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1 | [[chapter_user_management]] | |
2 | ifdef::manvolnum[] | |
3 | pveum(1) | |
4 | ======== | |
5 | :pve-toplevel: | |
6 | ||
7 | NAME | |
8 | ---- | |
9 | ||
10 | pveum - Proxmox VE User Manager | |
11 | ||
12 | ||
13 | SYNOPSIS | |
14 | -------- | |
15 | ||
16 | include::pveum.1-synopsis.adoc[] | |
17 | ||
18 | ||
19 | DESCRIPTION | |
20 | ----------- | |
21 | endif::manvolnum[] | |
22 | ifndef::manvolnum[] | |
23 | User Management | |
24 | =============== | |
25 | :pve-toplevel: | |
26 | endif::manvolnum[] | |
27 | ||
28 | // Copied from pve wiki: Revision as of 16:10, 27 October 2015 | |
29 | ||
30 | {pve} supports multiple authentication sources, for example Linux PAM, | |
31 | an integrated Proxmox VE authentication server, LDAP, Microsoft Active | |
32 | Directory and OpenID Connect. | |
33 | ||
34 | By using role-based user and permission management for all objects (VMs, | |
35 | Storage, nodes, etc.), granular access can be defined. | |
36 | ||
37 | ||
38 | [[pveum_users]] | |
39 | Users | |
40 | ----- | |
41 | ||
42 | {pve} stores user attributes in `/etc/pve/user.cfg`. | |
43 | Passwords are not stored here; users are instead associated with the | |
44 | <<pveum_authentication_realms,authentication realms>> described below. | |
45 | Therefore, a user is often internally identified by their username and | |
46 | realm in the form `<userid>@<realm>`. | |
47 | ||
48 | Each user entry in this file contains the following information: | |
49 | ||
50 | * First name | |
51 | * Last name | |
52 | * E-mail address | |
53 | * Group memberships | |
54 | * An optional expiration date | |
55 | * A comment or note about this user | |
56 | * Whether this user is enabled or disabled | |
57 | * Optional two-factor authentication keys | |
58 | ||
59 | CAUTION: When you disable or delete a user, or if the expiry date set is | |
60 | in the past, this user will not be able to log in to new sessions or start new | |
61 | tasks. All tasks which have already been started by this user (for example, | |
62 | terminal sessions) will **not** be terminated automatically by any such event. | |
63 | ||
64 | ||
65 | System administrator | |
66 | ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ | |
67 | ||
68 | The system's root user can always log in via the Linux PAM realm and is an | |
69 | unconfined administrator. This user cannot be deleted, but attributes can | |
70 | still be changed. System mails will be sent to the email address | |
71 | assigned to this user. | |
72 | ||
73 | ||
74 | [[pveum_groups]] | |
75 | Groups | |
76 | ------ | |
77 | ||
78 | Each user can be a member of several groups. Groups are the preferred | |
79 | way to organize access permissions. You should always grant permissions | |
80 | to groups instead of individual users. That way you will get a | |
81 | much more maintainable access control list. | |
82 | ||
83 | [[pveum_tokens]] | |
84 | API Tokens | |
85 | ---------- | |
86 | ||
87 | API tokens allow stateless access to most parts of the REST API from another | |
88 | system, software or API client. Tokens can be generated for individual users | |
89 | and can be given separate permissions and expiration dates to limit the scope | |
90 | and duration of the access. Should the API token get compromised, it can be | |
91 | revoked without disabling the user itself. | |
92 | ||
93 | API tokens come in two basic types: | |
94 | ||
95 | * Separated privileges: The token needs to be given explicit access with ACLs. | |
96 | Its effective permissions are calculated by intersecting user and token | |
97 | permissions. | |
98 | * Full privileges: The token's permissions are identical to that of the | |
99 | associated user. | |
100 | ||
101 | CAUTION: The token value is only displayed/returned once when the token is | |
102 | generated. It cannot be retrieved again over the API at a later time! | |
103 | ||
104 | To use an API token, set the HTTP header 'Authorization' to the displayed value | |
105 | of the form `PVEAPIToken=USER@REALM!TOKENID=UUID` when making API requests, or | |
106 | refer to your API client's documentation. | |
107 | ||
108 | [[pveum_resource_pools]] | |
109 | Resource Pools | |
110 | -------------- | |
111 | ||
112 | [thumbnail="screenshot/gui-datacenter-pool-window.png"] | |
113 | ||
114 | A resource pool is a set of virtual machines, containers, and storage | |
115 | devices. It is useful for permission handling in cases where certain users | |
116 | should have controlled access to a specific set of resources, as it allows for a | |
117 | single permission to be applied to a set of elements, rather than having to | |
118 | manage this on a per-resource basis. Resource pools are often used in tandem | |
119 | with groups, so that the members of a group have permissions on a set of | |
120 | machines and storage. | |
121 | ||
122 | [[pveum_authentication_realms]] | |
123 | Authentication Realms | |
124 | --------------------- | |
125 | ||
126 | As {pve} users are just counterparts for users existing on some external | |
127 | realm, the realms have to be configured in `/etc/pve/domains.cfg`. | |
128 | The following realms (authentication methods) are available: | |
129 | ||
130 | Linux PAM Standard Authentication:: | |
131 | ||
132 | Linux PAM is a framework for system-wide user authentication. These users are | |
133 | created on the host system with commands such as `adduser`. If PAM users exist | |
134 | on the {pve} host system, corresponding entries can be added to {pve}, to allow | |
135 | these users to log in via their system username and password. | |
136 | ||
137 | {pve} Authentication Server:: | |
138 | ||
139 | This is a Unix-like password store, which stores hashed passwords in | |
140 | `/etc/pve/priv/shadow.cfg`. Passwords are hashed using the SHA-256 hashing | |
141 | algorithm. This is the most convenient realm for small-scale (or even | |
142 | mid-scale) installations, where users do not need access to anything outside of | |
143 | {pve}. In this case, users are fully managed by {pve} and are able to change | |
144 | their own passwords via the GUI. | |
145 | ||
146 | LDAP:: | |
147 | ||
148 | LDAP (Lightweight Directory Access Protocol) is an open, cross-platform protocol | |
