
static void
vdev_get_child_stat_ex(vdev_t *cvd, vdev_stat_ex_t *vsx, vdev_stat_ex_t *cvsx)
{
        int t, b;
        for (t = 0; t < ZIO_TYPES; t++) {
                for (b = 0; b < ARRAY_SIZE(vsx->vsx_disk_histo[0]); b++)
                        vsx->vsx_disk_histo[t][b] += cvsx->vsx_disk_histo[t][b];

                for (b = 0; b < ARRAY_SIZE(vsx->vsx_total_histo[0]); b++) {
                        vsx->vsx_total_histo[t][b] +=
                            cvsx->vsx_total_histo[t][b];
                }
        }

        for (t = 0; t < ZIO_PRIORITY_NUM_QUEUEABLE; t++) {
                for (b = 0; b < ARRAY_SIZE(vsx->vsx_queue_histo[0]); b++) {
                        vsx->vsx_queue_histo[t][b] +=
                            cvsx->vsx_queue_histo[t][b];
                }
                vsx->vsx_active_queue[t] += cvsx->vsx_active_queue[t];
                vsx->vsx_pend_queue[t] += cvsx->vsx_pend_queue[t];

                for (b = 0; b < ARRAY_SIZE(vsx->vsx_ind_histo[0]); b++)
                        vsx->vsx_ind_histo[t][b] += cvsx->vsx_ind_histo[t][b];

                for (b = 0; b < ARRAY_SIZE(vsx->vsx_agg_histo[0]); b++)
                        vsx->vsx_agg_histo[t][b] += cvsx->vsx_agg_histo[t][b];
        }

}

boolean_t
vdev_is_spacemap_addressable(vdev_t *vd)
{
        /*
         * Assuming 47 bits of the space map entry dedicated for the entry's
         * offset (see description in space_map.h), we calculate the maximum
         * address that can be described by a space map entry for the given
         * device.
         */
        uint64_t shift = vd->vdev_ashift + 47;

        if (shift >= 63) /* detect potential overflow */
                return (B_TRUE);

        return (vd->vdev_asize < (1ULL << shift));
}

/*
 * Get statistics for the given vdev.
 */
static void
vdev_get_stats_ex_impl(vdev_t *vd, vdev_stat_t *vs, vdev_stat_ex_t *vsx)
{
        int t;
        /*
         * If we're getting stats on the root vdev, aggregate the I/O counts
         * over all top-level vdevs (i.e. the direct children of the root).
         */
        if (!vd->vdev_ops->vdev_op_leaf) {
                if (vs) {
                        memset(vs->vs_ops, 0, sizeof (vs->vs_ops));
                        memset(vs->vs_bytes, 0, sizeof (vs->vs_bytes));
                }
                if (vsx)
                        memset(vsx, 0, sizeof (*vsx));

                for (int c = 0; c < vd->vdev_children; c++) {
                        vdev_t *cvd = vd->vdev_child[c];
                        vdev_stat_t *cvs = &cvd->vdev_stat;
                        vdev_stat_ex_t *cvsx = &cvd->vdev_stat_ex;

                        vdev_get_stats_ex_impl(cvd, cvs, cvsx);
                        if (vs)
                                vdev_get_child_stat(cvd, vs, cvs);
                        if (vsx)
                                vdev_get_child_stat_ex(cvd, vsx, cvsx);

                }
        } else {
                /*
                 * We're a leaf.  Just copy our ZIO active queue stats in.  The
                 * other leaf stats are updated in vdev_stat_update().
                 */
                if (!vsx)
                        return;

                memcpy(vsx, &vd->vdev_stat_ex, sizeof (vd->vdev_stat_ex));

                for (t = 0; t < ARRAY_SIZE(vd->vdev_queue.vq_class); t++) {
                        vsx->vsx_active_queue[t] =
                            vd->vdev_queue.vq_class[t].vqc_active;
                        vsx->vsx_pend_queue[t] = avl_numnodes(
                            &vd->vdev_queue.vq_class[t].vqc_queued_tree);
                }
        }
}