149 | for authentication using directory services. OpenLDAP is a popular open-source | |
150 | implementations of the LDAP protocol. | |
151 | ||
152 | Microsoft Active Directory (AD):: | |
153 | ||
154 | Microsoft Active Directory (AD) is a directory service for Windows domain | |
155 | networks and is supported as an authentication realm for {pve}. It supports LDAP | |
156 | as an authentication protocol. | |
157 | ||
158 | OpenID Connect:: | |
159 | ||
160 | OpenID Connect is implemented as an identity layer on top of the OATH 2.0 | |
161 | protocol. It allows clients to verify the identity of the user, based on | |
162 | authentication performed by an external authorization server. | |
163 | ||
164 | Linux PAM Standard Authentication | |
165 | ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ | |
166 | ||
167 | As Linux PAM corresponds to host system users, a system user must exist on each | |
168 | node which the user is allowed to log in on. The user authenticates with their | |
169 | usual system password. This realm is added by default and can't be removed. In | |
170 | terms of configurability, an administrator can choose to require two-factor | |
171 | authentication with logins from the realm and to set the realm as the default | |
172 | authentication realm. | |
173 | ||
174 | ||
175 | {pve} Authentication Server | |
176 | ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ | |
177 | ||
178 | The {pve} authentication server realm is a simple Unix-like password store. | |
179 | The realm is created by default, and as with Linux PAM, the only configuration | |
180 | items available are the ability to require two-factor authentication for users | |
181 | of the realm, and to set it as the default realm for login. | |
182 | ||
183 | Unlike the other {pve} realm types, users are created and authenticated entirely | |
184 | through {pve}, rather than authenticating against another system. Hence, you are | |
185 | required to set a password for this type of user upon creation. | |
186 | ||
187 | ||
188 | LDAP | |
189 | ~~~~ | |
190 | ||
191 | You can also use an external LDAP server for user authentication (for examle, | |
192 | OpenLDAP). In this realm type, users are searched under a 'Base Domain Name' | |
193 | (`base_dn`), using the username attribute specified in the 'User Attribute Name' | |
194 | (`user_attr`) field. | |
195 | ||
196 | A server and optional fallback server can be configured, and the connection can | |
197 | be encrypted via SSL. Furthermore, filters can be configured for directories and | |
198 | groups. Filters allow you to further limit the scope of the realm. | |
199 | ||
200 | For instance, if a user is represented via the following LDIF dataset: | |
201 | ||
202 | ---- | |
203 | # user1 of People at ldap-test.com | |
204 | dn: uid=user1,ou=People,dc=ldap-test,dc=com | |
205 | objectClass: top | |
206 | objectClass: person | |
207 | objectClass: organizationalPerson | |
208 | objectClass: inetOrgPerson | |
209 | uid: user1 | |
210 | cn: Test User 1 | |
211 | sn: Testers | |
212 | description: This is the first test user. | |
213 | ---- | |
214 | ||
215 | The 'Base Domain Name' would be `ou=People,dc=ldap-test,dc=com` and the user | |
216 | attribute would be `uid`. | |
217 | ||
218 | If {pve} needs to authenticate (bind) to the LDAP server before being | |
219 | able to query and authenticate users, a bind domain name can be | |
220 | configured via the `bind_dn` property in `/etc/pve/domains.cfg`. Its | |
221 | password then has to be stored in `/etc/pve/priv/ldap/<realmname>.pw` | |
222 | (for example, `/etc/pve/priv/ldap/my-ldap.pw`). This file should contain a | |
223 | single line with the raw password. | |
224 | ||
225 | To verify certificates, you need to set `capath`. You can set it either | |
226 | directly to the CA certificate of your LDAP server, or to the system path | |
227 | containing all trusted CA certificates (`/etc/ssl/certs`). | |
228 | Additionally, you need to set the `verify` option, which can also be done over | |
229 | the web interface. | |
230 | ||
231 | The main configuration options for an LDAP server realm are as follows: | |
232 | ||
233 | * `Realm` (`realm`): The realm identifier for {pve} users | |
234 | ||
235 | * `Base Domain Name` (`base_dn`): The directory which users are searched under | |
236 | ||
237 | * `User Attribute Name` (`user_attr`): The LDAP attribute containing the | |
238 | username that users will log in with | |
239 | ||
240 | * `Server` (`server1`): The server hosting the LDAP directory | |
241 | ||
242 | * `Fallback Server` (`server2`): An optional fallback server address, in case | |
243 | the primary server is unreachable | |
244 | ||
245 | * `Port` (`port`): The port that the LDAP server listens on | |
246 | ||
247 | NOTE: In order to allow a particular user to authenticate using the LDAP server, | |
248 | you must also add them as a user of that realm from the {pve} server. This can | |
249 | be carried out automatically with <<pveum_ldap_sync, syncing>>. | |
250 | ||
251 | ||
252 | Microsoft Active Directory (AD) | |
253 | ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ | |
254 | ||
255 | To set up Microsoft AD as a realm, a server address and authentication domain | |
256 | need to be specified. Active Directory supports most of the same properties as | |
257 | LDAP, such as an optional fallback server, port, and SSL encryption. | |
258 | Furthermore, users can be added to {pve} automatically via | |
259 | <<pveum_ldap_sync, sync>> operations, after configuration. | |
260 | ||
261 | As with LDAP, if {pve} needs to authenticate before it binds to the AD server, | |
262 | you must configure the 'Bind User' (`bind_dn`) property. This property is | |
263 | typically required by default for Microsoft AD. | |
264 | ||
265 | The main configuration settings for Microsoft Active Directory are: | |
266 | ||
267 | * `Realm` (`realm`): The realm identifier for {pve} users | |
268 | ||
269 | * `Domain` (`domain`): The AD domain of the server | |
270 | ||
271 | * `Server` (`server1`): The FQDN or IP address of the server | |
272 | ||
273 | * `Fallback Server` (`server2`): An optional fallback server address, in case | |
274 | the primary server is unreachable | |
275 | ||
276 | * `Port` (`port`): The port that the Microsoft AD server listens on | |