void
vdev_get_stats_ex(vdev_t *vd, vdev_stat_t *vs, vdev_stat_ex_t *vsx)
{
        vdev_t *tvd = vd->vdev_top;
        mutex_enter(&vd->vdev_stat_lock);
        if (vs) {
                bcopy(&vd->vdev_stat, vs, sizeof (*vs));
                vs->vs_timestamp = gethrtime() - vs->vs_timestamp;
                vs->vs_state = vd->vdev_state;
                vs->vs_rsize = vdev_get_min_asize(vd);
                if (vd->vdev_ops->vdev_op_leaf)
                        vs->vs_rsize += VDEV_LABEL_START_SIZE +
                            VDEV_LABEL_END_SIZE;
                /*
                 * Report expandable space on top-level, non-auxillary devices
                 * only. The expandable space is reported in terms of metaslab
                 * sized units since that determines how much space the pool
                 * can expand.
                 */
                if (vd->vdev_aux == NULL && tvd != NULL) {
                        vs->vs_esize = P2ALIGN(
                            vd->vdev_max_asize - vd->vdev_asize,
                            1ULL << tvd->vdev_ms_shift);
                }
                if (vd->vdev_aux == NULL && vd == vd->vdev_top &&
                    vdev_is_concrete(vd)) {
                        vs->vs_fragmentation = (vd->vdev_mg != NULL) ?
                            vd->vdev_mg->mg_fragmentation : 0;
                }
        }

        ASSERT(spa_config_held(vd->vdev_spa, SCL_ALL, RW_READER) != 0);
        vdev_get_stats_ex_impl(vd, vs, vsx);
        mutex_exit(&vd->vdev_stat_lock);
}

void
vdev_get_stats(vdev_t *vd, vdev_stat_t *vs)
{
        return (vdev_get_stats_ex(vd, vs, NULL));
}

void
vdev_clear_stats(vdev_t *vd)
{
        mutex_enter(&vd->vdev_stat_lock);
        vd->vdev_stat.vs_space = 0;
        vd->vdev_stat.vs_dspace = 0;
        vd->vdev_stat.vs_alloc = 0;
        mutex_exit(&vd->vdev_stat_lock);
}

void
vdev_scan_stat_init(vdev_t *vd)
{
        vdev_stat_t *vs = &vd->vdev_stat;

        for (int c = 0; c < vd->vdev_children; c++)
                vdev_scan_stat_init(vd->vdev_child[c]);

        mutex_enter(&vd->vdev_stat_lock);
        vs->vs_scan_processed = 0;
        mutex_exit(&vd->vdev_stat_lock);
}

void
vdev_stat_update(zio_t *zio, uint64_t psize)
{
        spa_t *spa = zio->io_spa;
        vdev_t *rvd = spa->spa_root_vdev;
        vdev_t *vd = zio->io_vd ? zio->io_vd : rvd;
        vdev_t *pvd;
        uint64_t txg = zio->io_txg;
        vdev_stat_t *vs = &vd->vdev_stat;
        vdev_stat_ex_t *vsx = &vd->vdev_stat_ex;
        zio_type_t type = zio->io_type;
        int flags = zio->io_flags;

        /*
         * If this i/o is a gang leader, it didn't do any actual work.
         */
        if (zio->io_gang_tree)
                return;

        if (zio->io_error == 0) {
                /*
                 * If this is a root i/o, don't count it -- we've already
                 * counted the top-level vdevs, and vdev_get_stats() will
                 * aggregate them when asked.  This reduces contention on
                 * the root vdev_stat_lock and implicitly handles blocks
                 * that compress away to holes, for which there is no i/o.
                 * (Holes never create vdev children, so all the counters
                 * remain zero, which is what we want.)
                 *
                 * Note: this only applies to successful i/o (io_error == 0)
                 * because unlike i/o counts, errors are not additive.
                 * When reading a ditto block, for example, failure of
                 * one top-level vdev does not imply a root-level error.
                 */
                if (vd == rvd)
                        return;

                ASSERT(vd == zio->io_vd);

                if (flags & ZIO_FLAG_IO_BYPASS)
                        return;

                mutex_enter(&vd->vdev_stat_lock);

                if (flags & ZIO_FLAG_IO_REPAIR) {
                        if (flags & ZIO_FLAG_SCAN_THREAD) {
                                dsl_scan_phys_t *scn_phys =
                                    &spa->spa_dsl_pool->dp_scan->scn_phys;
                                uint64_t *processed = &scn_phys->scn_processed;

                                /* XXX cleanup? */
                                if (vd->vdev_ops->vdev_op_leaf)
                                        atomic_add_64(processed, psize);
                                vs->vs_scan_processed += psize;
                        }