277 | ||
278 | [[pveum_ldap_sync]] | |
279 | Syncing LDAP-Based Realms | |
280 | ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ | |
281 | ||
282 | [thumbnail="screenshot/gui-datacenter-realm-add-ldap.png"] | |
283 | ||
284 | It's possible to automatically sync users and groups for LDAP-based realms (LDAP | |
285 | & Microsoft Active Directory), rather than having to add them to {pve} manually. | |
286 | You can access the sync options from the Add/Edit window of the web interface's | |
287 | `Authentication` panel or via the `pveum realm add/modify` commands. You can | |
288 | then carry out the sync operation from the `Authentication` panel of the GUI or | |
289 | using the following command: | |
290 | ||
291 | ---- | |
292 | pveum realm sync <realm> | |
293 | ---- | |
294 | ||
295 | Users and groups are synced to the cluster-wide configuration file, | |
296 | `/etc/pve/user.cfg`. | |
297 | ||
298 | ||
299 | Attributes to Properties | |
300 | ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ | |
301 | ||
302 | If the sync response includes user attributes, they will be synced into the | |
303 | matching user property in the `user.cfg`. For example: `firstname` or | |
304 | `lastname`. | |
305 | ||
306 | If the names of the attributes are not matching the {pve} properties, you can | |
307 | set a custom field-to-field map in the config by using the `sync_attributes` | |
308 | option. | |
309 | ||
310 | How such properties are handled if anything vanishes can be controlled via the | |
311 | sync options, see below. | |
312 | ||
313 | Sync Configuration | |
314 | ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ | |
315 | ||
316 | The configuration options for syncing LDAP-based realms can be found in the | |
317 | `Sync Options` tab of the Add/Edit window. | |
318 | ||
319 | The configuration options are as follows: | |
320 | ||
321 | * `Bind User` (`bind_dn`): Refers to the LDAP account used to query users | |
322 | and groups. This account needs access to all desired entries. If it's set, the | |
323 | search will be carried out via binding; otherwise, the search will be carried | |
324 | out anonymously. The user must be a complete LDAP formatted distinguished name | |
325 | (DN), for example, `cn=admin,dc=example,dc=com`. | |
326 | ||
327 | * Groupname attr. (group_name_attr): Represents the | |
328 | users' groups. Only entries which adhere to the usual character limitations of | |
329 | the `user.cfg` are synced. Groups are synced with `-$realm` attached to the | |
330 | name, in order to avoid naming conflicts. Please ensure that a sync does not | |
331 | overwrite manually created groups. | |
332 | ||
333 | * `User classes` (`user_classes`): Objects classes associated with users. | |
334 | ||
335 | * `Group classes` (`group_classes`): Objects classes associated with groups. | |
336 | ||
337 | * `E-Mail attribute`: If the LDAP-based server specifies user email addresses, | |
338 | these can also be included in the sync by setting the associated attribute | |
339 | here. From the command line, this is achievable through the | |
340 | `--sync_attributes` parameter. | |
341 | ||
342 | * `User Filter` (`filter`): For further filter options to target specific users. | |
343 | ||
344 | * `Group Filter` (`group_filter`): For further filter options to target specific | |
345 | groups. | |
346 | ||
347 | NOTE: Filters allow you to create a set of additional match criteria, to narrow | |
348 | down the scope of a sync. Information on available LDAP filter types and their | |
349 | usage can be found at https://ldap.com/ldap-filters/[ldap.com]. | |
350 | ||
351 | [[pveum_ldap_sync_options]] | |
352 | Sync Options | |
353 | ^^^^^^^^^^^^ | |
354 | ||
355 | [thumbnail="screenshot/gui-datacenter-realm-add-ldap-sync-options.png"] | |
356 | ||
357 | In addition to the options specified in the previous section, you can also | |
358 | configure further options that describe the behavior of the sync operation. | |
359 | ||
360 | These options are either set as parameters before the sync, or as defaults via | |
361 | the realm option `sync-defaults-options`. | |
362 | ||
363 | The main options for syncing are: | |
364 | ||
365 | * `Scope` (`scope`): The scope of what to sync. It can be either `users`, | |
366 | `groups` or `both`. | |
367 | ||
368 | * `Enable new` (`enable-new`): If set, the newly synced users are enabled and | |
369 | can log in. The default is `true`. | |
370 | ||
371 | * `Remove Vanished` (`remove-vanished`): This is a list of options which, when | |
372 | activated, determine if they are removed when they are not returned from | |
373 | the sync response. The options are: | |
374 | ||
375 | - `ACL` (`acl)`: Remove ACLs of users and groups which were not returned | |
376 | returned in the sync response. This most often makes sense together with | |
377 | `Entry`. | |
378 | ||
379 | - `Entry` (`entry`): Removes entries (i.e. users and groups) when they are | |
380 | not returned in the sync response. | |
381 | ||
382 | - `Properties` (`properties`): Removes properties of entries where the user | |
383 | in the sync response did not contain those attributes. This includes | |
384 | all properties, even those never set by a sync. Exceptions are tokens | |
385 | and the enable flag, these will be retained even with this option enabled. | |
386 | ||
387 | * `Preview` (`dry-run`): No data is written to the config. This is useful if you | |
388 | want to see which users and groups would get synced to the `user.cfg`. | |
389 | ||
390 | ||
391 | [[pveum_openid]] | |
392 | OpenID Connect | |
393 | ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ | |
394 | ||
395 | The main OpenID Connect configuration options are: | |
396 | ||
397 | * `Issuer URL` (`issuer-url`): This is the URL of the authorization server. | |
398 | Proxmox uses the OpenID Connect Discovery protocol to automatically configure | |
399 | further details. | |
400 | + | |
401 | While it is possible to use unencrypted `http://` URLs, we strongly recommend to | |
402 | use encrypted `https://` connections. | |
403 | ||
404 | * `Realm` (`realm`): The realm identifier for {pve} users | |
405 | ||
406 | * `Client ID` (`client-id`): OpenID Client ID. | |
407 | ||