                        if (flags & ZIO_FLAG_SELF_HEAL)
                                vs->vs_self_healed += psize;
                }

                /*
                 * The bytes/ops/histograms are recorded at the leaf level and
                 * aggregated into the higher level vdevs in vdev_get_stats().
                 */
                if (vd->vdev_ops->vdev_op_leaf &&
                    (zio->io_priority < ZIO_PRIORITY_NUM_QUEUEABLE)) {

                        vs->vs_ops[type]++;
                        vs->vs_bytes[type] += psize;

                        if (flags & ZIO_FLAG_DELEGATED) {
                                vsx->vsx_agg_histo[zio->io_priority]
                                    [RQ_HISTO(zio->io_size)]++;
                        } else {
                                vsx->vsx_ind_histo[zio->io_priority]
                                    [RQ_HISTO(zio->io_size)]++;
                        }

                        if (zio->io_delta && zio->io_delay) {
                                vsx->vsx_queue_histo[zio->io_priority]
                                    [L_HISTO(zio->io_delta - zio->io_delay)]++;
                                vsx->vsx_disk_histo[type]
                                    [L_HISTO(zio->io_delay)]++;
                                vsx->vsx_total_histo[type]
                                    [L_HISTO(zio->io_delta)]++;
                        }
                }

                mutex_exit(&vd->vdev_stat_lock);
                return;
        }

        if (flags & ZIO_FLAG_SPECULATIVE)
                return;

        /*
         * If this is an I/O error that is going to be retried, then ignore the
         * error.  Otherwise, the user may interpret B_FAILFAST I/O errors as
         * hard errors, when in reality they can happen for any number of
         * innocuous reasons (bus resets, MPxIO link failure, etc).
         */
        if (zio->io_error == EIO &&
            !(zio->io_flags & ZIO_FLAG_IO_RETRY))
                return;

        /*
         * Intent logs writes won't propagate their error to the root
         * I/O so don't mark these types of failures as pool-level
         * errors.
         */
        if (zio->io_vd == NULL && (zio->io_flags & ZIO_FLAG_DONT_PROPAGATE))
                return;

        mutex_enter(&vd->vdev_stat_lock);
        if (type == ZIO_TYPE_READ && !vdev_is_dead(vd)) {
                if (zio->io_error == ECKSUM)
                        vs->vs_checksum_errors++;
                else
                        vs->vs_read_errors++;
        }
        if (type == ZIO_TYPE_WRITE && !vdev_is_dead(vd))
                vs->vs_write_errors++;
        mutex_exit(&vd->vdev_stat_lock);

        if (spa->spa_load_state == SPA_LOAD_NONE &&
            type == ZIO_TYPE_WRITE && txg != 0 &&
            (!(flags & ZIO_FLAG_IO_REPAIR) ||
            (flags & ZIO_FLAG_SCAN_THREAD) ||
            spa->spa_claiming)) {
                /*
                 * This is either a normal write (not a repair), or it's
                 * a repair induced by the scrub thread, or it's a repair
                 * made by zil_claim() during spa_load() in the first txg.
                 * In the normal case, we commit the DTL change in the same
                 * txg as the block was born.  In the scrub-induced repair
                 * case, we know that scrubs run in first-pass syncing context,
                 * so we commit the DTL change in spa_syncing_txg(spa).
                 * In the zil_claim() case, we commit in spa_first_txg(spa).
                 *
                 * We currently do not make DTL entries for failed spontaneous
                 * self-healing writes triggered by normal (non-scrubbing)
                 * reads, because we have no transactional context in which to
                 * do so -- and it's not clear that it'd be desirable anyway.
                 */
                if (vd->vdev_ops->vdev_op_leaf) {
                        uint64_t commit_txg = txg;
                        if (flags & ZIO_FLAG_SCAN_THREAD) {
                                ASSERT(flags & ZIO_FLAG_IO_REPAIR);
                                ASSERT(spa_sync_pass(spa) == 1);
                                vdev_dtl_dirty(vd, DTL_SCRUB, txg, 1);
                                commit_txg = spa_syncing_txg(spa);
                        } else if (spa->spa_claiming) {
                                ASSERT(flags & ZIO_FLAG_IO_REPAIR);
                                commit_txg = spa_first_txg(spa);
                        }
                        ASSERT(commit_txg >= spa_syncing_txg(spa));
                        if (vdev_dtl_contains(vd, DTL_MISSING, txg, 1))
                                return;
                        for (pvd = vd; pvd != rvd; pvd = pvd->vdev_parent)
                                vdev_dtl_dirty(pvd, DTL_PARTIAL, txg, 1);
                        vdev_dirty(vd->vdev_top, VDD_DTL, vd, commit_txg);
                }
                if (vd != rvd)
                        vdev_dtl_dirty(vd, DTL_MISSING, txg, 1);
        }
}