408 | * `Client Key` (`client-key`): Optional OpenID Client Key. | |
409 | ||
410 | * `Autocreate Users` (`autocreate`): Automatically create users if they do not | |
411 | exist. While authentication is done at the OpenID server, all users still need | |
412 | an entry in the {pve} user configuration. You can either add them manually, or | |
413 | use the `autocreate` option to automatically add new users. | |
414 | ||
415 | * `Username Claim` (`username-claim`): OpenID claim used to generate the unique | |
416 | username (`subject`, `username` or `email`). | |
417 | ||
418 | Username mapping | |
419 | ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ | |
420 | ||
421 | The OpenID Connect specification defines a single unique attribute | |
422 | ('claim' in OpenID terms) named `subject`. By default, we use the | |
423 | value of this attribute to generate {pve} usernames, by simple adding | |
424 | `@` and the realm name: `${subject}@${realm}`. | |
425 | ||
426 | Unfortunately, most OpenID servers use random strings for `subject`, like | |
427 | `DGH76OKH34BNG3245SB`, so a typical username would look like | |
428 | `DGH76OKH34BNG3245SB@yourrealm`. While unique, it is difficult for | |
429 | humans to remember such random strings, making it quite impossible to | |
430 | associate real users with this. | |
431 | ||
432 | The `username-claim` setting allows you to use other attributes for | |
433 | the username mapping. Setting it to `username` is preferred if the | |
434 | OpenID Connect server provides that attribute and guarantees its | |
435 | uniqueness. | |
436 | ||
437 | Another option is to use `email`, which also yields human readable | |
438 | usernames. Again, only use this setting if the server guarantees the | |
439 | uniqueness of this attribute. | |
440 | ||
441 | Examples | |
442 | ^^^^^^^^ | |
443 | ||
444 | Here is an example of creating an OpenID realm using Google. You need to | |
445 | replace `--client-id` and `--client-key` with the values | |
446 | from your Google OpenID settings. | |
447 | ||
448 | ---- | |
449 | pveum realm add myrealm1 --type openid --issuer-url https://accounts.google.com --client-id XXXX --client-key YYYY --username-claim email | |
450 | ---- | |
451 | ||
452 | The above command uses `--username-claim email`, so that the usernames on the | |
453 | {pve} side look like `example.user@google.com@myrealm1`. | |
454 | ||
455 | Keycloak (https://www.keycloak.org/) is a popular open source Identity | |
456 | and Access Management tool, which supports OpenID Connect. In the following | |
457 | example, you need to replace the `--issuer-url` and `--client-id` with | |
458 | your information: | |
459 | ||
460 | ---- | |
461 | pveum realm add myrealm2 --type openid --issuer-url https://your.server:8080/auth/realms/your-realm --client-id XXX --username-claim username | |
462 | ---- | |
463 | ||
464 | Using `--username-claim username` enables simple usernames on the | |
465 | {pve} side, like `example.user@myrealm2`. | |
466 | ||
467 | WARNING: You need to ensure that the user is not allowed to edit | |
468 | the username setting themselves (on the Keycloak server). | |
469 | ||
470 | ||
471 | [[pveum_tfa_auth]] | |
472 | Two-Factor Authentication | |
473 | ------------------------- | |
474 | ||
475 | There are two ways to use two-factor authentication: | |
476 | ||
477 | It can be required by the authentication realm, either via 'TOTP' | |
478 | (Time-based One-Time Password) or 'YubiKey OTP'. In this case, a newly | |
479 | created user needs to have their keys added immediately, as there is no way to | |
480 | log in without the second factor. In the case of 'TOTP', users can | |
481 | also change the 'TOTP' later on, provided they can log in first. | |
482 | ||
483 | Alternatively, users can choose to opt-in to two-factor authentication | |
484 | later on, even if the realm does not enforce it. | |
485 | ||
486 | Available Second Factors | |
487 | ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ | |
488 | ||
489 | You can set up multiple second factors, in order to avoid a situation in | |
490 | which losing your smartphone or security key locks you out of your | |
491 | account permanently. | |
492 | ||
493 | The following two-factor authentication methods are available in | |
494 | addition to realm-enforced TOTP and YubiKey OTP: | |
495 | ||
496 | * User configured TOTP | |
497 | (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time-based_One-Time_Password[Time-based One-Time Password]). | |
498 | A short code derived from a shared secret and the current time, it changes | |
499 | every 30 seconds. | |
500 | * WebAuthn (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WebAuthn[Web Authentication]). | |
501 | A general standard for authentication. It is implemented by various | |
502 | security devices, like hardware keys or trusted platform modules (TPM) | |
503 | from a computer or smart phone. | |
504 | * Single use Recovery Keys. A list of keys which should either be | |
505 | printed out and locked in a secure place or saved digitally in an | |
506 | electronic vault. Each key can be used only once. These are perfect for | |
507 | ensuring that you are not locked out, even if all of your other second | |
508 | factors are lost or corrupt. | |
509 | ||
510 | Before WebAuthn was supported, U2F could be setup by the user. Existing | |
511 | U2F factors can still be used, but it is recommended to switch to | |
512 | WebAuthn, once it is configured on the server. | |
513 | ||
514 | Realm Enforced Two-Factor Authentication | |
515 | ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ | |
516 | ||
517 | This can be done by selecting one of the available methods via the | |
518 | 'TFA' dropdown box when adding or editing an Authentication Realm. | |
519 | When a realm has TFA enabled, it becomes a requirement, and only users | |
520 | with configured TFA will be able to log in. | |
521 | ||
522 | Currently there are two methods available: | |
523 | ||
524 | Time-based OATH (TOTP):: This uses the standard HMAC-SHA1 algorithm, | |
525 | where the current time is hashed with the user's configured key. The | |
526 | time step and password length parameters are configurable. | |
527 | + | |
528 | A user can have multiple keys configured (separated by spaces), and the keys | |
529 | can be specified in Base32 (RFC3548) or hexadecimal notation. | |
530 | + | |
531 | {pve} provides a key generation tool (`oathkeygen`) which prints out a random | |
532 | key in Base32 notation, that can be used directly with various OTP tools, such | |
533 | as the `oathtool` command line tool, or on Android Google Authenticator, | |
534 | FreeOTP, andOTP or similar applications. | |
535 | ||
536 | YubiKey OTP:: | |
537 | For authenticating via a YubiKey a Yubico API ID, API KEY and validation | |
538 | server URL must be configured, and users must have a YubiKey available. In | |
539 | order to get the key ID from a YubiKey, you can trigger the YubiKey once | |
540 | after connecting it via USB, and copy the first 12 characters of the typed | |
541 | password into the user's 'Key IDs' field. | |
542 | ||
543 | Please refer to the https://developers.yubico.com/OTP/[YubiKey OTP] | |
544 | documentation for how to use the | |
545 | https://www.yubico.com/products/services-software/yubicloud/[YubiCloud] or | |
546 | https://developers.yubico.com/Software_Projects/Yubico_OTP/YubiCloud_Validation_Servers/[host your own verification server]. | |
547 | ||
548 | [[pveum_user_configured_totp]] | |
549 | User Configured TOTP Authentication | |
550 | ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ | |
551 | ||
552 | Users can choose to enable 'TOTP' or 'WebAuthn' as a second factor on login, via | |
553 | the 'TFA' button in the user list (unless the realm enforces 'YubiKey OTP'). | |
554 | ||
555 | Users can always add and use one time 'Recovery Keys'. | |
556 | ||
557 | [thumbnail="screenshot/gui-datacenter-two-factor.png"] | |
558 | ||
559 | After opening the 'TFA' window, the user is presented with a dialog to set up | |
560 | 'TOTP' authentication. The 'Secret' field contains the key, which can be | |
561 | randomly generated via the 'Randomize' button. An optional 'Issuer Name' can be | |
562 | added to provide information to the 'TOTP' app about what the key belongs to. | |
563 | Most 'TOTP' apps will show the issuer name together with the corresponding | |
564 | 'OTP' values. The username is also included in the QR code for the 'TOTP' app. | |
565 | ||
566 | After generating a key, a QR code will be displayed, which can be used with most | |
567 | OTP apps such as FreeOTP. The user then needs to verify the current user | |
568 | password (unless logged in as 'root'), as well as the ability to correctly use | |
569 | the 'TOTP' key, by typing the current 'OTP' value into the 'Verification Code' | |
570 | field and pressing the 'Apply' button. | |
571 | ||
572 | [[user_tfa_setup_totp]] | |
573 | === TOTP | |
574 | ||
575 | [thumbnail="screenshot/pve-gui-tfa-add-totp.png"] | |
576 | ||
577 | There is no server setup required. Simply install a TOTP app on your | |
578 | smartphone (for example, https://freeotp.github.io/[FreeOTP]) and use | |
579 | the Proxmox Backup Server web-interface to add a TOTP factor. | |
580 | ||
581 | [[user_tfa_setup_webauthn]] | |
582 | === WebAuthn | |
583 | ||
584 | For WebAuthn to work, you need to have two things: | |
585 | ||
586 | * A trusted HTTPS certificate (for example, by using | |
587 | https://pve.proxmox.com/wiki/Certificate_Management[Let's Encrypt]). | |
588 | While it probably works with an untrusted certificate, some browsers may | |
589 | warn or refuse WebAuthn operations if it is not trusted. | |
590 | * Setup the WebAuthn configuration (see *Datacenter -> Options -> | |
591 | WebAuthn Settings* in the Proxmox VE web interface). This can be | |
592 | auto-filled in most setups. | |
593 | ||
594 | Once you have fulfilled both of these requirements, you can add a WebAuthn | |
595 | configuration in the *Two Factor* panel under *Datacenter -> Permissions -> Two | |
596 | Factor*. | |
597 | ||
598 | [[user_tfa_setup_recovery_keys]] | |
599 | === Recovery Keys | |
600 | ||
601 | [thumbnail="screenshot/pve-gui-tfa-add-recovery-keys.png"] | |
602 | ||
603 | Recovery key codes do not need any preparation; you can simply create a | |
604 | set of recovery keys in the *Two Factor* panel under *Datacenter -> Permissions | |
605 | -> Two Factor*. | |
606 | ||
607 | NOTE: There can only be one set of single-use recovery keys per user at any | |
608 | time. | |
609 | ||
610 | ||
611 | [[pveum_configure_webauthn]] | |
612 | Server Side Webauthn Configuration | |
613 | ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ | |
614 | ||
615 | [thumbnail="screenshot/gui-datacenter-webauthn-edit.png"] | |
616 | ||
617 | To allow users to use 'WebAuthn' authentication, it is necessaary to use a valid | |
618 | domain with a valid SSL certificate, otherwise some browsers may warn or refuse | |
619 | to authenticate altogether. | |
620 | ||
621 | NOTE: Changing the 'WebAuthn' configuration may render all existing 'WebAuthn' | |
622 | registrations unusable! | |
623 | ||
624 | This is done via `/etc/pve/datacenter.cfg`. For instance: | |
625 | ||
626 | ---- | |
627 | webauthn: rp=mypve.example.com,origin=https://mypve.example.com:8006,id=mypve.example.com | |
628 | ---- | |
629 | ||
630 | [[pveum_configure_u2f]] | |
631 | Server Side U2F Configuration | |
632 | ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ | |
633 | ||
634 | NOTE: It is recommended to use WebAuthn instead. | |
635 | ||
636 | To allow users to use 'U2F' authentication, it may be necessary to use a valid | |
637 | domain with a valid SSL certificate, otherwise, some browsers may print | |
638 | a warning or reject U2F usage altogether. Initially, an 'AppId' | |
639 | footnote:[AppId https://developers.yubico.com/U2F/App_ID.html] | |
640 | needs to be configured. | |
641 | ||
642 | NOTE: Changing the 'AppId' will render all existing 'U2F' registrations | |
643 | unusable! | |
644 | ||
645 | This is done via `/etc/pve/datacenter.cfg`. For instance: | |
646 | ||
647 | ---- | |
648 | u2f: appid=https://mypve.example.com:8006 | |
649 | ---- | |
650 | ||
651 | For a single node, the 'AppId' can simply be the address of the web-interface, | |
652 | exactly as it is used in the browser, including the 'https://' and the port, as | |
653 | shown above. Please note that some browsers may be more strict than others when | |
654 | matching 'AppIds'. | |
655 | ||
656 | When using multiple nodes, it is best to have a separate `https` server | |