int64_t
vdev_deflated_space(vdev_t *vd, int64_t space)
{
        ASSERT((space & (SPA_MINBLOCKSIZE-1)) == 0);
        ASSERT(vd->vdev_deflate_ratio != 0 || vd->vdev_isl2cache);

        return ((space >> SPA_MINBLOCKSHIFT) * vd->vdev_deflate_ratio);
}

/*
 * Update the in-core space usage stats for this vdev and the root vdev.
 */
void
vdev_space_update(vdev_t *vd, int64_t alloc_delta, int64_t defer_delta,
    int64_t space_delta)
{
        int64_t dspace_delta;
        spa_t *spa = vd->vdev_spa;
        vdev_t *rvd = spa->spa_root_vdev;

        ASSERT(vd == vd->vdev_top);

        /*
         * Apply the inverse of the psize-to-asize (ie. RAID-Z) space-expansion
         * factor.  We must calculate this here and not at the root vdev
         * because the root vdev's psize-to-asize is simply the max of its
         * childrens', thus not accurate enough for us.
         */
        dspace_delta = vdev_deflated_space(vd, space_delta);

        mutex_enter(&vd->vdev_stat_lock);
        vd->vdev_stat.vs_alloc += alloc_delta;
        vd->vdev_stat.vs_space += space_delta;
        vd->vdev_stat.vs_dspace += dspace_delta;
        mutex_exit(&vd->vdev_stat_lock);

        /* every class but log contributes to root space stats */
        if (vd->vdev_mg != NULL && !vd->vdev_islog) {
                mutex_enter(&rvd->vdev_stat_lock);
                rvd->vdev_stat.vs_alloc += alloc_delta;
                rvd->vdev_stat.vs_space += space_delta;
                rvd->vdev_stat.vs_dspace += dspace_delta;
                mutex_exit(&rvd->vdev_stat_lock);
        }
        /* Note: metaslab_class_space_update moved to metaslab_space_update */
}

/*
 * Mark a top-level vdev's config as dirty, placing it on the dirty list
 * so that it will be written out next time the vdev configuration is synced.
 * If the root vdev is specified (vdev_top == NULL), dirty all top-level vdevs.
 */
void
vdev_config_dirty(vdev_t *vd)
{
        spa_t *spa = vd->vdev_spa;
        vdev_t *rvd = spa->spa_root_vdev;
        int c;

        ASSERT(spa_writeable(spa));

        /*
         * If this is an aux vdev (as with l2cache and spare devices), then we
         * update the vdev config manually and set the sync flag.
         */
        if (vd->vdev_aux != NULL) {
                spa_aux_vdev_t *sav = vd->vdev_aux;
                nvlist_t **aux;
                uint_t naux;

                for (c = 0; c < sav->sav_count; c++) {
                        if (sav->sav_vdevs[c] == vd)
                                break;
                }

                if (c == sav->sav_count) {
                        /*
                         * We're being removed.  There's nothing more to do.
                         */
                        ASSERT(sav->sav_sync == B_TRUE);
                        return;
                }

                sav->sav_sync = B_TRUE;

                if (nvlist_lookup_nvlist_array(sav->sav_config,
                    ZPOOL_CONFIG_L2CACHE, &aux, &naux) != 0) {
                        VERIFY(nvlist_lookup_nvlist_array(sav->sav_config,
                            ZPOOL_CONFIG_SPARES, &aux, &naux) == 0);
                }

                ASSERT(c < naux);