657 | providing an `appid.json` | |
658 | footnote:[Multi-facet apps: https://developers.yubico.com/U2F/App_ID.html] | |
659 | file, as it seems to be compatible with most | |
660 | browsers. If all nodes use subdomains of the same top level domain, it may be | |
661 | enough to use the TLD as 'AppId'. It should however be noted that some browsers | |
662 | may not accept this. | |
663 | ||
664 | NOTE: A bad 'AppId' will usually produce an error, but we have encountered | |
665 | situations when this does not happen, particularly when using a top level domain | |
666 | 'AppId' for a node that is accessed via a subdomain in Chromium. For this reason | |
667 | it is recommended to test the configuration with multiple browsers, as changing | |
668 | the 'AppId' later will render existing 'U2F' registrations unusable. | |
669 | ||
670 | [[pveum_user_configured_u2f]] | |
671 | Activating U2F as a User | |
672 | ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ | |
673 | ||
674 | To enable 'U2F' authentication, open the 'TFA' window's 'U2F' tab, type in the | |
675 | current password (unless logged in as root), and press the 'Register' button. | |
676 | If the server is set up correctly and the browser accepts the server's provided | |
677 | 'AppId', a message will appear prompting the user to press the button on the | |
678 | 'U2F' device (if it is a 'YubiKey', the button light should be toggling on and | |
679 | off steadily, roughly twice per second). | |
680 | ||
681 | Firefox users may need to enable 'security.webauth.u2f' via 'about:config' | |
682 | before they can use a 'U2F' token. | |
683 | ||
684 | [[pveum_permission_management]] | |
685 | Permission Management | |
686 | --------------------- | |
687 | ||
688 | In order for a user to perform an action (such as listing, modifying or | |
689 | deleting parts of a VM's configuration), the user needs to have the | |
690 | appropriate permissions. | |
691 | ||
692 | {pve} uses a role and path based permission management system. An entry in | |
693 | the permissions table allows a user, group or token to take on a specific role | |
694 | when accessing an 'object' or 'path'. This means that such an access rule can | |
695 | be represented as a triple of '(path, user, role)', '(path, group, | |
696 | role)' or '(path, token, role)', with the role containing a set of allowed | |
697 | actions, and the path representing the target of these actions. | |
698 | ||
699 | ||
700 | [[pveum_roles]] | |
701 | Roles | |
702 | ~~~~~ | |
703 | ||
704 | A role is simply a list of privileges. Proxmox VE comes with a number | |
705 | of predefined roles, which satisfy most requirements. | |
706 | ||
707 | * `Administrator`: has full privileges | |
708 | * `NoAccess`: has no privileges (used to forbid access) | |
709 | * `PVEAdmin`: can do most tasks, but has no rights to modify system settings (`Sys.PowerMgmt`, `Sys.Modify`, `Realm.Allocate`) | |
710 | * `PVEAuditor`: has read only access | |
711 | * `PVEDatastoreAdmin`: create and allocate backup space and templates | |
712 | * `PVEDatastoreUser`: allocate backup space and view storage | |
713 | * `PVEPoolAdmin`: allocate pools | |
714 | * `PVESysAdmin`: User ACLs, audit, system console and system logs | |
715 | * `PVETemplateUser`: view and clone templates | |
716 | * `PVEUserAdmin`: manage users | |
717 | * `PVEVMAdmin`: fully administer VMs | |
718 | * `PVEVMUser`: view, backup, configure CD-ROM, VM console, VM power management | |
719 | ||
720 | You can see the whole set of predefined roles in the GUI. | |
721 | ||
722 | You can add new roles via the GUI or the command line. | |
723 | ||
724 | [thumbnail="screenshot/gui-datacenter-role-add.png"] | |
725 | From the GUI, navigate to the 'Permissions -> Roles' tab from 'Datacenter' and | |
726 | click on the 'Create' button. There you can set a role name and select any | |
727 | desired privileges from the 'Privileges' drop-down menu. | |
728 | ||
729 | To add a role through the command line, you can use the 'pveum' CLI tool, for | |
730 | example: | |
731 | [source,bash] | |
732 | ---- | |
733 | pveum role add PVE_Power-only --privs "VM.PowerMgmt VM.Console" | |
734 | pveum role add Sys_Power-only --privs "Sys.PowerMgmt Sys.Console" | |
735 | ---- | |
736 | ||
737 | ||
738 | Privileges | |
739 | ~~~~~~~~~~ | |
740 | ||
741 | A privilege is the right to perform a specific action. To simplify | |
742 | management, lists of privileges are grouped into roles, which can then | |
743 | be used in the permission table. Note that privileges cannot be directly | |
744 | assigned to users and paths without being part of a role. | |
745 | ||
746 | We currently support the following privileges: | |
747 | ||
748 | Node / System related privileges:: | |
749 | ||
750 | * `Permissions.Modify`: modify access permissions | |
751 | * `Sys.PowerMgmt`: node power management (start, stop, reset, shutdown, ...) | |
752 | * `Sys.Console`: console access to node | |
753 | * `Sys.Syslog`: view syslog | |
754 | * `Sys.Audit`: view node status/config, Corosync cluster config, and HA config | |
755 | * `Sys.Modify`: create/modify/remove node network parameters | |
756 | * `Group.Allocate`: create/modify/remove groups | |
757 | * `Pool.Allocate`: create/modify/remove a pool | |
758 | * `Pool.Audit`: view a pool | |
759 | * `Realm.Allocate`: create/modify/remove authentication realms | |
760 | * `Realm.AllocateUser`: assign user to a realm | |
761 | * `User.Modify`: create/modify/remove user access and details. | |
762 | ||
763 | Virtual machine related privileges:: | |
764 | ||
765 | * `VM.Allocate`: create/remove VM on a server | |
766 | * `VM.Migrate`: migrate VM to alternate server on cluster | |
767 | * `VM.PowerMgmt`: power management (start, stop, reset, shutdown, ...) | |
768 | * `VM.Console`: console access to VM | |
769 | * `VM.Monitor`: access to VM monitor (kvm) | |
770 | * `VM.Backup`: backup/restore VMs | |
771 | * `VM.Audit`: view VM config | |
772 | * `VM.Clone`: clone/copy a VM | |
773 | * `VM.Config.Disk`: add/modify/remove disks | |
774 | * `VM.Config.CDROM`: eject/change CD-ROM | |
775 | * `VM.Config.CPU`: modify CPU settings | |
776 | * `VM.Config.Memory`: modify memory settings | |
777 | * `VM.Config.Network`: add/modify/remove network devices | |
778 | * `VM.Config.HWType`: modify emulated hardware types | |
779 | * `VM.Config.Options`: modify any other VM configuration | |
780 | * `VM.Snapshot`: create/delete VM snapshots | |
781 | ||
782 | Storage related privileges:: | |
783 | ||
784 | * `Datastore.Allocate`: create/modify/remove a datastore and delete volumes | |
785 | * `Datastore.AllocateSpace`: allocate space on a datastore | |
786 | * `Datastore.AllocateTemplate`: allocate/upload templates and ISO images | |
787 | * `Datastore.Audit`: view/browse a datastore | |
788 | ||
789 | ||
790 | Objects and Paths | |
791 | ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ | |
792 | ||
793 | Access permissions are assigned to objects, such as virtual machines, | |
794 | storages or resource pools. | |
795 | We use file system like paths to address these objects. These paths form a | |
796 | natural tree, and permissions of higher levels (shorter paths) can | |
797 | optionally be propagated down within this hierarchy. | |
798 | ||
799 | [[pveum_templated_paths]] | |
800 | Paths can be templated. When an API call requires permissions on a | |
801 | templated path, the path may contain references to parameters of the API | |
802 | call. These references are specified in curly braces. Some parameters are | |
803 | implicitly taken from the API call's URI. For instance, the permission path | |
804 | `/nodes/{node}` when calling '/nodes/mynode/status' requires permissions on | |
805 | `/nodes/mynode`, while the path `{path}` in a PUT request to `/access/acl` | |
806 | refers to the method's `path` parameter. | |
807 | ||
808 | Some examples are: | |
809 | ||
810 | * `/nodes/{node}`: Access to {pve} server machines | |
811 | * `/vms`: Covers all VMs | |
812 | * `/vms/{vmid}`: Access to specific VMs | |
813 | * `/storage/{storeid}`: Access to a specific storage | |
814 | * `/pool/{poolname}`: Access to resources contained in a specific <<pveum_pools,pool>> | |
815 | * `/access/groups`: Group administration | |
816 | * `/access/realms/{realmid}`: Administrative access to realms | |
817 | ||
818 | ||
819 | Inheritance | |
820 | ^^^^^^^^^^^ | |
821 | ||
822 | As mentioned earlier, object paths form a file system like tree, and | |
823 | permissions can be inherited by objects down that tree (the propagate flag is | |
824 | set by default). We use the following inheritance rules: | |
825 | ||
826 | * Permissions for individual users always replace group permissions. | |
827 | * Permissions for groups apply when the user is member of that group. | |
828 | * Permissions on deeper levels replace those inherited from an upper level. | |
829 | ||
830 | Additionally, privilege separated tokens can never have permissions on any | |
831 | given path that their associated user does not have. | |
832 | ||
833 | [[pveum_pools]] | |
834 | Pools | |
835 | ~~~~~ | |
836 | ||
837 | Pools can be used to group a set of virtual machines and datastores. You can | |
838 | then simply set permissions on pools (`/pool/{poolid}`), which are inherited by | |
839 | all pool members. This is a great way to simplify access control. | |
840 | ||
841 | ||
842 | Which Permissions Do I Need? | |
843 | ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ | |
844 | ||
845 | The required API permissions are documented for each individual | |
846 | method, and can be found at https://pve.proxmox.com/pve-docs/api-viewer/. | |
847 | ||
848 | The permissions are specified as a list, which can be interpreted as a | |
849 | tree of logic and access-check functions: | |
850 | ||
851 | `["and", <subtests>...]` and `["or", <subtests>...]`:: | |
852 | Each(`and`) or any(`or`) further element in the current list has to be true. | |
853 | ||
854 | `["perm", <path>, [ <privileges>... ], <options>...]`:: | |
855 | The `path` is a templated parameter (see | |
856 | <<pveum_templated_paths,Objects and Paths>>). All (or, if the `any` | |
857 | option is used, any) of the listed | |
858 | privileges must be allowed on the specified path. If a `require-param` | |
859 | option is specified, then its specified parameter is required even if the | |
860 | API call's schema otherwise lists it as being optional. | |
861 | ||
862 | `["userid-group", [ <privileges>... ], <options>...]`:: | |
863 | The caller must have any of the listed privileges on `/access/groups`. In | |
864 | addition, there are two possible checks, depending on whether the | |
865 | `groups_param` option is set: | |
866 | + | |
867 | * `groups_param` is set: The API call has a non-optional `groups` parameter | |
868 | and the caller must have any of the listed privileges on all of the listed | |
869 | groups. | |
870 | * `groups_param` is not set: The user passed via the `userid` parameter | |
871 | must exist and be part of a group on which the caller has any of the listed | |
872 | privileges (via the `/access/groups/<group>` path). | |
873 | ||
874 | `["userid-param", "self"]`:: | |
875 | The value provided for the API call's `userid` parameter must refer to the | |
876 | user performing the action (usually in conjunction with `or`, to allow | |
877 | users to perform an action on themselves, even if they don't have elevated | |
878 | privileges). | |
879 | ||
880 | `["userid-param", "Realm.AllocateUser"]`:: | |
881 | The user needs `Realm.AllocateUser` access to `/access/realm/<realm>`, with | |
882 | `<realm>` referring to the realm of the user passed via the `userid` | |
883 | parameter. Note that the user does not need to exist in order to be | |
884 | associated with a realm, since user IDs are passed in the form of | |
885 | `<username>@<realm>`. | |
886 | ||
887 | `["perm-modify", <path>]`:: | |
888 | The `path` is a templated parameter (see | |
889 | <<pveum_templated_paths,Objects and Paths>>). The user needs either the | |
890 | `Permissions.Modify` privilege or, | |
891 | depending on the path, the following privileges as a possible substitute: | |
892 | + | |
893 | * `/storage/...`: additionally requires 'Datastore.Allocate` | |
894 | * `/vms/...`: additionally requires 'VM.Allocate` | |
895 | * `/pool/...`: additionally requires 'Pool.Allocate` | |
896 | + | |
897 | If the path is empty, `Permission.Modify` on `/access` is required. | |
898 | ||
899 | Command Line Tool | |
900 | ----------------- | |