                /*
                 * Setting the nvlist in the middle if the array is a little
                 * sketchy, but it will work.
                 */
                nvlist_free(aux[c]);
                aux[c] = vdev_config_generate(spa, vd, B_TRUE, 0);

                return;
        }

        /*
         * The dirty list is protected by the SCL_CONFIG lock.  The caller
         * must either hold SCL_CONFIG as writer, or must be the sync thread
         * (which holds SCL_CONFIG as reader).  There's only one sync thread,
         * so this is sufficient to ensure mutual exclusion.
         */
        ASSERT(spa_config_held(spa, SCL_CONFIG, RW_WRITER) ||
            (dsl_pool_sync_context(spa_get_dsl(spa)) &&
            spa_config_held(spa, SCL_CONFIG, RW_READER)));

        if (vd == rvd) {
                for (c = 0; c < rvd->vdev_children; c++)
                        vdev_config_dirty(rvd->vdev_child[c]);
        } else {
                ASSERT(vd == vd->vdev_top);

                if (!list_link_active(&vd->vdev_config_dirty_node) &&
                    vdev_is_concrete(vd)) {
                        list_insert_head(&spa->spa_config_dirty_list, vd);
                }
        }
}

void
vdev_config_clean(vdev_t *vd)
{
        spa_t *spa = vd->vdev_spa;

        ASSERT(spa_config_held(spa, SCL_CONFIG, RW_WRITER) ||
            (dsl_pool_sync_context(spa_get_dsl(spa)) &&
            spa_config_held(spa, SCL_CONFIG, RW_READER)));

        ASSERT(list_link_active(&vd->vdev_config_dirty_node));
        list_remove(&spa->spa_config_dirty_list, vd);
}

/*
 * Mark a top-level vdev's state as dirty, so that the next pass of
 * spa_sync() can convert this into vdev_config_dirty().  We distinguish
 * the state changes from larger config changes because they require
 * much less locking, and are often needed for administrative actions.
 */
void
vdev_state_dirty(vdev_t *vd)
{
        spa_t *spa = vd->vdev_spa;

        ASSERT(spa_writeable(spa));
        ASSERT(vd == vd->vdev_top);

        /*
         * The state list is protected by the SCL_STATE lock.  The caller
         * must either hold SCL_STATE as writer, or must be the sync thread
         * (which holds SCL_STATE as reader).  There's only one sync thread,
         * so this is sufficient to ensure mutual exclusion.
         */
        ASSERT(spa_config_held(spa, SCL_STATE, RW_WRITER) ||
            (dsl_pool_sync_context(spa_get_dsl(spa)) &&
            spa_config_held(spa, SCL_STATE, RW_READER)));

        if (!list_link_active(&vd->vdev_state_dirty_node) &&
            vdev_is_concrete(vd))
                list_insert_head(&spa->spa_state_dirty_list, vd);
}

void
vdev_state_clean(vdev_t *vd)
{
        spa_t *spa = vd->vdev_spa;

        ASSERT(spa_config_held(spa, SCL_STATE, RW_WRITER) ||
            (dsl_pool_sync_context(spa_get_dsl(spa)) &&
            spa_config_held(spa, SCL_STATE, RW_READER)));

        ASSERT(list_link_active(&vd->vdev_state_dirty_node));
        list_remove(&spa->spa_state_dirty_list, vd);
}

/*
 * Propagate vdev state up from children to parent.
 */
void
vdev_propagate_state(vdev_t *vd)
{
        spa_t *spa = vd->vdev_spa;
        vdev_t *rvd = spa->spa_root_vdev;
        int degraded = 0, faulted = 0;
        int corrupted = 0;
        vdev_t *child;

        if (vd->vdev_children > 0) {
                for (int c = 0; c < vd->vdev_children; c++) {
                        child = vd->vdev_child[c];

                        /*
                         * Don't factor holes or indirect vdevs into the
                         * decision.
                         */
                        if (!vdev_is_concrete(child))
                                continue;

                        if (!vdev_readable(child) ||
                            (!vdev_writeable(child) && spa_writeable(spa))) {
                                /*
                                 * Root special: if there is a top-level log
                                 * device, treat the root vdev as if it were
                                 * degraded.
                                 */
                                if (child->vdev_islog && vd == rvd)
                                        degraded++;
                                else
                                        faulted++;
                        } else if (child->vdev_state <= VDEV_STATE_DEGRADED) {
                                degraded++;
                        }

                        if (child->vdev_stat.vs_aux == VDEV_AUX_CORRUPT_DATA)
                                corrupted++;
                }

                vd->vdev_ops->vdev_op_state_change(vd, faulted, degraded);

                /*
                 * Root special: if there is a top-level vdev that cannot be
                 * opened due to corrupted metadata, then propagate the root
                 * vdev's aux state as 'corrupt' rather than 'insufficient
                 * replicas'.
                 */
                if (corrupted && vd == rvd &&
                    rvd->vdev_state == VDEV_STATE_CANT_OPEN)
                        vdev_set_state(rvd, B_FALSE, VDEV_STATE_CANT_OPEN,
                            VDEV_AUX_CORRUPT_DATA);
        }

        if (vd->vdev_parent)
                vdev_propagate_state(vd->vdev_parent);
}

/*
 * Set a vdev's state.  If this is during an open, we don't update the parent
 * state, because we're in the process of opening children depth-first.
 * Otherwise, we propagate the change to the parent.
 *
 * If this routine places a device in a faulted state, an appropriate ereport is
 * generated.
 */
void
vdev_set_state(vdev_t *vd, boolean_t isopen, vdev_state_t state, vdev_aux_t aux)
{
        uint64_t save_state;
        spa_t *spa = vd->vdev_spa;

        if (state == vd->vdev_state) {
                /*
                 * Since vdev_offline() code path is already in an offline
                 * state we can miss a statechange event to OFFLINE. Check
                 * the previous state to catch this condition.
                 */
                if (vd->vdev_ops->vdev_op_leaf &&
                    (state == VDEV_STATE_OFFLINE) &&
                    (vd->vdev_prevstate >= VDEV_STATE_FAULTED)) {
                        /* post an offline state change */
                        zfs_post_state_change(spa, vd, vd->vdev_prevstate);
                }
                vd->vdev_stat.vs_aux = aux;
                return;
        }

        save_state = vd->vdev_state;

        vd->vdev_state = state;
        vd->vdev_stat.vs_aux = aux;

        /*
         * If we are setting the vdev state to anything but an open state, then
         * always close the underlying device unless the device has requested
         * a delayed close (i.e. we're about to remove or fault the device).
         * Otherwise, we keep accessible but invalid devices open forever.
         * We don't call vdev_close() itself, because that implies some extra
         * checks (offline, etc) that we don't want here.  This is limited to
         * leaf devices, because otherwise closing the device will affect other
         * children.
         */
        if (!vd->vdev_delayed_close && vdev_is_dead(vd) &&
            vd->vdev_ops->vdev_op_leaf)
                vd->vdev_ops->vdev_op_close(vd);

        if (vd->vdev_removed &&
            state == VDEV_STATE_CANT_OPEN &&
            (aux == VDEV_AUX_OPEN_FAILED || vd->vdev_checkremove)) {
                /*
                 * If the previous state is set to VDEV_STATE_REMOVED, then this
                 * device was previously marked removed and someone attempted to
                 * reopen it.  If this failed due to a nonexistent device, then
                 * keep the device in the REMOVED state.  We also let this be if
                 * it is one of our special test online cases, which is only
                 * attempting to online the device and shouldn't generate an FMA
                 * fault.
                 */
                vd->vdev_state = VDEV_STATE_REMOVED;
                vd->vdev_stat.vs_aux = VDEV_AUX_NONE;
        } else if (state == VDEV_STATE_REMOVED) {
                vd->vdev_removed = B_TRUE;
        } else if (state == VDEV_STATE_CANT_OPEN) {
                /*
                 * If we fail to open a vdev during an import or recovery, we
                 * mark it as "not available", which signifies that it was
                 * never there to begin with.  Failure to open such a device
                 * is not considered an error.
                 */
                if ((spa_load_state(spa) == SPA_LOAD_IMPORT ||
                    spa_load_state(spa) == SPA_LOAD_RECOVER) &&
                    vd->vdev_ops->vdev_op_leaf)
                        vd->vdev_not_present = 1;

                /*
                 * Post the appropriate ereport.  If the 'prevstate' field is
                 * set to something other than VDEV_STATE_UNKNOWN, it indicates
                 * that this is part of a vdev_reopen().  In this case, we don't
                 * want to post the ereport if the device was already in the
                 * CANT_OPEN state beforehand.
                 *
                 * If the 'checkremove' flag is set, then this is an attempt to
                 * online the device in response to an insertion event.  If we
                 * hit this case, then we have detected an insertion event for a
                 * faulted or offline device that wasn't in the removed state.
                 * In this scenario, we don't post an ereport because we are
                 * about to replace the device, or attempt an online with
                 * vdev_forcefault, which will generate the fault for us.
                 */
                if ((vd->vdev_prevstate != state || vd->vdev_forcefault) &&
                    !vd->vdev_not_present && !vd->vdev_checkremove &&
                    vd != spa->spa_root_vdev) {
                        const char *class;