901 | ||
902 | Most users will simply use the GUI to manage users. But there is also | |
903 | a fully featured command line tool called `pveum` (short for ``**P**roxmox | |
904 | **VE** **U**ser **M**anager''). Please note that all Proxmox VE command | |
905 | line tools are wrappers around the API, so you can also access those | |
906 | functions through the REST API. | |
907 | ||
908 | Here are some simple usage examples. To show help, type: | |
909 | ||
910 | [source,bash] | |
911 | pveum | |
912 | ||
913 | or (to show detailed help about a specific command) | |
914 | ||
915 | [source,bash] | |
916 | pveum help user add | |
917 | ||
918 | Create a new user: | |
919 | ||
920 | [source,bash] | |
921 | pveum user add testuser@pve -comment "Just a test" | |
922 | ||
923 | Set or change the password (not all realms support this): | |
924 | ||
925 | [source,bash] | |
926 | pveum passwd testuser@pve | |
927 | ||
928 | Disable a user: | |
929 | ||
930 | [source,bash] | |
931 | pveum user modify testuser@pve -enable 0 | |
932 | ||
933 | Create a new group: | |
934 | ||
935 | [source,bash] | |
936 | pveum group add testgroup | |
937 | ||
938 | Create a new role: | |
939 | ||
940 | [source,bash] | |
941 | pveum role add PVE_Power-only -privs "VM.PowerMgmt VM.Console" | |
942 | ||
943 | ||
944 | Real World Examples | |
945 | ------------------- | |
946 | ||
947 | ||
948 | Administrator Group | |
949 | ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ | |
950 | ||
951 | It is possible that an administrator would want to create a group of users with | |
952 | full administrator rights (without using the root account). | |
953 | ||
954 | To do this, first define the group: | |
955 | ||
956 | [source,bash] | |
957 | pveum group add admin -comment "System Administrators" | |
958 | ||
959 | Then assign the role: | |
960 | ||
961 | [source,bash] | |
962 | pveum acl modify / -group admin -role Administrator | |
963 | ||
964 | Finally, you can add users to the new 'admin' group: | |
965 | ||
966 | [source,bash] | |
967 | pveum user modify testuser@pve -group admin | |
968 | ||
969 | ||
970 | Auditors | |
971 | ~~~~~~~~ | |
972 | ||
973 | You can give read only access to users by assigning the `PVEAuditor` | |
974 | role to users or groups. | |
975 | ||
976 | Example 1: Allow user `joe@pve` to see everything | |
977 | ||
978 | [source,bash] | |
979 | pveum acl modify / -user joe@pve -role PVEAuditor | |
980 | ||
981 | Example 2: Allow user `joe@pve` to see all virtual machines | |
982 | ||
983 | [source,bash] | |
984 | pveum acl modify /vms -user joe@pve -role PVEAuditor | |
985 | ||
986 | ||
987 | Delegate User Management | |
988 | ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ | |
989 | ||
990 | If you want to delegate user management to user `joe@pve`, you can do | |
991 | that with: | |
992 | ||
993 | [source,bash] | |
994 | pveum acl modify /access -user joe@pve -role PVEUserAdmin | |
995 | ||
996 | User `joe@pve` can now add and remove users, and change other user attributes, | |
997 | such as passwords. This is a very powerful role, and you most | |
998 | likely want to limit it to selected realms and groups. The following | |
999 | example allows `joe@pve` to modify users within the realm `pve`, if they | |
1000 | are members of group `customers`: | |
1001 | ||
1002 | [source,bash] | |
1003 | pveum acl modify /access/realm/pve -user joe@pve -role PVEUserAdmin | |
1004 | pveum acl modify /access/groups/customers -user joe@pve -role PVEUserAdmin | |
1005 | ||
1006 | NOTE: The user is able to add other users, but only if they are | |
1007 | members of the group `customers` and within the realm `pve`. | |
1008 | ||
1009 | Limited API Token for Monitoring | |
1010 | ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ | |
1011 | ||
1012 | Permissions on API tokens are always a subset of those of their corresponding | |
1013 | user, meaning that an API token can't be used to carry out a task that the | |
1014 | backing user has no permission to do. This section will demonstrate how you can | |
1015 | use an API token with separate privileges, to limit the token owner's | |
1016 | permissions further. | |
1017 | ||
1018 | Give the user `joe@pve` the role PVEVMAdmin on all VMs: | |
1019 | ||
1020 | [source,bash] | |
1021 | pveum acl modify /vms -user joe@pve -role PVEVMAdmin | |
1022 | ||
1023 | Add a new API token with separate privileges, which is only allowed to view VM | |
1024 | information (for example, for monitoring purposes): | |
1025 | ||
1026 | [source,bash] | |
1027 | pveum user token add joe@pve monitoring -privsep 1 | |
1028 | pveum acl modify /vms -token 'joe@pve!monitoring' -role PVEAuditor | |
1029 | ||
1030 | Verify the permissions of the user and token: | |
1031 | ||
1032 | [source,bash] | |
1033 | pveum user permissions joe@pve | |
1034 | pveum user token permissions joe@pve monitoring | |
1035 | ||
1036 | Resource Pools | |
1037 | ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ | |
1038 | ||
1039 | An enterprise is usually structured into several smaller departments, and it is | |
1040 | common that you want to assign resources and delegate management tasks to each | |
1041 | of these. Let's assume that you want to set up a pool for a software development | |
1042 | department. First, create a group: | |
1043 | ||
1044 | [source,bash] | |
1045 | pveum group add developers -comment "Our software developers" | |
1046 | ||
1047 | Now we create a new user which is a member of that group: | |
1048 | ||
1049 | [source,bash] | |
1050 | pveum user add developer1@pve -group developers -password | |
1051 | ||
1052 | NOTE: The "-password" parameter will prompt you for a password | |
1053 | ||
1054 | Then we create a resource pool for our development department to use: | |
1055 | ||
1056 | [source,bash] | |
1057 | pveum pool add dev-pool --comment "IT development pool" | |
1058 | ||
1059 | Finally, we can assign permissions to that pool: | |
1060 | ||
1061 | [source,bash] | |
1062 | pveum acl modify /pool/dev-pool/ -group developers -role PVEAdmin | |
1063 | ||
1064 | Our software developers can now administer the resources assigned to | |
1065 | that pool. | |
1066 | ||
1067 | ||
1068 | ifdef::manvolnum[] | |
1069 | include::pve-copyright.adoc[] | |
1070 | endif::manvolnum[] | |
1071 |