                        switch (aux) {
                        case VDEV_AUX_OPEN_FAILED:
                                class = FM_EREPORT_ZFS_DEVICE_OPEN_FAILED;
                                break;
                        case VDEV_AUX_CORRUPT_DATA:
                                class = FM_EREPORT_ZFS_DEVICE_CORRUPT_DATA;
                                break;
                        case VDEV_AUX_NO_REPLICAS:
                                class = FM_EREPORT_ZFS_DEVICE_NO_REPLICAS;
                                break;
                        case VDEV_AUX_BAD_GUID_SUM:
                                class = FM_EREPORT_ZFS_DEVICE_BAD_GUID_SUM;
                                break;
                        case VDEV_AUX_TOO_SMALL:
                                class = FM_EREPORT_ZFS_DEVICE_TOO_SMALL;
                                break;
                        case VDEV_AUX_BAD_LABEL:
                                class = FM_EREPORT_ZFS_DEVICE_BAD_LABEL;
                                break;
                        case VDEV_AUX_BAD_ASHIFT:
                                class = FM_EREPORT_ZFS_DEVICE_BAD_ASHIFT;
                                break;
                        default:
                                class = FM_EREPORT_ZFS_DEVICE_UNKNOWN;
                        }

                        zfs_ereport_post(class, spa, vd, NULL, NULL,
                            save_state, 0);
                }

                /* Erase any notion of persistent removed state */
                vd->vdev_removed = B_FALSE;
        } else {
                vd->vdev_removed = B_FALSE;
        }

        /*
         * Notify ZED of any significant state-change on a leaf vdev.
         *
         */
        if (vd->vdev_ops->vdev_op_leaf) {
                /* preserve original state from a vdev_reopen() */
                if ((vd->vdev_prevstate != VDEV_STATE_UNKNOWN) &&
                    (vd->vdev_prevstate != vd->vdev_state) &&
                    (save_state <= VDEV_STATE_CLOSED))
                        save_state = vd->vdev_prevstate;

                /* filter out state change due to initial vdev_open */
                if (save_state > VDEV_STATE_CLOSED)
                        zfs_post_state_change(spa, vd, save_state);
        }

        if (!isopen && vd->vdev_parent)
                vdev_propagate_state(vd->vdev_parent);
}

boolean_t
vdev_children_are_offline(vdev_t *vd)
{
        ASSERT(!vd->vdev_ops->vdev_op_leaf);

        for (uint64_t i = 0; i < vd->vdev_children; i++) {
                if (vd->vdev_child[i]->vdev_state != VDEV_STATE_OFFLINE)
                        return (B_FALSE);
        }

        return (B_TRUE);
}

/*
 * Check the vdev configuration to ensure that it's capable of supporting
 * a root pool. We do not support partial configuration.
 */
boolean_t
vdev_is_bootable(vdev_t *vd)
{
        if (!vd->vdev_ops->vdev_op_leaf) {
                const char *vdev_type = vd->vdev_ops->vdev_op_type;

                if (strcmp(vdev_type, VDEV_TYPE_MISSING) == 0 ||
                    strcmp(vdev_type, VDEV_TYPE_INDIRECT) == 0) {
                        return (B_FALSE);
                }
        }

        for (int c = 0; c < vd->vdev_children; c++) {
                if (!vdev_is_bootable(vd->vdev_child[c]))
                        return (B_FALSE);
        }
        return (B_TRUE);
}

boolean_t
vdev_is_concrete(vdev_t *vd)
{
        vdev_ops_t *ops = vd->vdev_ops;
        if (ops == &vdev_indirect_ops || ops == &vdev_hole_ops ||
            ops == &vdev_missing_ops || ops == &vdev_root_ops) {
                return (B_FALSE);
        } else {
                return (B_TRUE);
        }
}

/*
 * Determine if a log device has valid content.  If the vdev was
 * removed or faulted in the MOS config then we know that
 * the content on the log device has already been written to the pool.
 */
boolean_t
vdev_log_state_valid(vdev_t *vd)
{
        if (vd->vdev_ops->vdev_op_leaf && !vd->vdev_faulted &&
            !vd->vdev_removed)
                return (B_TRUE);

        for (int c = 0; c < vd->vdev_children; c++)
                if (vdev_log_state_valid(vd->vdev_child[c]))
                        return (B_TRUE);

        return (B_FALSE);
}

/*
 * Expand a vdev if possible.
 */
void
vdev_expand(vdev_t *vd, uint64_t txg)
{
        ASSERT(vd->vdev_top == vd);
        ASSERT(spa_config_held(vd->vdev_spa, SCL_ALL, RW_WRITER) == SCL_ALL);
        ASSERT(vdev_is_concrete(vd));

        vdev_set_deflate_ratio(vd);

        if ((vd->vdev_asize >> vd->vdev_ms_shift) > vd->vdev_ms_count &&
            vdev_is_concrete(vd)) {
                vdev_metaslab_group_create(vd);
                VERIFY(vdev_metaslab_init(vd, txg) == 0);
                vdev_config_dirty(vd);
        }
}

/*
 * Split a vdev.
 */
void
vdev_split(vdev_t *vd)
{
        vdev_t *cvd, *pvd = vd->vdev_parent;

        vdev_remove_child(pvd, vd);
        vdev_compact_children(pvd);

        cvd = pvd->vdev_child[0];
        if (pvd->vdev_children == 1) {
                vdev_remove_parent(cvd);
                cvd->vdev_splitting = B_TRUE;
        }
        vdev_propagate_state(cvd);
}

void
vdev_deadman(vdev_t *vd, char *tag)
{
        for (int c = 0; c < vd->vdev_children; c++) {
                vdev_t *cvd = vd->vdev_child[c];

                vdev_deadman(cvd, tag);
        }

        if (vd->vdev_ops->vdev_op_leaf) {
                vdev_queue_t *vq = &vd->vdev_queue;

                mutex_enter(&vq->vq_lock);
                if (avl_numnodes(&vq->vq_active_tree) > 0) {
                        spa_t *spa = vd->vdev_spa;
                        zio_t *fio;
                        uint64_t delta;

                        zfs_dbgmsg("slow vdev: %s has %d active IOs",
                            vd->vdev_path, avl_numnodes(&vq->vq_active_tree));

                        /*
                         * Look at the head of all the pending queues,
                         * if any I/O has been outstanding for longer than
                         * the spa_deadman_synctime invoke the deadman logic.
                         */
                        fio = avl_first(&vq->vq_active_tree);
                        delta = gethrtime() - fio->io_timestamp;
                        if (delta > spa_deadman_synctime(spa))
                                zio_deadman(fio, tag);
                }
                mutex_exit(&vq->vq_lock);
        }
}

#if defined(_KERNEL)
EXPORT_SYMBOL(vdev_fault);
EXPORT_SYMBOL(vdev_degrade);
EXPORT_SYMBOL(vdev_online);
EXPORT_SYMBOL(vdev_offline);
EXPORT_SYMBOL(vdev_clear);
/* BEGIN CSTYLED */
module_param(vdev_max_ms_count, int, 0644);
MODULE_PARM_DESC(vdev_max_ms_count,
        "Target number of metaslabs per top-level vdev");

module_param(vdev_min_ms_count, int, 0644);
MODULE_PARM_DESC(vdev_min_ms_count,
        "Minimum number of metaslabs per top-level vdev");

module_param(vdev_ms_count_limit, int, 0644);
MODULE_PARM_DESC(vdev_ms_count_limit,
        "Practical upper limit of total metaslabs per top-level vdev");

module_param(zfs_delays_per_second, uint, 0644);
MODULE_PARM_DESC(zfs_delays_per_second, "Rate limit delay events to this many "
        "IO delays per second");

module_param(zfs_checksums_per_second, uint, 0644);
        MODULE_PARM_DESC(zfs_checksums_per_second, "Rate limit checksum events "
        "to this many checksum errors per second (do not set below zed"
        "threshold).");

module_param(zfs_scan_ignore_errors, int, 0644);
MODULE_PARM_DESC(zfs_scan_ignore_errors,
        "Ignore errors during resilver/scrub");

module_param(vdev_validate_skip, int, 0644);
MODULE_PARM_DESC(vdev_validate_skip,
        "Bypass vdev_validate()");
/* END CSTYLED */
#endif